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C5. Joint Product and By Product

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Joint Product and By-Product Costing
Joint product and By product
Fundamentals of
Joint product
Sell or process
further
Accounting treatment
of by-product
Allocation of
joint costs
Fundamentals of Joint Product and By-Product
• A joint product is manufactured consciously and
simultaneously along with the main product. When the
production of two or more products are made together
with same input and process, these products are termed
joint products. They are usually of similar value.
Examples of joint products are gasoline, diesel, kerosene,
lubricants, paraffin and asphalt obtained from crude oil.
Lumber and firewood are also joint products as both of
them are produced from the same input.
• Whereas the by-product is simply an incidental result of
the manufacturing of the main product, and usually has
insignificant value in comparison to main product. Put it
differently, a by-product is an output that is not a waste,
but has low value relative to the main product or coproducts. For example, sawdust is a by-product from
lumbering operation and has insignificant value.
Basis of Difference
Joint products
By-products
Importance
Joint products have equivalent
and high importance in the
production process
By-products have
comparatively low
importance
Value
The market value of joints
products do not vary
significantly
The market value of byproducts are significantly
low as compared to joint
products or main products
Input
Joint products are
manufactured using same input
and the input is essentially raw
material
Wastage or scrap of main
products are the input of
by-products
Further processing
Most of the joint products
requires further processing
Further processing of byproducts is rarely required
Objectives
Producing joint products is the
main objective of production
process
Producing by-product is
not the main objective of
production process
Joint Cost vs. Common Cost
• A joint cost is a cost incurred in a joint process.
Joint costs may include direct material, direct
labor, and overhead costs incurred during a
joint production process. A joint process is a
production process in which one input yields
multiple outputs.
• Common costs are harder to identify, but
include all costs that keep the business
running but which cannot be attributed to one
product, department, project, territory or
other specific cost center. Salary paid to factor
Allocation of Joint Costs
Three methods of allocating joint product costs
are:
1. Physical units method
2. Market/Sales value method
3. Net realizable method
4. The constant gross margin percentage
method
Costs allocated by sales value
To allocate joint costs based on the products’ sales value, you should:
1) Calculate the total production costs up until the split-off point – this might
include direct labor costs, as well as raw materials and overheads
2) Determine the sales price and volume of all of the resulting products
3) Calculate the relative sales value of each product – the total value of sales
for each product, divided by the overall revenue generated by the joint
products
4) Assign the joint costs according to the relative sales value
Costs allocated by gross margins
You can allocate joint costs based on the products’ gross margins. Using
this method, you should:
1) Calculate the total processing cost for each joint product after the split-off
point
2) Subtract this amount from the total revenue that each product will earn
If it’s not possible to determine the sale price of each product at the splitoff point, the gross margin method may be the only option.
Accounting Treatment of By-product
• There are two ways of accounting for a byproduct: the production method and the sales
method.
• Under the production method, a product’s
sales value is recognized in the accounting
period in which the product is produced, and
the by-product is considered as inventory.
• Under the sales method, the value of the byproduct is recognized in the accounting period
in which the product is sold, and the product
is not recorded as inventory.
An alternative approach
A by-product has some commercial value and any income generated from
it may be treated as follows:
 Income (minus any post-separation further processing or selling
costs) from the sale of the by- product may be added to sales of the
main product, thereby increasing sales turnover for the period.
 The sales of the by-product may be treated as a separate, incidental
source of income against which are set only post-separation costs
(if any) of the by-product. The revenue would be recorded in the
income statement as 'other income'.
 The sales income of the by-product may be deducted from the cost
of production or cost of sales of the main product.
 The net realizable value of the by-product may be deducted from
the cost of production of the main product.
Example
During November 2020, SA Co recorded the following results.
Opening inventory of main product S, full by-product P, full. Cost of production
TK 120,000. Sales of the main product amounted to 90% of output during the
period, and 10% of production was held as closing inventory at 30 November.
Sales revenue from the main product during November 2019 was TK 150,000.
A by-product P is produced, and output had a net sales value of TK 1,000. Of
this output, TK 700 was sold during the month, and TK 300 was still in
inventory at 30 November.
Requirements:
Calculate the profit for November using the four methods of accounting for byproducts.
(a) Income from by-product added to sales of the main product
Sales of main product (TK 150,000 + TK 700)
TK 150,700
Opening inventory
0
Cost of production
120,000
Less: Closing inventory (10%)
12,000
Cost of sales
108,000
Profit, main product
42,700
The closing inventory of the by-product has no recorded value in the cost
accounts.
(b) By-product income treated as a separate source of income
Sales of main product
TK
TK 150,000
Opening inventory
0
Cost of production
120,000
Less: Closing inventory (10%)
12,000
Cost of sales
108,000
Profit, main product
42,000
Other income
Total profit
700
42,700
The closing inventory of the by-product again has no value in the cost
accounts.
c) Sales income of the by-product deducted from the cost of
production in the period
Sales, main product
Opening inventory
TK
0
Cost of production (120,000 700)
119,300
Less: Closing inventory (10%)
119,300
11,930
Cost of sales
TK 150,000
107,370
42,630
d) Net realisable value of the by-product deducted from the
cost of production in the period.
Sales, main product
Opening inventory
Cost of production (120,000 1,000)
TK
TK 150,000
0
119,000
119,000
Less closing inventory (10%)
11,900
Cost of sales
107,100
Profit, main product
42,900
Sell or process further decision
• The sell or process further decision is the choice
of selling a product now or processing it further
to earn additional revenue. This choice is based
on an incremental analysis of whether the
additional revenues to be gained will exceed the
additional costs to be incurred as part of the
additional processing work.
• The decision rule for whether to sell or process
materials further is: Process further as long as
the incremental revenue from processing
exceeds the incremental processing costs.
Try to solve the problem using the format presented in the previous slide
December 2016 4.a & June 2018 3.b
Three products P, Q and R are produced together in a common process. Products
P and Q are sold without further processing, but product R requires an additional
process before it can be sold. No inventories are held. There is no loss of volume
in the additional process for product R.
The following data apply to March.
Output
Selling prices
Product P
Product Q
Product R
Product P
Product Q
Product R
Costs incurred in the common process
Costs incurred in the additional process for R
3,600 litres
4,100 litres
2,800 litres
£4·60 per litre
£6·75 per litre
£10·50 per litre
£42,500
£19,600
Required:
Calculate the value of the common process costs that would be allocated to
product R using the sales proxy method (notional sales value method).
Answer to Question no. 4 (a)
Post separation costs per unit are £19,600 / 2,800 = £7 per litre
Notional price at separation point is £10·50 - £7 = £3·50 per litre
Weighted sales value is
P
Q
R
3,600 x £4·60 =
4,100 x £6·75 =
2,800 x £3·50 =
£16,560
£27,675
£9,800
£54,035
Allocation of common process costs to R is £42,500 x (£9,800 / £54,035) = £7,708
June 2021 4. b [Horngren 16-25, 16 Ed.]
XYZ Company operates a simple chemical process to convert a single material into three separate
items, referred to here as A, B and C. All three end products are separated simultaneously at a single
split-off point. Products A and B are ready for sale immediately upon split-off point without further
processing or any other additional costs. Product C, however, is processed further before being sold.
There is no available market price for C at the split-off point.
The selling prices quoted here are expected to remain the same in the coming year. During 2019-20,
the selling prices of the items and the total amounts sold were:
A – 186 tons sold for Tk. 1,500 per ton
B – 527 tons sold for Tk. 1,125 per ton
C – 736 tons sold for Tk. 750 per ton
The total joint manufacturing costs for the year were Tk. 625,000. An additional Tk. 310,000 was spent
to finish product C. There were no opening inventories of A, B or C. At the end of the year, the
following inventories of complete units were on hand:
A 180 tons
B 60 tons
C 25 tons
There was no opening or closing work-in-progress.
Required:
1.
Compute the cost of inventories of A, B and C for Balance Sheet purpose and cost of goods sold
for income statement purpose as of June 30, 2020, using
i.
NRV Method;
ii.
Constant Gross Margin Percentage NRV Method.
2.
Compute the gross-margin percentages for A, B and C using information computed in 1(i) above.
3.
Would it be logical here to apply sales value at split-off point for allocating joint cost?
Solution to 4. b
1. i. NRV Method
Under Net Realizable Value
A
B
C
Units Sold
186
527
736
Ending Inventory
180
60
25
Production
366
587
761
1,500
1,125
750
549000
660375
570750
-
-
310,000
Net Realizable Value
549000
660375
260750
Joint Cost Allocation
233,399
280,748
110,853
-
-
310,000
233,399
280,748
420,853
637.7022
478.276
553.0263
Cost of Goods Sold
118,613
252,051
407,027
Cost of Ending Inventory
114,786
28,697
13,826
Selling price per ton
Sales Revenue
Further Processing Cost
Further Processing Cost
Total Manufacturing Cost
Cost per unit
Constant Gross Margin Percentage NRV Method:
Sales
Less: COGS (625,000+310,000)
Gross Margin
Gross Margin Percentage
Sales
Less: Gross Margin @ 47.48%
COGS
Less: Further Processing Costs
Joint Costs Allocated
Further Processing Cost
Total Manufacturing Cost
Cost per Unit
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Ending Inventory
1,780,125
935,000
845,125
47.48%
A
549000
260641
288359
B
660375
313517
346858
288359
346858
288359
787.866
146,543
141,816
346858
590.8995
311,404
35,454
C
570750
270967
299783
310,000
-10217
310,000
299783
393.933
289,935
9,848
Gross Margin Percentage under NRV Method
Under Net Realizable Value
A
B
C
Sales Revenue
549000
660375
570750
Less: COGS
118,613
252,051
407,027
Gross Margin
430,387
408,324
163,723
78
62
29
Gross Margin Percentage
Sales value at split-off point couldn’t be applied here as there is no market for
product C at split-off point.
December 2017 1.b [Horngren 16-35, 16 Ed.]
Chittagong Sawmill, Limited (CSL), purchases logs from independent timber
contractors and processes the logs into three types of lumber products:
 Studs for residential building (wall, ceiling)
 Decorative pieces (fireplace mantels, beams for cathedral ceilings)
 Posts used as support braces (mine support braces, braces for exterior
fences around ranch properties)
These products are the result of a joint sawmill process that involves removal of
bark from the logs, cutting the logs into a workable size (ranging from 8 to 16 feet
in length), then cutting the individuals products from the logs, depending on the
types of wood(pine, oak, or maple) and the size (diameter) of the log. The joint
process results in the following costs and outputs of products for a typical quarter:
Direct materials (rough timber logs)
Debarking (Labor and overhead)
Sizing (labor and overhead)
Product cutting (labor and overhead)
Total joint costs
Tk. 50,00,000
Tk. 5,00,000
Tk. 20,00,000
Tk. 25,00,000
Tk. 1,00,00,000
Products yields and average sales values on a per unit basis from the joint
process are as follows:
Product
Studs
Decorative pieces
Posts
Monthly Output of materialsat
Split off point
75,000 units
5,000 units
20,000 units
Fully processed sellingprice
Tk. 80
Tk. 1,000
Tk. 200
The studs are sold as rough-cut lumber after emerging from the sawmill
operation without further processing by CSL. Also, the posts require no further
processing beyond the split off point. The decorative pieces must be planned
and further sized after emerging from the Sawmill. The additional processing
costs Tk. 10,00,000 per month and normally results in a loss of 10% of the units
entering the process. Without this planning and sizing process, there is still an
active intermediate market for the unfinished decorative pieces in which the
selling price average Tk. 600 per unit.
1. Based on the information given for Chittagong Sawmill Ltd. allocate the joint
processing costs of Tk. 1,00,00,000 to each of the product line using:
a) Sale value at split off point.
b) Physical-units method
c) NRV method
2. Prepare an analysis for Chittagong Sawmill Ltd.
that compares processing the decorative pieces
further, as they currently do, with selling them as a
rough-cut product immediately at split off.
3. Assume Chittagong Sawmill Ltd. announced that
in next six months it will sell the rough* cut product
at split off due to increasing competitive pressure.
Identify at least three types of likely behavior that
will be demonstrated by the skilled labor in the
planning and sizing process as a result of this
announcement. Include in your discussion how this
behavior could be improved by management.
Solution to the Q. No. 1 (b) Sales value at split off method:
Monthly Unit Selling price per unit Sales Value at % of Sales Joint Costs
output
split off
Allocated
Studs
75,000
Tk. 80
Tk.
46.1539%
46,15,39
(Building)
60,00,000
0
Decorative
5,000
600
30,00,000
23.0769 23,07,690
Pieces
Posts
20,000
200
40,00,000
30. 7692 30,76,920
Total
1,30,00,000 100,0000% 1,00,00,000
b) Physical measure method at split off:
Studs (Building)
Physical Unit
Volume
75,000
% of Total Unit
Volume
75%
Joint Costs Allocated
Tk. 75,00,000
Decorative Pieces
5,000
5%
5,00,000
Posts
20,000
20%
20.00,000
Total
1,00,000
100%
1,00,00,000
c) Net realizable value method:
Studs (Building)
Decorative Pieces
(b)
Posts
Total
Monthly
Unit
Output
75,000
4,500
Fully Processed
Selling Price
Per Unit
Tk. 80
1000
20,000
200
Estimated Net
% of Joint Costs
Realizable
Sales Allocated
Value
Tk. 60,00,000 44.444% Tk. 44,44,450
35,00,000 25.9259
25,92,590
40,00,000
1,35,00,000
29.6296
100%
29,62,960
1,00,00,000
Notes:
 5,000 monthly units of output - 10% normal spoilage = 4,500 good units.
 4,500 good units XRs 1,000 = Rs 45,00,000 - Further processing costs of Rs
10,00,000 = 35,00,000
2. Presented below is an analysis for Chittagong Sawmill Limited comparing the
processing of decorative pieces further versus selling the rough-cut product immediately
at split-off.
Monthly unit output
Less: Normal further processing shrinkage
Units available for sale
Final sales value (4,500 units X Rs 1,000 per unit)
Less: Sales value at split off
Incremental revenue
Less: Further processing costs
Additional contribution from further processing
5,000
500
4,500
Tk. 45,00,000
30,00,000
15,00,000
10,00,000
Tk. 5,00,000
Assuming Chittagong Sawmill Ltd. announces that in six months it will sell the rough-cut
product at split-off, due to increasing competitive pressure, at least three types of likely
behavior that will be demonstrated by the skilled labor in the planning and sizing process
includes the following:
 Poorer quality.
 Reduced motivation and morale.
 Job insecurity, leading to nonproductive employee time looking for jobs elsewhere.
Management actions that could improve this behavior include the following:
 Improve communication by giving the workers a more comprehensive explanation
as to the reason for the change so they can better understand the situation and
bring out a plan for future operation of the rest of the plant.
 The company can offer incentive bonuses to maintain quality and production and
align rewards with goals.
 The company could provide job relocation and internal job transfers.
April 2019 1.c
The ABC Mine is a small mine that extracts coal in Coastal area. Each ton of
coal mined is 40% Grade A coal, 40% Grade B coal, and 20% coal tar. All
output is sold immediately to a local utility. In May, ABC mined 1,000 tons
of coal. It spent Tk. 10,000 on the mining process. Grade A coal sells for Tk.
100 per ton. Grade B coal sells for Tk. 60 per ton. ABC gets one quarter of a
vat of coal tar from each ton of coal tar processed. The coal tar sells for Tk.
60 per vat. ABC treats Grade A and Grade B coal as joint products, and
treats coal tar as a byproduct.
Required:
(i) Assume that ABC allocates the joint costs to Grade A and Grade B coal
using the Sales value at split-off method and accounts for the
byproduct using the production method. What is the inventoriable
cost for each product and ABC’s gross margin?
(ii) Assume that ABC allocates the joint costs to Grade A and Grade B coal
using the Sales value at split-off method and accounts for the
byproduct using the sales method. What is the inventoriable cost for
each product and ABC’s gross margin?
c. i) Sales value at split-off method: Byproduct recognized at time
of production method Joint cost to be charged to joint products =
Joint Cost – NRV of By product
= Tk. 10,000 – 1000 tons×20% × 0.25 vats × Tk. 60
= Tk. 10,000 – 50 vats × Tk. 60
= Tk. 7,000
Grade A
Coal
Sales value of coal at split-off,
1,000 tons × 0.4 × Tk. 100; 1,000 tons × 0.4 × Tk.
60
Weighting, Tk. 40,000; Tk. 24,000/ Tk. 64,000
Joint costs allocated, 0.625; 0.375 × Tk. 7,000
Gross margin (Sales revenue ─ Allocated cost)
Grade B
Coal
40,000
24,000
0.625
0.375
4,375
35,625
2,625
21,375
Total
64,000
7,000
57,000
(ii) Sales value at split-off method: Byproduct recognized at time of sale
method Joint cost to be charged to joint products = Total Joint Cost =
Tk. 10,000.
Grade A Grade B
Coal
Coal
Total
Sales value of coal split-off
1,000 tons × .4 × Tk. 100; 1,000 tons × .4 × Tk. 60
40,000
24,000
64,000
Weighting, Tk. 40,000; Tk. 24,000¸ Tk. 64,000
0.625
0.375
Joint costs allocated, 0.625; 0.375 × Tk. 10,000
6,250
3,750
10,000
Gross margin (Sales revenue ─ Allocated cost)
33,750
20,250
54,000
Since the entire production is sold during the period, the overall gross
margin is the same under the production and sales methods. In particular,
under the sales method, the Tk. 3,000 received from the sale of the coal
tar is added to the overall revenues, so that Cumberland’s overall gross
margin is Tk. 57,000, as in the production method.
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