CHAPTER 01:
Introduction to computer science
Objectives Of This Chapter
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
? Define the terms of computer sciences.
? Understanding the basics of computer science
? Give students the tools to understand and manipulate computer science.
? Allow the student to use computer science as a support to studies and actuarial sciences.
? Basic computer and computer skills.
? Familiarize yourself with the IT environment (hardware and software).
IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Index of Chapter One
1.1. WHY THE COMPUTER SCIENCE?
1.1.1. “Computers” are omnipresent
1.1.2. Understanding the basics
1.2. WHAT IS COMPUTER SCIENCE
1.3. COMPUTER SCIENCE DISCIPLINES (What are the different branches of
IT?)
1.4. AREAS OF IT APPLICATION (Where can IT be applied?)
1.5. HISTORY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
1.6. BUT HOW DOES IT WORK?
1.6.1. What can a computer do?
1.6.2. What is a computer?
1.6.3. Hardware part
1.6.4. Software part
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1.7. REFERENCES
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1.1. WHY THE COMPUTER SCIENCE?
1.1.1. “Computers” are omnipresent
? We use computer in our daily life: telephony, photography, ATMs, cars and
transport, web, games…etc
? In professional life: from the craftsman (accounting software, invoicing...) to
the engineer (simulation software, assisted (conception)design...).
Figure (01): Uses of Computer
Source: (Chart No.469- Uses of Computer, 2017)
IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
1.1.2. Understanding the basics
? To acquire a rigor (exact) of thought (computers do not like «about») and an
additional skill, to use them more effectively, to be able to dialogue with a
computer scientist.
? So as not to get trapped(hacked) (e.g. “phishing”) or to tell “lies” (“it’s the
computer’s fault, I can’t help it”).
1.2. WHAT IS COMPUTER SCIENCE
? Computing: is a science that allows information to be processed automatically.
- Science: therefore, theories and models;
- Information: text, image or sound (and same smells, flavours and
touch), represented in a form that can be manipulated by the machine
depending on its technology.
? Data processing: refers to the automation of information processing by a
concrete (machine) or abstract system.
? Computer science: is the study of the theoretical foundations of information
and computation and their implementation and application with computers.
Note: Nothing to do with «hacking» your PC, manipulate Photoshop, holding
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a blog or knowing the tricks of a video game (even if it can help sometimes!)
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IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
1.3. COMPUTER SCIENCE DISCIPLINES (What are the different branches of IT?)
(Jasani, 2020)
1.3.1. SEO (Search Engine Optimization): It is which is the process of optimizing your
website to get organic, or un-paid, traffic from the search engine results page. Other
words, SEO involves making certain changes to your website design and content that
make your site more attractive to a search engine.
Figure (02): Search Engine Optimization
Source: (Jasani, 2020)
1.3.2. OS (Operating Systems): An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware. Some popular Operating Systems include
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Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
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IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (03): Operation Systems
Source: (Jasani, 2020)
1.3.3. Computer Hardware, Software, Networking: Computer hardware is any physical
device used in or with your machine, whereas software is a collection of
programming code installed on your computer’s hard drive(Hardware is
physical(touchable), and software is virtual (untouchable)).
Source: (Jasani, 2020)
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University, Ziane Achour Djelfa, Algeria
Oct 07, 2022
Figure (04): hardware and Software in Computer science
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Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
While, Computer Networking is the field of computer science that allows
computers to exchange data or information. Data can be exchanged either using
cable media or wireless media.
Figure (05): Network in Computer science
Source: (Edrawmax, 2021)
1.3.4. Cloud Computing: The term is generally used to describe data centers available to
many users over the Internet. Simply put, it is the delivery of computing services —
including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and
intelligence — over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible
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resources, and economies of scale.
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IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (06): Cloud Computing
Source: (Jasani, 2020)
1.3.5. Cyber Security and Ethical Hacking: So “cyber security” is a practice to secure the
system connected to network, this includes choosing different methods to secure a
back-end systems and creating law enforcement to protect people from cyber crime
whereas an ethical hacker (also known as a white hat hacker) is the ultimate security
professional. Ethical hackers know how to find and exploit vulnerabilities and
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weaknesses in various systems — just like a malicious hacker (or a black hat hacker).
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IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (07): Cyber security and Ethical hacking
Source: (ethicalhackersacademy, 2020)
1.3.6. Data Science and Data Analysis:
? Data Science: It is a term for different models and methods to get information.
In more easier words, Data Science is a combination of various tools, machine
learning principles, and algorithm with the aim to find the patterns from the
raw data.
? Data Analytics: It is the process for increasing productivity and business gain.
Here data sets are examined to draw conclusions about the information they
contain. Information is extricated and classified to identify and analyze
conduct information, and different techniques are there according to
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organizational requirements.
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Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (08): Data Science and Data Analysis
Source: (Experience, 2020)
1.3.7. Web Development and Designing:
? Web Designing website means taking brief from the client/customers and
working of the basic structure. it involves arranging the information in right
place, placement of pictures etc.. designer should be responsible for making
the information very easily understand to every user.
? Web Development ~~ Here developers bring life to the designs they have
received from the design team. developer builds site from bottom up that
means designing it in such a way that users have no difficulty browsing the
CSS and JavaScript for design front and back-end to get the data from the DB
Java/PHP/.net to get the data from the database.
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University, Ziane Achour Djelfa, Algeria
Oct 07, 2022
site. to bring the life to design developers uses such technologies like HTML,
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Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (09): Web Development and Designing
Source: (Experience, 2020)
1.3.8. Cryptography: Cryptography is the science of protecting information by
transforming it into a secure format. Cryptography is the study of secure
communications techniques that allow only the sender and intended recipient of a
message to view its contents. An example of basic cryptography is a encrypted
message in which letters are replaced with other characters. To decode the encrypted
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contents, you would need a grid or table that defines how the letters are transposed.
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IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (10): Web Development and Designing
Source: (Geeksforgeeks, 2021)
1.4. AREAS OF IT APPLICATION (Where can IT be applied?)
1.4.1. Management IT: Compatibility, invoicing, payroll, inventory and production
system management, customer relations management, banks and stock exchange,
decision support...
Source: (Essa, 2010)
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University, Ziane Achour Djelfa, Algeria
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Figure (11): Management IT
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Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
1.4.2. Industrial and technological computing: Assisted design and manufacturing,
modelling
and
simulation
of
complex
systems,
embedded
computing,
telecommunications and networks ...
Figure (12): Industrial and technological computing
Source: (Saturno, Pertel, & Deschamps, 2017)
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1.4.3. Internet: e-commerce, information search, security...
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IT Tools
Chapter One: Introduction to computer science.
For: L2 (Biology sciences, EE, Bio Technology)
Figure (13): Using IT in e-commerce, Information security
Source: (Scetta, 2019)
1.4.4. Scientific areas: biology, agronomy, medical, human and social sciences, arts ...etc
Figure (14): Using IT in e-commerce, Information security
To be Continued….
Prepared and created by: Dr. Zoubida Belli.
University, Ziane Achour Djelfa, Algeria
Oct 07, 2022
Source: (IiitdDepartment, 2018)
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