Learning Objectives, Chapter 1, Concepts of Health and Disease
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to meet
the following objectives:
1. Compare the World Health Organization definition of health to the Healthy
People 2020 definition.
2. Define pathophysiology.
3. Describe the process of disease to include etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis,
and clinical course.
4. Define the term epidemiology.
5. Compare the meaning of the terms incidence and prevalence as they relate
to measures of disease requency.
6. Differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.
7. Compare morbidity and mortality.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 2, Cell and Tissue Characteristics
After completing this section of the chapter, you should be able to meet the
following objectives:
1. Predict the effects of dysfunction in each cellular organelle.
2. Differentiate the four functions of the cell membrane.
3. Order the pathway for cell communication, from the receptor to the response,
and explain why the process is often referred to as signal transduction.
4. Link the phases of the cell cycle to cell replication.
5. Predict how changes in oxygen delivery to cells changes cellular respiration
and levels of adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide.
6. Compare and contrast membrane transport mechanisms: diffusion, osmosis,
active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
7. Predict changes in membrane potentials based on diffusion of ions.
8. Link the process of cell differentiation to the development of organ systems
in the embryo and the regeneration of tissues in postnatal life.
9. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the four different tissue types.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 3, Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and
Death
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to
meet the following objectives:
1. Describe cell changes that occur with atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia, and dysplasia, and state general conditions under which the
changes occur.
2. Compare the pathogenesis and effects of intracellular accumulations and
pathologic calcifications.
3. Describe the mechanisms whereby physical agents such as blunt trauma,
electrical forces, and extremes of temperature produce cell injury.
4. Differentiate between the effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation in
terms of their ability to cause cell injury.
5. State the mechanisms and manifestations of cell injury associated with lead
poisoning.
6. Relate free radical formation and oxidative stress to cell injury and death.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 4, Genetic Control of Cell Function
and Inheritance
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to
meet the following objectives:
1. Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
2. Explain how the DNA code is transcribed into RNA and translated into
protein.
3. Describe ways in which gene expression is regulated.
4. Describe the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
5. Describe when a karyotype might be used for.
6. Discuss how a pedigree is used.
7. Compare the two types of cell division in humans.
8. Discuss the different patterns of inheritance.
9. Describe how haplotype mapping can be used to improve patient outcomes.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 5, Genetic and Congenital
Disorders
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to
meet the following objectives:
1. Contrast disorders due to multifactorial inheritance with those caused by
single-gene inheritance.
2. Cite the most susceptible period of intrauterine life for development of
defects because of teratogenic agents.
3. State the cautions that should be observed when considering use of drugs
during pregnancy, including the possible effects of alcohol abuse, vitamin A
derivatives, and folic acid deficiency on fetal development.
4. Describe the process of genetic assessment.
5. Describe methods used in arriving at a prenatal diagnosis including specificity
and risks.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 7, Stress and Adaptation
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to
meet the following objectives:
1. Describe the concept of homeostasis.
2. Describe the components of a control system, including the function of a
negative feedback system.
3. Explain the interactions among components of the nervous system in
mediating the stress response.
4. Describe the stress responses of the autonomic nervous system, the
endocrine system, the immune system, and the musculoskeletal system.
5. Explain adaption and its physiological purpose.
6. Discuss Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
7. Describe the physiologic and psychological effects of a chronic stress
response.
8. Describe the characteristic of posttraumatic tress disorder.
9. List five nonpharmacologic methods of treating stress.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 8, Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte,
and Acid–Base Balance
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to
meet the following objectives:
1. Differentiate the intracellular from the extracellular fluid compartments in
terms of distribution and composition of water, electrolytes, and other
osmotically active solutes.
2. Relate the concept of a concentration gradient to the processes of diffusion
and osmosis.
3. Describe the control of cell volume and the effect of isotonic, hypotonic, and
hypertonic solutions on cell size.
4. State the functions and physiologic mechanisms controlling body water levels
and sodium concentration, including the effective circulating volume,
sympathetic nervous system, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, and
antidiuretic hormone.
5. Describe the relationship between antidiuretic hormone and aquaporin-2
channels in reabsorption of water by the kidney.
6. Compare the pathology, manifestations, and treatment of diabetes insipidus
and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.
7. Characterize the distribution of potassium in the body and explain how
extracellular potassium levels are regulated in relation to body gains and
losses.
8. Relate the functions of potassium to the manifestations of hypokalemia and
hyperkalemia.
9. Describe the associations among intestinal absorption, renal elimination,
bone stores, and the functions of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone in
regulating calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels.
10.Describe the intracellular and extracellular mechanisms for buffering changes
in body pH.
11.Compare the roles of the kidneys and respiratory system in regulation of
acid–base balance.
12.Describe the common causes of metabolic and respiratory acidosis and
metabolic and respiratory alkalosis.
13.Contrast and compare the clinical manifestations and treatments of metabolic
and respiratory acidosis and of metabolic and respiratory alkalosis.
Learning Objectives, Chapter 9, Inflammation, Tissue Repair,
and Wound Healing
After completing this section of the chapter, the learner will be able to
meet the following objectives:
1. Identify and state the physiologic reasons behind five cardinal signs of acute
inflammation.
2. Describe the vascular changes in an acute inflammatory response.
3. Characterize the interaction of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and
cytokines in leukocyte adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis in the cellular
phase of inflammation.
4. List four types of inflammatory mediators and state their function.
5. Contrast acute and chronic inflammation.
6. Discuss the systemic manifestation of inflammation.
7. Compare labile, stable, and permanent cell types in terms of their capacity
for regeneration.
8. Trace the wound-healing process through the inflammatory, proliferative,
and remodeling phases.
9. Explain the effects of age; malnutrition; ischemia and oxygen deprivation;
impaired immune and inflammatory responses; and infection, wound
separation, and foreign bodies on wound healing.