"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <img src=""Element Notation (1).png""><div><br><div><div>In element notation, A is the<font color=""#e12727"">&nbsp;</font><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <img src=""Element Notation (1).png""><div><br><div><div>In element notation, A is the<font color=""#e12727"">&nbsp;</font><span class=cloze>Mass number</span></div></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mass Number.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/elements-and-atoms/v/introduction-to-the-atom"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <img src=""Element Notation (1).png""><div><br><div><div><div>In element notation,&nbsp;Z is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <img src=""Element Notation (1).png""><div><br><div><div><div>In element notation,&nbsp;Z is the <span class=cloze>atomic number</span></div></div></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mass Number.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/elements-and-atoms/v/introduction-to-the-atom"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>weighted average</b> of the masses of an element's <b>isotopes</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Atomic weight</span> is the <b>weighted average</b> of the masses of an element's <b>isotopes</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Each mass is multiplied by the isotope's natural abundance</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Atomic Weight.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-the-atom/v/atomic-weight-and-atomic-mass"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>[... Model]</span> states that&nbsp;an atom is mostly empty space, with <i>electrons orbiting</i> a fixed, positively charged nucleus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>Rutherford Model</span> states that&nbsp;an atom is mostly empty space, with <i>electrons orbiting</i> a fixed, positively charged nucleus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rutherford Model.jpg""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/history-of-atomic-structure/v/rutherfords-gold-foil-experiment"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> According to the <span class=cloze>[... Model]</span>, electrons orbit the nucleus in <u>orbits</u> that have a set size and energy </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> According to the <span class=cloze>Bohr Model</span>, electrons orbit the nucleus in <u>orbits</u> that have a set size and energy <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><img src=""Bohr Model.png"" /></font></div></div><div><font color=""#dfd809""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/atomic-energy-levels"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[... Principle]</span> states that it is <u>impossible</u> to know the momentum and&nbsp;position of an electron <u>simultaneously</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>Heisenberg&nbsp;Uncertainty Principle</span> states that it is <u>impossible</u> to know the momentum and&nbsp;position of an electron <u>simultaneously</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heisenberg.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/heisenberg-uncertainty-principle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> states that all orbitals must <i>first have one electron</i> before any orbital can obtain a second electron </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Hund’s Rule</span> states that all orbitals must <i>first have one electron</i> before any orbital can obtain a second electron <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Hunds Rule.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""ahttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/electron-configurations-for-the-first-period"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>[... Principle]</span> states that no two electrons can share the<u> same four</u> <u>identical</u> <u>quantum numbers</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>Pauli Exclusion Principle</span> states that no two electrons can share the<u> same four</u> <u>identical</u> <u>quantum numbers</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>That means, for paired electrons, one must be +1/2 spin and the other -1/2 spin</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Pauli Exclusion Principle.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""ahttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/electron-configurations-for-the-first-period"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Avogadro’s Number =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Avogadro’s Number =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>6.022 × 10²³&nbsp;= 1 mol</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Avogadro's Number.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-the-atom/v/the-mole-and-avogadro-s-number"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Planck’s Constant (h) =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Planck’s Constant (h) =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>6.626 × 10^-34&nbsp;J•s</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Plank's Constant.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Speed of Light (c) =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Speed of Light (c) =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>3.0 × 10⁸&nbsp;m/s</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Speed of Light.png""><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/bohr-model-hydrogen/v/introduction-to-light"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Light::Equations</div> Give the equation for <u>energy of a photon</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Light::Equations</div> Give the equation for <u>energy of a photon</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Light Energy Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>E = energy of a photon</div>h =&nbsp;Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <i>Diamagnetic</i> materials are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;by an external magnetic field </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <i>Diamagnetic</i> materials are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>repelled</span>&nbsp;by an external magnetic field <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>All electrons are <i>paired</i> and have opposing spins&nbsp;↑↓</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Diamagnetic.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <u>Paramagnetic</u> materials are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;an external magnetic field </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> <u>Paramagnetic</u> materials are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>pulled<font color=""#0d73ff"">&nbsp;</font>into</span>&nbsp;an external magnetic field <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contain one or more <u>unpaired</u> electrons with spin&nbsp;↑<span class=""Apple-tab-span"" style=""white-space:pre""> </span></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Paramagnetism (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> He is <span class=cloze>[diamagnetic or paramagnetic]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> He is <span class=cloze>diamagnetic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diamagnetic vs Paramagnetic.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> Li is <span class=cloze>[diamagnetic or paramagnetic]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> Li is <span class=cloze>paramagnetic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diamagnetic vs Paramagnetic.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>principal</i> quantum number and gives the electron <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number&nbsp;<span class=cloze>n</span> is the <i>principal</i> quantum number and gives the electron <span class=cloze><i>energy level</i> or&nbsp;<i>shell number</i></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><div>1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><br></div><div>Except for d- and f-orbitals,&nbsp;the shell # matches the row of&nbsp;the periodic table</div></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Principal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of an orbital </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <span class=cloze>l</span> is the <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze><i>3D shape</i>&nbsp;(subshell)</span>&nbsp;of an orbital <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br></div><div>0 = s orbital</div><div><div>1 = p orbital</div><div>2 = d orbital</div><div>3 = f orbital</div><div>4 = g orbital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Azimuthal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <b>magnetic</b> quantum number and gives the orbital <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number&nbsp;<span class=cloze>m_l</span>&nbsp;is the <b>magnetic</b> quantum number and gives the orbital <span class=cloze>sub-type</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Integers&nbsp;-l&nbsp;to&nbsp;+l</div><div><br></div><div>The orientation of the electron's orbital with respect to the three axes in space, x, y, and z.</div><div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""Magnetic Quantum Number.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <u>spin</u> quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of the electron </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number&nbsp;<span class=cloze>m_s</span>&nbsp;is the <u>spin</u> quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze>electronic spin</span>&nbsp;of the electron <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>+1/2 or -1/2</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Spin Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The maximum number of electrons in a single <i>energy level</i> in terms of <i>principal </i>quantum number =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The maximum number of electrons in a single <i>energy level</i> in terms of <i>principal </i>quantum number =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>2n²</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Example: What is the maximum number of electrons that can be in the second energy level?<div><br /></div><div>2n² =&nbsp;2(2²) = 8 electrons</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Electron Energy Level.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg1UKBJIgEQ"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> The maximum number of electrons&nbsp;in a single <i>subshell</i> in terms of the&nbsp;<i>azimuthal</i>&nbsp;quantum number =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> The maximum number of electrons&nbsp;in a single <i>subshell</i> in terms of the&nbsp;<i>azimuthal</i>&nbsp;quantum number =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>4l&nbsp;+ 2</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The number of orbitals in a <i>subshell</i> = 2l + 1<div><br /></div><div>With a maximum of 2 electrons per orbital, the maximum number of electrons per <i>subshell</i> = 2(2l + 1) = 4l + 2</div><div><br /></div><div>Example: For the d <i>subshell</i>, we know the mathematical value for d is l = 2</div><div><br /></div><div>4l + 2 = 4(2) + 2 = 10 electrons at maximum in the d <i>subshell</i></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is an atom or molecule with an <i>unpaired electron</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> A/an <span class=cloze>free radical</span> is an atom or molecule with an <i>unpaired electron</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Free Radical.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/free-radical-reaction-alkanes/v/free-radical-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <div><img src=""S Orbital.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <div><img src=""S Orbital.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>0 = s orbital</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""S Orbital Complete (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""P Orbital.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""P Orbital.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>1 = p orbital</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""P Orbital Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""D Orbital.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""D Orbital.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>2 = d orbital</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""D Orbital Complete.png"" />&nbsp;<div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""F Oribtal.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""F Oribtal.png"" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>The Azimuthal&nbsp;quantum number for this orbital is <span class=cloze>3 = f orbital</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""F Orbital Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVtMKejyBiE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Orbitals.png"" /><div><br /><div>Give the <u>principal</u> and <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number labels for the periodic table</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure::Quantum_Numbers</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Orbitals.png"" /><div><br /><div>Give the <u>principal</u> and <i>azimuthal</i> quantum number labels for the periodic table</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Periodic Table Orbitals Complete.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Principal</u>&nbsp;(n) quantum number = 1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><i>Azimuthal</i>&nbsp;(l) quantum number = &nbsp;0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/electron-shells-and-orbitals/v/periodic-table-groups"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>[... Principle]</span> states that electrons will <u>fill the lower energy</u> levels before moving to higher energy orbitals </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Atomic_Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>Aufbau Principle</span> states that electrons will <u>fill the lower energy</u> levels before moving to higher energy orbitals <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.43.35.png"" /><div><br /> <a href=""ahttps://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/electron-configurations-for-the-first-period"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Alkali Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Alkali Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>alkali metals</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Alkaline Earth Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Alkaline Earth Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>alkaline earth metals</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Transition Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Transition Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>transition metals</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Post Transition Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Post Transition Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>post-transition metals</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Metalloids.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Metalloids.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>metalloids</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table non metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table non metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>non-metals</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Halogens.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Halogens.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>halogens</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Noble Gases.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Noble Gases.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the group labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>noble gases</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Rare Earth Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table</div> <img src=""Periodic Table Rare Earth Metals.png""><div><br><div>The elements in the groups labeled with&nbsp;<i>?</i>&nbsp;are known as <span class=cloze>rare earth metals</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Lanthanides and Actinides<div><br /><div><div><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 09.57.38.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/copy-of-periodic-table-of-elements/v/periodic-table-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on <u>valence electrons</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>Z_eff</span>&nbsp;is&nbsp;the attractive positive charge of nuclear protons acting on <u>valence electrons</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Z_eff&nbsp;is&nbsp;always <b>less</b> than the total number of protons present in a nucleus due to the&nbsp;<i>shielding effect</i>&nbsp;from other electrons in the atom</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Z Effective Force (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvSmfgxCSNQ"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div><div>What is the periodic trend for <u>effective nuclear charge</u>?</div></div><div>_<br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div><div>What is the periodic trend for <u>effective nuclear charge</u>?</div></div><div>_<br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Zeff Periodic Trend Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvSmfgxCSNQ"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the amount of energy required to <i>remove</i> an electron </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>Ionization energy</span> is the amount of energy required to <i>remove</i> an electron <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Ionization Energy.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/ionization-energy-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <b>ionization energy</b>?</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <b>ionization energy</b>?</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Ionization Energy Trend Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/ionization-energy-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the amount of energy <u>released</u> when an electron is&nbsp;<i>added</i>&nbsp;to the atom </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>Electron affinity</span> is the amount of energy <u>released</u> when an electron is&nbsp;<i>added</i>&nbsp;to the atom <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Electron Affinity.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/electron-affinity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <i>electron affinity</i>?</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <i>electron affinity</i>?</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Electron Affinity Trend Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/electron-affinity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a measure of how strongly atoms <i>attract</i> electrons </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <span class=cloze>Electronegativity</span> is a measure of how strongly atoms <i>attract</i> electrons <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Electronegativity.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <u>electronegativity?</u></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <u>electronegativity?</u></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Electronegativity Trend Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <i>atomic size</i>?</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div>What is the periodic trend for <i>atomic size</i>?</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Atomic Size Periodic Trend Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/periodic-table/periodic-table-trends-bonding/v/atomic-radius-trend"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div><div>Give the approximate electronegativity values of H, C, N, O, and F</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Periodic_Table::Periodic_Trends</div> <div><div>Give the approximate electronegativity values of H, C, N, O, and F</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Common Electronegativities Complete.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-trends"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bond is the sharing of electrons between two elements </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> A/an <span class=cloze>covalent</span> bond is the sharing of electrons between two elements <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Covalent Bonds.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/ionic-covalent-and-metallic-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> bonds are when a single atom provides <b>both bonding electrons</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <div><span class=cloze>Coordinate covalent</span> bonds are when a single atom provides <b>both bonding electrons</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Most often found in Lewis acid-base chemistry</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Coordinate Covalent Bonds (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzbGMJ4ZgEM"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bonds are formed by the <u>complete transfer</u> of valence electron(s) between atoms </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Ionic</span> bonds are formed by the <u>complete transfer</u> of valence electron(s) between atoms <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Usually formed between an element with a&nbsp;<u>low ionization energy</u> and an&nbsp;element with a&nbsp;<i>high electron affinity</i><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Ionic Bonds.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/ionic-covalent-and-metallic-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the number of bonds between two atoms (single, double, or triple bond) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Bond order</span> refers to the number of bonds between two atoms (single, double, or triple bond) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bond Order.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvk8yN4TzGc"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The greater the number of bonds (bond order) the <span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span> the bond strength and the <span class=cloze>[longer or shorter]</span> the bond </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The greater the number of bonds (bond order) the <span class=cloze>higher</span> the bond strength and the <span class=cloze>shorter</span> the bond <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bond Order.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvk8yN4TzGc"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Non-polar bonds have a △EN that is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Non-polar bonds have a △EN that is <span class=cloze>less than 0.5</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Bond Types Delta EN Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-and-chemical-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Polar bonds have a △EN that is between <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Polar bonds have a △EN that is between <span class=cloze>0.5</span> and <span class=cloze>1.7</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Bond Types Delta EN Complete.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/electronegativity-and-chemical-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <i>Cations</i> are ions with a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> charge </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <i>Cations</i> are ions with a <span class=cloze>positive</span> charge <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Cations vs Anions.png"" /></font><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-compounds/v/introduction-to-ions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <u>Anions</u> are ions with a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> charge </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <u>Anions</u> are ions with a <span class=cloze>negative</span> charge <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><font color=""#0d73ff""><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Cations vs Anions.png"" /></font><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-compounds/v/introduction-to-ions"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are large, organized arrays of ions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Crystalline lattices</span> are large, organized arrays of ions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Example: solid carbon<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Crystalline Lattices.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNKsbnH1vw8"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <b>Hydrogen bonds</b> are most often formed between hydrogen and the following elements: <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <b>Hydrogen bonds</b> are most often formed between hydrogen and the following elements: <span class=cloze>O, N and F</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>O-H, N-H, F-H<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Hydrogen Bond Graphic (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <b>Van der Waals Forces</b> is a general term that includes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> forces and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> forces </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <b>Van der Waals Forces</b> is a general term that includes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>dipole-dipole</span> forces and <span class=cloze>London dispersion</span> forces <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Van de Waals.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> forces are&nbsp;attractive forces between the <i>positive</i> end of one polar molecule and the <u>negative</u> end of another polar molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <span class=cloze>Dipole-dipole</span> forces are&nbsp;attractive forces between the <i>positive</i> end of one polar molecule and the <u>negative</u> end of another polar molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Dipole Dipole.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> forces are temporary attractive forces created when a <b>temporary</b> dipole <b>induces</b> a dipole in a neighboring molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <span class=cloze>London dispersion</span> forces are temporary attractive forces created when a <b>temporary</b> dipole <b>induces</b> a dipole in a neighboring molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The weakest intermolecular force<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src=""London Dispersion Forces.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> Place in order of strength:<div><br /></div><div>hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> Place in order of strength:<div><br /></div><div>hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, and London dispersion forces<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Screenshot 2019-03-29 12.16.19.png"" /></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bonds are formed by&nbsp;<u>head-on</u> overlapping between atomic orbitals </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Sigma</span> bonds are formed by&nbsp;<u>head-on</u> overlapping between atomic orbitals <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Sigma Bonds.png"" /><div><br /> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp3-hybridized-orbitals-and-sigma-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bonds are formed by <i>lateral</i> (side-by-side) overlap of atomic orbitals </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Pi</span> bonds are formed by <i>lateral</i> (side-by-side) overlap of atomic orbitals <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The 2^nd and 3^rd bonds in double and triple bonds are pi bonds<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Pi Bonds.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/pi-bonds-and-sp2-hybridized-orbitals"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the charge given to an <b>individual element</b> within a molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Formal charge</span> is the charge given to an <b>individual element</b> within a molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Formal Charge.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/copy-of-dot-structures/v/formal-charge-and-dot-structures"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Give the formula for formal charge<div><br /></div><div>Formal Charge = <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Give the formula for formal charge<div><br /></div><div>Formal Charge = <span class=cloze>valence electrons&nbsp;− dots − sticks</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>""<b>Dots</b>"" are nonbonding electrons&nbsp;</div><div>""<b>Sticks</b>"" are pairs of bonding electrons</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Formal Charge.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/copy-of-dot-structures/v/formal-charge-and-dot-structures"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <img src=""Hydrogen Bond (1).png""><br><div><br></div><div>O is the hydrogen bond <span class=cloze>[acceptor or donor]</span></div><div><br></div><div>N is the hydrogen bond <span class=cloze>[acceptor or donor]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Intermolecular_Forces</div> <img src=""Hydrogen Bond (1).png""><br><div><br></div><div>O is the hydrogen bond <span class=cloze>acceptor</span></div><div><br></div><div>N is the hydrogen bond <span class=cloze>donor</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>The <i>acceptor</i>&nbsp;must possess a <i>lone electron pair</i></div><div>The <u>donor</u> is usually <u>strongly electronegative</u>&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydrogen Bond Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical-bonds-and-reactions/v/intermolecular-forces-and-molecular-bonds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>180°</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp²&nbsp;hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp²&nbsp;hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>120°</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp³&nbsp;hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp³&nbsp;hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>109.5°</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Bond angles of an sp³d hybridized atom are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> Bond angles of an sp³d hybridized atom are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>90°</span> and <span class=cloze>120°</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp³d² hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> The bond angle of an sp³d² hybridized atom is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>90°</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""VSEPR (1).png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> An H₂O molecule is a bent because&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Bonding</div> An H₂O molecule is a bent because&nbsp;<span class=cloze>the&nbsp;lone pair of electrons repulse&nbsp;each other and push the H atoms away</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""H2O Lewis Structure (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPDptc0wUYI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Compounds</div> An <span class=cloze>[...]</span> formula is the <b>simplest</b>&nbsp;whole-number ratio of atoms </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Compounds</div> An <span class=cloze>empirical</span> formula is the <b>simplest</b>&nbsp;whole-number ratio of atoms <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Molecular Formula vs Empirical.JPG"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/empirical-molecular-formula/v/empirical-molecular-and-structural-formulas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Compounds</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> formula shows the&nbsp;<i>exact&nbsp;number</i>&nbsp;of atoms&nbsp;of each element </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Compounds</div> The <span class=cloze>molecular</span> formula shows the&nbsp;<i>exact&nbsp;number</i>&nbsp;of atoms&nbsp;of each element <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is a multiple of the empirical formula</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Molecular Formula vs Empirical.JPG"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-reactions-stoichiome/empirical-molecular-formula/v/empirical-molecular-and-structural-formulas"">Khan Academy Link</a> </div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <i>nucleoid region</i> is found in <span class=cloze>[eukaryotes or prokaryotes]</span> and contains <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <i>nucleoid region</i> is found in <span class=cloze>prokaryotes</span> and contains <span class=cloze>DNA</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Prokaryote.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes/v/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The nucleolus makes <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The nucleolus makes <span class=cloze>ribosomes</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleolus.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/the-nucleus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> Peroxisomes <span class=cloze>[...]</span> material </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> Peroxisomes <span class=cloze>break down</span> material <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Peroxisome.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <span class=cloze>[smooth or rough]</span> ER makes proteins from mRNA </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <span class=cloze>rough</span> ER makes proteins from mRNA <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endoplasmic Reticulum.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <span class=cloze>[smooth or rough]</span> ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <span class=cloze>smooth</span> ER is involved in detox and also in lipid formation <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endoplasmic Reticulum.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <span class=cloze>[organelle]</span> modifies and distributes proteins </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> The <span class=cloze>Golgi Apparatus</span> modifies and distributes proteins <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Eukaryotes only<div><br /><div><img src=""Golgi Apparatus.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/endoplasmic-reticulum-and-golgi-apparatus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> In the <u>Vesicular Transport Model</u>, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;structures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> In the <u>Vesicular Transport Model</u>, the cis-, medial-, and trans-Golgi cisternae are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>static</span>&nbsp;structures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <u>contents</u> are <u>physically shuttled</u> from each cisterna to the next</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vesicular Transport (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/WCc57iFPwjk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> In the <i>Cisternal Maturation Model</i>, cisternae <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> In the <i>Cisternal Maturation Model</i>, cisternae <span class=cloze>evolve and mature</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The cis-Golgi matures and becomes the medial-Golgi, then eventually, the trans-Golgi</div><div><br></div><div>Vesicles move in <b>retrograde</b> motion</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cisternal Maturation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/WCc57iFPwjk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are the demolition and recycling center </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> <span class=cloze>Lysosomes</span> are the demolition and recycling center <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Made by <b>Golgi</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Lysosome.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/lysosomes-and-peroxisomes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> <u>Centrioles</u> contain 9 groups of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and they pull <span class=cloze>[...]</span> apart </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> <u>Centrioles</u> contain 9 groups of <span class=cloze>microtubules</span> and they pull <span class=cloze>chromosomes</span> apart <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Centriole (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microtubules-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate&nbsp;from chromosomal DNA </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Parts_of_Cell</div> A/an <span class=cloze>plasmid</span> is a small prokaryotic DNA molecule separate&nbsp;from chromosomal DNA <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Often, the genes carried in plasmids provide bacteria with <i>genetic advantages</i>, such as antibiotic resistance</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Plasmid.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-biotechnology/v/dna-cloning-and-recombinant-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div> Microfilaments make up part of the cell's&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div> Microfilaments make up part of the cell's&nbsp;<span class=cloze>cytoskeleton</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'> <div>Polymers of<font color=""#5fce19"">&nbsp;</font><i><b>actin</b></i></div><div><i><b><br></b></i></div><div><img src=""Microfilaments.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microfilaments-and-intermediate-filaments-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div> Microtubules help the cell&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> compression&nbsp;forces </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cytoskeleton</div> Microtubules help the cell&nbsp;<span class=cloze>resist</span> compression&nbsp;forces <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Made of&nbsp;<u>tubulin</u> proteins<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Microtubules (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cytoskeleton/v/microtubules-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>simple squamous</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue (1).jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue (1).jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>simple cuboidal</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>simple columnar</span> epithelial tissue</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>pseudostratified columnar</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>stratified squamous</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>stratified cuboidal</span>&nbsp;epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>stratified columnar</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Transitional Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> <img src=""Transitional Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>transitional</span> epithelial tissue</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> Bone, cartilage,&nbsp;tendon, and blood are examples of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;tissue </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> Bone, cartilage,&nbsp;tendon, and blood are examples of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>connective</span>&nbsp;tissue <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Connective Tissue.jpg"" /></div><div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> Epithelial tissue covers <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> surfaces of the body </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Tissues</div> Epithelial tissue covers <span class=cloze>internal</span> and <span class=cloze>external</span> surfaces of the body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Epithelial Tissue.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <img src=""Bacillus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[shape]</span> bacteria</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <img src=""Bacillus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>bacilli (rod)</span> bacteria</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <img src=""Coccus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[shape]</span> bacteria</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <img src=""Coccus Bacteria Shape.png"" /><div><br /><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>cocci (sphere)</span> bacteria</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <img src=""Sprillus Bacteria Shape.png""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>[shape]</span> bacteria</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <img src=""Sprillus Bacteria Shape.png""><div><br><div>This is an example of <span class=cloze>spirilla&nbsp;(spiral)</span> bacteria</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p9e0oolbmE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[type of microorganism]</span> require O₂ </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Obligate aerobes</span> require O₂ <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>_{<a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a>}</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[type of microorganism]</span> die in O₂ </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Obligate anaerobes</span> die in O₂ <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>_{<a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a>}</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[type of microorganism]</span> toggle between aerobic and anaerobic </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Facultative anaerobes</span> toggle between aerobic and anaerobic <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[type of microorganism]</span> do not use O₂&nbsp;but tolerate it </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Aerotolerant anaerobes</span> do not use O₂&nbsp;but tolerate it <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anaerobes.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/EjiAYCDMl7s"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> Gram +&nbsp;is <span class=cloze>[color]</span> and has a <span class=cloze>[thick or thin]</span> wall </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> Gram +&nbsp;is <span class=cloze><font color=""#ad52da"">purple</font></span> and has a <span class=cloze>thick</span> wall <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b>/lipoteichoic acid</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gram Positive.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/prokaryotes-bacteria/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staining"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> Gram -&nbsp;is <span class=cloze>[color]</span> and has a <span class=cloze>[thick or thin]</span> wall </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> Gram -&nbsp;is <span class=cloze><font color=""#ee7ec9"">pink / red</font></span> and has a <span class=cloze>thin</span> wall <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Wall is made of <b>peptidoglycan</b><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gram Negative.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/prokaryotes-bacteria/v/bacterial-characteristics-gram-staining"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Transformation</span> is when bacteria gets genetic info from the environment&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Griffith experiment with mice (<b>R strain safe</b>, <u>S strain deadly</u>)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Transformation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <u>Conjugation</u> is the transfer genetic info via a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <u>Conjugation</u> is the transfer genetic info via a/an <span class=cloze>conjugation bridge</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conjugation 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the transfer genetic material using&nbsp;a&nbsp;bacteriophage </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Transduction</span> is the transfer genetic material using&nbsp;a&nbsp;bacteriophage <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Transduction.png"" /></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br /></span></div> <a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are&nbsp;DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Transposons</span> are&nbsp;DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>This sometimes <b>creates</b> or <b>reverses</b> mutations<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Transposon (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7Z5-mRB_gI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div> In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=cloze>[cellular component]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div> In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=cloze><b>inner</b>&nbsp;mitochondrial membrane</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""ETC in Mitochondria.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/C8VHyezOJD4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div> In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=cloze>[cellular component]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::ETC</div> In prokaryotes, the electron transport chain takes place in the <span class=cloze>cell membrane</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""ETC in Prokaryotes.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5soSpVWMT8"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> Eukaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> Eukaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=cloze>mitosis</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mitosis (3).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types-of-reproduction/v/asexual-and-sexual-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> Prokaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> Prokaryotic cells reproduce via <span class=cloze>binary fission</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Binary Fission.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-types-of-reproduction/v/asexual-and-sexual-reproduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Prions</span> are infectious proteins and can trigger misfolding <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Causes&nbsp;<b>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</b></div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Prions.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are&nbsp;plant pathogens&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Viroids</span> are&nbsp;plant pathogens&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Viroids.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are bacteria viruses that use a <u>tail sheath</u> to inject DNA / RNA </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Bacteriophages</span> are bacteria viruses that use a <u>tail sheath</u> to inject DNA / RNA <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bacteriophage.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the protein shell of a <u>virus</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> A/an <span class=cloze>capsid</span> is the protein shell of a <u>virus</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Capsid (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biology-of-viruses/virus-biology/v/viruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are individual virus particles that are found extracellular </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Virions</span> are individual virus particles that are found extracellular <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Virion.png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/v/subviral-particles-viroids-and-prions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <span class=cloze>Viral</span> genomes may be made of DNA or RNA and may be single or double stranded <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Viral genomes.png"" /><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biology-of-viruses/virus-biology/v/viruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription</div> A <span class=cloze>[positive or negative]</span> sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and can&nbsp;be transcribed <b>directly</b> into DNA </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription</div> A <span class=cloze>positive</span> sense RNA strand is itself an mRNA and can&nbsp;be transcribed <b>directly</b> into DNA <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Positive and Negative Sense Strands of RNA.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQtJdiOUv0I"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> Retroviruses are single stranded <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> Retroviruses are single stranded <span class=cloze>RNA</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Reverse transcriptase</i> is needed to&nbsp;make DNA</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Retrovirus.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/translation/v/retroviruses"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <div>In a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Viruses_and_Bacteria</div> <div>In a <span class=cloze>lytic</span> bacteriophage life cycle, virions are made until the cell lyses</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Viruses enter cells and use the cell to <i>make copies of themselves</i>, often destroying the cell in the process</div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Lytic vs Lysogenic (1).png"" /></font></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-immune-system/v/viral-replicaiton-lytic-vs-lysogenic"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> During the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[cell cycle phase]</span>, cells synthesize&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> and <b>proteins</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> During the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G₁&nbsp;phase</span>, cells synthesize&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> and <b>proteins</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>This is to prepare for subsequent steps leading to mitosis<div><br /></div><div>G1 stands for ""Gap 1""</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> A cell will enter&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[cell cycle phase]</span> if it <b>does not</b> need to divide </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> A cell will enter&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G₀&nbsp;phase</span> if it <b>does not</b> need to divide <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> At the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> At the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G₁</span> checkpoint, cells choose whether or not to divide <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><b>P53</b>&nbsp;is in charge<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Checkpoints.jpg"" /></div></div><div><br /></div><a href="""">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> DNA is replicated in the <span class=cloze>[cell cycle phase]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> DNA is replicated in the <span class=cloze>S phase</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>S = <i>synthesis</i> phase</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> In the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[cell cycle phase]</span>, cells grow and make&nbsp;<b>organelles</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> In the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G₂&nbsp;phase</span>, cells grow and make&nbsp;<b>organelles</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> At the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has <b>replicated correctly</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> At the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G₂</span>&nbsp;checkpoint, the cell will check that the DNA has <b>replicated correctly</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Checkpoints.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/stem-cells-and-cancer/a/cell-cycle-checkpoints-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> <b>Mitosis</b>&nbsp;and <b>cytokinesis</b> occur in the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[cell cycle phase]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> <b>Mitosis</b>&nbsp;and <b>cytokinesis</b> occur in the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>M phase</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-division/v/cell-cycle-phases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> The four phases of <i>Mitosis</i>:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> The four phases of <i>Mitosis</i>:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>Prophase</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Metaphase</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Anaphase</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Telophase</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Acronym: PMAT</div><div><br /></div><div>Note: Interphase&nbsp;<i>precedes</i>&nbsp;mitosis, it is not part of mitosis</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /><div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> Interphase includes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[cell cycle phases]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Cell_Cycle</div> Interphase includes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G₁, S, and G₂&nbsp;phases</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Phase where the cell spends most of its life<div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Cell cycle (1).png"" /></div></div> <div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-the-cell-cycle-and-mitosis/v/interphase"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>[mitosis phase]</span>, the DNA <b>condenses</b>, centrioles <i>migrate</i> to opposite poles, and&nbsp;<u>microtubules</u> form </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>prophase</span>, the DNA <b>condenses</b>, centrioles <i>migrate</i> to opposite poles, and&nbsp;<u>microtubules</u> form <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>[mitosis phase]</span>, chromosomes <b>meet in middle</b> of the cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>metaphase</span>, chromosomes <b>meet in middle</b> of the cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Metaphase = ""meet in middle""&nbsp;at the&nbsp;<b>metaphase plate</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>[mitosis phase]</span>, sister chromatids separate and <u>move to opposite poles</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>anaphase</span>, sister chromatids separate and <u>move to opposite poles</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Anaphase = ""<u>Apart</u>""<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>[mitosis phase]</span>,&nbsp;<b>chromosomes decondense</b>, the nuclear membrane forms, and <u>cytokinesis</u>&nbsp;occurs </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> In <span class=cloze>telophase</span>,&nbsp;<b>chromosomes decondense</b>, the nuclear membrane forms, and <u>cytokinesis</u>&nbsp;occurs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mitosis (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/1cVZBV9tD-A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> The number of <b>complete sets</b> of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of a cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> The number of <b>complete sets</b> of chromosomes in a cell is referred to as the <span class=cloze>ploidy</span> of a cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ploidy (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/intro-to-cell-division/v/fertilization-haploid-diploid-gamete-zygote-homologous"">Khan Academy</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> The phases of <u>meiosis</u>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> The phases of <u>meiosis</u>:<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>Prophase I<div>Metaphase I</div><div>Anaphase I</div><div>Telophase I</div><div><div>Prophase II</div><div>Metaphase II</div><div>Anaphase II</div></div>Telophase II</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>PMAT x 2</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Meiosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://youtu.be/rB_8dTuh73c"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when sister chromatids <b>don’t separate&nbsp;</b>properly during <b>anaphase</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Mitosis</div> <span class=cloze>Nondisjunction</span> is when sister chromatids <b>don’t separate&nbsp;</b>properly during <b>anaphase</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Results in <i>aneuploidy</i></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Nondisjunction Mitosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Nondisjunction Meiosis.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/classical-genetics/sex-linkage-non-nuclear-chromosomal-mutations/a/aneuploidy-and-chromosomal-rearrangements"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair <u>exchange segments</u> with each other </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> <span class=cloze>Crossing over</span> is when two chromosomes of a homologous pair <u>exchange segments</u> with each other <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Crossing Over.gif"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-meiosis/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> Crossing over occurs in <span class=cloze>[meiosis&nbsp;phase]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> Crossing over occurs in <span class=cloze>prophase I</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Crossing Over.gif"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-meiosis/v/chromosomal-crossover-in-meiosis-i"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> states&nbsp;that two alleles of each gene become separated and <i>only one allele from each parent</i> will be passed to the offspring </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> <span class=cloze>The law of segregation</span> states&nbsp;that two alleles of each gene become separated and <i>only one allele from each parent</i> will be passed to the offspring <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Law of Segregation.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-segregation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> The law of segregation occurs in <span class=cloze>[meiosis phase]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Meiosis</div> The law of segregation occurs in <span class=cloze>anaphase I</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Law of Segregation 2.png"" /><div><br /><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-introduction-to-heredity/a/the-law-of-segregation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> <b>Female</b> chromosome pairs are <span class=cloze>[XX or XY]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> <b>Female</b> chromosome pairs are <span class=cloze>XX</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><font color=""#0d73ff""><img src=""Feamle vs Male Chromosomes.jpg""></font><div><font color=""#0d73ff""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> <u>Male</u> chromosome pairs are <span class=cloze>[XX or XY]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> <u>Male</u> chromosome pairs are <span class=cloze>XY</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><font color=""#e12727""><font color=""#0d73ff""><img src=""Feamle vs Male Chromosomes.jpg""></font><div><font color=""#0d73ff""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;refers to <b>genetic conditions</b> associated with mutations in genes on the <b>X chromosome</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> <span class=cloze>X-linked recessive inheritance</span>&nbsp;refers to <b>genetic conditions</b> associated with mutations in genes on the <b>X chromosome</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> In <i>males</i> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[will or will not]</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> In <i>males</i> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=cloze>will</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>This is because males only have one X chromosome</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> In <b>females</b> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[will or will not]</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> In <b>females</b> with an X-linked recessive mutation, the mutation&nbsp;<span class=cloze>will not</span>&nbsp;be expressed&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Females have two X chromosomes, so the mutation is&nbsp;<i>carried</i>&nbsp;but <i>not expressed</i>. The normal X chromosome will be expressed because this is a <u>recessive trait</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""X-Linked Ressisive (1).png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/a/sex-linkage-sex-determination-and-x-inactivation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> The <span class=cloze>[gene]</span> is responsible for initiation of <i>male</i> <i>sex determination</i> and codes for&nbsp;testicles </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Genetics MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Genes</div> The <span class=cloze>SRY gene</span> is responsible for initiation of <i>male</i> <i>sex determination</i> and codes for&nbsp;testicles <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>""Sorry you're a male""<div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""SRY Gene.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-classical-genetics/hs-sex-linkage/v/sex-linked-traits"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> Semen is a combination of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> Semen is a combination of <span class=cloze>sperm</span> and <span class=cloze>seminal fluid</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Semen.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> The <span class=cloze>bulbourethral gland</span> makes viscous fluid to clean out the urethra&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> and the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> make <u>alkaline</u> fluid to help sperm survive the&nbsp;<i>acidic</i>&nbsp;environment of the female reproductive tract</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <div><span class=cloze>Seminal vesicles</span> and the <span class=cloze>prostate gland</span> make <u>alkaline</u> fluid to help sperm survive the&nbsp;<i>acidic</i>&nbsp;environment of the female reproductive tract</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/anatomy-of-the-male-reproductive-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> Pathway of sperm during ejaculation:<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><div>SEVE(N) UP mnemonic</div><div></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Seven Up Mnemonic.jpeg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Male Reproductive Organs.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4nEzMxgZaA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have follicles that produce ova </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> The <span class=cloze>ovaries</span> have follicles that produce ova <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ovary.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/the-ovarian-cycle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the production of female gametes&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> <span class=cloze>Oogenesis</span> is the production of female gametes&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oogenesis (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/basics-of-egg-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> <b>develops</b> the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <span class=cloze>Estrogen</span> <b>develops</b> the female reproductive tract and thickens the uterine wall <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>“<b>E</b>strogen&nbsp;<b>e</b>stablishes and&nbsp;<u>p</u>rogesterone <u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Estrogen</b> responds to <b>FSH</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <u>maintains and protects</u> the endometrium </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <span class=cloze>Progesterone</span> <u>maintains and protects</u> the endometrium <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>“<b>E</b>strogen&nbsp;<b>e</b>stablishes and&nbsp;<u>p</u>rogesterone&nbsp;<u>p</u>rotects the endometrium”</div><div><br /></div><div><u>Progesterone</u> responds to <u>LH</u></div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyT6IJb6Wbk"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> Female egg pathway:<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction</div> Female egg pathway:<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Egg Pathway (1).jpg"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Note: If <i>unfertilized</i>, the egg will leave through the cervix and vagina, otherwise it implants into the uterus as an <u>embryo</u></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/basics-of-egg-development"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;<i>induces ovulation</i> in females and, in males, it initiates the production of <u>testosterone</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <div><span class=cloze>Luteinizing Hormone (LH)</span>&nbsp;<i>induces ovulation</i> in females and, in males, it initiates the production of <u>testosterone</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""LH.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FFFYnr-69w"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <b>GnRH</b> stimulates the&nbsp;anterior pituitary&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b><span class=cloze>[...]</span></b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b><span class=cloze>[...]</span></b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <b>GnRH</b> stimulates the&nbsp;anterior pituitary&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b><span class=cloze>FSH</span></b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b><span class=cloze>LH</span></b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone</div><div><div><br /></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> Fertilization occurs in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> Fertilization occurs in the <span class=cloze>fallopian tube</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fertilization.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/egg-sperm-and-fertilization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized <b>ovum</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> A/an <span class=cloze>morula</span> is a solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized <b>ovum</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Morula.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that <i>implants</i> in the endometrial lining </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> A/an <span class=cloze>blastula</span>&nbsp;is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres that <i>implants</i> in the endometrial lining <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Blastula.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/early-embryogenesis-cleavage-blastulation-gastrulation-and-neurulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[Germ layer]</span> develops into the <i>nervous system</i>, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Ectoderm</span> develops into the <i>nervous system</i>, skin, hair, nails, mouth, and anus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>“Atract-oderm”: Skin and hair are things people are <i>attracted</i> to</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[Germ layer]</span> develops into&nbsp;<u>muscoskeleton</u>, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Mesoderm</span> develops into&nbsp;<u>muscoskeleton</u>, circulatory system, gonads, and adrenal cortex <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>“Move-oderm”: Involved in <u>moving things</u> such as muscles, RBC, steroids</div><div><div><br><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[Germ layer]</span> develops into the <b>GI tract</b>, <b>respiratory tract</b>, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Endoderm</span> develops into the <b>GI tract</b>, <b>respiratory tract</b>, endocrine glands, bronchi, bladder, and stomach <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>“In-doderm”: Things that are <b>inside</b></div><div><div><br><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> The CNS and PNS derive from the <span class=cloze>[germ layer]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> The CNS and PNS derive from the <span class=cloze>ectoderm</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ectoderm Path.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Germ Layers.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/embryology/v/germ-layer-derivatives"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> stem cells&nbsp;have the potential to develop into <u>any cell</u> found in the human body </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Totipotent</span> stem cells&nbsp;have the potential to develop into <u>any cell</u> found in the human body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> stem cells can be any cell <i>except</i> those found in <i>placental structures</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Pluripotent</span> stem cells can be any cell <i>except</i> those found in <i>placental structures</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> stem cells can&nbsp;develop into <b>multiple</b> specialized cell types </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Multipotent</span> stem cells can&nbsp;develop into <b>multiple</b> specialized cell types <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Most adult stem cells are multipotent stem cells</div><div><br /></div><div><div><div><img src=""Stem Cells.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/stem-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <u>Fetal hemoglobin</u> has a <span class=cloze>[greater or lesser]</span> affinity for O₂&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <u>Fetal hemoglobin</u> has a <span class=cloze>greater</span> affinity for O₂&nbsp;than adult hemoglobin <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fetal Hemoglobin.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/fetal-hemoglobin-and-hematocrit"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Blood in the <u>umbilical artery</u> is <span class=cloze>[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Blood in the <u>umbilical artery</u> is <span class=cloze>deoxygenated</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Umbilical Blood.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Blood in the <i>umbilical vein</i> is <span class=cloze>[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Blood in the <i>umbilical vein</i> is <span class=cloze>oxygenated</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Umbilical Blood.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/fetal-circulation-right-before-birth"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Fraternal twins are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Fraternal twins are <span class=cloze>dizygotic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Twins (1).png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/behavior-and-genetics/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Identical twins are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> Identical twins are <span class=cloze>monozygotic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Twins (1).png"" /><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/behavior-and-genetics/v/twin-studies-and-adoption-studies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when a cell <u>commits</u> to becoming a certain type of cell&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Cell determination</span> is when a cell <u>commits</u> to becoming a certain type of cell&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Cell Determination.png"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a <i>specialized</i> cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Cell&nbsp;differentiation</span> is when a cell acquires the structures and functions of a <i>specialized</i> cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell Differentiation.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when a group of cells <b>influence</b> the fate of nearby cells </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Induction</span> is when a group of cells <b>influence</b> the fate of nearby cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Mediated by&nbsp;<b>inducers</b>, which are commonly <b>growth factors</b></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src=""Induction.jpg"" /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/developmental-biology/development-and-differentiation/v/cellular-specialization-differentiation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor <u>on itself</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Autocrine signaling</span> is when the cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to a receptor <u>on itself</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Autocrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in <i>nearby cells</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Paracrine</span> signaling is when a cell produces a signal to induce changes in <i>nearby cells</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Paracrine (4).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is <b>directly adjacent</b> or <b>attached</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Juxtacrine</span> signaling is when a cell signals another cell that is <b>directly adjacent</b> or <b>attached</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Juxtacrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> signaling&nbsp;releases signals into the <i>bloodstream</i>, which carries them to target cells in <i>distant</i> parts of the body </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Endocrine</span> signaling&nbsp;releases signals into the <i>bloodstream</i>, which carries them to target cells in <i>distant</i> parts of the body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endocrine (2).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/v/overview-of-cell-signaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a <b>hole</b> or a <b>small passage</b> which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> A/an <span class=cloze>shunt</span> is a <b>hole</b> or a <b>small passage</b> which allows fluid to move from one part of the body to another <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example: Shunt vessels connect an artery directly to a vein so the blood skips the capillaries</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Shunts (1).png"" /><div><br /><div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/cyanotic-heart-diseases/v/shunting-in-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the <i>fetal</i> <i>lungs</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> <span class=cloze>Patent Foramen Ovule</span>&nbsp;is a shunt that allows blood to bypass the <i>fetal</i> <i>lungs</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>In the wall between the left and right atria of a fetus<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Patent Foramen Ovale (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Development</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the <u>fetus's non-functioning lungs</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Development</div> The <span class=cloze>Patent ductus arteriosus</span> is a shunt that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the <u>fetus's non-functioning lungs</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>It connects the main pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta in a fetus<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Ductus Arteriosus.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/fetal-circulation/v/foramen-ovale-and-ductus-arteriosus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Glycine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Glycine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Glycine</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gly, G</div><div><div>Hydrophobic</div></div><div><br></div><div>The only amino acid that is <i>not chiral</i></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Alanine.png""><div><br><div>This amino acid is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Alanine.png""><div><br><div>This amino acid is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>Alanine</span><br></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Ala, A<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Valine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Valine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Valine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Val, V<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Leucine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Leucine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Leucine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Leu, L<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Isoleucine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Isoleucine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Isoleucine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Ile, I<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Methionine.png""><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Methionine.png""><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Methionine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Met, M<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Contains a <u>thioether</u> group</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Proline.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Proline.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Proline</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Pro, P<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Typically found in <b>β-pleated sheets</b> at the turns</div><div><br></div><div>""<i>Kinky</i>""</div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Phenyalanine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Phenyalanine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Phenylalanine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Phe, F<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Aromatic, can <b>absorb UV light</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Tryptophan.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Tryptophan.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Tryptophan</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Trp, W<br></div><div>Hydrophobic</div><div><br></div><div>Aromatic</div><div>Contains the <i>indole</i> group</div><div>Emits <u>fluorescent light</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Serine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Serine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Serine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Ser, S<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Threonine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Threonine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Threonine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Thr, T<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Tyrosine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Tyrosine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Tyrosine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Tyr, Y<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div>Aromatic</div><div><br></div><div><div>Tyrosine&nbsp;is the precursor to&nbsp;<i>catecholamines</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenylanlanine to Epinephrine.jpg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Cysteine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Cysteine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Cysteine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Cys, C<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Asparagine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Asparagine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Asparagine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Asn, N<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Glutamine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Glutamine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Glutamine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gln, Q<br></div><div>Polar Neutral</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Lysine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Lysine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Lysine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Lys, K<br></div><div>Positively Charged</div><div>Hydrophilic</div><div>Basic<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Arginine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Arginine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Arginine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Arg, R<br></div><div>Positively Charged</div><div>Hydrophilic</div><div>Basic</div><div><br></div><div>Contains the&nbsp;<b>guanidinium</b> group<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Histidine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Histidine.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Histidine</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>His, H<br></div><div>Positively Charged</div><div>Hydrophilic</div><div>Basic</div><div><br></div><div>Contains the <u>imidazole</u> group<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Aspartate.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Aspartate.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Aspartate</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Asp, D<br></div><div>Negatively Charged</div><div>Acidic</div><div><br></div><div>Related to Asparagine<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Glutamate.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Glutamate.png""><div><br></div><div>This amino acid is <span class=cloze>Glutamate</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Glu, E<br></div><div>Negatively Charged</div><div>Acidic<br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Indole.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> group<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Indole.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the <span class=cloze>indole</span> group<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Found in <b>Tryptophan</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Imidazole.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> group</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Imidazole.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the <span class=cloze>imidazole</span> group</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Found in <u>Histidine</u></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Guanidinium.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> group</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <img src=""Guanidinium.png""><div><br></div><div>This is the <span class=cloze>guanidinium</span> group</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Found in <i>Arginine</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <i>Amino acids</i>&nbsp;are simple organic compounds containing both a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> group and a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;group </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <i>Amino acids</i>&nbsp;are simple organic compounds containing both a/an <span class=cloze>carboxyl&nbsp;(—COOH)</span> group and a/an <span class=cloze>amino&nbsp;(—NH₂)</span>&nbsp;group <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amino Acid 1 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/amino-acid-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the only&nbsp;amino acid that is <i>not</i> <i>chiral</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>Glycine</span> is the only&nbsp;amino acid that is <i>not</i> <i>chiral</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Glycine.png""></b></div><div><b style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br></b></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/classification-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a><b style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br></b></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic&nbsp;<i>amino acids</i>&nbsp;(except glycine) is <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The stereochemistry of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic&nbsp;<i>amino acids</i>&nbsp;(except glycine) is <span class=cloze>L</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""All Amino Acids Are L Config.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HG4bqgGR3DI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <div><u>All chiral amino acids</u> except cysteine have <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;configuration</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <div><u>All chiral amino acids</u> except cysteine have <span class=cloze>(S)</span>&nbsp;configuration</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""L Configuration.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddVGGlPyRP0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <b>L</b> and <b>D</b> indicate&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;configuration<div><br></div><div><i>S</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>R</i>&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;configuration</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <b>L</b> and <b>D</b> indicate&nbsp;<span class=cloze>relative</span>&nbsp;configuration<div><br></div><div><i>S</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>R</i>&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;<span class=cloze>absolute</span>&nbsp;configuration</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""R and S vs D and L.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/HG4bqgGR3DI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases</div> <i>Amphoteric</i> molecules can act as either a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;or a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases</div> <i>Amphoteric</i> molecules can act as either a/an <span class=cloze>base</span>&nbsp;or a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>acid</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHWNeIL1Cbg"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> The pH at which&nbsp;<i>half&nbsp;of the species is&nbsp;deprotonated</i> is called the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> The pH at which&nbsp;<i>half&nbsp;of the species is&nbsp;deprotonated</i> is called the <span class=cloze>pK_a</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>[HA] = [A-]<div><br></div><div><img src=""Titration Curve of Acetic Acid.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/acid-base-review/v/ka-and-pka-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> A <u>low</u> pH will cause amino acids to be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> A <u>low</u> pH will cause amino acids to be <span class=cloze>full protonated</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Effect of pH.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j0796RPGtI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;<i>pH</i>&nbsp;at which an amino acid is in&nbsp;<u>zwitterion</u>&nbsp;form </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> <span class=cloze>Isoelectric point</span> is the&nbsp;<i>pH</i>&nbsp;at which an amino acid is in&nbsp;<u>zwitterion</u>&nbsp;form <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The charges cancel out to make a neutral molecule</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Isoelectric Point.png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions"">Khan Academy Link</a><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when <b>all charges cancel out</b>, so the molecule is&nbsp;neutral </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>zwitterion</span> is when <b>all charges cancel out</b>, so the molecule is&nbsp;neutral <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Zwitterion 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <div>The isoelectric point formula when there is <u>no side chain</u> is:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> <div>The isoelectric point formula when there is <u>no side chain</u> is:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""pI No Side Chain.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The isoelectric point formula when there is a&nbsp;<b>neutral side chain</b> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The isoelectric point formula when there is a&nbsp;<b>neutral side chain</b> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""pI Neutral Side Chain.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The isoelectric point formula when there is a&nbsp;<u>basic&nbsp;side chain</u> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The isoelectric point formula when there is a&nbsp;<u>basic&nbsp;side chain</u> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""pI Basic Side Chain.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The isoelectric point formula when there is an&nbsp;<i>acidic side chain</i> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids</div> The isoelectric point formula when there is an&nbsp;<i>acidic side chain</i> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""pI Acidic Side Chain.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amino Acid Structure pka Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL1qx8bTDnA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> At the <u>midpoint</u> of a titration, the pH = <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> At the <u>midpoint</u> of a titration, the pH = <span class=cloze>pK_a</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Titration Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r20BiheYBSc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> At the <i>equivalence point</i> of a titration, pH = <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Amino_Acids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa</div> At the <i>equivalence point</i> of a titration, pH = <span class=cloze>pI</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Titration Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/titrations-and-solubility-equilibria/a/acid-base-titration-curves"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>[1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°]</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the linear<i> sequence of&nbsp;amino acids</i>&nbsp;in a peptide </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>1°</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the linear<i> sequence of&nbsp;amino acids</i>&nbsp;in a peptide <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Stabilized by&nbsp;<i style="""">peptide bonds</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amino Acid Sequence (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>[1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°]</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>local folding</b> of neighboring amino acids including&nbsp;<i>α-helices</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>β-pleated sheets</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>2°</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>local folding</b> of neighboring amino acids including&nbsp;<i>α-helices</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>β-pleated sheets</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Stabilized&nbsp;by <b style="""">hydrogen bonding</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Beta Pleated Sheets 5.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>[1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°]</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the&nbsp;<u>3-D shape</u>&nbsp;of a single polypeptide chain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>3°</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the&nbsp;<u>3-D shape</u>&nbsp;of a single polypeptide chain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Stabilized by <u>hydrophobic interactions</u>, acid-base&nbsp;interactions, hydrogen-bonds, and disulfide bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Tertiary Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>[1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°]</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>interaction between peptides</b> in proteins that&nbsp;contain multiple subunits </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> The <span class=cloze>4°</span> structure of <i>proteins</i> is the <b>interaction between peptides</b> in proteins that&nbsp;contain multiple subunits <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Protein Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div>The&nbsp;4° structure of hemoglobin:</div><div><img src=""Hemoglobin Structure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are clockwise <b>coils</b> around a central axis and are a common <span class=cloze>[1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°]</span> protein structure </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>α-helices</span> are clockwise <b>coils</b> around a central axis and are a common <span class=cloze>2°</span> protein structure <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Beta Pleated Sheets 5.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>rippled strands</u> that can be parallel&nbsp;or antiparallel and are a common&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[1°, 2°, 3°, or 4°]</span> protein structure</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div><span class=cloze>β-pleated&nbsp;sheets</span> are <u>rippled strands</u> that can be parallel&nbsp;or antiparallel and are a common&nbsp;<span class=cloze>2°</span> protein structure</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Proline</u> is typically found at the turns in&nbsp;β-pleated&nbsp;sheets<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Beta Pleated Sheets 5.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/overview-of-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[Amino acid]</span> has a&nbsp;<i>rigid cyclic structure</i>&nbsp;and can&nbsp;<b>interrupt</b> <b>2°</b>&nbsp;<b>protein</b>&nbsp;<b>structure</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Proline</span> has a&nbsp;<i>rigid cyclic structure</i>&nbsp;and can&nbsp;<b>interrupt</b> <b>2°</b>&nbsp;<b>protein</b>&nbsp;<b>structure</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Proline is ""kinky""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Proline in Beta Turn.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/amino-acids-peptides-proteins-5d/v/special-cases-histidine-proline-glycine-cysteine"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when a protein (or nucleic acid)<b style="""">&nbsp;l</b><b style="""">oses its&nbsp;4°,&nbsp;3°, and&nbsp;2°&nbsp;structures</b>&nbsp;due to breaking non-covalent interactions&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Denaturation</span> is when a protein (or nucleic acid)<b style="""">&nbsp;l</b><b style="""">oses its&nbsp;4°,&nbsp;3°, and&nbsp;2°&nbsp;structures</b>&nbsp;due to breaking non-covalent interactions&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Denaturation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/conformational-stability-protein-folding-and-denaturation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of a&nbsp;protein, which&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increases or decreases]</span> <i>entropy</i>&nbsp;of the surrounding&nbsp;water molecules<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>hydrophobic effect</span> pushes hydrophobic R groups to the interior of a&nbsp;protein, which&nbsp;<span class=cloze>increases</span> <i>entropy</i>&nbsp;of the surrounding&nbsp;water molecules<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When multiple <b>hydrophobic molecules</b> are in water, the molecules group together spontaneously</div><div><br></div><div>The <u>combined</u> molecules have <u>less surface area</u> touching water so fewer water molecules are needed to interact with the hydrophobic surface</div><div><br></div><div>This means <i>more water molecules can roam freely</i> which is an <i>increase</i> in entropy<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydrophobic Effect.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfZL0tmcIPM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> occur when <u>two&nbsp;cysteine&nbsp;molecules</u> are oxidized and&nbsp;create a covalent bond between their thiol groups </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Disulfide bonds</span> occur when <u>two&nbsp;cysteine&nbsp;molecules</u> are oxidized and&nbsp;create a covalent bond between their thiol groups <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This forms&nbsp;<u>cystine</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Disulfide Bond.png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/tertiary-structure-of-proteins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of amino acids <i>combined</i> <i>with other substances</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Conjugated proteins</span> are complex proteins, such as hemoglobin, consisting of amino acids <i>combined</i> <i>with other substances</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Conjugated Protein (1).png""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>attached molecule in a conjugated protein</b> and can&nbsp;be a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohydrate, or&nbsp;nucleic acid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> A/an <span class=cloze>prosthetic group</span> is the <b>attached molecule in a conjugated protein</b> and can&nbsp;be a metal ion, vitamin, lipid, carbohydrate, or&nbsp;nucleic acid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conjugated Protein (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qO2DvzAvnPY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div><img src=""Peptide Bonds.png""></div><div><br></div><u>Peptide bonds</u> link the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... group]</span> of one amino acid to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... group]</span> of the next amino acid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div><img src=""Peptide Bonds.png""></div><div><br></div><u>Peptide bonds</u> link the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>α-carboxyl&nbsp;group</span> of one amino acid to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>α-amino&nbsp;group</span> of the next amino acid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Polypeptide Sequence.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/peptide-bond-formation-and-cleavage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are reusable&nbsp;<b>catalysts</b> that are&nbsp;<u>unchanged&nbsp;by the reactions&nbsp;they catalyze</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>Enzymes</span> are reusable&nbsp;<b>catalysts</b> that are&nbsp;<u>unchanged&nbsp;by the reactions&nbsp;they catalyze</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Catalyze both the forward and reverse reactions<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enzyme.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enzyme Free Energy.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/v/enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <i>Exergonic</i> reactions <span class=cloze>[require or release]</span> energy </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <i>Exergonic</i> reactions <span class=cloze>release</span> energy <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>-∆G&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/endergonic-exergonic-exothermic-and-endothermic-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <u>Endergonic</u>&nbsp;reactions <span class=cloze>[require or release]</span> energy </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <u>Endergonic</u>&nbsp;reactions <span class=cloze>require</span> energy <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>+∆G<br><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/endergonic-exergonic-exothermic-and-endothermic-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> catalyzes&nbsp;<i>REDOX</i> reactions that involve the transfer of electrons </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>oxidoreductase</span> catalyzes&nbsp;<i>REDOX</i> reactions that involve the transfer of electrons <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oxidoreductase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> <b>moves a functional group</b> from one molecule to another<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>transferase</span> <b>moves a functional group</b> from one molecule to another<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Transferases.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> catalyzes cleavage <u>with the addition of H₂O</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>hydrolase</span> catalyzes cleavage <u>with the addition of H₂O</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Hydrolases.gif""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> catalyzes cleavage without the addition of<i> H₂O</i> and&nbsp;without the transfer of<b> electrons</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>lyase</span> catalyzes cleavage without the addition of<i> H₂O</i> and&nbsp;without the transfer of<b> electrons</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lyases.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> catalyzes the <i>interconversion of isomers</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>isomerase</span> catalyzes the <i>interconversion of isomers</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Isomerase.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> <b>joins two large biomolecules</b>, often of the same type </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>ligase</span> <b>joins two large biomolecules</b>, often of the same type <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Ligase.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> catalyzes the <i>hydrolysis of fats</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>lipase</span> catalyzes the <i>hydrolysis of fats</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lipase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/overview-of-amino-acid-metabolism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span>&nbsp;<i>adds</i><b> </b>a phosphate group <b>from ATP</b> to a substrate </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>kinase</span>&nbsp;<i>adds</i><b> </b>a phosphate group <b>from ATP</b> to a substrate <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Kinase and Phosphatase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Kinase Meme (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span>&nbsp;<u>removes</u> a phosphate group </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>phosphatase</span>&nbsp;<u>removes</u> a phosphate group <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Kinase and Phosphatase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-six-types-of-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[type of enzyme]</span> <i>adds</i> a phosphate group from an <u>inorganic phosphate</u>&nbsp;like HPO₄&nbsp;to a substrate</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>phosphorylase</span> <i>adds</i> a phosphate group from an <u>inorganic phosphate</u>&nbsp;like HPO₄&nbsp;to a substrate</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phosphorylase.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W11XV-_tI04"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> A&nbsp;<b>Michaelis-Menten</b> curve is <span class=cloze>[shape]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> A&nbsp;<b>Michaelis-Menten</b> curve is <span class=cloze>hyperbolic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Michalis Menten Curve (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/basics-of-enzyme-kinetics-graphs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <u>substrate concentration</u> that gives you a reaction<i> </i>rate that is<i>&nbsp;halfway to V<sub style="""">max</sub></i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>K_m</span>&nbsp;is the <u>substrate concentration</u> that gives you a reaction<i> </i>rate that is<i>&nbsp;halfway to V<sub style="""">max</sub></i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Km and Vmax.png"" style=""vertical-align: sub;""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/basics-of-enzyme-kinetics-graphs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <b>maximum rate</b> at which an enzyme can catalyze a&nbsp;reaction </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>V_max</span>&nbsp;is the <b>maximum rate</b> at which an enzyme can catalyze a&nbsp;reaction <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This is when <u>all enzyme active sites are&nbsp;saturated</u> with substrate<br></div><div><br></div><div><div>_{<img src=""Km and Vmax.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/a/basics-of-enzyme-kinetics-graphs"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <div>The <b>Michaelis–Menten equation</b> is:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <div>The <b>Michaelis–Menten equation</b> is:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Michalis Menten Equation.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/steady-states-and-the-michaelis-menten-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <div><b>Cooperative</b> enzymes display a <span class=cloze>[shape]</span> curve</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <div><b>Cooperative</b> enzymes display a <span class=cloze>sigmoidal</span> curve</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Sigmoidal because of the change in&nbsp;activity following initial substrate binding<div><br></div><div><img src=""Cooperative Binding Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/cooperativity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when the binding of the first molecule of B to A <i>changes the binding affinity</i> of the second B molecule, making it more or less likely to bind </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>Cooperative binding</span> is when the binding of the first molecule of B to A <i>changes the binding affinity</i> of the second B molecule, making it more or less likely to bind <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Results in a sigmoidal curve</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Cooperative Binding Curve.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/cooperativity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> The <span class=cloze>[part of enzyme]</span> is the <i>site of catalysis</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> The <span class=cloze>active site</span> is the <i>site of catalysis</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Enzyme.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-energy-and-transport/hs-enzymes/v/enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> The <span class=cloze>[... theory]</span> states that the enzyme and substrate are <u>exactly complementary</u>&nbsp;and fit together like a key into a lock </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> The <span class=cloze>lock and key theory</span> states that the enzyme and substrate are <u>exactly complementary</u>&nbsp;and fit together like a key into a lock <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lock and Key Model.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/qO2DvzAvnPY"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> The <span class=cloze>[... theory]</span> states that the enzyme and substrate undergo <i>conformational&nbsp;changes</i>&nbsp;in order to interact fully </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> The <span class=cloze>induced fit theory</span> states that the enzyme and substrate undergo <i>conformational&nbsp;changes</i>&nbsp;in order to interact fully <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Induced Fit (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/the-induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-catalysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a <i>metal cation</i>&nbsp;that is required by some enzymes </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>cofactor</span> is a <i>metal cation</i>&nbsp;that is required by some enzymes <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cofactor and Coenzyme.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/cofactors-coenzymes-and-vitamins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is an <b>organic molecule</b>&nbsp;that is required by some enzymes<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>cofactor or coenzyme</span> is an <b>organic molecule</b>&nbsp;that is required by some enzymes<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cofactor and Coenzyme.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/cofactors-coenzymes-and-vitamins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <span class=cloze>[... inhibition]</span> of an enzyme is when an enzyme is <i style="""">inhibited</i> by high levels of a <b>product&nbsp;from later in the&nbsp;same pathway</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <span class=cloze>Feedback inhibition</span> of an enzyme is when an enzyme is <i style="""">inhibited</i> by high levels of a <b>product&nbsp;from later in the&nbsp;same pathway</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Feedback Inhibition.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKiXfqaWNHI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <div><div>A/an <span class=cloze>[... inhibitor]</span> <i>binds at the&nbsp;active site</i>&nbsp;and thus prevents the&nbsp;substrate from binding&nbsp;</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <div><div>A/an <span class=cloze>competitive inhibitor</span> <i>binds at the&nbsp;active site</i>&nbsp;and thus prevents the&nbsp;substrate from binding&nbsp;</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Can be overcome by adding more substrate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/competitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[... inhibitor]</span> binds only with the&nbsp;<u>enzyme-substrate&nbsp;complex</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>uncompetitive inhibitor</span> binds only with the&nbsp;<u>enzyme-substrate&nbsp;complex</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... inhibitor]</span> <b>binds at the&nbsp;allosteric site</b>, away from the active site </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>noncompetitive inhibitor</span> <b>binds at the&nbsp;allosteric site</b>, away from the active site <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It does <i>not</i> prevent the substrate from&nbsp;binding to the active site<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/noncompetitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> In <i>competitive inhibition</i>:<div><br></div><div>V_max: <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div>K_m: <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> In <i>competitive inhibition</i>:<div><br></div><div>V_max: <span class=cloze>has no change</span></div><div>K_m: <span class=cloze>goes up</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/competitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> In&nbsp;<u>uncompetitive inhibition</u>:<div><br></div><div><div>V_max: <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div>K_m: <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> In&nbsp;<u>uncompetitive inhibition</u>:<div><br></div><div><div>V_max: <span class=cloze>goes down</span></div><div>K_m: <span class=cloze>goes down</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/enzymatic-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burke-plots"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> In&nbsp;<b>noncompetitive inhibition</b>:<div><br></div><div><div>V_max: <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div>K_m: <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> In&nbsp;<b>noncompetitive inhibition</b>:<div><br></div><div><div>V_max: <span class=cloze>goes down</span></div><div>K_m: <span class=cloze>has no change</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Inhibition (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/enzyme-regulation/v/noncompetitive-inhibition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk.png""><div><br><div><u>Lineweaver-Burk Plot</u>:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>X-intercept = <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div>Y-intercept = <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div>Ratio indicated by the slope = <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk.png""><div><br><div><u>Lineweaver-Burk Plot</u>:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>X-intercept = <span class=cloze>-1/K_m</span></div><div>Y-intercept = <span class=cloze>1/V_max</span></div><div>Ratio indicated by the slope = <span class=cloze>K_m/V_max</span><br></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lineweaver Burk Complete.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0&quot;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk Competitive .png""><div><br></div><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an <span class=cloze>[... inhibitor]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk Competitive .png""><div><br></div><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an <span class=cloze>competitive inhibitor</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lineweaver Burk All.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk Uncompetitive.png""><div><br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an <span class=cloze>[... inhibitor]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk Uncompetitive.png""><div><br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an <span class=cloze>uncompetitive inhibitor</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lineweaver Burk All.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk Noncompetitive .png""><div><br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an <span class=cloze>[... inhibitor]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <img src=""Lineweaver Burk Noncompetitive .png""><div><br><div>This graph shows the activity of a/an <span class=cloze>noncompetitive inhibitor</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lineweaver Burk All.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> Lineweaver-Burk plots are described as <b>double reciprocal</b> plots because the <i>X-intercept</i> is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and the <u>Y-intercept</u> is <span class=cloze>[...]</span>; both of them reciprocals </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> Lineweaver-Burk plots are described as <b>double reciprocal</b> plots because the <i>X-intercept</i> is <span class=cloze>-1/K_m</span> and the <u>Y-intercept</u> is <span class=cloze>1/V_max</span>; both of them reciprocals <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>&nbsp;<img src=""Lineweaver Burk Double Reciprocal.png""><div><br><div><img src=""Lineweaver Burk Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVUkZL1jCw0"""">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <div>An <i>irreversible inhibitor</i>&nbsp;is any inhibitor that&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;to the active site of some enzyme, thus eliminating its activity</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <div>An <i>irreversible inhibitor</i>&nbsp;is any inhibitor that&nbsp;<span class=cloze>covalently binds</span>&nbsp;to the active site of some enzyme, thus eliminating its activity</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Irreversible Inhibition.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixDdTbeby6s"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <span class=cloze>[... inhibition]</span> is an irreversible form of enzyme&nbsp;inhibition&nbsp;that occurs when an enzyme binds a <i>substrate analog</i> and forms an <u style="""">irreversible complex</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> <span class=cloze>Suicide inhibition</span> is an irreversible form of enzyme&nbsp;inhibition&nbsp;that occurs when an enzyme binds a <i>substrate analog</i> and forms an <u style="""">irreversible complex</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Suicide Inhibitor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1uq9AXwo5Q"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... effector]</span> binds at the <i>allosteric site</i> and induces a change in the&nbsp;conformation of the enzyme so the&nbsp;<b>substrate can no&nbsp;longer bind&nbsp;to the active site</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>allosteric effector</span> binds at the <i>allosteric site</i> and induces a change in the&nbsp;conformation of the enzyme so the&nbsp;<b>substrate can no&nbsp;longer bind&nbsp;to the active site</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Positive Effectors</u>: Activity goes <u>up</u><br></div><div><i>Negative Effectors</i>: Activity goes <i>down</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Allosteric Effector.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/allosteric-regulation-and-feedback-loops"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... effector]</span> is an allosteric regulator that&nbsp;is <u>also the</u>&nbsp;<u>substrate</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>homotropic effector</span> is an allosteric regulator that&nbsp;is <u>also the</u>&nbsp;<u>substrate</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example:&nbsp;O₂ is a homotropic allosteric regulator of hemoglobin<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Homotropic Effector.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn7coZMUv6c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... effector]</span> is an allosteric regulator molecule that is&nbsp;<i>different from the&nbsp;substrate</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Regulation</div> A/an <span class=cloze>heterotropic effector</span> is an allosteric regulator molecule that is&nbsp;<i>different from the&nbsp;substrate</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Homotropic Effector.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn7coZMUv6c"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the chemical <u>addition</u> <u>of a phosphoryl group</u> (PO₃^-) to an organic molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>Phosphorylation</span>&nbsp;is the chemical <u>addition</u> <u>of a phosphoryl group</u> (PO₃^-) to an organic molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phosphorylation.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHJexIQbHvc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the chemical <b>addition of a carbohydrate</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>Glycosylation</span> is the chemical <b>addition of a carbohydrate</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glycosylation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/protein-modifications"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <b>precursors to an enzyme</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes</div> <span class=cloze>Zymogens</span> are <b>precursors to an enzyme</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Zymogen.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/covalent-modifications-to-enzymes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> The <u>Michaelis-Menten</u>&nbsp;reaction scheme is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Enzymes::Kinetics</div> The <u>Michaelis-Menten</u>&nbsp;reaction scheme is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Michaelis Menten Reaction Scheme.jpg""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>E</b> = <b>enzyme</b></div><div><br></div><div><u>S</u> = <u>substrate</u></div><div><br></div><div><i>ES</i> =&nbsp;<i>enzyme-substrate complex</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>K₁</b>&nbsp;= the <b>binding of the enzyme to the substrate</b> forming the enzyme substrate complex</div><div><br></div><div><u>K<sub style="""">2</sub></u> = the <u>catalytic rate</u>; the catalysis reaction producing the final reaction product and regenerating the free enzyme. This is the rate limiting step.</div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVDxNal06zM"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[.. proteins]</span> compose the&nbsp;<b>cytoskeleton</b>,&nbsp;<b>anchoring proteins</b>, and&nbsp;much of the&nbsp;<b>extracellular matrix</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Structural proteins</span> compose the&nbsp;<b>cytoskeleton</b>,&nbsp;<b>anchoring proteins</b>, and&nbsp;much of the&nbsp;<b>extracellular matrix</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The most common&nbsp;structural proteins are:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div><u>Collagen</u></div><div><u>Elastin</u></div><div><u>Keratin</u></div><div><u>Actin</u></div><div><u>Tubulin</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Structural Proteins.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5Xr8IhGYm0&quot;"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[... proteins]</span> convert chemical energy into <i>mechanical work</i> by the hydrolysis of ATP </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Motor proteins</span> convert chemical energy into <i>mechanical work</i> by the hydrolysis of ATP <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Common&nbsp;applications include:</div><div><br></div><div><b>Muscle contraction</b></div><div><b>Vesicle movement</b></div><div><b>Cell motility</b></div><div><br></div><div>Examples include:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Myosin</i></div><div><i>Kinesin</i></div><div><i>Dynein</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Motor Protein.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/non-enzymatic-protein-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... protein]</span>&nbsp;is any&nbsp;protein&nbsp;that acts as an agent to&nbsp;<b>bind&nbsp;two or more molecules together</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> A/an <span class=cloze>binding protein</span>&nbsp;is any&nbsp;protein&nbsp;that acts as an agent to&nbsp;<b>bind&nbsp;two or more molecules together</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Examples include:&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><u>DNA-binding protein</u></div><div><u>Single-strand&nbsp;binding protein</u></div><div><u>Telomere-binding protein</u><br></div><div><u><br></u></div><div><img src=""DNA Binding Protein.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/a/molecular-mechanism-of-dna-replication"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> allow cells to <i>bind to other cells or surfaces</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <div><span class=cloze>Cell Adhesion&nbsp;Molecules</span> allow cells to <i>bind to other cells or surfaces</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell Adhesion Molecules.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kybc4jJ3xoE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[Type of proteins]</span> are calcium dependent glycoproteins that&nbsp;<u>hold similar cells together</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Cadherins</span> are calcium dependent glycoproteins that&nbsp;<u>hold similar cells together</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cadherins.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/cytoskeleton-junctions-and-extracellular-structures/a/cell-cell-junctions"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[Type of proteins]</span> have&nbsp;two <u>membrane-spanning chains</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;permit cells to <b>adhere to proteins</b> in the extracellular&nbsp;matrix </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Integrins</span> have&nbsp;two <u>membrane-spanning chains</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;permit cells to <b>adhere to proteins</b> in the extracellular&nbsp;matrix <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Integrin.png""><div><br><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/cytoskeleton-junctions-and-extracellular-structures/a/the-extracellular-matrix-and-cell-wall"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[Type of proteins]</span> allow cells to <i>adhere to carbohydrates</i> on&nbsp;the surfaces of other cells and are most commonly&nbsp;used in the <b>immune system</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Selectins</span> allow cells to <i>adhere to carbohydrates</i> on&nbsp;the surfaces of other cells and are most commonly&nbsp;used in the <b>immune system</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Selectins.png""><div><br><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiJ_tcQJUwM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are used by the immune system to&nbsp;target a specific&nbsp;<i>antigen</i>, which may be a protein on&nbsp;the surface of a <b>pathogen or a toxin</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Proteins</div> <span class=cloze>Antibodies</span> are used by the immune system to&nbsp;target a specific&nbsp;<i>antigen</i>, which may be a protein on&nbsp;the surface of a <b>pathogen or a toxin</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Antibodies are also known as <u>immunoglobulins</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Antibody (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells"">Khan Academy</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the <i>passage of&nbsp;ions</i>&nbsp;from one side of the membrane to the other<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <span class=cloze>Ion channels</span>&nbsp;are protein molecules that span across the cell membrane allowing the <i>passage of&nbsp;ions</i>&nbsp;from one side of the membrane to the other<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Examples of ion channels include:</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Ungated channels&nbsp;(always open)<br></u></div><div><div><u>mechanically-gated channels</u></div><div><u>voltage-gated channels</u></div><div><u>ligand-gated channels</u></div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Ion Channels.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1yT8BAme9I"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <b>Ungated</b> ion channels are <span class=cloze>[sometimes or always]</span> open </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <b>Ungated</b> ion channels are <span class=cloze>always</span> open <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ungated Ion Channels.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1yT8BAme9I"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <span class=cloze>[... channels]</span> open within a range of&nbsp;<u>membrane potentials</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <span class=cloze>Voltage-gated channels</span> open within a range of&nbsp;<u>membrane potentials</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Voltage Gated Ion Channel.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1yT8BAme9I"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... channels]</span> open in the presence of a&nbsp;<i>specific binding substance</i>, usually a hormone or&nbsp;neurotransmitter</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <div><span class=cloze>Ligand-gated channels</span> open in the presence of a&nbsp;<i>specific binding substance</i>, usually a hormone or&nbsp;neurotransmitter</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ligand Gated Ion Channel.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/ligand-gated-ion-channels"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <div><b>Enzyme-linked receptors</b> participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand&nbsp;binding and initiation of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <div><b>Enzyme-linked receptors</b> participate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand&nbsp;binding and initiation of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>2nd messenger&nbsp;cascades</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/enzyme-linked-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;<b>detect&nbsp;molecules&nbsp;outside the&nbsp;cell</b>&nbsp;then activate <u>internal&nbsp;signal transduction&nbsp;pathways</u> and, ultimately, cellular responses</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <div><span class=cloze>G protein-coupled receptors</span>&nbsp;<b>detect&nbsp;molecules&nbsp;outside the&nbsp;cell</b>&nbsp;then activate <u>internal&nbsp;signal transduction&nbsp;pathways</u> and, ultimately, cellular responses</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The 1st messenger ligand&nbsp;initiates the <u>2nd messenger</u> and the cascade response<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""><div><br></div><div>The <i>1st messenger</i> in the above example of a G-protein coupled receptor is <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Biosignaling</div> <img src=""G-Protein Coupled Receptor.png""><div><br></div><div>The <i>1st messenger</i> in the above example of a G-protein coupled receptor is <span class=cloze>epinephrine</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are physical quantities that have both&nbsp;<i>magnitude</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>direction</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <span class=cloze>Vectors</span> are physical quantities that have both&nbsp;<i>magnitude</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>direction</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Examples: displacement, velocity,&nbsp;acceleration, and force<br></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vector (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Scalar and Vectors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are quantities that have&nbsp;only a <i>magnitude</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <span class=cloze>Scalars</span> are quantities that have&nbsp;only a <i>magnitude</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Scalar and Vectors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/ap-physics-foundations/v/introduction-to-vectors-and-scalars"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> For <u>vector addition</u>, use the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> method, or you can break the vector into its&nbsp;<b>component parts</b> and use the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> For <u>vector addition</u>, use the <span class=cloze>tip-to-tail</span> method, or you can break the vector into its&nbsp;<b>component parts</b> and use the <span class=cloze>Pythagorean Theorem</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Tip-to-Tip Method:<br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Vector Addition.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Pythagorean Theorem Method:<br></div><div><img src=""Vector Addition Pythagorean Theorem.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/adding-vectors-in-magnitude-and-direction-form/v/mag-dir-vec-sums"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <div>For <b>vector</b> <b>subtraction</b>, you must change the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of the subtracted vector and then&nbsp;do a <i>tip-to-tail addition</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <div>For <b>vector</b> <b>subtraction</b>, you must change the <span class=cloze>direction</span>&nbsp;of the subtracted vector and then&nbsp;do a <i>tip-to-tail addition</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Tip-to-Tip Method:<br></div><div><img src=""Vector Addition.jpg""></div></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/vectors-precalc/vector-addition-subtraction/v/adding-and-subtracting-vectors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <div><u>Free body diagrams</u> are representations of the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> acting on an object</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <div><u>Free body diagrams</u> are representations of the <span class=cloze>forces</span> acting on an object</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'> <div><img src=""Free Body Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/introduction-to-forces-and-free-body-diagrams-ap/v/types-of-forces-and-free-body-diagrams"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... equilibrium]</span> occurs in the absence of any net <b>forces</b> acting on an object</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <div><span class=cloze>Translational equilibrium</span> occurs in the absence of any net <b>forces</b> acting on an object</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Translational Equilibrium.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MFQxEdUCqk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... equilibrium]</span> occurs in the&nbsp;absence&nbsp;of any&nbsp;net <i>torques</i>&nbsp;acting on an&nbsp;object</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <div><span class=cloze>Rotational equilibrium</span> occurs in the&nbsp;absence&nbsp;of any&nbsp;net <i>torques</i>&nbsp;acting on an&nbsp;object</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Torque.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl1xVd71Sao"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <i>Displacement</i> is path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[dependent or independent]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <i>Displacement</i> is path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>independent</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Displacement (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/distance-displacement-and-coordinate-systems/v/distance-and-displacement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <b>Distance</b> is path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[dependent or independent]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <b>Distance</b> is path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>dependent</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Displacement (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-one-dimensional-motion/distance-displacement-and-coordinate-systems/v/distance-and-displacement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <i>Velocity</i> is a <span class=cloze>[vector or scalar]</span> and includes both <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <i>Velocity</i> is a <span class=cloze>vector</span> and includes both <span class=cloze>magnitude</span> and <span class=cloze>direction</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Velocity vs Speed.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <b>Speed</b> is a <span class=cloze>[vector or scalar]</span> and includes only the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Kinematics</div> <b>Speed</b> is a <span class=cloze>vector</span> and includes only the <span class=cloze>magnitude of the rate of change</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><div><div><img src=""Velocity vs Speed.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/displacement-velocity-time/v/calculating-average-velocity-or-speed"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is any <b>push or pull</b> that has the potential to result in an&nbsp;<i>acceleration</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>force</span> is any <b>push or pull</b> that has the potential to result in an&nbsp;<i>acceleration</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>attractive force</u> between two objects as a result of&nbsp;their <u>masses</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Gravity</span> is the <u>attractive force</u> between two objects as a result of&nbsp;their <u>masses</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gravity (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/introduction-to-newton-s-law-of-gravitation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a force that <i>opposes motion</i> as a function of&nbsp;<b>electrostatic&nbsp;interactions</b>&nbsp;at the surfaces between two objects </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Friction</span> is a force that <i>opposes motion</i> as a function of&nbsp;<b>electrostatic&nbsp;interactions</b>&nbsp;at the surfaces between two objects <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Static</i> friction = <i>stationary</i> object&nbsp;<br></div><div><u>Kinetic</u> friction = <u>sliding</u> object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Friction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Friction Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-friction/a/what-is-friction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a measure of the inertia of an object; its&nbsp;<i>amount of&nbsp;material</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Mass</span> is a measure of the inertia of an object; its&nbsp;<i>amount of&nbsp;material</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mass vs Weight.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;force&nbsp;experienced by a given mass due to the&nbsp;<b>gravitational</b> attraction&nbsp;to the Earth </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Weight</span> is the&nbsp;force&nbsp;experienced by a given mass due to the&nbsp;<b>gravitational</b> attraction&nbsp;to the Earth <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mass vs Weight.jpg""><br></div><div><div><img src=""Weight.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>vector</u> representation of the <b>change in velocity</b> over&nbsp;<i>time</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Acceleration</span> is the <u>vector</u> representation of the <b>change in velocity</b> over&nbsp;<i>time</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Acceleration.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/acceleration-tutorial/v/acceleration"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a twisting force that causes <i>rotation</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Torque</span> is a twisting force that causes <i>rotation</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Torque 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Torque Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/introduction-to-torque"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Newton's first law of motion<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Newton's first law of motion<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction&nbsp;unless acted upon by a net force &gt; 0</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Newtons First Law.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-1st-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Final Velocity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Final Velocity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Final Velocity Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0UYC8S4kUI"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <img src=""Final Velocity Squared.png""><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of displacement, initial velocity, and acceleration:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <img src=""Final Velocity Squared.png""><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>final velocity</u> as a function of displacement, initial velocity, and acceleration:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Final Velocity Squared Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://youtu.be/Po7li9JbEsQ?"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Delta X .png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>displacement</b> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Delta X .png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>displacement</b> as a function of time, initial velocity, and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Delta X Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/kinematic-formulas/v/deriving-displacement-as-a-function-of-time-acceleration-and-initial-velocity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Centripetal Acceleration.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal acceleration</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Centripetal Acceleration.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal acceleration</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Centripetal Acceleration Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Centripetal Acceleration 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/a/what-is-centripetal-acceleration"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Centripetal Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal force</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Centripetal Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>centripetal force</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Centripetal Force Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Centripetal Force 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/centripetal-acceleration-tutoria/v/centripetal-force-and-acceleration-intuition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Velocity X Direction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>initial</i> <i>velocity in the X direction</i> in a projectile motion problem:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Velocity X Direction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>initial</i> <i>velocity in the X direction</i> in a projectile motion problem:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Velocity X Direction Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Projectile Motion.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-two-dimensional-motion/projectiles-launched-at-an-angle-ap/v/projectile-at-an-angle"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Velocity Y Direction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>initial velocity in the Y direction</u> in a projectile motion problem:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Velocity Y Direction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>initial velocity in the Y direction</u> in a projectile motion problem:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Velocity Y Direction Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Projectile Motion.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-two-dimensional-motion/projectiles-launched-at-an-angle-ap/v/projectile-at-an-angle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>force</b> as a function of mass and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>force</b> as a function of mass and acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Force 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-second-law-ap/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> Give the equation for <b>Newton's 3rd law of motion</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> Give the equation for <b>Newton's 3rd law of motion</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force of A on B Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Newtons Third Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-third-law-ap/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force of Friction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>force of</u> <u>friction</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force of Friction.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>force of</u> <u>friction</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force of Friction Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Force of Friction.gif""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-friction/a/what-is-friction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force of Gravity Between Two Masses.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity between two masses</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force of Gravity Between Two Masses.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity between two masses</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force of Gravity Between Two Masses Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Force of Graity Between 2 Masses 3.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-centripetal-force-and-gravitation/newtons-law-of-gravitation-ap/a/newtons-law-of-gravitation-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force of Gravity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>force of gravity</i> (weight) as a function of mass and gravitational acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force of Gravity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>force of gravity</i> (weight) as a function of mass and gravitational acceleration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force of Gravity Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Newton's 2nd Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/centripetal-force-and-gravitation/gravity-newtonian/v/mass-and-weight-clarification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Torque (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>torque</b>:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Torque (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>torque</b>:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Torque Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Torque 2 (1).png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/torque-angular-momentum/torque-tutorial/v/introduction-to-torque?modal=1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Work (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>work</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Work (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>work</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Work Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Work Breakdown.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Power.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>power</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Power.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>power</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Power Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Power 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/power-ap/v/power"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Kinetic Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>kinetic energy</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Kinetic Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>kinetic energy</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Kinetic Energy Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Kinetic Energy 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Energy Spring.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>elastic potential energy</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Energy Spring.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>elastic potential energy</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Potential Energy Spring Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Elastic potential energy =&nbsp; (1/2) x (spring constant) x (degree of&nbsp;stretch or compression of a spring squared)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Elastic Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/a/what-is-elastic-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Energy at Height.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>potential energy of an object at a certain height</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Energy at Height.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>potential energy of an object at a certain height</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Potential Energy at Height Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gravitational Potential Energy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Gravitational Energy Two Masses.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>potential gravitational energy between two masses</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Gravitational Energy Two Masses.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>potential gravitational energy between two masses</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Potential Gravitational Energy Two Masses Complete (1).png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Gravitational Potential Energy Between 2 Masses.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force on Incline Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity </b>on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force on Incline Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>force of gravity </b>on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force on Incline Plane Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>""Sin is sliding down the slide""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Incline Plane Force Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Normal Force on Inclined Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>normal force</u> on an object that sits on an incline plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Normal Force on Inclined Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>normal force</u> on an object that sits on an incline plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Normal Force on Inclined Plane Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Incline Plane Force Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Friction on Inclined Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>force of friction</i> on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Kinematics MileDown::Physics::Kinematics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Friction on Inclined Plane.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>force of friction</i> on an object that sits on an inclined plane:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Friction on Inclined Plane Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Incline Plane Force Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/inclined-planes-ap/v/inclined-plane-force-components"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>change in internal energy of a system</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>change in internal energy of a system</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Change in Internal Energy of a System 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/more-on-internal-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas System (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>internal energy</b> of an ideal gas system:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas System (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <b>internal energy</b> of an ideal gas system:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas System Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Internal Energy of Ideal Gas 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/proof-u-3-2-pv-or-u-3-2-nrt"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Work (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>work done on a gas by an outside force</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Work (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>work done on a gas by an outside force</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Work of gas.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""PV Work 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)<br></div><div><div><div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/pressure-volume-work"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Heat Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>heat released or absorbed by a system</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Heat Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>heat released or absorbed by a system</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Heat 2.jpg""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Heat Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>heat transferred during a phase change</b> (heat of transformation):<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Heat Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>heat transferred during a phase change</b> (heat of transformation):<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Heat of Phase Change.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Heat = mass x (latent heat)<br></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><u>Latent heat</u> is a term for the enthalpy of an isothermal process<br><div><br></div><div>We need a different formula to calculate q during a phase change because ∆T = 0. If we used q = MC∆T, we'd erroneously think q = 0</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-transfer/v/specific-heat-and-latent-leat-of-fusion-and-vaporization-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Delta G Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>Gibb's free energy</u> as a function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Delta G Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>Gibb's free energy</u> as a function of enthalpy, entropy, and temperature:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Delta G.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature) x (change in entropy)<br></div><div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Hess Law Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>heat of reaction</i> as a function of product and reactant enthalpies:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Hess Law Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>heat of reaction</i> as a function of product and reactant enthalpies:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Hess Law.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heat of Reaction 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/v/hess-s-law-and-reaction-enthalpy-change"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Gases::Equations</div> Give the equation for the <b>ideal gas law</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Gases::Equations</div> Give the equation for the <b>ideal gas law</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Ideal Gas Law.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ideal Gas Law 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/gases-and-kinetic-molecular-theory/ideal-gas-laws/v/ideal-gas-equation-pv-nrt"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> Give the <u>Henderson–Hasselbalch equation</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> Give the <u>Henderson–Hasselbalch equation</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Henderson 2.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acid-base-equilibrium/buffer-solutions/v/buffers-and-hendersen-hasselbalch"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Molarity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>molarity</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Molarity.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>molarity</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Molarity Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Molarity vs Molality.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/v/molarity-vs-molality"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Molality.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>molality</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Molality.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>molality</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Molality Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Molarity vs Molality.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/lab-values/v/molarity-vs-molality"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""pH.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>pH</i> as a function of proton concentration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""pH.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>pH</i> as a function of proton concentration:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""pH Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""pH and pOH.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/acids-and-bases/a/ph-poh-and-the-ph-scale"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div>Give the formula for the&nbsp;<u>dilution of a solution</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div>Give the formula for the&nbsp;<u>dilution of a solution</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""M1V1.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Dilution.jpg""><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6dnEp58mVk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the formula for <u>osmotic pressure</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the formula for <u>osmotic pressure</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Osmotic Pressure Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>i&nbsp;=&nbsp;van't Hoff factor<br></div><div><div>M&nbsp;= molarity</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T&nbsp;= temperature in Kelvin</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Osmotic Pressure 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZtViSb7eME"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Change in Freezing Point.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>freezing point depression</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Change in Freezing Point.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>freezing point depression</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Change in Freezing Point Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Freezing Point Deperssion.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/mixtures-and-solutions/v/boiling-point-elevation-and-freezing-point-supression"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Change in Boiling Point.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>boiling point elevation</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Change in Boiling Point.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>boiling point elevation</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Change in Boiling Point Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Boiling Point Elevation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/mixtures-and-solutions/v/boiling-point-elevation-and-freezing-point-supression"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Mole Ratio.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>mole fraction</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Mole Ratio.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>mole fraction</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Mole Ratio Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Mole Fraction.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGx1AcQozwM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div>Give the equation for <u>period of a wave</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div>Give the equation for <u>period of a wave</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Period.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Period of Wave.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the equation for <i>Snell's law</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the equation for <i>Snell's law</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Snells Law Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Snells Law 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Snells Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br><div></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br><div></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Index of Refraction 2 (1).png""></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Light Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for energy of a photon:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Light Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for energy of a photon:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Light Energy Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>E = energy of a photon</div>h =&nbsp;Planck’s Constant<div>c = speed of light</div><div>λ = wavelength</div><div>f = photon frequency</div><div><br><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div><div><div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Magnification (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<b>magnification of a lens</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Magnification (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<b>magnification of a lens</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnification Equation 2.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Magnification.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the <i>thin lens equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the <i>thin lens equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Thin Lense Equation Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>f = focal length<br></div><div>d_i&nbsp;= distance of image</div><div>d_o&nbsp;= distance of object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thin Lens Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/lenses/v/thin-lens-equation-and-problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the <b>Rydberg formula</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Light::Equations</div> Give the <b>Rydberg formula</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Rydberg Formula Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Used to determine the <u>wavelength</u> of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/atoms-and-electrons/v/emission-spectrum-of-hydrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Intensity of Sound.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the formula for <i>intensity of sound</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Intensity of Sound.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the formula for <i>intensity of sound</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Intensity of Sound Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Intensity of Sound 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbNLTscrlZY"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> Give the equation for the length of a&nbsp;<u>wave</u>&nbsp;in a pipe that has&nbsp;<i>one closed end</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> Give the equation for the length of a&nbsp;<u>wave</u>&nbsp;in a pipe that has&nbsp;<i>one closed end</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pipe One Open End Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Closed Pipe.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> Give the equation for the length of a <u>wave</u> in a pipe that has <b>two&nbsp;open ends</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> Give the equation for the length of a <u>wave</u> in a pipe that has <b>two&nbsp;open ends</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pipe Two Open Ends Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Open Pipe.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Beat Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>frequency of a beat</i> created by two sound waves that are of different frequency:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Beat Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>frequency of a beat</i> created by two sound waves that are of different frequency:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Beat Frequency Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Beat Frequency.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves/v/derivation-of-beat-frequency-formula"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Doppler Effect 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the observed frequency during the <b>doppler effect</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Waves::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Doppler Effect 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the observed frequency during the <b>doppler effect</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Doppler Effect 2.jpg""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>density</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>density</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Density 2.jpg""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SimFy9wOMXY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for&nbsp;<u>pressure</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for&nbsp;<u>pressure</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pressure Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Pressure = force / area</div><div><br></div><div>Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the&nbsp;walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid Pressure on Object.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Pressure Fluid.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>pressure in a fluid</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Pressure Fluid.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>pressure in a fluid</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pressure Fluid Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Absolute Pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure&nbsp;due to the fluid's weight)<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absolute Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Buoyant Force Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>buoyant force</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Buoyant Force Blank.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>buoyant force</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Buoyant Force.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>If F_B&nbsp;&gt; m_object, then the object floats</div><div>If F_B&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;m_object, then the object sinks</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Archimedes Principle.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>volumetric flow rate</b>:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>volumetric flow rate</b>:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The&nbsp;volume&nbsp;of fluid which passes per unit time<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Volumetric Flow Rate 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force Between Two Charges.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force Between Two Charges.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Force Between Two Charges Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Potential energy = (charge of particle) x (electric potential)</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-at-a-point-in-space"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>force between two charged particles</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Force (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <u>force between two charged particles</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Coulomb's Law.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Coulomb's Law 2 (3).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/coulombs-law-and-electric-force-ap/v/coulombs-law"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Magnitude of Electric Field Produced by Point Charge.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>magnitude of the electric field created by a point charge</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Magnitude of Electric Field Produced by Point Charge.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for the <i>magnitude of the electric field created by a point charge</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnitude of Electric Field Produced by Point Charge Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/magnitude-of-electric-field-created-by-a-charge"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Voltage of Charge.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for electric potential at a point in space:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Voltage of Charge.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for electric potential at a point in space:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Voltage of Charge Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-at-a-point-in-space"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<br></div><div><div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<br></div><div><div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnetic Force on Moving Charge.png""></span></div></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Magnetic Force of a Moving Test Charge.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for&nbsp;<u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for&nbsp;<u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnetic Force Wire Complete.png""></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Magnetic Force on Wire.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the&nbsp;Ohm’s law equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the&nbsp;Ohm’s law equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Ohms Law Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ohms Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/circuits-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Magnitude Electric Field.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Magnitude Electric Field.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnitude Electric Field Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Electric Field Between Plates.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSXKk_A3xUM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Charge Bsaed on Capacitance and Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>charge stored in a capacitor</i>&nbsp;as a function of capacitance and voltage:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Charge Bsaed on Capacitance and Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>charge stored in a capacitor</i>&nbsp;as a function of capacitance and voltage:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Charge Based on Capacitance and Voltage Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Charge = capacitance x (voltage across capacitor)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Charge in a Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Capacitance (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>capacitance</i> that includes area and distance:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Capacitance (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <i>capacitance</i> that includes area and distance:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Capacitance Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Capacitance Formula.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkpBUv6u1I4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a capacitor</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <b>potential energy of a capacitor</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Energy Stored in a Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/energy-capacitor"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Electrode Potential.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>cell potential</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Electrode Potential.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>cell potential</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Electrode Potential Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cell Potential.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Electrochemistry/Voltaic_Cells/The_Cell_Potential"">Chem Libre Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Resistance.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>resistance</i>&nbsp;through a material:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""Resistance.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<i>resistance</i>&nbsp;through a material:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Resistance Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>p = resistivity<br></div><div>L = length of resistor</div><div>A = cross sectional area<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistance Through a Material.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/resistivity-and-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""AC Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>voltage of an alternating current</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""AC Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for <u>voltage of an alternating current</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""AC Voltage Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""RMS.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERIToctYUcQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""AC Current.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<b>current when using alternating current</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div><img src=""AC Current.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Give the equation for&nbsp;<b>current when using alternating current</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""AC Current Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""RMS.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERIToctYUcQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in <i>series</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in <i>series</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Resistors in Series Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Resistance is additive when in series. Sum together to create a large total resistance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div>Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> <div>Give the equation for total <i>resistance</i> when the resistors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Resistors in Parallel Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When in parallel, the total resistance will&nbsp;<i>always be less</i>&nbsp;than the value of the&nbsp;smallest resistor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-3"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for total&nbsp;<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<i style="""">series</i>:<br><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for total&nbsp;<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<i style="""">series</i>:<br><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Capacitors in Series Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance will&nbsp;<u>always be less</u>&nbsp;than the value of the&nbsp;smallest capacitor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-series"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for total&nbsp;<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> Give the equation for total&nbsp;<b>capacitance</b> when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Capacitors Parallel Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Capacitance is additive when in parallel. Sum together to create a large total capacitance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-parallel"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> <b>Avogadro's number</b> = <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> <b>Avogadro's number</b> = <span class=cloze>6.02 x 10²³</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Avagadro's Number.png""><br><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/atomic-structure-and-properties/introduction-to-the-atom/v/the-mole-and-avogadro-s-number"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Give the value of the <i>gas constant, R</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Give the value of the <i>gas constant, R</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Gas Constant Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gas Constant Derive.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/gas-phase/v/derivation-of-gas-constants-using-molar-volume-and-stp"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Give the value of Planck's constant, h:<div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> Give the value of Planck's constant, h:<div><span class=cloze><img src=""Planks Constant Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Planck Constant 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/photons/v/photon-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> The <u>density of water</u> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> The <u>density of water</u> is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Density of Water Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Densities.png""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> The <u>speed of light</u> in a vacuum is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants</div> The <u>speed of light</u> in a vacuum is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Speed of Light Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Speed of Light.png""><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/bohr-model-hydrogen/v/introduction-to-light"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants MileDown::General_Chemistry::Electrochemistry</div> Faraday's constant is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Constants MileDown::General_Chemistry::Electrochemistry</div> Faraday's constant is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Faradays Constant Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Faraday's Constant 2.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8J_mLKM90M"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> The<b> </b>units for <b>Newton </b>are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> The<b> </b>units for <b>Newton </b>are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Newton Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Newton Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2kXTX3rnKk"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> The units for&nbsp;<u>Joule</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Mechanics::Equations</div> The units for&nbsp;<u>Joule</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Joule.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Joule Units.jpeg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYpZSdSEk4A"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Gases::Equations</div> The units for&nbsp;<i>Pascal</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Gases::Equations</div> The units for&nbsp;<i>Pascal</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pascal.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pascal Units.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdJcLdAJScM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <i>volt</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <i>volt</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Volt.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Volt Breakdown.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/voltage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <b>ohm</b> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <b>ohm</b> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Ohm.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Ohm Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/circuits-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <i>amp</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <i>amp</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Amp.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Amp Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-electricity/in-in-electric-current-circuit/v/intro-to-current-amperes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <u>Farad</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <u>Farad</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Farad.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Farad Units.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7ePv0mzFf4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <u>watt</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The units for <u>watt</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Watt Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Watts Units 2.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSpB3HivkhY"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Newton's second law of motion<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Newton's second law of motion<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Any acceleration is the result a net force &gt; 0</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Force Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-forces-newtons-laws/newtons-second-law-ap/v/newton-s-second-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Newton's third law of motion<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Newton's third law of motion<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Force of A on B Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/forces-newtons-laws/newtons-laws-of-motion/v/newton-s-third-law-of-motion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Units for joule<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Dynamics</div> Units for joule<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Joule (1).png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Joules are units of <i>energy</i></div><div><br></div><div>A&nbsp;joule&nbsp;is&nbsp; the amount of work you do when you exert a force of <i>1 newton</i> to move an object a distance of <u>1 meter</u>&nbsp;(1 newton meter or Nm)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Joule Breakdown.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <span class=cloze>[... energy]</span> is the energy of <b>motion</b>,<b>&nbsp;</b>observable as the movement of an object </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <span class=cloze>Kinetic energy</span> is the energy of <b>motion</b>,<b>&nbsp;</b>observable as the movement of an object <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Kinetic Energy Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <span class=cloze>[... energy]</span>&nbsp;is a type of&nbsp;energy&nbsp;an object has because of its <u>position</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <span class=cloze>Potential energy</span>&nbsp;is a type of&nbsp;energy&nbsp;an object has because of its <u>position</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The energy stored <b>within</b> a system<div><br></div><div><img src=""Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/work-and-energy-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... energy]</span> is the&nbsp;<b>potential</b> an object has to <b>do&nbsp;work</b>&nbsp;as a result of being located at a particular position in a <i>gravitational field</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>Gravitational potential energy</span> is the&nbsp;<b>potential</b> an object has to <b>do&nbsp;work</b>&nbsp;as a result of being located at a particular position in a <i>gravitational field</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gravitational Potential Energy.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Potential Energy at Height Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/a/what-is-gravitational-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... energy]</span> is&nbsp;created when stretching or compressing an <b>elastic&nbsp;</b>object</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>Elastic potential energy</span> is&nbsp;created when stretching or compressing an <b>elastic&nbsp;</b>object</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Elastic Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Potential Energy Spring Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Elastic potential energy =&nbsp; (1/2) x (<i>spring constant</i> ) x (<u>degree of&nbsp;stretch or compression of a spring squared</u>)<br></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/hookes-law/a/what-is-elastic-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... energy]</span> is the energy between two <b>charged particles</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>Electrical potential energy</span> is the energy between two <b>charged particles</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electric Potential Energy Breakdown (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...energy]</span> is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><span class=cloze>Chemical potential energy</span> is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Chemical Potential Energy.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/types-of-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <i>Conservative</i> forces are path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[dependent or independent]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <i>Conservative</i> forces are path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>independent</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Work is determined only by the <i>final displacement</i> of the object</div><div><br></div><div>Examples: gravity&nbsp;and electrostatic forces</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conservative Force (1).png""><br></div><div>In the above example, you would only calculate the work along the green line, it doesn't matter that the object took a roundabout way to get there</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/conservative-forces"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><b>Non-conservative</b> forces are path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[dependent or independent]</span>&nbsp;</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Energy</div> <div><b>Non-conservative</b> forces are path&nbsp;<span class=cloze>dependent</span>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They cause <b>dissipation</b> of mechanical&nbsp;energy from a system</div><div><br></div><div>Examples: friction and air&nbsp;resistance</div><div><img src=""Non-Conservative Force.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/conservative-forces"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the process by which <b>energy is transferred</b> from one system&nbsp;to another </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <span class=cloze>Work</span> is the process by which <b>energy is transferred</b> from one system&nbsp;to another <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Work.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Work Breakdown.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;<i>rate</i>&nbsp;at which&nbsp;<u>work is done</u>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>energy is transferred</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <span class=cloze>Power</span> is the&nbsp;<i>rate</i>&nbsp;at which&nbsp;<u>work is done</u>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>energy is transferred</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>SI&nbsp;unit is watt (W)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Power (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/power-ap/v/power"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <div>Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an <u>inclined plane</u></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <div>Give the equation for the mechanical advantage of an <u>inclined plane</u></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Mechanical Advantage Inclined Plane.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mechanical Advantage 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/mechanical-advantage/v/introduction-to-mechanical-advantage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <img src=""Efficiency (1).jpg""><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Work</div> <img src=""Efficiency (1).jpg""><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Efficiency</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The ratio of the machine’s work&nbsp;<b>output</b>&nbsp;to work&nbsp;<u>input</u>&nbsp;when&nbsp;non-conservative&nbsp;forces are taken into account<br><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-axezzsYR4"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[... equilibrium]</span> is when systems have the <b>same average</b> <b>kinetic energy</b> and thus&nbsp;the <u>same</u> <u>temperature</u>.&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Thermal equilibrium</span> is when systems have the <b>same average</b> <b>kinetic energy</b> and thus&nbsp;the <u>same</u> <u>temperature</u>.&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>No heat transfer</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thermal Equilibrium.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/zeroth-law-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>average kinetic energy</i> of the particles that&nbsp;make up a substance </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Temperature</span> is the <i>average kinetic energy</i> of the particles that&nbsp;make up a substance <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Temperature.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[... systems]</span> do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Isolated systems</span> do not exchange matter or energy with surroundings <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Systems.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[... systems]</span> will exchange&nbsp;energy&nbsp;but <i>not matter</i> with their surroundings </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Closed systems</span> will exchange&nbsp;energy&nbsp;but <i>not matter</i> with their surroundings <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Systems.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[.. systems]</span> will exchange both&nbsp;energy&nbsp;and&nbsp;matter&nbsp;with their surroundings </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Open systems</span> will exchange both&nbsp;energy&nbsp;and&nbsp;matter&nbsp;with their surroundings <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Systems.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/a/the-laws-of-thermodynamics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... function]</span> is a property that has a unique value that <b>depends only on the present state </b>of a system and <i>not</i> <i>how the state was reached</i>, nor on the history of the system </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>state function</span> is a property that has a unique value that <b>depends only on the present state </b>of a system and <i>not</i> <i>how the state was reached</i>, nor on the history of the system <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Pressure<br></div><div>Density</div><div>Temperature</div><div>Volume</div><div>Enthalpy</div><div>Internal energy</div><div>Gibbs free energy</div><div>Entropy</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""State Functions.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/laws-of-thermodynamics/v/proof-s-or-entropy-is-a-valid-state-variable"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[... function]</span> describes the <u>pathway</u> from one equilibrium state to&nbsp;another</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>process function</span> describes the <u>pathway</u> from one equilibrium state to&nbsp;another</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Work</i> and <i>heat</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Process Functions.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbVNi3qo0E0"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is energy <i>transfer</i>&nbsp;between two objects&nbsp;at different temperatures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Heat</span> is energy <i>transfer</i>&nbsp;between two objects&nbsp;at different temperatures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It occurs until the two objects&nbsp;come into <u>thermal equilibrium</u> (reach the same&nbsp;temperature)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Heat (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/heat-transfer-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <i>Specific heat</i> is the amount of energy necessary to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <i>Specific heat</i> is the amount of energy necessary to <span class=cloze>raise the temperature of one gram of substance by 1° C or 1 K</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Remember, temperature is average kinetic energy<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Specific Heat (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/water-as-a-solid-liquid-and-gas/v/specific-heat-of-water"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the amount of energy required for a <b>phase change</b> of a substance</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <div><span class=cloze>Heat of transformation</span> is the amount of energy required for a <b>phase change</b> of a substance</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Temperature <i>does not change</i> during the transformation</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Heat of Phase Change.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Q = heat transferred during the phase change<br></div><div>m = mass</div><div>H_L&nbsp;= <b>latent heat</b> or <b>heat of transformation</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/thermodynamics/specific-heat-and-heat-transfer/v/specific-heat-and-latent-leat-of-fusion-and-vaporization-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <b>Isobaric</b>&nbsp;processes have constant <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <b>Isobaric</b>&nbsp;processes have constant <span class=cloze>pressure</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Isobaric.gif""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-1-work-and-isobaric-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <i>Isothermal</i>&nbsp;processes have constant <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <i>Isothermal</i>&nbsp;processes have constant <span class=cloze>temperature</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Isobaric.gif"">{{c2::}}<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> No&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is exchanged in an <b>adiabatic</b> process </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> No&nbsp;<span class=cloze>heat</span>&nbsp;is exchanged in an <b>adiabatic</b> process <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Isobaric.gif"">{{c2::}}<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <u>Isovolumetric</u>&nbsp;processes have constant <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <u>Isovolumetric</u>&nbsp;processes have constant <span class=cloze>volume</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Isobaric.gif"">{{c2::}}<div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/thermodynamics-mcat/v/pv-diagrams-part-2-isothermal-isometric-adiabatic-processes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Work::Equations</div> <i>Work</i> in regards to <u>expansion or compression</u> of a <b>gas</b> is calculated using the following formula:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Work::Equations</div> <i>Work</i> in regards to <u>expansion or compression</u> of a <b>gas</b> is calculated using the following formula:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Work of gas.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""PV Work 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Work = - (pressure) x (change in volume)<br></div><div><div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/pressure-volume-work"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a&nbsp;measure of how much&nbsp;<b>energy has spread out</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;how spread&nbsp;out energy has become </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Thermodynamics</div> <span class=cloze>Entropy</span> is a&nbsp;measure of how much&nbsp;<b>energy has spread out</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;how spread&nbsp;out energy has become <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Entropy.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/introduction-to-entropy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a number that relates the&nbsp;<i>rate</i>&nbsp;of a chemical reaction to the&nbsp;<u>concentrations</u>&nbsp;of the reacting substances </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>Reaction order</span> is a number that relates the&nbsp;<i>rate</i>&nbsp;of a chemical reaction to the&nbsp;<u>concentrations</u>&nbsp;of the reacting substances <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <b>sum</b> of all the exponents of the concentrations of substances determines the rate of the reaction</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Order of Reactions.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div>In the above example, the overall order = a + b</div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/rate-law-and-reaction-order"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> For a&nbsp;<b>zeroth</b> order reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> For a&nbsp;<b>zeroth</b> order reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze><img src=""0 Order Rate Law.png"" /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze><img src=""0 Order Integrated Rate Law.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/copy-of-kinetics/v/zero-order-reaction-with-calculus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> For a&nbsp;<i>first</i> order&nbsp;reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> For a&nbsp;<i>first</i> order&nbsp;reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze><img src=""1st Order Rate Law.png"" /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze><img src=""1st Order Integrated Rate Law.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/copy-of-kinetics/v/first-order-reaction-with-calculus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> For a&nbsp;<u>second</u> order&nbsp;reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> For a&nbsp;<u>second</u> order&nbsp;reaction:<div><br /></div><div>Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze><img src=""2nd Order Rate Law.png"" /></span></div><div><br /></div><div>Integrated Rate Law:&nbsp;<span class=cloze><img src=""2nd Order Integrated Rate Law.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/copy-of-kinetics/v/second-order-reaction-with-calculus&amp;sa=U&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjm7O70pLDhAhWM_J4KHQW4CmsQFggMMAQ&amp;client=internal-uds-cse&amp;cx=004984196166817161901:gt3nscsxv5o&amp;usg=AOvVaw12gqvgrFwcotlliyR3W9uW"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<b>zeroth</b> order reaction are<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<b>zeroth</b> order reaction are<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""0 Order Units.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<i>first</i> order&nbsp;reaction are<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<i>first</i> order&nbsp;reaction are<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""1st Order Units.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<u>second</u> order&nbsp;reaction are<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> The units for the rate constant of a&nbsp;<u>second</u> order&nbsp;reaction are<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""2nd Order Units.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rate Law Chart (1).png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/reaction-rates/v/finding-units-of-rate-constant-k"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <img src=""0 Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <img src=""0 Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>zeroth order</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><font color=""#5fa136""><img src=""Reaction Order Plots.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYqQCojggyM"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <img src=""1st Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <img src=""1st Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>first order</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><span style=""color: rgb(95, 161, 54)""><img src=""Reaction Order Plots.png"" /></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); ""><font color=""#5fa136""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYqQCojggyM"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); "">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <img src=""2nd Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <img src=""2nd Order Plot.png"" /><div><br /></div><div>The order of this reaction is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>second order</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><font color=""#5fa136""><span style=""color: rgb(95, 161, 54)""><img src=""Reaction Order Plots.png"" /></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); ""><font color=""#5fa136""><br /></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYqQCojggyM"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39); "">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> In <span class=cloze>[...]</span> reactions, a single reactant breaks down </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> In <span class=cloze>decomposition</span> reactions, a single reactant breaks down <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Decomposition Reaction 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMU1RaRulSo"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are exothermic reactions in which something reacts with <u>oxygen</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <span class=cloze>Combustion reactions</span> are exothermic reactions in which something reacts with <u>oxygen</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Commonly known as ""burning""</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Combustion Reaction 2 (1).png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMU1RaRulSo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> reaction is when an acid and base react to form water and salt </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>neutralization</span> reaction is when an acid and base react to form water and salt <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>A type of double-replacement reaction<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Neutralization Reaction.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-properties-of-salts"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> reaction uses water to break the bonds in a molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>hydrolysis</span> reaction uses water to break the bonds in a molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hydrolysis Reaction.png"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/v/hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations</div> Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations</div> Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Arrhenius.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>k = rate constant<br></div><div><div>A = frequency factor</div><div>Ea = activation energy</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T = temperature in K</div><div><br><div><img src=""Arrhenius Equation Units.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-equation/v/arrhenius-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations</div> Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations</div> Give the <i>Arrhenius equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Arrhenius.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>You can use the Arrhenius equation to show the effect of a <u>change of temperature</u> on the <i>rate constant</i>&nbsp;and therefore on the <b>rate of the reaction</b></div><div><br></div><div><div>k = rate constant</div><div>A = frequency factor</div><div>E_a = activation energy</div><div>R = gas constant</div><div>T = temperature in K</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Arrhenius Equation Units.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-equation/v/arrhenius-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> If <u>temperature</u> goes up, the rate constant goes <span class=cloze>[up or down]</span> and the reaction speed goes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[up or down]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> If <u>temperature</u> goes up, the rate constant goes <span class=cloze>up</span> and the reaction speed goes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>up</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This is because the exponent gets closer to 0. The exponent&nbsp;becomes less negative</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Arrhenius.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-equation/v/arrhenius-equation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> <font>The <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is a</font>&nbsp;measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at <u>a given time</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> <font>The <span class=cloze>reaction quotient (Q_c)</span>&nbsp;is a</font>&nbsp;measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction at <u>a given time</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Exclude pure solids and liquids</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Reaction Quotient 2.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium/v/intro-to-reaction-quotient-q"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> You <i>exclude</i> pure solids and liquids in the reaction quotient and equilibrium constant because <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> You <i>exclude</i> pure solids and liquids in the reaction quotient and equilibrium constant because <span class=cloze>their effective concentrations stay constant throughout the reaction</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They are disregarded and their activity is given the value of 1</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Solids and Liquids in Equilibrium Constant.png"" /></div></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3JtBI9dHkE"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If Q &lt; K_eq, then the reaction will move to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If Q &lt; K_eq, then the reaction will move to the <span class=cloze>right</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 3.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GiZzCzmO5Q"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> A reaction is at equilibrium if Q =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> A reaction is at equilibrium if Q =&nbsp;<span class=cloze>K_eq</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 3.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GiZzCzmO5Q"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If&nbsp;Q &gt; K_eq, then the reaction will move to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If&nbsp;Q &gt; K_eq, then the reaction will move to the <span class=cloze>left</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Equilibrium Constant 3.png"" /></div><div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GiZzCzmO5Q"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <i>Kinetic</i> products are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span>&nbsp;in free energy compared to&nbsp;<u>thermodynamic</u>&nbsp;products and can form at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span> temperatures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <i>Kinetic</i> products are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>higher</span>&nbsp;in free energy compared to&nbsp;<u>thermodynamic</u>&nbsp;products and can form at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>lower</span> temperatures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Kinetic vs Thermodynamic.png"" /></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br /></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/thermodynamics-vs-kinetics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <u>Thermodynamic</u>&nbsp;products are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span>&nbsp;in free energy compared to <i>kinetic</i> products and they are <span class=cloze>[more or less]</span> stable&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Chemical_Kinetics</div> <u>Thermodynamic</u>&nbsp;products are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>lower</span>&nbsp;in free energy compared to <i>kinetic</i> products and they are <span class=cloze>more</span> stable&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><img src=""Kinetic vs Thermodynamic.png"" /></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br /></span></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/principles-of-bioenergetics/v/thermodynamics-vs-kinetics"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> <u>Le Châtelier’s Principle</u> states that if a stress is applied to a system, the system <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> <u>Le Châtelier’s Principle</u> states that if a stress is applied to a system, the system <span class=cloze>shifts to relieve that applied stress&nbsp;</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Le Châtelier’s Principle.jpg"" /><div><br /><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-equilibrium/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium/v/le-chatelier-s-principle"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Standard conditions are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> K,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> atm,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> M </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Standard conditions are <span class=cloze>273</span> K,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>1</span> atm,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>1</span> M <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Standard Conditions.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rI5-qZplvRI"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the phase change from solid to liquid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Fusion</span> is the phase change from solid to liquid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Also known as ""melting""</div><div><br /></div><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the phase change from liquid to solid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Freezing</span> is the phase change from liquid to solid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the phase change form liquid to gas </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Vaporization</span> is the phase change form liquid to gas <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the phase change from solid to gas </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Sublimation</span> is the phase change from solid to gas <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Phase Changes 2.jpg"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc0ypeDELb0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> </div><div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>""<div>No cloze 1 found on card. Please either add a cloze deletion, or use the Empty Cards tool.<br><a href='https://anki.tenderapp.com/kb/problems/no-cloze-found-on-card'>More information</a></div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <img src=""Phase Diagram.png"" /><div><br /><div>Label the phases in the phase diagram</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <img src=""Phase Diagram.png"" /><div><br /><div>Label the phases in the phase diagram</div></div><div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Phase Diagram Complete.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> The point in phase diagram where all 3 phases exist is known as the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> The point in phase diagram where all 3 phases exist is known as the <span class=cloze>triple point</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phase Diagram Complete.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> fluid is one in which the density of gas = density of liquid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> A/an <span class=cloze>supercritical</span> fluid is one in which the density of gas = density of liquid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>No distinction&nbsp;between those two phases</div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Phase Diagram Complete.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/states-of-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;combines&nbsp;<b>enthalpy</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>entropy</i>&nbsp;into a single value and&nbsp;is used to determine the <u>spontaneity</u> of a reaction </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Gibbs Free Energy</span>&nbsp;combines&nbsp;<b>enthalpy</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>entropy</i>&nbsp;into a single value and&nbsp;is used to determine the <u>spontaneity</u> of a reaction <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>We are only concerned with changes in G, rather than its absolute value</div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><br /><div>Gibbs free energy = (change enthalpy) - (temperature x change in entropy)</div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a <i>positive ∆H</i> and <i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[spontaneous or non-spontaneous]</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[high, low, or all]</span>&nbsp;temperatures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a <i>positive ∆H</i> and <i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>spontaneous</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>high</span>&nbsp;temperatures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a&nbsp;<i>positive ∆H</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[spontaneous or non-spontaneous]</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[high, low, or all]</span>&nbsp;temperatures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a&nbsp;<i>positive ∆H</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>non-spontaneous</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>all</span>&nbsp;temperatures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /></div><div><br /><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a&nbsp;<u>negative ∆H</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[spontaneous or non-spontaneous]</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[high, low, or all]</span>&nbsp;temperatures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a&nbsp;<u>negative ∆H</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>positive ∆S</i>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>spontaneous</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>all</span>&nbsp;temperatures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /><div><br /></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a&nbsp;<u>negative ∆H</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[spontaneous or non-spontaneous]</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[high, low, or all]</span>&nbsp;temperatures </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If a reaction has a&nbsp;<u>negative ∆H</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>negative ∆S</u>, then it will be&nbsp;<span class=cloze>spontaneous</span>&nbsp;at&nbsp;<span class=cloze>low</span>&nbsp;temperatures <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy with H and S.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/free-energy-tutorial/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneous-reactions"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Room temperature is approximately&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> Celsius </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Room temperature is approximately&nbsp;<span class=cloze>25°</span> Celsius <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>25°C = 75°F<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Celcius to Farenheit.png"" /></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Body temperature is approximately&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> Celsius </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Body temperature is approximately&nbsp;<span class=cloze>37°C</span> Celsius <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>37°C = 98.6°F<div><br /></div><div><img src=""Celcius to Farenheit.png"" /></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a measure of the <b>potential energy</b> of a system&nbsp;found in <u>intermolecular attractions</u> and <i>chemical&nbsp;bonds</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Enthalpy (H)</span> is a measure of the <b>potential energy</b> of a system&nbsp;found in <u>intermolecular attractions</u> and <i>chemical&nbsp;bonds</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Enthalpy.jpg"" /></div><div><br /></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/v/enthalpy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Phase changes from solid → liquid → gas are <span class=cloze>[endothermic or exothermic]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Phase changes from solid → liquid → gas are <span class=cloze>endothermic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gases have more heat energy than liquids and&nbsp;liquids have more heat energy than solids</div><div><br /></div><div><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cUK4jcAEaU"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Phase changes from gas → liquid → solid are <span class=cloze>[endothermic or exothermic]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Phase changes from gas → liquid → solid are <span class=cloze>exothermic</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>These&nbsp;reactions <u>release</u> heat energy</div><div><br /></div><div><div><img src=""Phase Changes.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cUK4jcAEaU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the formula for ∆H when using&nbsp;<i>heat of formations</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><span class=cloze>[...]</span></i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the formula for ∆H when using&nbsp;<i>heat of formations</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><span class=cloze><img src=""H from heat of formations (1).png"" /></span></i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/a/bond-enthalpy-and-enthalpy-of-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the formula for ∆H when using<i>&nbsp;</i><b>bond dissociation energies</b><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><span class=cloze>[...]</span></i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the formula for ∆H when using<i>&nbsp;</i><b>bond dissociation energies</b><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><span class=cloze><img src=""H from bond dissociation energies (1).png"" /></span></i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/enthalpy-chemistry-sal/a/bond-enthalpy-and-enthalpy-of-reaction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a&nbsp;measure of how much <b>energy has spread out</b> or&nbsp;how spread&nbsp;out energy has become </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> <span class=cloze>Entropy</span> is a&nbsp;measure of how much <b>energy has spread out</b> or&nbsp;how spread&nbsp;out energy has become <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Entropy.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/energy-and-enzymes/the-laws-of-thermodynamics/v/introduction-to-entropy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the formula for the standard entropy of reaction<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the formula for the standard entropy of reaction<div><br /></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Entropy of Reaction.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMtnseGcnVc"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equation that uses the equilibrium constant K_eq<div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equation that uses the equilibrium constant K_eq<div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Gibbs Free Energy From K.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/standard-change-in-free-energy-and-the-equilibrium-constant"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equations that use the reaction quotient&nbsp;Q<div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Gen_Chem MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> Give the <b>Gibbs Free Energy</b> equations that use the reaction quotient&nbsp;Q<div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Gibbs free energy with Q.png"" /></span></div><div>_{<br />}</div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Gibbs free energy with Q 2.png"" /></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFUD3G1MEcs""'>YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If ∆G &lt; O, the reaction will be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If ∆G &lt; O, the reaction will be <span class=cloze>spontaneous</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G Spontaneity.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If ∆G = O, the reaction will be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If ∆G = O, the reaction will be <span class=cloze>at equilibrium</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G Spontaneity.png"" /></div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If ∆G &gt; O, the reaction will be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Thermochemistry</div> If ∆G &gt; O, the reaction will be <span class=cloze>non-spontaneous</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Delta G Spontaneity.png"" /></div><div><div><br /></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/gibbs-free-energy/v/gibbs-free-energy-and-spontaneity"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the convention that is used to designate the configurations of&nbsp;<i>chiral carbons</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> The <span class=cloze>D and L system</span> is the convention that is used to designate the configurations of&nbsp;<i>chiral carbons</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Based on the D- and L- forms of <i>glyceraldehyde</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>Nearly all carbohydrates in&nbsp;nature are in the <u>D-configuration</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""D and L System (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book:_Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19:_More_on_Stereochemistry/19.05:_Absolute_And_Relative_Configuration"">Chem Libre Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are&nbsp;""<u>hydrates of carbon</u>"" </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Carbohydrates</span> are&nbsp;""<u>hydrates of carbon</u>"" <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'> <div><div>Usually have the formula&nbsp;<b>C_m(H₂O)_n</b></div></div><div><br></div><div>Example: Glucose is&nbsp;<b>C₆H₁₂O₆</b></div><div><br></div><div>H:O ratio is usually 2:1 due to the ""hydration"" with H₂O</div><div><br></div><div>Glucose:</div><div><img src=""Glucose.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUo4c2f9rpI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;non-superimposable&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>are</u> <u>mirror images</u>&nbsp;of each other </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Enantiomers</span> are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;non-superimposable&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>are</u> <u>mirror images</u>&nbsp;of each other <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Enantiomer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/stereoisomer-enantiomer-jay"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A <i>chiral</i> molecule is a type of molecule that&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[lacks or has]</span> an&nbsp;internal plane of symmetry&nbsp;and has a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[superimposable or non-superimposable]</span>&nbsp;mirror image </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A <i>chiral</i> molecule is a type of molecule that&nbsp;<span class=cloze>lacks</span> an&nbsp;internal plane of symmetry&nbsp;and has a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>non-superimposable</span>&nbsp;mirror image <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chiral 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Chiral 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/introduction-to-chirality"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable and&nbsp;<i>are&nbsp;not mirror images</i>&nbsp;of each other </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Diastereomers</span> are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable and&nbsp;<i>are&nbsp;not mirror images</i>&nbsp;of each other <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diastereomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>only come in pairs</i> because they are mirror images while there <b>can be many more than two</b> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> depending on the number of stereocenters </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Enantiomers</span> <i>only come in pairs</i> because they are mirror images while there <b>can be many more than two</b> <span class=cloze>diastereomers</span> depending on the number of stereocenters <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diastereomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a subtype of&nbsp;<i>diastereomers</i>&nbsp;that differ at&nbsp;<b>exactly&nbsp;one&nbsp;chiral carbon</b><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Epimers</span> are a subtype of&nbsp;<i>diastereomers</i>&nbsp;that differ at&nbsp;<b>exactly&nbsp;one&nbsp;chiral carbon</b><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Epimer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-epimers-common-names"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a subtype of&nbsp;<b>epimers</b>&nbsp;that differ at the&nbsp;<i>anomeric&nbsp;carbon</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Anomers</span> are a subtype of&nbsp;<b>epimers</b>&nbsp;that differ at the&nbsp;<i>anomeric&nbsp;carbon</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anomer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a carbon that,<i> in the&nbsp;acyclic&nbsp;form, is not a stereocenter</i>, but once it takes on the&nbsp;<b>cyclic form, it&nbsp;becomes&nbsp;a stereocenter</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A/an <span class=cloze>anomeric carbon</span> is a carbon that,<i> in the&nbsp;acyclic&nbsp;form, is not a stereocenter</i>, but once it takes on the&nbsp;<b>cyclic form, it&nbsp;becomes&nbsp;a stereocenter</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anomeric Carbon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Anomer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when <u>straight-chain carbohydrates form into rings</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Cyclization</span> is when <u>straight-chain carbohydrates form into rings</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cyclization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carbohydrates-5d/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... anomer]</span> is an anomeric carbon with the group&nbsp;<i>pointing&nbsp;down</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A/an <span class=cloze>α-anomer</span> is an anomeric carbon with the group&nbsp;<i>pointing&nbsp;down</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anomers (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carbohydrates-5d/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... anomer]</span> is an anomeric carbon with the group&nbsp;<u>pointing&nbsp;up</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> A/an <span class=cloze>β-anomer</span> is an anomeric carbon with the group&nbsp;<u>pointing&nbsp;up</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anomers (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/carbohydrates-5d/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <img src=""Haworth Projection 2.png""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of a/an <span class=cloze>[... projection]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <img src=""Haworth Projection 2.png""><div><br></div><div>This is an example of a/an <span class=cloze>Haworth projection</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Haworth projections are way of writing a structural formula to represent the<font color=""#5fa136""> </font><u>cyclic structure</u><font color=""#5fa136""> </font>of monosaccharides with a simple <b>three-dimensional perspective</b></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORrnmBVmeBQ"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>spontaneous shift from one&nbsp;anomeric&nbsp;form to another</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Mutarotation</span> is the <i>spontaneous shift from one&nbsp;anomeric&nbsp;form to another</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The straight-chain form is an intermediate</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mutarotation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-cyclic-structures-and-anomers-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <i>single carbohydrate&nbsp;units</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Monosaccharides</span> are <i>single carbohydrate&nbsp;units</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Glucose</i> is the most&nbsp;common monosaccharide</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Monosaccharides (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <u>Reducing sugars</u> have a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;group attached to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <u>Reducing sugars</u> have a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>-OH</span>&nbsp;group attached to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>anomeric carbon</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The&nbsp;-OH&nbsp;cannot be attached to any other structures<br></div><div><br></div><div>Reducing sugars:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reducing Sugars.png""></div><div><br></div><div><i>Sucrose</i> (shown below) is a <i>non-reducing</i> sugar because the anomeric carbon does not have an -OH group attached by itself</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sucrose (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBEzJyNXVT4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;are&nbsp;sugars&nbsp;that have had a <u>hydroxyl group</u> replaced with a <b>hydrogen atom</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Deoxy sugars</span>&nbsp;are&nbsp;sugars&nbsp;that have had a <u>hydroxyl group</u> replaced with a <b>hydrogen atom</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Deoxy = ""deoxygenated""<div><br></div><div><img src=""Deoxy Sugar (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o_-6JXLYS-k"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> In a <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, a sugar reacts with a carboxylic acid or one of its derivatives to <b>form an ester</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> In a <span class=cloze>sugar esterification</span>, a sugar reacts with a carboxylic acid or one of its derivatives to <b>form an ester</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Esterification (1).png""></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Sucrose ester</i>,<i> </i>a surfactant and&nbsp;emulsifier, is synthesized from esterification of sucrose and a fatty acid:<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sucrose Ester (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/reactions-carboxylic-jay/v/preparation-of-esters-via-fischer-esterification"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the basis for building&nbsp;<i>complex carbohydrates</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;requires the&nbsp;<u>anomeric&nbsp;carbon to link to another&nbsp;sugar</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Glycoside formation</span> is the basis for building&nbsp;<i>complex carbohydrates</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;requires the&nbsp;<u>anomeric&nbsp;carbon to link to another&nbsp;sugar</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glycoside Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/carbohydrate-glycoside-formation-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> form as a result of a&nbsp;<b>glycosidic&nbsp;bond</b> between <u>two&nbsp;monosaccharide subunits</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Carbohydrates</div> <span class=cloze>Disaccharides</span> form as a result of a&nbsp;<b>glycosidic&nbsp;bond</b> between <u>two&nbsp;monosaccharide subunits</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Disaccharides.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/disaccharides-and-polysaccharides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <div>Lipids are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> in water and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> in&nbsp;nonpolar organic solvents</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <div>Lipids are <span class=cloze>insoluble</span> in water and <span class=cloze>soluble</span> in&nbsp;nonpolar organic solvents</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Lipids.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/lipid-overview"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <u>Phospholipids</u> contain a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> head and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> tails </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <u>Phospholipids</u> contain a <span class=cloze>hydrophilic</span> head and <span class=cloze>hydrophobic</span> tails <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><i>Hydrophilic</i> = <i>polar</i><br></div></div><div><b>Hydrophobic</b> = <b>nonpolar</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phospholipid Bilayer.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Schematic of a phospholipid is shown below.&nbsp;It may use&nbsp;<i>glycerol</i> or <i>sphingosine</i> for the backbone<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phospholipid Schematic.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/phospholipid-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> A <i>saturated fatty acid</i> has <span class=cloze>[#]</span> double bonds in its tail and is <span class=cloze>[more or less]</span>&nbsp;fluid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipid_Metabolism MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> A <i>saturated fatty acid</i> has <span class=cloze>no</span> double bonds in its tail and is <span class=cloze>less</span>&nbsp;fluid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Saturated Fatty Acid.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/saturated-fats-unsaturated-fats-and-trans-fats"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are phospholipids that contain a&nbsp;<u>glycerol&nbsp;backbone</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Glycerophospholipids</span> are phospholipids that contain a&nbsp;<u>glycerol&nbsp;backbone</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Make up the <i>cell membrane</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo Backbones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-structure-in-cell-membranes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> contain a&nbsp;<b>sphingosine&nbsp;backbone</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Sphingolipids</span> contain a&nbsp;<b>sphingosine&nbsp;backbone</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Protect the cell surface</i> against harmful environmental factors<br></div><div><br></div><div>Many (but not all)&nbsp;sphingolipids are also phospholipids with a&nbsp;phosphodiester bond. These are&nbsp;<u style="""">sphingophospholipids</u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Glycero vs Sphingo Backbones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-structure-in-cell-membranes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous <b>myelin sheath</b> that surrounds some nerve cell axons </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>sphingomyelin</span> is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous <b>myelin sheath</b> that surrounds some nerve cell axons <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sphingomyelin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrn9qeVM9o4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a subtype of <i>glycolipids</i> and contain a <b>sphingosine</b>, <b>fatty acid</b>, and a&nbsp;<b>sugar unit</b><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Glycosphingolipids</span> are a subtype of <i>glycolipids</i> and contain a <b>sphingosine</b>, <b>fatty acid</b>, and a&nbsp;<b>sugar unit</b><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example: <i>Cerebroside</i>, which contains 1 sugar group<br></div><div><br></div><div>Cerebroside Structure:</div><div><img src=""Cerebroside.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/c_RTc7aSFp4"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a molecule composed of a <u>glycosphingolipid</u> with one or more <i>sialic acids</i> linked on the sugar chain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>ganglioside</span> is a molecule composed of a <u>glycosphingolipid</u> with one or more <i>sialic acids</i> linked on the sugar chain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A component of the cell membrane that <b>modulates cell signal transduction</b> events, and appears to concentrate in <b>lipid rafts</b><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><img src=""Ganglioside.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nWO63QvayI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are steroid precursors </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Terpenes</span> are steroid precursors <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Terpene.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/terpenes-to-steroids1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <i>Steroids</i> contain <span class=cloze>[#]</span> cyclohexane ring(s) and <span class=cloze>[#]</span> cyclopentane ring(s) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <i>Steroids</i> contain <span class=cloze>3</span> cyclohexane ring(s) and <span class=cloze>1</span> cyclopentane ring(s) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>""Three rooms and a garage""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Steroid Structure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/terpenes-to-steroids1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> The&nbsp;<i>precursor </i>to steroid hormones&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> The&nbsp;<i>precursor </i>to steroid hormones&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>cholesterol</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cholesterol (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/lipid-overview"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>lipid compounds</u> that are&nbsp;<b>signaling molecules</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;regulate cAMP levels </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Prostaglandins</span> are <u>lipid compounds</u> that are&nbsp;<b>signaling molecules</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;regulate cAMP levels <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Affect the following functions:</div><div><br></div><div><b>Smooth muscle&nbsp;contraction</b></div><div><b>Body temp</b></div><div><b>Sleep-wake cycle</b></div><div><b>Fever</b></div><div><b>Pain</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Prostaglandin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/lipids-as-cofactors-and-signaling-molecules"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> The four&nbsp;<u>fat soluble vitamins</u> are <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> The four&nbsp;<u>fat soluble vitamins</u> are <span class=cloze>A</span>, <span class=cloze>D</span>, <span class=cloze>E</span>, and <span class=cloze>K</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fat Soluble Vitamins.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-vitamins-and-minerals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are the <b>storage form&nbsp;of fatty acids</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Triacylglycerols</span> are the <b>storage form&nbsp;of fatty acids</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Also known as <u>triglycerides</u></div><div><u><br></u></div><div><img src=""Triglycerol (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/v/molecular-structure-of-triglycerides-fats"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are cells used for&nbsp;<b>storage of&nbsp;triacylglycerol&nbsp;deposits</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Adipocytes</span> are cells used for&nbsp;<b>storage of&nbsp;triacylglycerol&nbsp;deposits</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Make up <u>adipose tissue</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Adipocyte.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/lipids/a/lipids"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are unesterified&nbsp;fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Free fatty acids</span> are unesterified&nbsp;fatty acids that travel in the bloodstream <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Free Fatty Acid.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/fatty-acid-synthesis-part-i"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>ester hydrolysis</u>&nbsp;<u>of triacylglycerols</u> using a strong base&nbsp;like sodium or KOH </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <span class=cloze>Saponification</span> is the <u>ester hydrolysis</u>&nbsp;<u>of triacylglycerols</u> using a strong base&nbsp;like sodium or KOH <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Saponification.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/saponification-base-promoted-ester-hydrolysis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Lipid_Metabolism</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> can <i>dissolve</i> <i>a lipid-soluble molecule</i> in its fatty acid core </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids MileDown::General_Chemistry::Lipid_Metabolism</div> A/an <span class=cloze>micelle</span> can <i>dissolve</i> <i>a lipid-soluble molecule</i> in its fatty acid core <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It then <u>washes away with water</u> because of its shell of&nbsp;carboxylate head groups</div><div><br></div><div><b>Formation of micelles is spontaneous</b> because ∆S &gt; O. Overall entropy increases because there are now more unbound water molecules</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Micelle (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTwUy3c5Etc"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <b>polymers of nucleotides</b><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>Nucleic acids</span> are <b>polymers of nucleotides</b><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Include deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nucleic Acid.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Wc4jTH2v_w"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The <i>primary structure of nucleic acids</i> is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The <i>primary structure of nucleic acids</i> is the <span class=cloze>linear sequence of nucleotides</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The&nbsp;<i>secondary structure of nucleic acids</i> is made up of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The&nbsp;<i>secondary structure of nucleic acids</i> is made up of <span class=cloze>interactions between bases within the same molecule</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>The secondary structure is responsible for the <i>shape</i> that the nucleic acid assumes</div><div><br></div><div>RNA 2° structure has 4 basic elements: <b>loops</b>, <b style="""">helices</b>, <b>bulges</b>, and <b>junctions</b></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The <u>tertiary structure of nucleic acids</u>&nbsp;is made up by the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The <u>tertiary structure of nucleic acids</u>&nbsp;is made up by the <span class=cloze>location of the atoms in 3D space</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The <i>quaternary structure of nucleic acids</i> is made up of <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Nucleic_Acids</div> The <i>quaternary structure of nucleic acids</i> is made up of <span class=cloze>interactions of nucleic acids with&nbsp;other molecules</span><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Example: <u>chromatin interacting with histones<br></u></div></div><div><br></div><img src=""Nucleic Acid Structure.png""></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a polymer made up of monomers called&nbsp;<i>nucleotides</i>. Long strands&nbsp;form a <b>double helix</b> which runs antiparallel </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</span> is a polymer made up of monomers called&nbsp;<i>nucleotides</i>. Long strands&nbsp;form a <b>double helix</b> which runs antiparallel <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Structure 2 (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/v/dna-deoxyribonucleic-acid"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <i>DNA</i> is <span class=cloze>[positively or negatively]</span> charged due to its&nbsp;<u>phosphate&nbsp;backbone</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <i>DNA</i> is <span class=cloze>negatively</span> charged due to its&nbsp;<u>phosphate&nbsp;backbone</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Backbone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/v/molecular-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> A <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a&nbsp;5-carbon sugar plus a nitrogenous base and <i>no phosphate groups</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> A <span class=cloze>nucleoside</span> is a&nbsp;5-carbon sugar plus a nitrogenous base and <i>no phosphate groups</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleoside.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-nucleic-acids-and-nucleotides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> A <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a <b>nucleoside with 1 to 3&nbsp;phosphate&nbsp;groups added</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> A <span class=cloze>nucleotide</span> is a <b>nucleoside with 1 to 3&nbsp;phosphate&nbsp;groups added</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleotide.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-biology-foundations/hs-biological-macromolecules/v/introduction-to-nucleic-acids-and-nucleotides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[... model]</span> states that&nbsp;DNA is a <i>double-stranded,&nbsp;helical&nbsp;structure</i>&nbsp;</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>Watson-Crick model</span> states that&nbsp;DNA is a <i>double-stranded,&nbsp;helical&nbsp;structure</i>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The two strands are <b>antiparallel</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Watson Crick (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/v/the-discovery-of-the-double-helix-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <div>The <b>nitrogenous bases</b> in DNA and RNA include:</div><div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <div>The <b>nitrogenous bases</b> in DNA and RNA include:</div><div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>Guanine</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Cytosine</span></div></div><div><span class=cloze>Adenine</span><br></div><span class=cloze><div>Thymine (DNA only)</div><div></div><div></span></div><div><span class=cloze>Uracil (RNA only)</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The <u>pyrimidines</u> in DNA and RNA have <span class=cloze>[#]</span> ring(s) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The <u>pyrimidines</u> in DNA and RNA have <span class=cloze>1</span> ring(s) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The <i>purines</i> in DNA and RNA have <span class=cloze>[#]</span> ring(s) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The <i>purines</i> in DNA and RNA have <span class=cloze>2</span> ring(s) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/nucleic-acid-structure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The&nbsp;DNA double helix has a <i>diameter</i> of <span class=cloze>[#]</span> angstroms </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The&nbsp;DNA double helix has a <i>diameter</i> of <span class=cloze>20</span> angstroms <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>purine + pyrimidine = uniform width</i><br></div><div>purine + purine = too wide</div><div>pyrimidine + pyrimidine = too narrow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Width.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yelx2ZSh7RA"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The <b>DNA backbone</b> is held together by <span class=cloze>[... bonds]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> The <b>DNA backbone</b> is held together by <span class=cloze>phosphodiester&nbsp;bonds</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Form between the sugar and the phosphate groups<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nucleotide bases are held together by <u>hydrogen bonds</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""DNA Structure.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-replication/v/molecular-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <div><b>Adenine and Thymine</b> are held together by <span class=cloze>[#]</span> hydrogen bonds</div><div><br></div><div><i>Guanine and Cytosine</i> are held together by <span class=cloze>[#]</span> hydrogen bonds</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <div><b>Adenine and Thymine</b> are held together by <span class=cloze>2</span> hydrogen bonds</div><div><br></div><div><i>Guanine and Cytosine</i> are held together by <span class=cloze>3</span> hydrogen bonds</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Note: RNA has U instead of T<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Structure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ILWTGC8KHM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[... rules]</span> states that, in DNA, the <b>number of purines must equal the&nbsp;number of pyrimidines</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Chargaff’s rules</span> states that, in DNA, the <b>number of purines must equal the&nbsp;number of pyrimidines</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This is due to the base pairing of A-T and G-C</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nitrogenous Bases.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/v/the-discovery-of-the-double-helix-structure-of-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> DNA <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the process of producing an <i>identical replica</i> of a DNA&nbsp;molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> DNA <span class=cloze>replication</span> is the process of producing an <i>identical replica</i> of a DNA&nbsp;molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Occurs in the S (synthesis) phase of the cell&nbsp;cycle<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>[Enzyme]</span> <u>unwinds the DNA double helix</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>Topoisomerase</span> <u>unwinds the DNA double helix</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>[Enzyme]</span> <i>breaks the hydrogen bonds</i> between nitrogenous bases&nbsp;in order to separate the DNA strands </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>Helicase</span> <i>breaks the hydrogen bonds</i> between nitrogenous bases&nbsp;in order to separate the DNA strands <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <div><b>Single strand binding protein</b> binds to single-stranded DNA and serves to <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <div><b>Single strand binding protein</b> binds to single-stranded DNA and serves to <span class=cloze>prevent annealing of single-stranded DNA into&nbsp;double-stranded DNA</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>[Enzyme]</span> <u>catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA</u> primer </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>DNA primase</span> <u>catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA</u> primer <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are short RNA nucleotide sequences that are complementary to&nbsp;the ssDNA and <i>allow DNA replication to&nbsp;start</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>RNA primers</span> are short RNA nucleotide sequences that are complementary to&nbsp;the ssDNA and <i>allow DNA replication to&nbsp;start</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>[Enzyme]</span> <i>adds nucleotides</i>&nbsp;to the growing strand during DNA replication </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>DNA polymerase</span> <i>adds nucleotides</i>&nbsp;to the growing strand during DNA replication <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>DNA Polymerase also removes the RNA primer at the end of&nbsp;the strands</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>short, newly synthesized DNA fragments</u> that are formed on&nbsp;the <i>lagging template</i> strand during DNA replication</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <div><span class=cloze>Okazaki fragments</span> are <u>short, newly synthesized DNA fragments</u> that are formed on&nbsp;the <i>lagging template</i> strand during DNA replication</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>[Enzyme]</span> <i>joins DNA strands together</i> by catalyzing the formation of&nbsp;<u>phosphodiester bonds</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <span class=cloze>DNA ligase</span> <i>joins DNA strands together</i> by catalyzing the formation of&nbsp;<u>phosphodiester bonds</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Replication (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/v/rna-transcription-and-translation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> develop from <b>mutations of proto-oncogenes and</b>&nbsp;promote cell cycling. <i>They may lead to cancer</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <span class=cloze>Oncogenes</span> develop from <b>mutations of proto-oncogenes and</b>&nbsp;promote cell cycling. <i>They may lead to cancer</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Oncogenes = stepping on gas pedal</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><img src=""Oncogene.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#5fa136""><br></font></div><div><a href=""&quot;https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/gene-control/v/oncogenes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> code for proteins that&nbsp;<u>reduce</u> cell cycling&nbsp;or promote&nbsp;DNA repair</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><span class=cloze>Tumor suppressor genes</span> code for proteins that&nbsp;<u>reduce</u> cell cycling&nbsp;or promote&nbsp;DNA repair</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Mutated&nbsp;tumor suppressor genes = <u>no brakes</u><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Oncogene.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/gene-control/v/tumor-suppressors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <span class=cloze>[Enzyme]</span> <b>proofreads its work</b> and excises&nbsp;incorrectly matched bases </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <span class=cloze>DNA polymerase</span> <b>proofreads its work</b> and excises&nbsp;incorrectly matched bases <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The daughter strand is&nbsp;identified by its lack of methylation and corrected&nbsp;accordingly</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Proofreading (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/dna-repair-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><u>Mismatch repair</u> of DNA occurs during&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[cell cycle phase]</span>&nbsp;using the genes MSH2 and MLH1</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><u>Mismatch repair</u> of DNA occurs during&nbsp;<span class=cloze>G2 phase</span>&nbsp;using the genes MSH2 and MLH1</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""DNA Proofreading (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/dna-repair-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... repair]</span> fixes <u>helix-deforming </u>lesions of DNA such as <b>Thymine&nbsp;dimers</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><span class=cloze>Nucleotide excision repair</span> fixes <u>helix-deforming </u>lesions of DNA such as <b>Thymine&nbsp;dimers</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A cut-and-patch process. Excision Endonuclease<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Excision Repair (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/dna-repair-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... repair]</span> fixes <i>nondeforming</i> lesions of the DNA helix such as&nbsp;<b>cytosine deamination</b> by removing the base, leaving an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Repair</div> <div><span class=cloze>Base excision repair</span> fixes <i>nondeforming</i> lesions of the DNA helix such as&nbsp;<b>cytosine deamination</b> by removing the base, leaving an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>AP endonuclease then&nbsp;removes the damaged sequence, which can be <i>filled in&nbsp;with the correct bases</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Base Excision Repair (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/a/dna-proofreading-and-repair"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> Humans have&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[#]</span> pairs of <u>chromosomes</u>, for a total of <span class=cloze>[#]</span> chromosomes </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> Humans have&nbsp;<span class=cloze>23</span> pairs of <u>chromosomes</u>, for a total of <span class=cloze>46</span> chromosomes <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""23 Pairs of Chromosomes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <b>packages DNA into a smaller volume</b> to fit in the cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <span class=cloze>Chromatin</span> <b>packages DNA into a smaller volume</b> to fit in the cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Heterochromatin</i>: Dark, dense, and silent<br></div><div><div><u>Euchromatin</u>: Light, uncondensed, and expressed</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""DNA Packaging.png""></font></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are at the <i>ends of chromosomes</i> and contain high GC-content to <u>prevent&nbsp;unraveling of the DNA</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <span class=cloze>Telomeres</span> are at the <i>ends of chromosomes</i> and contain high GC-content to <u>prevent&nbsp;unraveling of the DNA</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>During replication, telomeres are&nbsp;shortened</b>, but this can be partially reversed by <i>telomerase</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Telomere (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cellular-development/v/telomeres-and-cell-senescence"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are located in the <i>middle of&nbsp;chromosomes</i> and <b>hold&nbsp;sister chromatids&nbsp;together</b> until they are&nbsp;separated during&nbsp;anaphase in mitosis </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <span class=cloze>Centromeres</span> are located in the <i>middle of&nbsp;chromosomes</i> and <b>hold&nbsp;sister chromatids&nbsp;together</b> until they are&nbsp;separated during&nbsp;anaphase in mitosis <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>High GC-content</u> to&nbsp;maintain a strong bond&nbsp;between chromatids<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Centromere.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[... chromosome]</span> is one in which the <b>centromere</b> is located<b> </b>near<b> </b>one<b> end of the&nbsp;chromosome </b>and<b> </b><i>not in the middle</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>acrocentric chromosome</span> is one in which the <b>centromere</b> is located<b> </b>near<b> </b>one<b> end of the&nbsp;chromosome </b>and<b> </b><i>not in the middle</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Acrocentric Chromosome.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbGw4VanNjk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <b>Prokaryotes</b> have <span class=cloze>[#]</span>&nbsp;origin(s) of replication and <u>eukaryotes</u> have <span class=cloze>[#]</span> origin(s) of replication </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Replication</div> <b>Prokaryotes</b> have <span class=cloze>1</span>&nbsp;origin(s) of replication and <u>eukaryotes</u> have <span class=cloze>multiple</span> origin(s) of replication <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Origin of Replication.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FBmO_rmXxIw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is&nbsp;DNA composed of nucleotides from <i>two different sources</i>, created in only in labs </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>Recombinant DNA</span> is&nbsp;DNA composed of nucleotides from <i>two different sources</i>, created in only in labs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Recombinate DNA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/biotech-dna-technology/dna-cloning-tutorial/v/dna-cloning-and-recombinant-dna"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> states that <u>DNA is transcribed to RNA</u>, which is&nbsp;<b>translated to protein</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>The central dogma</span> states that <u>DNA is transcribed to RNA</u>, which is&nbsp;<b>translated to protein</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Central Dogma.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The genetic code is considered <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;because <b>multiple codons can code for the same&nbsp;amino acid</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The genetic code is considered <span class=cloze>degenerate</span>&nbsp;because <b>multiple codons can code for the same&nbsp;amino acid</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Degenerate Code.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/the-genetic-code"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <div><u>Initiation (start) Codon</u>:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Termination (stop) Codons</i>:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <div><u>Initiation (start) Codon</u>:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>AUG</span><br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Termination (stop) Codons</i>:&nbsp;<span class=cloze>UAA</span>,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>UGA</span>,&nbsp;<span class=cloze>UAG</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Start Stop Codons (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/central-dogma-transcription/a/the-genetic-code-discovery-and-properties"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The <u>start codon</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> codes for <span class=cloze>[amino acid]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The <u>start codon</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>AUG</span> codes for <span class=cloze>Methionine</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Start Stop Codons (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/central-dogma-transcription/a/the-genetic-code-discovery-and-properties"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The <span class=cloze>[which base]</span> in a codon can <b>wobble</b> and <i>break standard Watson-Crick rules</i> but still code for the intended protein </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The <span class=cloze>3rd base</span> in a codon can <b>wobble</b> and <i>break standard Watson-Crick rules</i> but still code for the intended protein <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Wobble is caused by redundancy found in the genetic code</b></div><div><br></div><div>Wobble base pairings are <u>less stable</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Wobble (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a genetic mutation where a <u>single nucleotide</u> base is&nbsp;<i>changed</i>,&nbsp;<i>inserted</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>deleted</i>&nbsp;from a sequence of DNA or RNA </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>point mutation</span> is a genetic mutation where a <u>single nucleotide</u> base is&nbsp;<i>changed</i>,&nbsp;<i>inserted</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>deleted</i>&nbsp;from a sequence of DNA or RNA <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Silent</b></div><div><b>Nonsense&nbsp;(truncation)</b></div><div><b>Missense</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Point Mutations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... mutation]</span> has <u>no effect&nbsp;on protein synthesis</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>silent mutation</span> has <u>no effect&nbsp;on protein synthesis</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Usually found in the 3rd base of a codon<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Silent Mutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... mutation]</span> produces a&nbsp;<i>premature&nbsp;stop codon</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>nonsense mutation</span> produces a&nbsp;<i>premature&nbsp;stop codon</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nonsense Mutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... mutation]</span> produces a codon that <u>codes&nbsp;for a&nbsp;different amino acid</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>missense mutation</span> produces a codon that <u>codes&nbsp;for a&nbsp;different amino acid</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Missense Mutation.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... mutation]</span> results from a nucleotide addition or deletion, and&nbsp;<b>changes the reading frame&nbsp;of subsequent codons</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation MileDown::Biology::Genetics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>frameshift mutation</span> results from a nucleotide addition or deletion, and&nbsp;<b>changes the reading frame&nbsp;of subsequent codons</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Frameshift Mutation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.google.com/search?q=point+mutations+khan+academy&amp;oq=Point+Mutations+khan+a&amp;aqs=chrome.0.0j69i57.1377j0j9&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <b>RNA</b> uses a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> sugar and uses <span class=cloze>[nucleotide]</span> instead of <span class=cloze>[nucleotide]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> <b>RNA</b> uses a <span class=cloze>ribose</span> sugar and uses <span class=cloze>uracil</span> instead of <span class=cloze>thymine</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>RNA is single-stranded</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""RNA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/nova/rnawondermolecule/v/rnaenigma"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is <u>transcribed from DNA</u>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;nucleus and then <b>travels into the cytoplasm for&nbsp;translation</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription</div> <span class=cloze>Messenger RNA</span> is <u>transcribed from DNA</u>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;nucleus and then <b>travels into the cytoplasm for&nbsp;translation</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""mRNA.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>brings amino acids to the ribosome</i> and&nbsp;recognizes the codon on the mRNA using its own <b>anticodon</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <span class=cloze>Transfer RNA</span> <i>brings amino acids to the ribosome</i> and&nbsp;recognizes the codon on the mRNA using its own <b>anticodon</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""tRNA.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <b>makes up the&nbsp;ribosome</b>&nbsp;and is&nbsp;enzymatically active </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <span class=cloze>Ribosomal RNA</span> <b>makes up the&nbsp;ribosome</b>&nbsp;and is&nbsp;enzymatically active <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""rRNA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/a/trna-and-ribosomes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the first step of gene expression, in which a <u>segment of DNA is copied into RNA</u> by the enzyme&nbsp;<i>RNA polymerase</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Transcription</div> <span class=cloze>Transcription</span> is the first step of gene expression, in which a <u>segment of DNA is copied into RNA</u> by the enzyme&nbsp;<i>RNA polymerase</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Transcription (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a segment of DNA wound in sequence<i> around eight histone protein cores</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Structure</div> A/an <span class=cloze>nucleosome</span> is a segment of DNA wound in sequence<i> around eight histone protein cores</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleosome.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Packaging Stages.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsQHwXfYkAs"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the process in eukaryotic cells where <b>primary transcript&nbsp;RNA is converted into mature RNA</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <div><span class=cloze>Post-transcriptional modification</span> is the process in eukaryotic cells where <b>primary transcript&nbsp;RNA is converted into mature RNA</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Introns are cut out</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Posttranscriptional Modification.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/transcription-and-rna-processing/v/post-translational-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are regions of a gene that <i>code for proteins</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <span class=cloze>Exons</span> are regions of a gene that <i>code for proteins</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Exons exit the nucleus</i>&nbsp;and form mRNA&nbsp;<br></div><div><u>Introns stay in the nucleus</u>&nbsp;since they are cut out and not included in mRNA<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Posttranscriptional Modification.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are segments of a DNA or RNA molecule which do <u>not code for proteins</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <span class=cloze>Introns</span> are segments of a DNA or RNA molecule which do <u>not code for proteins</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Exons exit the nucleus</i>&nbsp;and form mRNA&nbsp;<br></div><div><u>Introns stay in the nucleus</u>&nbsp;since they are cut out and not included in mRNA<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Posttranscriptional Modification.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/transcription-of-dna-into-rna/v/transcription-and-mrna-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a regulated process during gene expression that <b>results in a&nbsp;single gene coding for multiple proteins</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::RNA_Processing</div> <span class=cloze>Alternative splicing</span> is a regulated process during gene expression that <b>results in a&nbsp;single gene coding for multiple proteins</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In normal gene expression, <u>introns are cut away</u> and&nbsp;<i>exons remain</i>&nbsp;in the sequence</div><div><br></div><div>In <b>alternative splicing</b>, a certain exon may be cut out, or an intron may&nbsp;stay. This allows for the RNA segment to code for more&nbsp;than one gene<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alternative Splicing (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZwSmUNRBQQ"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The purpose of the <i>5’ cap and poly-A tail</i> on mRNA is that they <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The purpose of the <i>5’ cap and poly-A tail</i> on mRNA is that they <span class=cloze>protect&nbsp;mRNA for translation</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cap and Tail of mRNA (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/transcription-and-rna-processing/v/post-translational-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a segment of&nbsp;<b>prokaryotic</b>&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> that <i>encodes several proteins</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>polycistronic&nbsp;gene</span> is a segment of&nbsp;<b>prokaryotic</b>&nbsp;<b>mRNA</b> that <i>encodes several proteins</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Multiple translation sites lead to different gene products being created<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polycistronic Genes .png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amfz59f87YU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <b>Ribosomes</b> are factories where <span class=cloze>[...]</span> occurs </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <b>Ribosomes</b> are factories where <span class=cloze>translation (protein synthesis)</span> occurs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ribosome (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> In <u>translation</u>, a succession of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;add their <i>amino acids</i> to&nbsp;the polypeptide chain as&nbsp;the mRNA is moved&nbsp;through the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;one codon at a time </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> In <u>translation</u>, a succession of <span class=cloze>tRNAs</span>&nbsp;add their <i>amino acids</i> to&nbsp;the polypeptide chain as&nbsp;the mRNA is moved&nbsp;through the <span class=cloze>ribosome</span>&nbsp;one codon at a time <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ribosome (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <u>Translation</u> occurs in the <span class=cloze>[part of cell]</span>, at the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[organelle]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <u>Translation</u> occurs in the <span class=cloze>cytoplasm</span>, at the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>ribosomes</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Tranlsation Site.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The three steps in <u>translation</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> The three steps in <u>translation</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Initiation</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Elongation</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Termination</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Translation Steps.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> In <u>prokaryotic translation</u>, the <b>30S ribosome</b> subunit attaches to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and scans for a start codon </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> In <u>prokaryotic translation</u>, the <b>30S ribosome</b> subunit attaches to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>Shine-Delgarno sequence</span>&nbsp;and scans for a start codon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It lays down <b>N-formylmethionine </b>in the P site of the&nbsp;ribosome</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Translation Initiation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/translation/v/differences-in-translation-between-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> A <u>Svedberg</u> is a measure of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>; the tendency of particles to settle out of a fluid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> A <u>Svedberg</u> is a measure of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>sedimentation time</span>; the tendency of particles to settle out of a fluid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The value depends on both <b>mass and shape</b><br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div>Svedberg units are <i>not additive</i>. For example, prokaryotic ribosomes have a 50S subunit and a 30S subunit, but the total Svedberg unit for the combined ribosome is only 70s</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ribosome Subunits.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUswlOwslw"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <u>Prokaryotic</u>&nbsp;ribosomes are <span class=cloze>[#]</span> Svedberg units&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <u>Prokaryotic</u>&nbsp;ribosomes are <span class=cloze>70</span> Svedberg units&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ribosome Subunits.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUswlOwslw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <b>Eukaryotic</b>&nbsp;ribosomes are <span class=cloze>[#]</span> Svedberg units&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <b>Eukaryotic</b>&nbsp;ribosomes are <span class=cloze>80</span> Svedberg units&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ribosome Subunits.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUswlOwslw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> In <b>translation elongation</b>, the&nbsp;new tRNA enters the ribosome at the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> site </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> In <b>translation elongation</b>, the&nbsp;new tRNA enters the ribosome at the <span class=cloze>A</span> site <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The growing polypeptide&nbsp;chain is transferred from the P site to the A&nbsp;site to meet the new tRNA</div><div><br></div><div>Before leaving the ribosome, the tRNA stops in the E site. <i>The order of sites for the tRNA is A-P-E</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Translation Elongation.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> In <b>translation</b>, <span class=cloze>[...]</span> will occur when the codon in the A site is a <i>stop codon</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> In <b>translation</b>, <span class=cloze>termination</span> will occur when the codon in the A site is a <i>stop codon</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Release factor places a <u>water molecule</u> on the&nbsp;polypeptide chain and thus releases the protein<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Translation Termination.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/translation-polypeptides/v/translation-mrna-to-protein"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are modifications that occur to a protein <u>after it has been fully formed in translation</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Translation</div> <div><span class=cloze>Post-translational modifications</span> are modifications that occur to a protein <u>after it has been fully formed in translation</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>PTMs can happen at any step of the protein lifespan. The most common PTM is <i>phosphorylation</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Post Translational Modifications (1).png""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/dna/v/protein-modifications"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <b>Eukaryotes</b>&nbsp;have&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[#]</span> chromosome(s)<div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryotes</u>&nbsp;have <span class=cloze>[#]</span> chromosome(s)</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> <b>Eukaryotes</b>&nbsp;have&nbsp;<span class=cloze>multiple</span> chromosome(s)<div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryotes</u>&nbsp;have <span class=cloze>one</span> chromosome(s)</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The prokaryotic chromosome is circular<br><div><br></div><div><b>Eukaryote</b>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Eukaryote (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryote</u>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Prokaryote (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Note: <i>Plasmids</i> are different from chromosomes and contain DNA that is <i>not essential for survival</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9AbkNGh2u8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is <u>one half of a chromosome</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>chromatid</span>&nbsp;is <u>one half of a chromosome</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>One of the chromatids is an <i>identical copy</i> of the other</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Centromere.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-reproduction-and-cell-division/hs-chromosome-structure-and-numbers/v/chromosomes-chromatids-chromatin-etc"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with <i>part or all of the genetic material</i> of an organism </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA::Chromosomes</div> A/an <span class=cloze>chromosome</span> is a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule with <i>part or all of the genetic material</i> of an organism <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Eukaryote</b>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Eukaryote (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><u>Prokaryote</u>:</div><div><img src=""Chromosome Prokaryote (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Note:&nbsp;<i>Plasmids</i>&nbsp;are different from chromosomes and contain DNA that is&nbsp;<i>not essential for survival</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9AbkNGh2u8"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are found in <u>prokaryotic DNA</u> and contain groups of genes that are <b>regulated together</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>Operons</span> are found in <u>prokaryotic DNA</u> and contain groups of genes that are <b>regulated together</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The advantage is that a group of genes whose products are all needed for a common function can be <b>transcribed together</b><br></div><div><br></div><div>Operons contain&nbsp;<i>activators</i>,&nbsp;<i>inducers, </i>and&nbsp;<i>repressors</i></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Operon.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>binding site for RNA polymerase</i>, the enzyme that performs <u>transcription</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>promoter</span> is the <i>binding site for RNA polymerase</i>, the enzyme that performs <u>transcription</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Operon Promoter (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a short region of DNA that lies partially within the promoter and&nbsp;<b>interacts with a repressor</b>&nbsp;that controls the transcription of the operon </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>operator</span> is a short region of DNA that lies partially within the promoter and&nbsp;<b>interacts with a repressor</b>&nbsp;that controls the transcription of the operon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Operon Promoter (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>turns the operon&nbsp;off</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>repressor</span> <i>turns the operon&nbsp;off</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The repressor&nbsp;<b>binds to the operator</b>&nbsp;and then blocks the movement of RNA polymerase down the DNA strand<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <u>turns the operon&nbsp;on</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>activator</span> <u>turns the operon&nbsp;on</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example: <i>lac</i> <i>operon</i> uses catabolite activator protein (CAP)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Activator (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a small molecule that&nbsp;<b>triggers expression&nbsp;of a gene or operon</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An operon <span class=cloze>inducer</span> is a small molecule that&nbsp;<b>triggers expression&nbsp;of a gene or operon</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example:&nbsp;The <i>lac</i> <i>operon</i> is considered an <b>inducible operon</b> because its default state is to be turned off (repressed), but can be turned on in the presence of the inducer <b>allolactose</b></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An <b>inducible operon</b> under normal conditions is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> An <b>inducible operon</b> under normal conditions is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>bonded to a repressor</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Inducible operons</b>&nbsp;are&nbsp;turned on when an inducer pulls the repressor&nbsp;from the operator site<br></div><div><br></div><div>Example: <i>lac operon</i> is an inducible operon</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> A <i>repressible operon</i> under normal conditions will <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> A <i>repressible operon</i> under normal conditions will <span class=cloze>proceed with transcription</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Repressible operons</i>&nbsp;can be&nbsp;turned off by a corepressor coupling with the&nbsp;repressor and the <u>binding of this complex to the&nbsp;operator site<br></u></div><div><br></div><div>Example: <i>Trp operon</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Repressible Operon.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are proteins that help turn specific<b> </b>genes<b> ""on"" or ""off""</b> by binding to nearby DNA</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <div><span class=cloze>Transcription factors</span> are proteins that help turn specific<b> </b>genes<b> ""on"" or ""off""</b> by binding to nearby DNA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Transcription Factors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enhancer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/regulation-of-transcription"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are regions of DNA that <u>initiate transcription</u> of a particular gene </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>Promotors</span> are regions of DNA that <u>initiate transcription</u> of a particular gene <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Are <u>within 25</u><b> </b>base pairs of the transcription start site<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transcription Factors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/regulation-of-transcription"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are sequences of DNA that function to <i>enhance transcription</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>Enhancers</span> are sequences of DNA that function to <i>enhance transcription</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Are <i>more than </i>25 base pairs away from the&nbsp;transcription start site<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enhancer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Enhancer 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/regulation-of-transcription"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>increases&nbsp;the accessibility of&nbsp;chromatin&nbsp;</i>and allows DNA binding proteins to interact </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>Histone acetylation</span> <i>increases&nbsp;the accessibility of&nbsp;chromatin&nbsp;</i>and allows DNA binding proteins to interact <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>This activates transcription</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Histone Acetylation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/dna-and-chromatin-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <i>DNA methylation</i> <span class=cloze>[increases or decreases]</span>&nbsp;the <u>accessibility of&nbsp;chromatin</u>&nbsp;and stops DNA binding proteins from interacting </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <i>DNA methylation</i> <span class=cloze>decreases</span>&nbsp;the <u>accessibility of&nbsp;chromatin</u>&nbsp;and stops DNA binding proteins from interacting <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>This inhibits&nbsp;transcription</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""DNA Methylation (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/regulation-of-gene-expression-and-cell-specialization/v/dna-and-chromatin-regulation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;contains genes that <b>code for proteins in charge of transporting lactose</b> into the cytosol and digesting it into glucose </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The <span class=cloze>Lac operon</span>&nbsp;contains genes that <b>code for proteins in charge of transporting lactose</b> into the cytosol and digesting it into glucose <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>This glucose is then used to make <i>energy</i><div><br></div><div>The <i>lac</i>, or <i>lactose</i>,<i> operon</i> is found in <u>E. coli</u> and some other bacteria<div><br></div><div><img src=""Lac Operon.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/a/the-lac-operon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The <i>Lac operon</i> is a/an <span class=cloze>[repressible or inducible]</span> operon </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The <i>Lac operon</i> is a/an <span class=cloze>inducible</span> operon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Under normal conditions it is&nbsp;<i>bonded to a repressor</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div>It is turned on when an inducer pulls the repressor&nbsp;from the operator site</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The genes in the <i>lac operon</i>&nbsp;will be expressed if the following <u>two conditions are met</u>:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> The genes in the <i>lac operon</i>&nbsp;will be expressed if the following <u>two conditions are met</u>:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>Lactose is available</span></div><div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>Glucose is low</span></div></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When <b>lactose is available</b>, the inducer (allolactose) binds to the repressor and the repressor detaches from the DNA:<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div></div><div>When <u>glucose is low</u>, the activator, <i>catabolite activator protein</i> (CAP), binds to the DNA:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Activator (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> binds to the <i>lac repressor</i> and makes it change shape so the <b>repressor detaches from the DNA</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::DNA_and_RNA</div> <span class=cloze>Allolactose</span> binds to the <i>lac repressor</i> and makes it change shape so the <b>repressor detaches from the DNA</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>When lactose is available, <u>some lactose molecules will be converted to allolactose</u><div><br></div><div><b>This increases the lac operon gene expression</b><br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Operon Inducer (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-bacteria/v/operons-and-gene-regulation-in-bacteria"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are the <u>basic working unit of the brain;</u>&nbsp;a specialized cell designed to&nbsp;<b>transmit information</b>&nbsp;to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>Neurons</span> are the <u>basic working unit of the brain;</u>&nbsp;a specialized cell designed to&nbsp;<b>transmit information</b>&nbsp;to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Neuron.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are when interneurons in the spinal cord relay info to the<i> source of&nbsp;stimuli</i> while&nbsp;<b>simultaneously&nbsp;routing it to the brain</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>Reflex arcs</span> are when interneurons in the spinal cord relay info to the<i> source of&nbsp;stimuli</i> while&nbsp;<b>simultaneously&nbsp;routing it to the brain</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Reflex Arc.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nn2RHLWST-k"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <i>central nervous system</i> is made up of the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <i>central nervous system</i> is made up of the <span class=cloze>brain</span> and <span class=cloze>spinal cord</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> nervous system consists of nervous tissue&nbsp;and&nbsp;fibers&nbsp;<i>outside the CNS</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>peripheral</span> nervous system consists of nervous tissue&nbsp;and&nbsp;fibers&nbsp;<i>outside the CNS</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The part of the nervous system that is responsible for&nbsp;<i>fight / flight</i> is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The part of the nervous system that is responsible for&nbsp;<i>fight / flight</i> is the <span class=cloze>sympathetic nervous system</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The part of the nervous system that is responsible for <u>rest / digest</u> is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The part of the nervous system that is responsible for <u>rest / digest</u> is the <span class=cloze>parasympathetic nervous system</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Remember <u>P</u> for <u>P</u>arasympathetic:&nbsp;""Relaxing and having a&nbsp;<u>P</u>iña colada on beach""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""PNS.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></font></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are released by neurons to carry a signal </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>Neurotransmitters</span> are released by neurons to carry a signal <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Neurotransmitters.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <i>Acetylcholine</i> is a neurotransmitter used to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <i>Acetylcholine</i> is a neurotransmitter used to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>move muscles</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Acetylcholine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a neurotransmitter involved in&nbsp;<b>focus&nbsp;and&nbsp;motivation</b>&nbsp;as well as maintaining&nbsp;<i>smooth movements&nbsp;</i>and steady posture </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>Dopamine</span> is a neurotransmitter involved in&nbsp;<b>focus&nbsp;and&nbsp;motivation</b>&nbsp;as well as maintaining&nbsp;<i>smooth movements&nbsp;</i>and steady posture <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Dopamine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div><b>Endorphins</b> &amp;&nbsp;<b>Enkephalins</b> are neurotransmitters that are used as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div><b>Endorphins</b> &amp;&nbsp;<b>Enkephalins</b> are neurotransmitters that are used as <span class=cloze>pain killers</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Endorphins.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>Epinephrine &amp;&nbsp;Norepinephrine maintain&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and mediate the <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>Epinephrine &amp;&nbsp;Norepinephrine maintain&nbsp;<span class=cloze>wakefulness</span>&nbsp;and mediate the <span class=cloze>fight / flight responses</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Epinephrine.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>γ-aminobutyric&nbsp;Acid (<u>GABA</u>) is an <span class=cloze>[excitatory or inhibiting]</span>&nbsp;neurotransmitter</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>γ-aminobutyric&nbsp;Acid (<u>GABA</u>) is an <span class=cloze>inhibiting</span>&nbsp;neurotransmitter</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Glycine</u> serves a similar function<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gaba and Glutamate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <i>Glutamate</i> is an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[excitatory or inhibiting]</span>&nbsp;neurotransmitter </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <i>Glutamate</i> is an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>excitatory</span>&nbsp;neurotransmitter <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gaba and Glutamate.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>Serotonin</span> modulates mood, sleep, eating, and dreaming <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Serotonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a <i>stress hormone</i>&nbsp;released by the&nbsp;<b>adrenal cortex</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <span class=cloze>Cortisol</span> is a <i>stress hormone</i>&nbsp;released by the&nbsp;<b>adrenal cortex</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cortisol.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div><i>Testosterone</i> and <u>estrogen</u> are hormones that&nbsp;mediate <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;among other functions</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div><i>Testosterone</i> and <u>estrogen</u> are hormones that&nbsp;mediate <span class=cloze>libido</span>&nbsp;among other functions</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Testosterone is also associated with <i>aggressive&nbsp;behavior</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Testosterone.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Estrogen.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link - Estrogen</a>&nbsp;<div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/testosterone"">Khan Academy Link - Testosterone</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[division of brain]</span>&nbsp;includes the <u>cerebellum</u>, the <u>medulla oblongata</u>, and the <u>reticular formation</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>hindbrain</span>&nbsp;includes the <u>cerebellum</u>, the <u>medulla oblongata</u>, and the <u>reticular formation</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brain Organization (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[division of brain]</span> includes the <b>colliculi</b>, the&nbsp;<b>tegmentum</b>, and the&nbsp;<b>cerebral peduncles</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>midbrain</span> includes the <b>colliculi</b>, the&nbsp;<b>tegmentum</b>, and the&nbsp;<b>cerebral peduncles</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brain Organization (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[division of brain]</span> includes the <i>thalamus</i>, the <i>hypothalamus</i>, the <i>basal ganglia</i>, the <i>limbic&nbsp;system</i>, and the <i>cerebral cortex</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>forebrain</span> includes the <i>thalamus</i>, the <i>hypothalamus</i>, the <i>basal ganglia</i>, the <i>limbic&nbsp;system</i>, and the <i>cerebral cortex</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brain Organization (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain area]</span> is the <i>relay station</i>&nbsp;for sensory information </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>thalamus</span> is the <i>relay station</i>&nbsp;for sensory information <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Part of the&nbsp;<i>forebrain</i></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/subcortical-cerebrum"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain area]</span> regulates <i>homeostasis</i> and is in charge of the <i>4 F's</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>hypothalamus</span> regulates <i>homeostasis</i> and is in charge of the <i>4 F's</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Integrates with the&nbsp;<u>endocrine system</u></div><div><br></div><div>Part of the&nbsp;<i>forebrain</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain area]</span> controls <u>smooths movements</u>&nbsp;and helps <u>postural stability</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>basal ganglia</span> controls <u>smooths movements</u>&nbsp;and helps <u>postural stability</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Part of the<i>&nbsp;forebrain</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Basal Ganglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-diseases/parkinsons-disease/v/the-basal-ganglia-concepts-of-the-indirect-pathway"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain area]</span> deals with&nbsp;<b>emotions</b>,&nbsp;<b>memories</b>,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>arousal</b>&nbsp;(or stimulation) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>limbic system</span> deals with&nbsp;<b>emotions</b>,&nbsp;<b>memories</b>,&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>arousal</b>&nbsp;(or stimulation) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Part of the&nbsp;<i>forebrain</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Limbic System (1).png""></font></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/emotions-limbic-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[limbic system structure]</span> is in charge of <i>fear</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>aggression</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>amygdala</span> is in charge of <i>fear</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>aggression</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Limbic System (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/emotions-limbic-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[limbic system structure]</span> regulates&nbsp;<b>emotions</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>hippocampus</span> regulates&nbsp;<b>emotions</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Limbic System (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/emotion-lesson/v/emotions-limbic-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[brain structure]</span> is the <u>outer layer</u> of neural tissue of the&nbsp;<u>cerebrum</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>cerebral cortex</span> is the <u>outer layer</u> of neural tissue of the&nbsp;<u>cerebrum</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Four lobes:</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Frontal</u></div><div><u>Parietal</u></div><div><u>Temporal</u></div><div><u>Occipital</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[... lobe]</span> is associated with <i>touch</i>, <i>pressure</i>, <i>temp</i>, <i>pain</i>, and&nbsp;<i>spatial processing</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>parietal lobe</span> is associated with <i>touch</i>, <i>pressure</i>, <i>temp</i>, <i>pain</i>, and&nbsp;<i>spatial processing</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[... lobe]</span> is associated with <u>executive function</u>, <u>impulse control</u>, <u>speech</u>, and <u>motor</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>frontal lobe</span> is associated with <u>executive function</u>, <u>impulse control</u>, <u>speech</u>, and <u>motor</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div><i></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[... lobe]</span> is associated with <b>vision</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>occipital lobe</span> is associated with <b>vision</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div><i></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[... lobe]</span> is associated with <i>sound</i>, <i>speech</i> <i>perception</i>, <i>memory</i>, and <i>emotion</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>temporal lobe</span> is associated with <i>sound</i>, <i>speech</i> <i>perception</i>, <i>memory</i>, and <i>emotion</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[left or right]</span> cerebral hemisphere is associated with <u>analytic</u> <u>thinking</u>,&nbsp;<u>language</u>,&nbsp;<u>logic</u>, and <u>math</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>left</span> cerebral hemisphere is associated with <u>analytic</u> <u>thinking</u>,&nbsp;<u>language</u>,&nbsp;<u>logic</u>, and <u>math</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cerebral Hemispheres.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHqDf8wfABM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>[left or right]</span> cerebral hemisphere is associated with <b>intuition</b>,&nbsp;<b>creativity</b>, and&nbsp;<b>spatial processing</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior::Brain</div> The <span class=cloze>right</span> cerebral hemisphere is associated with <b>intuition</b>,&nbsp;<b>creativity</b>, and&nbsp;<b>spatial processing</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cerebral Hemispheres.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHqDf8wfABM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>The rooting, moro, babinski, and grasping reflexes are examples of <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> <div>The rooting, moro, babinski, and grasping reflexes are examples of <span class=cloze>primitive reflexes</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>They exist in <i>infants</i> and should disappear with age<br><br><img src=""Primitive Reflexes.jpg""><br> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>[... reflex]</span> is when an infant turns his or her head&nbsp;<b>toward a stimulus</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>rooting reflex</span> is when an infant turns his or her head&nbsp;<b>toward a stimulus</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rooting Reflex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>[... reflex]</span> is when an infant <u>extends his or her arms</u> in response to a&nbsp;<u>falling sensation</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>moro reflex</span> is when an infant <u>extends his or her arms</u> in response to a&nbsp;<u>falling sensation</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Moro Reflex.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>[... reflex]</span> is when an infant's <i>big toe&nbsp;is extended</i> and other&nbsp;toes fan&nbsp;out&nbsp;in response to <i>brushing on sole</i> of foot </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>babinski reflex</span> is when an infant's <i>big toe&nbsp;is extended</i> and other&nbsp;toes fan&nbsp;out&nbsp;in response to <i>brushing on sole</i> of foot <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Babinski.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>[... reflex]</span> is when an infant <b>grabs anything&nbsp;put into hands</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Biology_and_Behavior</div> The <span class=cloze>grasping reflex</span> is when an infant <b>grabs anything&nbsp;put into hands</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Grasping Reflex.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/human-development/v/neonatal-reflexes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are sensory nerves that <b>respond to stimuli</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>Sensory receptors</span> are sensory nerves that <b>respond to stimuli</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sensory Receptors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/somatosensation-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are enlargements along peripheral nerves that <u>transmit signals to the CNS</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>Sensory ganglia</span> are enlargements along peripheral nerves that <u>transmit signals to the CNS</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sensory Ganglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/peripheral-somatosensation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <i>Projection areas</i> are areas in the <u>four lobes</u> (frontal,&nbsp;parietal,&nbsp;temporal,&nbsp;occipital) of the brain where <span class=cloze>[...]</span> occurs </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <i>Projection areas</i> are areas in the <u>four lobes</u> (frontal,&nbsp;parietal,&nbsp;temporal,&nbsp;occipital) of the brain where <span class=cloze>sensory processing</span> occurs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Projection Areas.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/overview-of-the-functions-of-the-cerebral-cortex"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the minimum stimulus energy that will <i>activate a&nbsp;sensory system</i><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> The <span class=cloze>absolute threshold</span> is the minimum stimulus energy that will <i>activate a&nbsp;sensory system</i><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Absolute Threshold.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zre37gR0pg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>minimum stimulus energy</u> that will create a&nbsp;signal large enough in size and long enough in&nbsp;duration to be&nbsp;<i>brought into awareness</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>threshold of conscious perception</span> is the <u>minimum stimulus energy</u> that will create a&nbsp;signal large enough in size and long enough in&nbsp;duration to be&nbsp;<i>brought into awareness</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>minimum difference in magnitude</i> between two&nbsp;stimuli before one can&nbsp;<b>perceive</b> the difference </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> The <span class=cloze>difference threshold</span> is the <i>minimum difference in magnitude</i> between two&nbsp;stimuli before one can&nbsp;<b>perceive</b> the difference <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Difference Threshold.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/webers-law-and-thresholds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <i>Weber’s law</i> states that the <b>just noticeable difference</b> for a stimulus is&nbsp;proportional to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of the stimulus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <i>Weber’s law</i> states that the <b>just noticeable difference</b> for a stimulus is&nbsp;proportional to the <span class=cloze>magnitude</span> of the stimulus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Webers Law.gif"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/webers-law-and-thresholds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... theory]</span> refers to the effects of <b>nonsensory factors</b>, such&nbsp;as experiences, motives, and expectations on&nbsp;<u>perception of stimuli</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div><span class=cloze>Signal detection theory</span> refers to the effects of <b>nonsensory factors</b>, such&nbsp;as experiences, motives, and expectations on&nbsp;<u>perception of stimuli</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Accounts for the <i>response bias</i><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""Signal Detection Theory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/signal-detection-theory-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;can increase or decrease our <b>receptors sensitivity</b> to the stimulus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>Sensory&nbsp;adaptation</span>&nbsp;can increase or decrease our <b>receptors sensitivity</b> to the stimulus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Amplification</i> = an increase in sensitivity</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sensory Adaptation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/sensory-adapting"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Energy::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The equation related to&nbsp;<b><i>Hooke's law</i> </b>is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations::Physics MileDown::Physics::Energy::Equations MileDown::Physics::Equations</div> The equation related to&nbsp;<b><i>Hooke's law</i> </b>is:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Hooke's Law.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Force applied to the spring = &nbsp;- (spring constant) x (displacement of the spring)<br></div><div><br></div><div>Note: &nbsp;The negative sign means that the force exerted by the spring opposes the spring's displacement</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hooke's LAw 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hooke's Law 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-work-and-energy/spring-potential-energy-and-hookes-law-ap/v/intro-to-springs-and-hooke-s-law"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>[eye structure]</span> <u>gathers and filters</u> incoming light </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>cornea</span> <u>gathers and filters</u> incoming light <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The eye's <b>outermost</b> layer<div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Cornea.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>[eye structure]</span> <b>controls the size of the pupil</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>iris</span> <b>controls the size of the pupil</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is the <i>colored part</i> of eye</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Iris.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>[eye structure]</span> <i>refracts incoming light</i> to focus it on the retina </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>lens</span> <i>refracts incoming light</i> to focus it on the retina <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>clear, watery fluid</u> that fills the space <b>between the cornea and lens</b> of the eye. It provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eyeball</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <div><span class=cloze>Aqueous humor</span> is the <u>clear, watery fluid</u> that fills the space <b>between the cornea and lens</b> of the eye. It provides pressure to maintain the shape of the eyeball</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Produced by the ciliary body<br></div><div><br></div><div>Drains through the <i>canal of Schlemm</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aqueous Humor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>[eye structure]</span> is the&nbsp;<b>sensory membrane</b>&nbsp;that lines the <i>back</i> of the eye </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> The <span class=cloze>retina</span> is the&nbsp;<b>sensory membrane</b>&nbsp;that lines the <i>back</i> of the eye <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contains <u>rods</u> and <u>cones</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Lens.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/vision-structure-of-the-eye"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <i>Rods</i> are photoreceptors in the retina that detect&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <i>Rods</i> are photoreceptors in the retina that detect&nbsp;<span class=cloze>light&nbsp;/&nbsp;dark</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contain <b>rhodopsin</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Rods and Cones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/photoreceptors-rods-cones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <u>Cones</u> are photoreceptors in the retina that detect <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <u>Cones</u> are photoreceptors in the retina that detect <span class=cloze>color</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rods and Cones.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/photoreceptors-rods-cones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> provides a <i>binocular cue</i> that facilitates&nbsp;<b>depth perception</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <span class=cloze>Retinal disparity</span> provides a <i>binocular cue</i> that facilitates&nbsp;<b>depth perception</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In the example below, the hand remains stationary, but the two eyes have a <i>slightly different view</i> due to the fact that there is <u>space between the eyes</u>. The brain uses this information to perceive <b>depth</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Retinal Disparity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/perceptual-organization"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <div><i>Horizontal</i> and <i>amacrine cells</i> integrate signals from ganglion cells and perform <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <div><i>Horizontal</i> and <i>amacrine cells</i> integrate signals from ganglion cells and perform <span class=cloze>edge-sharpening</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Horizontal and Amacrine.png""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> cells process&nbsp;<i>motion</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <span class=cloze>Magnocellular</span> cells process&nbsp;<i>motion</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gives us the ""<i>where</i>"" of an object<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Magnocellular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <u>Parvocellular</u> cells process&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <u>Parvocellular</u> cells process&nbsp;<span class=cloze>shape</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Gives us the ""<u>what</u>"" of an object</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Magnocellular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the idea that our eyes process color, form, and motion <i>at same time</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <span class=cloze>Parallel processing</span> is the idea that our eyes process color, form, and motion <i>at same time</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Parallel Processing.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sight-vision/v/feature-detection-and-parallel-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> Give the <u>visual pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> Give the <u>visual pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Eye</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>optic nerves</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>optic chiasm</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>optic tracts</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>visual radiations</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>visual cortex</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Visual Pathway 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETIp8kZPoBw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <div>The item missing from the <u>visual pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Eye&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic nerves&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic chiasm&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic tracts&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;visual radiations&nbsp;→&nbsp;visual cortex<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Visual</div> <div>The item missing from the <u>visual pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Eye&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic nerves&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic chiasm&nbsp;→&nbsp;optic tracts&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=cloze>lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;visual radiations&nbsp;→&nbsp;visual cortex<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Visual Pathway 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETIp8kZPoBw"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The three main <b>divisions of the ear</b> are <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The three main <b>divisions of the ear</b> are <span class=cloze>outer</span>, <span class=cloze>middle</span>, and <span class=cloze>inner</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> ear includes the <u>pinna</u>&nbsp;(auricle), <u>external auditory canal</u>, and the <u>tympanic&nbsp;membrane</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>outer</span> ear includes the <u>pinna</u>&nbsp;(auricle), <u>external auditory canal</u>, and the <u>tympanic&nbsp;membrane</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Collects sound and transmits to eardrum</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> ear includes the <b>malleus</b>, the <i>incus</i>, and the <u>stapes</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>middle</span> ear includes the <b>malleus</b>, the <i>incus</i>, and the <u>stapes</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Malleus</b>: <b>Hammer</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i>Incus</i>: <i>Anvil</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>Stapes</u>: <u>Stirrup</u>. Footplate of stapes rests in the oval&nbsp;window of cochlea</div></div><div><br></div><div>Ossicles Acronym: <i>MIS</i> and <i>HAS</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<b>malleus</b>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<b>ossicles</b>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<b>malleus</b>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<b>ossicles</b>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>hammer</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<i>incus</i>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<i>ossicles</i>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<i>incus</i>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<i>ossicles</i>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>anvil</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<u>stapes</u>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<u>ossicles</u>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<u>stapes</u>&nbsp;is one of three&nbsp;<u>ossicles</u>&nbsp;in the middle ear and is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>stirrup</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> ear includes the <u style="""">cochlea</u>, the <b>vestibular system</b>, and the <i>semicircular canals</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>inner</span> ear includes the <u style="""">cochlea</u>, the <b>vestibular system</b>, and the <i>semicircular canals</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u style="""">Cochlea</u>: <u>Hearing</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><b style="""">Vestibular System</b>: <b style="""">Balance</b></div><div><br></div><div><i>Semicircular Canals</i>: <i>Balance</i>&nbsp;(part of the vestibular system)</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>[ear structure]</span> acts as a kind of&nbsp;<b>funnel</b>&nbsp;which assists in <b>directing the sound </b>further into the ear </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>pinna (auricle)</span> acts as a kind of&nbsp;<b>funnel</b>&nbsp;which assists in <b>directing the sound </b>further into the ear <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <span class=cloze>[Ear structure]</span> transmits sound <u>from the pinna to the eardrum</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <span class=cloze>External auditory canal</span> transmits sound <u>from the pinna to the eardrum</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>""Ear canal""<div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <span class=cloze>[Ear structure]</span> is a thin flap of skin that is stretched tight like a drum and&nbsp;<i>vibrates&nbsp;when sound hits it</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <span class=cloze>Tympanic&nbsp;membrane</span> is a thin flap of skin that is stretched tight like a drum and&nbsp;<i>vibrates&nbsp;when sound hits it</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>""Eardrum""</div><div><br></div><div>Separates the <b>outer</b> <b>ear</b> from the <b>middle</b> <b>ear</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Outer Ear.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <u>cochlea</u>&nbsp;translates sound into&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;to be sent to the brain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <u>cochlea</u>&nbsp;translates sound into&nbsp;<span class=cloze>nerve impulses</span>&nbsp;to be sent to the brain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ear Diagram Enhanced.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-structure-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[ear structure]</span>&nbsp;is a sensory&nbsp;system<b>&nbsp;</b>responsible for providing our brain with information about <b>motion</b>, <b>head position</b>, and <b>spatial orientation</b>; it also is involved with motor functions that allow us to keep our <i>balance</i><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The&nbsp;<span class=cloze>vestibular system</span>&nbsp;is a sensory&nbsp;system<b>&nbsp;</b>responsible for providing our brain with information about <b>motion</b>, <b>head position</b>, and <b>spatial orientation</b>; it also is involved with motor functions that allow us to keep our <i>balance</i><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The vestibular system includes the <i>semicircular canals</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Semicricular Canals.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ie2j7GpC4JU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <i>Semicircular canals</i> are responsible for&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <i>Semicircular canals</i> are responsible for&nbsp;<span class=cloze>balance</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When your head moves around, the <u>endolymph</u> (liquid) inside the semicircular canals sloshes around and <b>moves the tiny hairs</b> that line each canal<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semicricular Canals.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semicricular Canals 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/sensory-perception/v/the-vestibular-system-balance-and-dizziness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The<b> superior olive</b> is located in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and its function is to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The<b> superior olive</b> is located in the <span class=cloze>brain stem</span> and its function is to <span class=cloze>localize sound</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brainstem.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yza-hpIubxQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>[ear structure]</span> is responsible for the <i>startle reflex</i> and&nbsp;<u>vestibulo-ocular reflex</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>inferior colliculus</span> is responsible for the <i>startle reflex</i> and&nbsp;<u>vestibulo-ocular reflex</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brainstem.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yza-hpIubxQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>[... reflex]</span> keeps the&nbsp;eyes fixed on a single point as the&nbsp;head rotates </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> The <span class=cloze>vestibulo-ocular reflex</span> keeps the&nbsp;eyes fixed on a single point as the&nbsp;head rotates <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Vestibulo-ocular reflex (1).png""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> Give the <b>auditory pathway</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> Give the <b>auditory pathway</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Cochlea</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>vestibulocochlear nerve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>medial geniculate nucleus</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>auditory cortex</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-processing-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <div>Identify the item missing from the <b>auditory pathway</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Cochlea&nbsp;→&nbsp;vestibulocochlear nerve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;auditory cortex<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Auditory</div> <div>Identify the item missing from the <b>auditory pathway</b>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Cochlea&nbsp;→&nbsp;vestibulocochlear nerve&nbsp;→&nbsp;<span class=cloze>medial geniculate nucleus</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;auditory cortex<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sound-audition-topic/v/auditory-processing-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Smell</div> <u>Smell</u> is the detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> chemoreceptors </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Smell</div> <u>Smell</u> is the detection of volatile or aerosolized chemicals by the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>olfactory</span> chemoreceptors <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Smell info <i>bypasses</i> <i>the thalamus</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Smell.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/taste-gustation-and-smell-olfaction-topic/v/olfaction-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Smell</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <b>chemicals given off by animals</b> that have an effect on&nbsp;<u>social foraging</u>, and <u>sexual behavior</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Smell</div> <span class=cloze>Pheromones</span> are <b>chemicals given off by animals</b> that have an effect on&nbsp;<u>social foraging</u>, and <u>sexual behavior</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pheremones.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/taste-gustation-and-smell-olfaction-topic/v/pheromones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Taste</div> The <b>five categories of taste</b> are:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Taste</div> The <b>five categories of taste</b> are:<div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>Sweet</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Sour</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Salty</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Bitter</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Umamai</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Taste is the detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in&nbsp;<i>papillae</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Taste.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/taste-gustation-and-smell-olfaction-topic/v/gustation-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the four touch modalities: <i>pressure</i>,&nbsp;<i>vibration</i>,&nbsp;<i>pain</i>, and&nbsp;<i>temperature</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain</div> <span class=cloze>Somatosensation</span> refers to the four touch modalities: <i>pressure</i>,&nbsp;<i>vibration</i>,&nbsp;<i>pain</i>, and&nbsp;<i>temperature</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Somatosensation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/somatosensation-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>minimum distance&nbsp;necessary between two points</b> of&nbsp;stimulation on the skin such that the points will be<i> felt&nbsp;as&nbsp;two distinct stimuli</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> The <span class=cloze>two-point threshold</span> is the <b>minimum distance&nbsp;necessary between two points</b> of&nbsp;stimulation on the skin such that the points will be<i> felt&nbsp;as&nbsp;two distinct stimuli</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Two Point Sensation.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/sensory-perception/v/absolute-threshold-of-sensation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a temperature that is felt by the skin as&nbsp;<i>neither warm nor cold</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>Physiological zero</span> is a temperature that is felt by the skin as&nbsp;<i>neither warm nor cold</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Under ordinary conditions usually falls at about 85° to 90°F</div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain</div> <i>Nociceptors</i>&nbsp;sense <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain</div> <i>Nociceptors</i>&nbsp;sense <span class=cloze>pain</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>There is a <u>lower</u>&nbsp;<u>just noticeable difference</u> for pain</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nociceptor.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/integumentary-system-introduction/v/pain-and-temperature-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain</div> The <span class=cloze>[... theory]</span> of pain&nbsp;asserts that <i>non-painful input closes</i> <i>the nerve ""gates""</i> to painful input, which <b>prevents pain sensation</b> from traveling to the central nervous system </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Pain</div> The <span class=cloze>gate control theory</span> of pain&nbsp;asserts that <i>non-painful input closes</i> <i>the nerve ""gates""</i> to painful input, which <b>prevents pain sensation</b> from traveling to the central nervous system <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gate Control Theory of Pain.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gate Control Theory of Pain 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-fUfIFduxI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the sense that tells you information about your<b>&nbsp;body's position</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>Proprioception</span> is the sense that tells you information about your<b>&nbsp;body's position</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Proprioception = your body's position<div><br></div><div>Kinaesthesia = your body's movements</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Proprioception.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/somatosensation-topic/v/proprioception-kinesthesia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div><i>Top-down processing</i> is the recognition of an object by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div><i>Top-down processing</i> is the recognition of an object by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>memories&nbsp;and&nbsp;expectations</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Little attention to detail</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Uses</u> <u>background knowledge</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bottom-Up Processing.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/bottom-up-versus-top-down-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div>Using<b>&nbsp;bottom-up processing</b>, one will process <span class=cloze>[...]</span> first, then the <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception</div> <div>Using<b>&nbsp;bottom-up processing</b>, one will process <span class=cloze>details</span> first, then the <span class=cloze>whole object</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Recognition of objects by <u>feature&nbsp;detection</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i>Not influenced</i> by background knowledge</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Bottom-Up Processing.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/bottom-up-versus-top-down-processing"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are principles of how our mind <i>groups things</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> <div><span class=cloze>Gestalt principles</span> are principles of how our mind <i>groups things</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Proximity<br></b></div><div><div><b>Similarity</b></div><div><b>Continuity</b></div><div><b>Subjective contours</b></div><div><b>Closure</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gestalt Principles.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, objects that are placed <u>close</u> together are <u>perceived as being more related</u> than those spaced farther apart </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>proximity</span>, objects that are placed <u>close</u> together are <u>perceived as being more related</u> than those spaced farther apart <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In the below example, your mind sees&nbsp;set <i>(a)</i> as <i>one group</i> and set <b>(b)</b> as <b>three distinct columns</b> or groups<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Proximity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, we tend to perceive things that <b>physically resemble</b> one another as <b>part of the same object</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>similarity</span>, we tend to perceive things that <b>physically resemble</b> one another as <b>part of the same object</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Similarity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, when a shape is not complete, but enough of the shape is shown, <i>our minds will fill in the blanks</i> and construct the whole of the shape </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>continuity</span>, when a shape is not complete, but enough of the shape is shown, <i>our minds will fill in the blanks</i> and construct the whole of the shape <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In the below example, the eye <b>tends to want to follow the straight line</b> from one end of this figure to the other, and the <u>curved line from the top to the bottom</u>, even when the lines change color midway through<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Continuity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, we <b>tend to see complete figures</b> even when part of the information is missing </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> According to the gestalt principle of <span class=cloze>closure</span>, we <b>tend to see complete figures</b> even when part of the information is missing <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Closure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> states that people will perceive and interpret ambiguous or complex images as the&nbsp;<u>simplest form(s) possible</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Sensation_and_Perception::Gestalt_Principles</div> <span class=cloze>Law of Prägnanz</span> states that people will perceive and interpret ambiguous or complex images as the&nbsp;<u>simplest form(s) possible</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The&nbsp;Law of Prägnanz <i>governs all the Gestalt Principles</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Law of Pragnanz.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/sensory-perception-topic/v/gestalt-principles"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are substances that <u>flow and conform </u>to the shape of their&nbsp;containers </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>Fluids</span> are substances that <u>flow and conform </u>to the shape of their&nbsp;containers <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This includes liquids and gases<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>maintain their shape</i> regardless of their&nbsp;container </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>Solids</span> <i>maintain their shape</i> regardless of their&nbsp;container <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Do not flow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Solid.png""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for <i>density</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for <i>density</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Density 2.jpg""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SimFy9wOMXY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for <u>pressure</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> Give the equation for <u>pressure</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pressure Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Pressure = force / area</div><div><br></div><div>Pressure is exerted by a fluid on the&nbsp;walls of its container and on objects placed in the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fluid Pressure on Object.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> Pressure is <span class=cloze>[equal or varying]</span> in every direction in a fluid at a given depth </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> Pressure is <span class=cloze>equal</span> in every direction in a fluid at a given depth <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>If it were not equal, the fluid would flow<br></div><div><br></div><img src=""Fluid Pressure.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>sum of all pressures</i> at&nbsp;a certain point&nbsp;within a fluid</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><span class=cloze>Absolute pressure</span> is the <i>sum of all pressures</i> at&nbsp;a certain point&nbsp;within a fluid</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Absolute pressure = (pressure at the surface of the fluid) + (pressure&nbsp;due to the fluid's weight)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""P Total.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absolute Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> In water, every additional <u>10 meters of depth</u> adds approximately <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to P_total </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> In water, every additional <u>10 meters of depth</u> adds approximately <span class=cloze>1 atm</span> to P_total <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Water Pressure Every 10 m.png""><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><b>Gauge pressure</b> is <span class=cloze>[... pressure]</span>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... pressure]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><b>Gauge pressure</b> is <span class=cloze>absolute pressure</span>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<span class=cloze>atmospheric pressure</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Its the reading that a pressure gauge would show when used to test the pressure of something</div><div><br></div><div>It is zero referenced against atmospheric pressure so if the gauge reads ""0 atm"" that means there is no pressure other than the existing atmospheric pressure&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Guage Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Absolute Pressure.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/a/pressure-article"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><i>Pascal’s principle</i> states that pressure applied to a fluid will be&nbsp;distributed <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;throughout the&nbsp;<u>entire volume&nbsp;of the fluid</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><i>Pascal’s principle</i> states that pressure applied to a fluid will be&nbsp;distributed <span class=cloze>undiminished</span>&nbsp;throughout the&nbsp;<u>entire volume&nbsp;of the fluid</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A pressure change at any point in a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that <b>the same change occurs everywhere</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pascal's Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pascal's Law Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><b>Hydraulic machines</b> operate based on the application of&nbsp;Pascal’s principle&nbsp;to&nbsp;generate&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><b>Hydraulic machines</b> operate based on the application of&nbsp;Pascal’s principle&nbsp;to&nbsp;generate&nbsp;<span class=cloze>mechanical advantage</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hydraulic Machines.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/fluids-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><u>Archimedes’ principle</u> states that when an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid generates a&nbsp;<b>buoyant force </b>against the object that is equal to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><u>Archimedes’ principle</u> states that when an object is placed in a fluid, the fluid generates a&nbsp;<b>buoyant force </b>against the object that is equal to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>weight of the fluid displaced by the object</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>If F_B&nbsp;&gt; m_object, then the object floats</div><div>If F_B&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;m_object, then the object sinks</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Archimedes Principle.gif"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Buoyant Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/buoyant-force-and-archimedes-principle/v/fluids-part-5"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <u>Specific gravity</u> is the ratio of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <u>Specific gravity</u> is the ratio of <span class=cloze>an object's density</span> to <span class=cloze>water's density</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Specific Gravity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Specific Gravity 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/density-and-pressure/v/specific-gravity"">Khan Academy</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><u>Cohesion</u>&nbsp;refers to the clinging of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[like or unlike]</span> molecules</div><div><br></div><div><br><i>Adhesion</i>&nbsp;refers to the clinging of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[like or unlike]</span> molecules<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><u>Cohesion</u>&nbsp;refers to the clinging of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>like</span> molecules</div><div><br></div><div><br><i>Adhesion</i>&nbsp;refers to the clinging of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>unlike</span> molecules<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Capillary action occurs when the adhesive forces to the wall are <b>stronger</b> than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules<br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Cohesion Adhesion.jpeg""></font></div> <div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/a/cohesion-and-adhesion-in-water"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <b>Capillary action</b> occurs when the <span class=cloze>[... forces]</span> to the wall are stronger than the <span class=cloze>[... forces]</span> between the liquid molecules </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <b>Capillary action</b> occurs when the <span class=cloze>adhesive forces</span> to the wall are stronger than the <span class=cloze>cohesive forces</span> between the liquid molecules <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The wall of the container just above the water surface attracts water molecules upwards through the force of adhesion<br></div><div><br></div><div>In capillary action, <i>adhesion</i> &gt; <u>cohesion</u></div><div><br></div><img src=""Capillary Action.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/v/capillary-action-and-why-we-see-a-meniscus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <u>Surface tension</u> is created by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... forces]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <u>Surface tension</u> is created by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>cohesive&nbsp;forces</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Surface Tension.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Surface Tension 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/cohesion-and-adhesion/v/surface-tension"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a measure of a fluid’s&nbsp;<i>internal friction</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>Viscosity</span> is a measure of a fluid’s&nbsp;<i>internal friction</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Viscosity.png"" style=""color: rgb(62, 127, 14);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/viscosity-and-poiseuille-flow"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>[... flow]</span> is smooth and orderly </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>Laminar flow</span> is smooth and orderly <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Laminar Flow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>[... flow]</span> is rough and disorderly </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <span class=cloze>Turbulent flow</span> is rough and disorderly <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Laminar Flow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <i>Poiseuille’s law</i> determines the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of laminar flow </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <i>Poiseuille’s law</i> determines the <span class=cloze>rate</span> of laminar flow <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The relationship between radius and pressure gradient is&nbsp;inverse exponential to the fourth power</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Poiseuille’s Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Q = flow rate</div><div>P = pressure</div><div>r = radius</div><div>η&nbsp;= fluid viscosity</div><div>L = length of tubing</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/viscosity-and-poiseuille-flow"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <b>Volumetric flow rate</b> is the volume of fluid which passes per <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <b>Volumetric flow rate</b> is the volume of fluid which passes per <span class=cloze>unit time</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Flow rate = volume / time</div><div><br></div><div>Or, flow rate = (velocity) x (cross sectional area)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Flow Rate 2.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Flow Rate.png""><div><br></div><div>A = cross sectional area</div><div>v = velocity</div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/a/what-is-volume-flow-rate"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div>How will the size of a pipe or passage affect <b>fluid flow rate</b>?</div><div><br></div><div><i>Narrow passages:&nbsp;</i><span class=cloze>[fast or slow]</span></div><div><br></div><div><u>Wider ones:</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[fast or slow]</span>&nbsp;</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div>How will the size of a pipe or passage affect <b>fluid flow rate</b>?</div><div><br></div><div><i>Narrow passages:&nbsp;</i><span class=cloze>fast</span></div><div><br></div><div><u>Wider ones:</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>slow</span>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Continuity&nbsp;Equation&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Continuity Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Continuity Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-7"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div>Give Bernoulli’s equation:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::All_MCAT_Equations MileDown::Physics::Fluids::Equations</div> <div>Give Bernoulli’s equation:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Bernoulli’s Equation.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <u>sum of all forms of energy</u> in a fluid flowing along an enclosed path is the <i>same</i> at any two points in the path</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bernoulli’s Equation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/fluids-part-8"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> According to the <b>venturi effect</b>, the&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;of a fluid passing through a <i>constricted area</i> will&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span>&nbsp;and its&nbsp;static pressure&nbsp;will&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> According to the <b>venturi effect</b>, the&nbsp;velocity&nbsp;of a fluid passing through a <i>constricted area</i> will&nbsp;<span class=cloze>increase</span>&nbsp;and its&nbsp;static pressure&nbsp;will&nbsp;<span class=cloze>decrease</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Venturi Effect.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/venturi-effect-and-pitot-tubes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><img src=""Venturi Tube (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <b>Venturi tube</b> demonstrates that as cross-sectional area <u>decreases</u> from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed must <span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> <div><img src=""Venturi Tube (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>The <b>Venturi tube</b> demonstrates that as cross-sectional area <u>decreases</u> from point 1 to point 2, the linear speed must <span class=cloze>increase</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The average height of the horizontal tube remains constant, so pgh remains constant at points 1 and 2<br></div><div><br></div><div>As the dynamic pressure increases, the absolute pressure must decrease at point 2, causing the column of fluid sticking up from the Venturi tube be to be lower at point 2</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyk_HloXz-E"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> In our circulatory system, or any closed fluid system, as total <i>cross-sectional area increases</i>, velocity <span class=cloze>[increases or decreases]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> In our circulatory system, or any closed fluid system, as total <i>cross-sectional area increases</i>, velocity <span class=cloze>decreases</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Circulatory System.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJ3-Zm1wbIQ"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>unit of charge</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> The <span class=cloze>coulomb</span> is the <i>unit of charge</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The amount of charge in one ampere-second<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Coulomb.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-electricity/in-in-electric-current-circuit/v/unit-of-charge-coulombs"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div><i>Protons</i>&nbsp;have a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[+ or -]</span>&nbsp;charge</div><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Electrons</u>&nbsp;have a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[+ or -]</span> charge</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div><i>Protons</i>&nbsp;have a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>positive</span>&nbsp;charge</div><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Electrons</u>&nbsp;have a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>negative</span> charge</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Both protons and electrons possess the fundamental&nbsp;unit of charge (e = 1.60 × 10^-19 C)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Protons and Neutrons.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/elements-and-atoms/v/introduction-to-the-atom"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div><b>Opposite</b> <b>charges</b>&nbsp;<b>exert</b>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;forces</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp;<u>Like charges</u>&nbsp;<u>exert</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;forces</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div><b>Opposite</b> <b>charges</b>&nbsp;<b>exert</b>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>attractive</span>&nbsp;forces</div><div><br></div><div>&nbsp;<u>Like charges</u>&nbsp;<u>exert</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>repulsive</span>&nbsp;forces</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Attraction and Repulsion 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zHJkJGBdvwE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a type of material that&nbsp;<b>allows</b> the flow of charge </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>Conductors</span> are a type of material that&nbsp;<b>allows</b> the flow of charge <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conductor and Insulator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/conservation-of-charge-ap/v/conductors-and-insulators"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a type of material that <i>resists</i> the movement of charge </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>Insulators</span> are a type of material that <i>resists</i> the movement of charge <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conductor and Insulator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/conservation-of-charge-ap/v/conductors-and-insulators"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <b>Coulomb’s law</b> gives the magnitude of the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;between two charges </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <b>Coulomb’s law</b> gives the magnitude of the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>electrostatic force&nbsp;vector</span>&nbsp;between two charges <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Coulomb's Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Coulomb's Law 2 (3).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/coulombs-law-and-electric-force-ap/v/coulombs-law"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> The <u>Coulomb's law proportionality constant</u> (in air) is k = <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> The <u>Coulomb's law proportionality constant</u> (in air) is k = <span class=cloze>9.0 x 10⁹&nbsp;N • m²&nbsp;/ C²</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The units on k are such that when placed into the Coulomb's Law equation the units on charge (Coulombs) and the units on distance (meters) will be canceled, <i>leaving a Newton as the unit of force</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Coulomb's Law.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/coulombs-law-and-electric-force-ap/v/coulombs-law"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> Every charge generates a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, which can <u>exert&nbsp;forces on other charges</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> Every charge generates a/an <span class=cloze>electric field</span>, which can <u>exert&nbsp;forces on other charges</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electric Field.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/electrostatics-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <i>Field lines </i>show the activity of a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[positive or negative]</span> test charge </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <i>Field lines </i>show the activity of a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>positive</span> test charge <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Used to represent the electric field vectors for a charge</u></div><div><br></div><div>Move away from a positive charge and move&nbsp;toward a negative charge (north to south)<br></div><div><br></div><div><b>The field is&nbsp;stronger where the field lines are closer together</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Field Lines.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-field/v/electrostatics-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> line is a line on which the&nbsp;<b>potential at every point is the same</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>equipotential</span> line is a line on which the&nbsp;<b>potential at every point is the same</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Equipotential lines are always<i> perpendicular </i>to electrical&nbsp;field lines<br></div><div><br></div><div>No work is done when a charge moves along an equipotential line<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Equipotential Lines (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XI4D4SgHTw"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a <u>separation of positive and negative charges</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> A/an <span class=cloze>electric dipole</span> is a <u>separation of positive and negative charges</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The simplest example of this is a pair of electric charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign, separated by some (usually small) distance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Dipole.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZxyjv8YF3k"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a measure of the&nbsp;<i>separation</i>&nbsp;of positive and negative electrical charges within a system</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <div>A/an <span class=cloze>dipole moment</span> is a measure of the&nbsp;<i>separation</i>&nbsp;of positive and negative electrical charges within a system</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is the product of charge (q) and separation distance (d)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dipole Moment Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dipole Moment Diagram.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/copy-of-dot-structures/v/dipole-moment"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>amount of work</b> required to bring a&nbsp;test&nbsp;charge&nbsp;from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source&nbsp;charge </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>Electrical potential energy</span> is the <b>amount of work</b> required to bring a&nbsp;test&nbsp;charge&nbsp;from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source&nbsp;charge <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Potential Energy Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <b>Electric potential energy</b> <span class=cloze>[increases or decreases]</span> when like charges move closer together or when opposite charges move apart </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <b>Electric potential energy</b> <span class=cloze>increases</span> when like charges move closer together or when opposite charges move apart <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <u>Electric potential energy</u> <span class=cloze>[increases or decreases]</span> when like charges move apart or when opposite charges move closer together </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <u>Electric potential energy</u> <span class=cloze>decreases</span> when like charges move apart or when opposite charges move closer together <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;<i>potential energy</i>&nbsp;of a unit charge in any electric field </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>Electrical potential</span> is the&nbsp;<i>potential energy</i>&nbsp;of a unit charge in any electric field <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Different points in the space of an electric field surrounding a source charge&nbsp;will have different electrical potential values<br></div><div><br></div><div>Note:&nbsp;<i>Electric potential is</i> <i>not the same</i> <i>as electric potential difference</i>. Electric potential difference, also called <b>voltage</b>, is the difference of electric potentials of two different points</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>potential&nbsp;difference</b> in charge&nbsp;between two points in an electrical field </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <span class=cloze>Voltage</span> is the <b>potential&nbsp;difference</b> in charge&nbsp;between two points in an electrical field <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The greater the voltage, the greater the flow of electrical current<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Voltage.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Volt Breakdown.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/voltage"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <i>Test charges</i> will move spontaneously in whichever direction&nbsp;results in a <span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span> in their electrical potential&nbsp;energy </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Electrostatics</div> <i>Test charges</i> will move spontaneously in whichever direction&nbsp;results in a <span class=cloze>decrease</span> in their electrical potential&nbsp;energy <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electrical Potential Energy.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/electric-charge-electric-force-and-voltage/electric-potential-voltage/v/electric-potential-energy"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a region around a <u>magnetic material</u> or a&nbsp;moving electric charge&nbsp;within which the <b>force of magnetism acts</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> A/an <span class=cloze>magnetic field</span> is a region around a <u>magnetic material</u> or a&nbsp;moving electric charge&nbsp;within which the <b>force of magnetism acts</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Unit is the tesla (T)<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Magnetic Field Sources (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/ap-magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... materials]</span> possess <b>no unpaired electrons</b> and are slightly&nbsp;<i>repelled</i> by a magnet</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><span class=cloze>Diamagnetic materials</span> possess <b>no unpaired electrons</b> and are slightly&nbsp;<i>repelled</i> by a magnet</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diamagnetic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... materials]</span> possess&nbsp;<u>some unpaired electrons</u> and become <b>weakly</b>&nbsp;<b>magnetic</b> in an external magnetic field</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><span class=cloze>Paramagnetic materials</span> possess&nbsp;<u>some unpaired electrons</u> and become <b>weakly</b>&nbsp;<b>magnetic</b> in an external magnetic field</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diamagnetic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/electronic-structure-of-atoms/electron-configurations-jay-sal/v/paramagnetism-and-diamagnetism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... materials]</span> possess <u>some unpaired electrons</u> and become&nbsp;<i>strongly&nbsp;magnetic</i> in an external magnetic field</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><span class=cloze>Ferromagnetic materials</span> possess <u>some unpaired electrons</u> and become&nbsp;<i>strongly&nbsp;magnetic</i> in an external magnetic field</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ferromagnetic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hK_Yi5nxuKQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><b>Current-carrying wires</b> create magnetic fields that are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> surrounding the wire</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <div><b>Current-carrying wires</b> create magnetic fields that are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>concentric circles</span> surrounding the wire</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Wire Magnetic Field.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnetic-field-current-carrying-wire/v/magnetism-6-magnetic-field-due-to-current"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> Give the equation for <i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> Give the equation for <i>magnetic force of a moving point charge</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnetic Force on Moving Charge.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Magnetic Force of a Moving Test Charge.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> Give the equation for <u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> Give the equation for <u>magnetic force of a current carrying wire</u>:<div><br><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnetic Force Wire Complete.png""></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Magnetic Force on Wire.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/magnetic-forces-and-magnetic-fields/magnets-magnetic/v/magnetism-5"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <span class=cloze>[... force]</span> is the sum of the <b>electrostatic and magnetic forces </b>acting on a body </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Magnetism</div> <span class=cloze>Lorentz force</span> is the sum of the <b>electrostatic and magnetic forces </b>acting on a body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lorentz Force.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFT7-_s0jh0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>flow of electric charge</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>Current</span> is the <b>flow of electric charge</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>By convention, current is&nbsp;defined as the movement of <i>positive charge</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>In&nbsp;reality, <u>only electrons actually move</u>&nbsp;in a circuit, but the notation goes opposite of these negative charges</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Current.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electric Current 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Note: The above diagram shows the direction of electric charge in regards to how it is notated. Remember, in reality, the <u>only things that move are electrons</u> and they move up to a higher voltage</div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/introduction-to-ee/intro-to-ee/v/ee-current"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the flow of current due to <u>movement of&nbsp;electrons</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>Metallic conduction</span> is the flow of current due to <u>movement of&nbsp;electrons</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conductivity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/resistivity-and-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>movement of free ions under electric field</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>Electrolytic conduction</span> is the <b>movement of free ions under electric field</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conductivity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/electrolytic-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>The <i>junction rule</i> states that the sum of the currents flowing into a junction is <span class=cloze>[greater than, less than, or equal to]</span> the sum of the currents flowing out of that junction</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>The <i>junction rule</i> states that the sum of the currents flowing into a junction is <span class=cloze>equal to</span> the sum of the currents flowing out of that junction</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Junction Rule Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Junction Rule.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/kirchhoffs-junction-rule/a/kirchhoffs-junction-rule-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> The <u>loop rule</u> states that the&nbsp;sum&nbsp;of all the&nbsp;electric potential differences&nbsp;(voltages) around a loop is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[#]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> The <u>loop rule</u> states that the&nbsp;sum&nbsp;of all the&nbsp;electric potential differences&nbsp;(voltages) around a loop is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>zero</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>The sum of voltage sources is&nbsp;always equal to the sum of voltage drops</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Loop Rule.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Loop Law Equation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/kirchhoffs-loop-rule-ap/v/ee-kirchhoffs-voltage-law"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>opposition</i> that a substance offers to the flow of electrons </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>Resistance</span> is the <i>opposition</i> that a substance offers to the flow of electrons <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Resistance.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/current-and-resistance/a/do-electrons-move-rapidly-through-direct-current-circuits"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are conductive materials with a moderate amount of <i>resistance</i>&nbsp;that slow down electrons without stopping them </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>Resistors</span> are conductive materials with a moderate amount of <i>resistance</i>&nbsp;that slow down electrons without stopping them <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Resistors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in a Circuit.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/current-and-resistance/a/do-electrons-move-rapidly-through-direct-current-circuits"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for <i>resistance</i> through a material:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for <i>resistance</i> through a material:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Resistance Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>p = resistivity<br></div><div>L = length of resistor</div><div>A = cross sectional area<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistance Through a Material.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/resistivity-and-conductivity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the Ohm’s law equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the Ohm’s law equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Ohms Law Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ohms Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/current-ap/v/circuits-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in&nbsp;<i>series</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in&nbsp;<i>series</i>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Resistors in Series Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Resistance is additive when in series. Sum together to create a large total resistance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>Give the equation for total resistance when the resistors are in&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Resistors in Parallel Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When in parallel, the total resistance will <i>always be less</i> than the value of the&nbsp;smallest resistor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Resistors in Series.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-resistance/v/circuits-part-3"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have the ability to <b>store and discharge</b> electrical potential&nbsp;energy </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <span class=cloze>Capacitors</span> have the ability to <b>store and discharge</b> electrical potential&nbsp;energy <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Capacitors.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for capacitance in terms of coulombs and volts:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for capacitance in terms of coulombs and volts:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Capacitance Equation.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-and-capacitance"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for <b>electric field strength in a capacitor</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Magnitude Electric Field Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Electric Field Between Plates.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSXKk_A3xUM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for potential energy of a capacitor:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for potential energy of a capacitor:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Potential Energy Capacitor Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Energy Stored in a Capacitor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/energy-capacitor"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>Give the equation for total&nbsp;capacitance when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<u style="""">series</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div>Give the equation for total&nbsp;capacitance when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<u style="""">series</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Capacitors in Series Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When capacitors are in series, the total capacitance will <u>always be less</u> than the value of the&nbsp;smallest capacitor<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-series"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for total&nbsp;capacitance when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<i>parallel</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> Give the equation for total&nbsp;capacitance when the capacitors are in&nbsp;<i>parallel</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Capacitors Parallel Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Capacitance is additive when in parallel. Sum together to create a large total capacitance of a circuit<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Capacitors Equations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/capacitors-parallel"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... materials]</span> are insulators placed between the plates of a capacitor that&nbsp;<i>increase capacitance</i> by a factor equal to the material’s&nbsp;dielectric constant,&nbsp;κ</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <div><span class=cloze>Dielectric materials</span> are insulators placed between the plates of a capacitor that&nbsp;<i>increase capacitance</i> by a factor equal to the material’s&nbsp;dielectric constant,&nbsp;κ</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Dielectric.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/circuits-topic/circuits-with-capacitors/v/dielectrics-capacitors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <i>Ammeters</i>&nbsp;are inserted in&nbsp;series in a circuit and measure <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <i>Ammeters</i>&nbsp;are inserted in&nbsp;series in a circuit and measure <span class=cloze>current</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They have&nbsp;negligible resistance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ammeter.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/dc-ammeters-and-voltmeters-ap/v/voltmeters-and-ammeters"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <b>Voltmeters</b> are inserted in&nbsp;parallel in a circuit to measure <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <b>Voltmeters</b> are inserted in&nbsp;parallel in a circuit to measure <span class=cloze>voltage</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>They have&nbsp;very large resistances</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Voltmeter.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-circuits-topic/dc-ammeters-and-voltmeters-ap/v/voltmeters-and-ammeters"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <u>Ohmmeters</u> are&nbsp;used to measure the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Circuits</div> <u>Ohmmeters</u> are&nbsp;used to measure the <span class=cloze>resistance</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Inserted around a resistive element;&nbsp;they are self-powered and have negligible resistance<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ohmmeter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3q81spAxEdU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> neurons <b>ascend&nbsp;</b>the spinal cord and carry sensory information to the brain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Afferent</span> neurons <b>ascend&nbsp;</b>the spinal cord and carry sensory information to the brain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Afferent and Efferent.png""><br></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> The <i>Reynolds number</i> is used to check whether the flow is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Fluids</div> The <i>Reynolds number</i> is used to check whether the flow is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>laminar</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span class=cloze>turbulent</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Laminar</u> flow occurs at <u>low</u> Reynolds numbers<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reynolds Number 3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>ρ&nbsp;= density of fluid</div><div>V = velocity</div><div>L = diameter of pipe</div><div>μ&nbsp;= dynamic viscosity of the fluid</div><div><br></div><div><i>Reynolds number is dimensionless</i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-dynamics/v/turbulence-at-high-velocities-and-reynolds-number"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;neurons&nbsp;<i>exit&nbsp;</i>the spinal cord and bring signals from the brain to the muscles and glands </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Efferent</span>&nbsp;neurons&nbsp;<i>exit&nbsp;</i>the spinal cord and bring signals from the brain to the muscles and glands <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Afferent and Efferent.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> Neurons that transmit impulses&nbsp;<i>between&nbsp;other neurons</i>, especially as part of a&nbsp;<u>reflex arc</u>, are called <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> Neurons that transmit impulses&nbsp;<i>between&nbsp;other neurons</i>, especially as part of a&nbsp;<u>reflex arc</u>, are called <span class=cloze>interneurons</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Interneurons.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/overview-of-neuron-function"">Khan Academy Link</a></font></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When&nbsp;<i>one </i>presynaptic neuron<strong>&nbsp;</strong>releases multiple neurotransmitters&nbsp;<b>over a&nbsp;period of time</b>&nbsp;and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When&nbsp;<i>one </i>presynaptic neuron<strong>&nbsp;</strong>releases multiple neurotransmitters&nbsp;<b>over a&nbsp;period of time</b>&nbsp;and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=cloze>temporal summation</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Summations.png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When&nbsp;<i>multiple</i><strong> </strong>presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at the <b>same time</b> and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When&nbsp;<i>multiple</i><strong> </strong>presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters at the <b>same time</b> and trigger an action potential, it is known as <span class=cloze>spatial summation</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Summations.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the mechanism by which <u>electrical signals</u> <u>travel</u> through the nervous system </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <span class=cloze>Action potential</span> is the mechanism by which <u>electrical signals</u> <u>travel</u> through the nervous system <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The <i>amplitude</i> of an action potential is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[dependent or independent]</span>&nbsp;of the amount of <b>current</b> that produced it </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The <i>amplitude</i> of an action potential is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>independent</span>&nbsp;of the amount of <b>current</b> that produced it <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""All or None Signals.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> Na⁺ concentration is <u>higher</u> <span class=cloze>[inside or outside]</span> the cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> Na⁺ concentration is <u>higher</u> <span class=cloze>outside</span> the cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> K⁺&nbsp;concentration is <b>higher</b> <span class=cloze>[inside or outside]</span> the cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> K⁺&nbsp;concentration is <b>higher</b> <span class=cloze>inside</span> the cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/neuron-membrane-potentials/a/neuron-action-potentials-the-creation-of-a-brain-signal"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> A <b>polarized</b> membrane has an electrical <span class=cloze>[...]</span> across the cell membrane<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> A <b>polarized</b> membrane has an electrical <span class=cloze>potential difference</span> across the cell membrane<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Electrical potential difference =&nbsp;<i>voltage</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When a membrane is <u>depolarized</u>, the membrane <b>potential</b> becomes more <span class=cloze>[positive or negative]</span> compared to its resting potential </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When a membrane is <u>depolarized</u>, the membrane <b>potential</b> becomes more <span class=cloze>positive</span> compared to its resting potential <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is an&nbsp;<b>electrical potential difference</b>&nbsp;between the inside and outside of a cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <span class=cloze>Membrane potential</span> is an&nbsp;<b>electrical potential difference</b>&nbsp;between the inside and outside of a cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Imagine taking two electrodes and placing one on the <u>inside</u> and the other on the <u>outside</u> of the plasma membrane. If you did this, you would measure an <b>electrical potential difference</b>, or <i>voltage</i>, between the electrodes</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Membrane Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The <b>resting</b> membrane potential (voltage) of a cell is approximately&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> mV </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The <b>resting</b> membrane potential (voltage) of a cell is approximately&nbsp;<span class=cloze>-70</span> mV <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Different Potentials (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When the membrane potential is <i>depolarized</i> during an action potential, it reaches a peak of around <span class=cloze>[...]</span> mV </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> When the membrane potential is <i>depolarized</i> during an action potential, it reaches a peak of around <span class=cloze>+40</span> mV <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Action Potential 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Different Potentials (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-membrane-potential"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <i>Depolarization</i> occurs when <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;ions flow in </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <i>Depolarization</i> occurs when <span class=cloze>Na⁺</span>&nbsp;ions flow in <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>This <i>increases</i> the charge inside the cell and results in depolarization of the cell membrane<div><br><div><img src=""Na Channel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> Na⁺&nbsp;ions enter the cell through <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> Na⁺&nbsp;ions enter the cell through <span class=cloze>voltage-gated Na⁺&nbsp;channels</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The Na^+&nbsp;<b>concentration gradient&nbsp;</b>is what drives the movement of Na⁺&nbsp;ions</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Na Channel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <u>Repolarization</u> occurs when <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;ions exit the neuron </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <u>Repolarization</u> occurs when <span class=cloze>K⁺</span>&nbsp;ions exit the neuron <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Voltage Gated K Channel.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when the&nbsp;membrane potential&nbsp;dips <u>below</u> <u>the</u> <u>resting potential</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> <span class=cloze>Hyperpolarization</span> is when the&nbsp;membrane potential&nbsp;dips <u>below</u> <u>the</u> <u>resting potential</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>While hyperpolarized, the neuron is in a <b>refractory period</b> during which&nbsp;another stimulus given to the neuron (no matter how strong) will <i>not</i>&nbsp;lead to a second action potential<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> Hyperpolarization occurs because <b>K⁺&nbsp;channels</b> are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> Hyperpolarization occurs because <b>K⁺&nbsp;channels</b> are&nbsp;<span class=cloze>slow to close</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>K⁺&nbsp;continues to <u>exit</u> the cell even though resting potential was already reached<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neuron-membrane-potentials-topic/v/neuron-action-potential-mechanism"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The <i>Na</i><sup style=""""><i>+</i></sup>/&nbsp;<u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u><i>&nbsp;</i>Pump&nbsp;moves <i>Na⁺</i> and <u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u> in the following amounts and directions<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[amount]</span> <i>Na</i>^{<i>+</i>&nbsp;}<span class=cloze>[direction]</span> the cell</div><div><span class=cloze>[amount]</span> <u>K</u>^{<u>+</u>&nbsp;}<span class=cloze>[direction]</span> the cell</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The <i>Na</i><sup style=""""><i>+</i></sup>/&nbsp;<u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u><i>&nbsp;</i>Pump&nbsp;moves <i>Na⁺</i> and <u>K<sup style="""">+</sup></u> in the following amounts and directions<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>3</span> <i>Na</i>^{<i>+</i>&nbsp;}<span class=cloze>out of</span> the cell</div><div><span class=cloze>2</span> <u>K</u>^{<u>+</u>&nbsp;}<span class=cloze>into</span> the cell</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Mnemonic:</div><div>3-2-1 NOKIA</div><div><i>3 Na⁺ Out</i></div><div><b>2 K⁺ In</b></div><div>1 ATP used</div><div><br></div>Pumps ions <i>against</i> their concentration gradient<div><br></div><div>Helps to restore the <u>concentration gradient</u> and restore the&nbsp;<u>resting potential</u> across the cell membrane<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Na K Pump.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Action Potential (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/sodium-potassium-pump"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The cell membrane is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> permeable to <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> permeable to <i>Na⁺</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> The cell membrane is <span class=cloze>highly</span> permeable to <u>K⁺</u>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>slightly</span> permeable to <i>Na⁺</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Movement through the leak channels is controlled by <i>concentration gradients</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ion Concentration Gradients 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/correction-to-sodium-and-potassium-pump-video"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a junction&nbsp;between&nbsp;two nerve cells </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential</div> A/an <span class=cloze>synapse</span> is a junction&nbsp;between&nbsp;two nerve cells <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'> <div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Synapse 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the&nbsp;<b>presynaptic</b> neuron&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> At a chemical synapse, an action potential triggers the&nbsp;<b>presynaptic</b> neuron&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>neurotransmitters</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>These molecules bind to receptors on the <i>postsynaptic </i>cell and make it <u>more or less</u> likely to fire an action potential<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;enters the <b>presynaptic</b> cell and allows&nbsp;<i>vesicles</i>&nbsp;with neurotransmitters inside to <u>fuse</u> with the axon terminal membrane </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> <span class=cloze>Ca²⁺</span>&nbsp;enters the <b>presynaptic</b> cell and allows&nbsp;<i>vesicles</i>&nbsp;with neurotransmitters inside to <u>fuse</u> with the axon terminal membrane <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The neurotransmitters release into the <b>synaptic cleft</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[type of synapse]</span> communicates using chemical messengers (<u>neurotransmitters</u>) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> A/an <span class=cloze>chemical synapse</span> communicates using chemical messengers (<u>neurotransmitters</u>) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> Ca²⁺ enter the <b>presynaptic</b> cell through&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> in the cell membrane </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> Ca²⁺ enter the <b>presynaptic</b> cell through&nbsp;<span class=cloze>voltage-gated&nbsp;calcium channels</span> in the cell membrane <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Ca²⁺ is at a much higher concentration outside the cell. This <u>concentration gradient</u> forces Ca²⁺ to move into the cell<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> An <i>excitatory postsynaptic potential</i> (EPSP) <span class=cloze>[depolarizes or hyperpolarizes]</span> the cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> An <i>excitatory postsynaptic potential</i> (EPSP) <span class=cloze>depolarizes</span> the cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>It makes the inside of the cell <i>more positive</i>, bringing the membrane potential <b>closer to its threshold</b> for firing an action potential<div><br></div><div><img src=""EPSP IPSP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> An <u>inhibitory post-synaptic</u> <u>potential</u> (IPSP)&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[depolarizes or hyperpolarizes]</span> the cell </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Action_Potential MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> An <u>inhibitory post-synaptic</u> <u>potential</u> (IPSP)&nbsp;<span class=cloze>hyperpolarizes</span> the cell <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>It keeps the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron <u>below threshold</u> for firing an action potential<div><br><div><div><img src=""EPSP IPSP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> Give 3 ways the signal in a synapse can be <i>terminated</i><div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;by enzymes</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;by&nbsp;presynaptic neuron</div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;out of cleft</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> Give 3 ways the signal in a synapse can be <i>terminated</i><div><br></div><div><div><span class=cloze>Breakdown</span>&nbsp;by enzymes</div><div><span class=cloze>Reuptake</span>&nbsp;by&nbsp;presynaptic neuron</div><div><span class=cloze>Diffusion</span>&nbsp;out of cleft</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Signal Terminated.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The cells in an <b>electrical</b> synapse are connected by <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The cells in an <b>electrical</b> synapse are connected by <span class=cloze>gap junctions</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>There is a <u>direct physical connection</u> between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron through which <b>ions</b> flow</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrical Synapse (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> <b>Electrical</b> synapses are <span class=cloze>[faster or slower]</span> than <u>chemical</u> synapses </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> <b>Electrical</b> synapses are <span class=cloze>faster</span> than <u>chemical</u> synapses <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chemical vs Electrical Synapse.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/the-synapse"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;are stored in <u>synaptic vesicles</u> and are released when <i>Ca²⁺</i>&nbsp;enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> <span class=cloze>Neurotransmitters</span>&nbsp;are stored in <u>synaptic vesicles</u> and are released when <i>Ca²⁺</i>&nbsp;enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Synapse.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/v/neuronal-synapses-chemical"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The primary neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions is <span class=cloze>Acetylcholine</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Acetylcholine (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The main <i>excitatory</i> transmitter in the CNS<i>&nbsp;</i>is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The main <i>excitatory</i> transmitter in the CNS<i>&nbsp;</i>is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>Glutamate</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glutamate and GABA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The main <u>inhibitory</u> neurotransmitter in the <b>brain</b> is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The main <u>inhibitory</u> neurotransmitter in the <b>brain</b> is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>GABA</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glutamate and GABA.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The main&nbsp;<u>inhibitory</u>&nbsp;neurotransmitter in the&nbsp;<i>spinal cord</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Synapses</div> The main&nbsp;<u>inhibitory</u>&nbsp;neurotransmitter in the&nbsp;<i>spinal cord</i>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>glycine</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glycine Inhibitory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div> <i>Ionotropic</i> receptors operate via <span class=cloze>[direct or indirect]</span> neurotransmitter action </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div> <i>Ionotropic</i> receptors operate via <span class=cloze>direct</span> neurotransmitter action <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Membrane-spanning <i>ion channel</i> proteins that open <i>directly</i> in response to <i>ligand</i> binding<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ionotropic and Metabotropic (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/biosignaling/v/ligand-gated-ion-channels"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div> <u>Metabotropic</u> receptors operate via <span class=cloze>[direct or indirect]</span> neurotransmitter action </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Neurotransmitters</div> <u>Metabotropic</u> receptors operate via <span class=cloze>indirect</span> neurotransmitter action <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Neurotransmitter binding triggers a <u>signaling pathway</u>, which may <u>indirectly</u> open or close channels<div><br></div><div>Metabotropic receptors are <b>not themselves</b> ion channels<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ionotropic and Metabotropic (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/types-of-neurotransmitter-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <b>surround neurons</b> and provide support and insulation </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Glial cells</span> <b>surround neurons</b> and provide support and insulation <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glial Cells.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/overview-of-neuron-structure-and-function"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> form the blood-brain barrier </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Astrocytes</span> form the blood-brain barrier <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They help control <i>solutes</i> moving&nbsp;from bloodstream to nervous tissue<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Astrocyte.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Astrocyte 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/astrocytes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> form the barrier between&nbsp;<u>cerebrospinal</u> <u>fluid</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>interstitial fluid</b>&nbsp;of the <i>CNS</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Ependymal cells</span> form the barrier between&nbsp;<u>cerebrospinal</u> <u>fluid</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>interstitial fluid</b>&nbsp;of the <i>CNS</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Ependymal Cells.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/ependymal-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> digest waste in <i>CNS</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Microglia</span> digest waste in <i>CNS</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Microglia.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/microglia"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<u>PNS</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Schwann cells</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<u>PNS</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Schwann Cells (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/schwann-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<i>CNS</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <span class=cloze>Oligodendrocytes</span> make myelin in&nbsp;<i>CNS</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oligodendrocytes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/nervous-system-and-sensory-infor/neural-cells-and-neurotransmitters/v/oligodendrocytes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <b>Myelinated&nbsp;sheaths</b> make up the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[white or grey]</span> matter in the brain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> <b>Myelinated&nbsp;sheaths</b> make up the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>white</span> matter in the brain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Grey and White Matter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/gray-and-white-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> Cell bodies and dendrites (<i>unmyelinated</i>) make up the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[white or grey]</span> matter in the brain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> Cell bodies and dendrites (<i>unmyelinated</i>) make up the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>grey</span> matter in the brain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Grey and White Matter.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/gray-and-white-matter"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The <i>bran</i> and <i>spinal cord</i> make up the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> nervous system </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The <i>bran</i> and <i>spinal cord</i> make up the <span class=cloze>central</span> nervous system <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The nervous system <i>outside</i> the brain and spinal cord is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;nervous system </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The nervous system <i>outside</i> the brain and spinal cord is the <span class=cloze>peripheral</span>&nbsp;nervous system <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""CNS and PNS.jpeg""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/structure-of-the-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> nervous system controls our <i>fight or flight response</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>sympathetic</span> nervous system controls our <i>fight or flight response</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Fight or Flight.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> nervous system controls our <u>rest and digest</u> functions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Nervous_System::Structure</div> The <span class=cloze>parasympathetic</span> nervous system controls our <u>rest and digest</u> functions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Remember <b>P</b> for <b>P</b>arasympathetic: ""Relaxing and having a&nbsp;<b>P</b>iña colada on beach""<br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><img src=""PNS.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/nervous-system-introduction/v/autonomic-nervous-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Hormones</u>&nbsp;can be grouped into&nbsp;<b>three main types</b>:<div><b><b><br></b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Hormones</u>&nbsp;can be grouped into&nbsp;<b>three main types</b>:<div><b><b><br></b></b></div><div><span class=cloze>Peptide hormones</span><div><span class=cloze>Amine hormones</span></div></div><div><span class=cloze>Steroid hormones</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Classes of Hormones.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... hormone]</span>&nbsp;is a hormone that consists of <i>amino acids</i><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> A/an <span class=cloze>peptide hormone</span>&nbsp;is a hormone that consists of <i>amino acids</i><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Water soluble</u></div><div><br></div><div>Examples:&nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><b>Insulin</b></div><div><b>Glucagon</b></div><div><b>Leptin</b></div><div><b>ADH</b></div><div><b>Oxytocin</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Hormone.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... hormone]</span> is a <u>steroid that acts as a hormone</u><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> A/an <span class=cloze>steroid hormone</span> is a <u>steroid that acts as a hormone</u><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><i>Derived from</i>&nbsp;<i>lipids</i> and are lipid soluble<div><br></div><div>Examples</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Estrogen</u></div><div><u>Progesterone</u></div><div><u>Testosterone</u></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Steroid Hormone.jpeg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>[... hormones]</span>&nbsp;are relatively small hormones derived from the&nbsp;amino&nbsp;acids<b>&nbsp;tyrosine&nbsp;</b>and<b> tryptophan</b><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>amine&nbsp;hormones</span>&nbsp;are relatively small hormones derived from the&nbsp;amino&nbsp;acids<b>&nbsp;tyrosine&nbsp;</b>and<b> tryptophan</b><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Examples include: &nbsp;</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><u>Catecholamines</u></div><div><u>Thyroid hormones</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Amine Hormones.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Insulin and glucagon are</u> <span class=cloze>[... hormones]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Insulin and glucagon are</u> <span class=cloze>peptide hormones</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Insulin and Glucagon.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/types-of-hormones"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>transfers a signal from outside the cell to the inside of the cell</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>transfers a signal from outside the cell to the inside of the cell</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>About 50% of all modern drugs target GPCRs<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>interacts with a special protein called a&nbsp;G-protein</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> A/an <span class=cloze>G-protein coupled receptor</span> is a membrane receptor that <u>interacts with a special protein called a&nbsp;G-protein</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>GPCRs</u>&nbsp;are integral&nbsp;membrane<b>&nbsp;</b>proteins that possess&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[#]</span><b> membrane-spanning domains&nbsp;or&nbsp;transmembrane&nbsp;helices</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>GPCRs</u>&nbsp;are integral&nbsp;membrane<b>&nbsp;</b>proteins that possess&nbsp;<span class=cloze>seven</span><b> membrane-spanning domains&nbsp;or&nbsp;transmembrane&nbsp;helices</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR 7 transmembrane.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <b>G-Protein</b>&nbsp;is classified as a <i>heterotrimeric</i> <i>protein</i> because <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <b>G-Protein</b>&nbsp;is classified as a <i>heterotrimeric</i> <i>protein</i> because <span class=cloze>it is made up of 3 subunits:&nbsp;<b>α</b>,&nbsp;<b>β</b>,&nbsp;<b>γ</b></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The G-Protein is made up of&nbsp;<div><br></div><div><img src=""Heterotrimeric G Protein.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> In the term <u>G-protein</u>, the ""G"" refers to <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> In the term <u>G-protein</u>, the ""G"" refers to <span class=cloze>the fact that they bind GTP and GDP&nbsp;</span><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>GTP = guanosine triphosphate</div><div>GPD = guanosine diphosphate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""G Protein and GTP.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Give the steps in the <b>GPCR</b> sequence:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Give the steps in the <b>GPCR</b> sequence:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><div>1 - Ligand binds to GPCR</div><div>2 - GPCR undergoes conformational change</div><div>3 - Alpha subunit exchanges GDP for GTP</div><div>4 - Alpha subunit dissociates and regulates target proteins</div><div>5 - Target protein relays signal as 2nd messenger and triggers cascade response</div><div>6 - GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, everything returns to its original place, ready to repeat the sequence</div></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... receptors]</span> are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targeted by&nbsp;catecholamines&nbsp;like <i>norepinephrine</i> and <i>epinephrine</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Adrenergic receptors</span> are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targeted by&nbsp;catecholamines&nbsp;like <i>norepinephrine</i> and <i>epinephrine</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> In an adrenergic receptor sequence, <u>adenylyl cyclase</u> <b>removes 2</b> <b>phosphates</b> <b>from&nbsp;</b><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;to produce&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> In an adrenergic receptor sequence, <u>adenylyl cyclase</u> <b>removes 2</b> <b>phosphates</b> <b>from&nbsp;</b><span class=cloze>ATP</span>&nbsp;to produce&nbsp;<span class=cloze>cAMP</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>cAMP is a second messenger<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> In the GPCR sequence, <i>cAMP</i> is a&nbsp;second messenger and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> In the GPCR sequence, <i>cAMP</i> is a&nbsp;second messenger and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>triggers a response&nbsp;inside&nbsp;the cell</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""GPCR.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/signal-transduction/v/g-protein-coupled-receptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <i>cAMP</i>, <i>Ca²⁺</i>, and <i>inositol phosphates</i> are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <i>cAMP</i>, <i>Ca²⁺</i>, and <i>inositol phosphates</i> are <span class=cloze>common 2^nd messengers</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""GPCR.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> cAMP signaling is <i>turned off</i> when <span class=cloze>[enzyme]</span>&nbsp;breaks the ring of&nbsp;cAMP&nbsp;and <b>turns it into AMP</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> cAMP signaling is <i>turned off</i> when <span class=cloze>phosphodiesterase</span>&nbsp;breaks the ring of&nbsp;cAMP&nbsp;and <b>turns it into AMP</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>It is no longer cyclic</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phosphodiesterase.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""ATP cAMP AMP (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cell-signaling/mechanisms-of-cell-signaling/a/intracellular-signal-transduction"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... hormones]</span> act&nbsp;<i>directly</i>&nbsp;on the target tissue or organ </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Direct hormones</span> act&nbsp;<i>directly</i>&nbsp;on the target tissue or organ <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example: <i>Insulin</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Insulin Action.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... hormones]</span>&nbsp;are hormones that <u>act on endocrine glands</u>, <b>usually</b> <b>inducing them to secrete other hormones</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Tropic hormones</span>&nbsp;are hormones that <u>act on endocrine glands</u>, <b>usually</b> <b>inducing them to secrete other hormones</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Examples:<font color=""#195ab3""> </font><i>GnRH</i> and <i>LH</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Tropic Hormone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Type <span class=cloze>[#]</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces <i>little or no insulin</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Type <span class=cloze>1</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces <i>little or no insulin</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Glucose is not able to enter cells<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diabetes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Type <span class=cloze>[#]</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which <b>insulin receptors become desensitized</b> and are not responsive to insulin </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Type <span class=cloze>2</span> diabetes is a chronic condition in which <b>insulin receptors become desensitized</b> and are not responsive to insulin <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Glucose is not able to enter cells</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diabetes.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/endocrine-system-diseases/diabetes/v/what-is-diabetes-mellitus"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain structure]</span> is in charge of <i>homeostasis</i> and the <i>4 F’s</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>hypothalamus</span> is in charge of <i>homeostasis</i> and the <i>4 F’s</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Regulates the autonomic nervous system via the endocrine&nbsp;system<br></u></div><div><br></div><div>Hormone pathway: <b>Hypothalamus</b> →&nbsp;<b>hypophyseal portal</b> →&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>FSH</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>LH</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>FSH</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>LH</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>GnRH<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Produced by the</u>&nbsp;<u>hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;of <b>GH</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Growth hormone-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;of <b>GH</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>GHRH&nbsp;<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u><br><div><br></div></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>TSH</b><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>TSH</b><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>TRH<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[... hormone]</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>ACTH</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Corticotropin-releasing hormone</span> stimulates the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i>&nbsp;to release&nbsp;<b>ACTH</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>CRH</div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Produced by&nbsp;hypothalamus</u></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> also known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <b>inhibits&nbsp;prolactin release</b> from the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <div><span class=cloze>Prolactin‐release inhibiting factor</span> also known as <span class=cloze>dopamine</span> <b>inhibits&nbsp;prolactin release</b> from the&nbsp;<i>anterior pituitary</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A catecholamine<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><u>Dopamine is a&nbsp;neurohormone</u>. In the endocrine system it regulates the release of hormones. In the brain, it&nbsp;functions as a neurotransmitter</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <b>Antidiuretic hormone</b>&nbsp;(ADH) promotes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increased or decreased]</span> water retention and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increased or decreased]</span> plasma osmolarity </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <b>Antidiuretic hormone</b>&nbsp;(ADH) promotes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>increased</span> water retention and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>deceased</span> plasma osmolarity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Increases&nbsp;blood pressure</i><br></div><div><br></div><u>Produced in the hypothalamus</u><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the posterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><img src=""ADH (1).png""></span></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk production </i>among other functions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Oxytocin</span> <i>stimulates uterine contractions and breast milk production </i>among other functions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Produced in the hypothalamus</u><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the posterior pituitary</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Oxytocin.png""></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain structure]</span>&nbsp;releases hormones that regulate&nbsp;<i>stress</i>, <i>growth</i>, <i>reproduction</i>, and <i>lactation</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>anterior pituitary</span>&nbsp;releases hormones that regulate&nbsp;<i>stress</i>, <i>growth</i>, <i>reproduction</i>, and <i>lactation</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland</b></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> has the following effects:<div><br></div><div><div><i>In males, it triggers&nbsp;spermatogenesis and&nbsp;stimulates Sertoli cells</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles</u></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>FSH</span> has the following effects:<div><br></div><div><div><i>In males, it triggers&nbsp;spermatogenesis and&nbsp;stimulates Sertoli cells</i></div><div><br></div><div><u>In females, it stimulates the development of ovarian follicles</u></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Follicle-Stimulating Hormone</div><div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b></div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""FSH.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Follicle Stimulating Hormone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> is a gonadotropin that <i>induces&nbsp;ovulation</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>LH</span> is a gonadotropin that <i>induces&nbsp;ovulation</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Luteinizing Hormone<div><div><br></div><div><div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""LH.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> stimulates the production and&nbsp;release of&nbsp;<b>cortisol</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>ACTH</span> stimulates the production and&nbsp;release of&nbsp;<b>cortisol</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Adrenocorticotropic Hormone</div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""ACTH.jpeg""></font></div><div style=""font-weight: bold; color: rgb(178, 100, 26); ""><br></div><div style=""color: rgb(178, 100, 26);""><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"" style="""">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> stimulates the thyroid to produce&nbsp;<i>Thyroxine</i>&nbsp;(T4) and&nbsp;<i>Triiodothyronine</i>&nbsp;(T3), which will stimulate metabolism </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>TSH</span> stimulates the thyroid to produce&nbsp;<i>Thyroxine</i>&nbsp;(T4) and&nbsp;<i>Triiodothyronine</i>&nbsp;(T3), which will stimulate metabolism <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone</div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179)""><br></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><img src=""TSH.png""></span></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><br></span></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> <u>stimulates milk production</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Prolactin</span> <u>stimulates milk production</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are released from the&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b> and<b>&nbsp;</b><u>decrease&nbsp;pain</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Endorphins</span> are released from the&nbsp;<b>anterior pituitary</b> and<b>&nbsp;</b><u>decrease&nbsp;pain</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <div><span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> stimulates growth and cell&nbsp;reproduction</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <div><span class=cloze>Growth hormone</span> stimulates growth and cell&nbsp;reproduction</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Also known as <i>somatotropin</i></div><div><br></div><div><b>Released from the&nbsp;anterior pituitary</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>[brain structure]</span>&nbsp;releases&nbsp;<i>oxytocin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>antidiuretic hormone</i>&nbsp;<i>(ADH)</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>posterior pituitary</span>&nbsp;releases&nbsp;<i>oxytocin</i>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<i>antidiuretic hormone</i>&nbsp;<i>(ADH)</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is the posterior&nbsp;lobe of the pituitary gland</div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Hypothalamus Hormones.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <b>pancreas</b> secretes digestive enzymes into the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <b>pancreas</b> secretes digestive enzymes into the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>duodenum</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>α-islet cells release glucagon</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>β-islet cells release insulin</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pancreas (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <i>alpha-islet cells</i> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <i>alpha-islet cells</i> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>glucagon</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Beta-islet cells</u> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Beta-islet cells</u> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>insulin</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> signals liver, muscle, and fat cells to <b>take in&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;</b>from the blood </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Insulin</span> signals liver, muscle, and fat cells to <b>take in&nbsp;glucose&nbsp;</b>from the blood <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Peptide hormone secreted by <u>beta-islet cells</u> of pancreas</div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181)""><img src=""Glucagon and Insulin.png""></span></div></div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181)""><br></span></div><div><img src=""Blood Glucose Concentration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/bioenergetics/v/insulin-and-glucagon"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> causes the liver to <b>convert stored glycogen into&nbsp;glucose</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Glucagon</span> causes the liver to <b>convert stored glycogen into&nbsp;glucose</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Peptide hormone secreted by <i>alpha-islet cells</i>&nbsp;of pancreas<div><div><br><img src=""Glucagon and Insulin.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Glucose Concentration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/bioenergetics/v/insulin-and-glucagon"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> <i>inhibits GH</i> and also leads to <u>lower insulin and&nbsp;lower glucagon</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Somatostatin (GHIH)</span> <i>inhibits GH</i> and also leads to <u>lower insulin and&nbsp;lower glucagon</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone<div><br></div><div>Peptide hormone&nbsp;secreted by <b>delta-islet</b> cells of pancreas</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Soamtostatin.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <b>delta-islet cells</b> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <b>delta-islet cells</b> of the pancreas release&nbsp;<span class=cloze>somatostatin</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Islet Lagerhans.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/gastrointestinal-system-introduction/v/endocrine-pancreas"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are glands that <u>produces&nbsp;gametes&nbsp;(sex cells) and&nbsp;sex hormones</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Organs</div> <span class=cloze>Gonads</span> are glands that <u>produces&nbsp;gametes&nbsp;(sex cells) and&nbsp;sex hormones</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Males: testicles<br></div><div><br></div><div>Females: ovaries</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Gonads.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> is the <b>primary male sex hormone</b> and is an anabolic steroid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>Testosterone</span> is the <b>primary male sex hormone</b> and is an anabolic steroid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Produced by the testes in men and ovaries in women with a small&nbsp;amount produced by the <i>Adrenal Cortex</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Testosterone (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div><div>Testosterone Function:</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Testosterone 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/testosterone"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span>&nbsp;is the <u>primary female sex hormone</u>&nbsp;and leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine MileDown::Biology::Reproduction::Hormones</div> <span class=cloze>Estrogen</span>&nbsp;is the <u>primary female sex hormone</u>&nbsp;and leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Produced by the ovaries</div><div><br></div><div>Regulates the menstrual cycle and decreases milk production</div><div><br></div><div>“<u style="""">Estrogen&nbsp;establishes</u>; <i>progesterone protects the endometrium</i>”</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Estrogen (1).png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Estrogen and Progesterone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/reproductive-system-introduction/v/estrogen"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is in the neck, below the Adam’s Apple, and <u>secretes T₃ and T₄ hormones</u> that&nbsp;regulate&nbsp;metabolism </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>thyroid gland</span> is in the neck, below the Adam’s Apple, and <u>secretes T₃ and T₄ hormones</u> that&nbsp;regulate&nbsp;metabolism <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>T₄&nbsp;= Thyroxine</div><div>T₃&nbsp;= Triiodothyronine</div></div><div><br></div><div>Also helps regulate calcium homeostasis</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Thyroid Gland.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Thyroid hormone]</span>&nbsp;is a <b>precursor</b> to <span class=cloze>[thyroid hormone]</span><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>T₄</span>&nbsp;is a <b>precursor</b> to <span class=cloze>T₃</span><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>T₄&nbsp;= Thyroxine</div><div>T₃&nbsp;= Triiodothyronine</div><div><br></div><div>Regulates metabolism</div><div><br></div><div>Created from Iodine and Tyrosine</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""T4 and T3.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hormone-concentration-metabolism-negative-feedback"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> is released by the thyroid gland and <u>builds bone</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Calcitonin</span> is released by the thyroid gland and <u>builds bone</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Increases Ca²⁺&nbsp;in bone<br></div><div>Increases Ca²⁺&nbsp;excretion from kidneys</div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;in blood</div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;absorption in gut</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Calcitonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <u>parathyroid gland's</u> primary&nbsp;function is to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;the body’s <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;levels&nbsp;so that the nervous and&nbsp;muscular systems can function properly </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <u>parathyroid gland's</u> primary&nbsp;function is to&nbsp;maintain&nbsp;the body’s <span class=cloze>Ca²⁺</span>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>K⁺</span>&nbsp;levels&nbsp;so that the nervous and&nbsp;muscular systems can function properly <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is a collection of four parathyroid glands located on the back of the thyroid</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Parathyroid Glands.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> <i>stimulates bone breakdown</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Parathyroid hormone</span> <i>stimulates bone breakdown</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;in bone<br></div><div><div>Decreases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;excretion from kidneys</div><div>Increases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;in blood</div><div>Increases&nbsp;Ca²⁺&nbsp;absorption in gut</div></div><div><br></div><div>Activates vitamin D (Calcitriol)</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Calcitonin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/skeletal-system/v/skeletal-endocrine-control"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <b>pineal gland</b> secretes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[hormone]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <b>pineal gland</b> secretes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>melatonin</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Located in the <u>epithalamus</u>, tucked into a groove between the two thalamus halves<div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Pineal Gland.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0VPDd0JwCE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Hormone]</span> <i>regulates sleep / wakefulness</i> and controls the circadian rhythm </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Melatonin</span> <i>regulates sleep / wakefulness</i> and controls the circadian rhythm <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Released by the <b>pineal gland</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""Melatonin.jpeg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0VPDd0JwCE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <i>adrenal cortex</i> releases <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <i>adrenal cortex</i> releases <span class=cloze>cortisol</span> and <span class=cloze>aldosterone</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Sits along the perimeter of the adrenal gland (top of kidney)<div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Gland.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-nervous-and-endocrine-systems/v/intro-to-the-endocrine-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a class of <b>corticosteroids</b> and include the hormone <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Glucocorticoids</span> are a class of <b>corticosteroids</b> and include the hormone <span class=cloze>cortisol</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Released by adrenal cortex</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a stress hormone released in response to stress and <u>low blood-glucose concentration</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Metabolism::Regulation MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Cortisol</span> is a stress hormone released in response to stress and <u>low blood-glucose concentration</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><b>Released by the&nbsp;<font style="""">adrenal cortex</font></b><br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""Cortisol.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are a class of&nbsp;<b>corticosteroids</b>&nbsp;and include the hormone <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Mineralcorticoids</span> are a class of&nbsp;<b>corticosteroids</b>&nbsp;and include the hormone <span class=cloze>aldosterone</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Released by adrenal cortex</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#df5d26""><div><i><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></font></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;are a group of hormones that play a role in <i>male traits and reproductive activity</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Androgens</span>&nbsp;are a group of hormones that play a role in <i>male traits and reproductive activity</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They are steroid hormones and are converted to <b>testosterone</b> and <u>estrogen</u> in the gonads</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Androgens.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djqqao2Uebo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the principal site of the conversion of&nbsp;<u>tyrosine</u>&nbsp;<u>into the&nbsp;catecholamines</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> The <span class=cloze>adrenal medulla</span> is the principal site of the conversion of&nbsp;<u>tyrosine</u>&nbsp;<u>into the&nbsp;catecholamines</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The adrenal medulla is located at the center of the adrenal&nbsp;gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex which sits on top of the kidneys<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Gland.png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Adrenal Cortex.jpg""></font></div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/endocrine-gland-hormone-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>[Amino acid]</span> is the <u>precursor to catecholamines</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <span class=cloze>Tyrosine</span> is the <u>precursor to catecholamines</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Tyrosine&nbsp;is converted into&nbsp;catecholamines in the <i>adrenal medulla</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenylanlanine to Epinephrine.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/biological-basis-of-behavior-endocrine-system/v/endocrine-system-and-influence-on-behavior-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <div><u>Epinephrine</u>,<i> </i><u>norepinephrine</u>, and<i> </i><u>dopamine</u>&nbsp;are examples of <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <div><u>Epinephrine</u>,<i> </i><u>norepinephrine</u>, and<i> </i><u>dopamine</u>&nbsp;are examples of <span class=cloze>catecholamines</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>They are neurohormones important in the <b>stress response</b><br><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><i>Released by the adrenal medulla</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Catecholamines.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/stress/v/responding-to-stress"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Epinephrine</u> is a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Epinephrine</u> is a/an <span class=cloze>catecholamine</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Also known as adrenaline</div><div><br></div><div><i>Produced by the&nbsp;adrenal medulla</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>Increases HR</b></div><div><b>Increases BP</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Epinephrine.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEnPql9dcs4"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Norepinephrine</u> is a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and is considered a hormone that serves as a neurotransmitter </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> <u>Norepinephrine</u> is a <span class=cloze>catecholamine</span> and is considered a hormone that serves as a neurotransmitter <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><b>Increases HR</b></div><div><b>Increases BP</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Epinephrine.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEnPql9dcs4"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Give the ""<b>four F's</b>"" that are <i>regulated by the hypothalamus</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Endocrine</div> Give the ""<b>four F's</b>"" that are <i>regulated by the hypothalamus</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Fighting</span><div><span class=cloze>Fleeing</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Feeding</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Fucking</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hypothalamus.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-endocrine-system/endocrine-system-introduction/v/hypothalamus-and-pituitary-gland"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when one <i>becomes</i> <i>used to </i>a stimulus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>Habituation</span> is when one <i>becomes</i> <i>used to </i>a stimulus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Habituation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/non-associative-learning"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> may occur after habituation and is when a <b>second&nbsp;stimulus intervenes</b> causing a&nbsp;<b>resensitization</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;the original stimulus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>Dishabituation</span> may occur after habituation and is when a <b>second&nbsp;stimulus intervenes</b> causing a&nbsp;<b>resensitization</b>&nbsp;of&nbsp;the original stimulus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Dishabituation.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6Sbgi-gKhU"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> theory states that <i>ideas reinforce each other</i> and can be&nbsp;linked to one another </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> The <span class=cloze>associative learning</span> theory states that <i>ideas reinforce each other</i> and can be&nbsp;linked to one another <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Two types:&nbsp;<i>classical conditioning</i> and <i>operant conditioning</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Associative Learning.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hREwakXmAo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a method of learning that occurs through <u>rewards</u> and <i>punishments</i> for behavior </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>Operant conditioning</span> is a method of learning that occurs through <u>rewards</u> and <i>punishments</i> for behavior <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conditioning.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/a/classical-and-operant-conditioning-article"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>increases</i>&nbsp;the likelihood of a behavior </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>Reinforcement</span> <i>increases</i>&nbsp;the likelihood of a behavior <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Reward Punishment.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <u>decreases</u>&nbsp;the likelihood of a behavior </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>Punishment</span> <u>decreases</u>&nbsp;the likelihood of a behavior <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Reward Punishment.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <u>Schedules of reinforcement</u> can be based on&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> or <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <u>Schedules of reinforcement</u> can be based on&nbsp;<span class=cloze>intervals</span> or <span class=cloze>the ratio&nbsp;of behavior / reward</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Schedules of reinforcement.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-schedules-of-reinforcement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> Positive responses <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;something&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> Positive responses <span class=cloze>add</span>&nbsp;something&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Positive vs Negative.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> Negative responses <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;something </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> Negative responses <span class=cloze>remove</span>&nbsp;something <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Positive vs Negative.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-positive-and-negative-reinforcement-and-punishment"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> When a previously&nbsp;reinforced behavior is&nbsp;<b>no longer reinforced</b>, it becomes <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> When a previously&nbsp;reinforced behavior is&nbsp;<b>no longer reinforced</b>, it becomes <span class=cloze>extinct</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Extinction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/classical-conditioning-extinction-spontaneous-recovery-generalization-discrimination"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when behavior that is <u>closer and closer</u> to the&nbsp;target behavior&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>reinforced</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <span class=cloze>Shaping</span> is when behavior that is <u>closer and closer</u> to the&nbsp;target behavior&nbsp;is&nbsp;<i>reinforced</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Shaping.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/operant-conditioning-shaping"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> In <i>classical conditioning</i>, a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;becomes a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> that produces a conditioned response </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> In <i>classical conditioning</i>, a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>neutral stimulus</span>&nbsp;becomes a <span class=cloze>conditioned&nbsp;stimulus</span> that produces a conditioned response <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Classical Conditioning.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/a/classical-and-operant-conditioning-article"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the acquisition of behavior by&nbsp;<b>watching others</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Learning</div> <div><span class=cloze>Observational learning&nbsp;or modeling</span> is the acquisition of behavior by&nbsp;<b>watching others</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example: Bobo doll experiment<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bobo Doll.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/learning-slug/v/observational-learning-bobo-doll-experiment-and-social-cognitive-theory&quot;"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the process of putting <b>new info into memory</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Encoding</span> is the process of putting <b>new info into memory</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It can be&nbsp;automatic or effortful<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stages of Memory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/encoding-strategies"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is a specific type of encoding in which the&nbsp;<i>meaning&nbsp;of something</i> is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Semantic&nbsp;encoding</span>&nbsp;is a specific type of encoding in which the&nbsp;<i>meaning&nbsp;of something</i> is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Semantic encoding is <i>stronger</i> than&nbsp;both acoustic and visual encoding</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semantic Encoding.jpg""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4af4qI3yr08"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... memory]</span> and <span class=cloze>[... memory]</span> are <u>transient</u>&nbsp;and based on&nbsp;<u>neurotransmitter&nbsp;activity</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><span class=cloze>Sensory memory</span> and <span class=cloze>short term memory</span> are <u>transient</u>&nbsp;and based on&nbsp;<u>neurotransmitter&nbsp;activity</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sensory and Short Term Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[... memory]</span> is&nbsp;responsible for <i>temporarily</i> holding information available for processing </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Working memory</span> is&nbsp;responsible for <i>temporarily</i> holding information available for processing <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Requires <u>short term memory</u>, <u>attention</u>, and <u>executive function</u> to&nbsp;manipulate information</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Working Memory.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div></div><div><br></div><div></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[... memory]</span> is responsible for the storage of information for an&nbsp;<u>extended period of time</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Long term memory</span> is responsible for the storage of information for an&nbsp;<u>extended period of time</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Requires elaborate <i>rehearsal</i> and is the result of increased&nbsp;neuronal connectivity<br></div><div><br></div><div>Either <u>explicit</u> or <u>implicit</u></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[... memory]</span> accounts for memories that&nbsp;we must&nbsp;<b>consciously recall</b>&nbsp;with effort and focus </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Explicit (declarative) memory</span> accounts for memories that&nbsp;we must&nbsp;<b>consciously recall</b>&nbsp;with effort and focus <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Examples: Facts, data, and events</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Explicit vs Implicit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[... memory]</span> is acquired and <i>used&nbsp;unconsciously</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Implicit memory</span> is acquired and <i>used&nbsp;unconsciously</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Most memories stored in implicit memory are <i>procedural</i> memories such as recalling how to walk<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Explicit vs Implicit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Human Memory.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <u>Semantic networks</u>&nbsp;link concepts together based on&nbsp;similar&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <u>Semantic networks</u>&nbsp;link concepts together based on&nbsp;similar&nbsp;<span class=cloze>meaning</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Stores facts</i>. Certain <b>triggers</b> will activate associated memories</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Semantic Networks.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/semantic-networks-and-spreading-activation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is <i>re-accessing</i> of events or information from the past </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Retrieval</span> is <i>re-accessing</i> of events or information from the past <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Retrieval is often&nbsp;based on&nbsp;<u>priming</u>&nbsp;interconnected nodes of the semantic&nbsp;network<br></div><div><br></div><div>Two forms of retrieval: <b>Recognition</b> and <b>recall</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Retrieval (2).png""></div><div><br></div> <a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/retrieval-free-recall-cued-recall-and-recognition"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><i>Alzheimer's</i> is a degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> in neurons that link to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><i>Alzheimer's</i> is a degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>acetylcholine</span> in neurons that link to the <span class=cloze>hippocampus</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Alzheimer's is a type of <i>dementia</i>&nbsp;and causes memory loss</div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Alzheimers.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6K10aif0tE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><b>Korsakoff’s Syndrome</b> memory loss is caused by a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;deficiency in the brain</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><b>Korsakoff’s Syndrome</b> memory loss is caused by a/an <span class=cloze>thiamine (vitamin B1)</span>&nbsp;deficiency in the brain</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Thiamine is important because it&nbsp;<i>converts carbohydrates into glucose</i></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Korsakoff Syndrome.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/alzheimer-s-disease-and-korsakoff-s-syndrome"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><i>Agnosia</i> is the loss of ability to recognize&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <div><i>Agnosia</i> is the loss of ability to recognize&nbsp;<span class=cloze>objects, people, or&nbsp;sounds</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Usually caused by <u>physical damage</u> to brain<div><br></div><div><img src=""Agnosia.jpg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[... interference]</span> is when <b>new memories</b> make you&nbsp;<i>forget</i>&nbsp;old memories </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Retroactive interference</span> is when <b>new memories</b> make you&nbsp;<i>forget</i>&nbsp;old memories <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Interference (1).jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/decay-and-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>[... interference]</span> is when <u>old memories</u> interfere with learning&nbsp;<b>new memories</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Memory</div> <span class=cloze>Proactive interference</span> is when <u>old memories</u> interfere with learning&nbsp;<b>new memories</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Interference (1).jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/decay-and-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[... model]</span> states that the brain&nbsp;<i>encodes</i>,&nbsp;<i>stores</i>, and&nbsp;<i>retrieves</i>&nbsp;info much like a&nbsp;computer</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>information processing model</span> states that the brain&nbsp;<i>encodes</i>,&nbsp;<i>stores</i>, and&nbsp;<i>retrieves</i>&nbsp;info much like a&nbsp;computer</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Information Processing Model.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/memory-lesson/v/information-processing-model-sensory-working-and-long-term-memory"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> <u>Piaget’s</u> four stages of cognitive development:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> <u>Piaget’s</u> four stages of cognitive development:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Sensorimotor: 0&nbsp;→ 2</span><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Preoperational: 2 → 7</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Concrete Operational: 7 → 11</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Formal Operational: 12 and older</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Piaget.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <u>sensorimotor</u> stage is from <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> years old </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <u>sensorimotor</u> stage is from <span class=cloze>0</span> to <span class=cloze>2</span> years old <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Piaget Sensorimotor.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <b>preoperational</b> stage is from <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> years old </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <b>preoperational</b> stage is from <span class=cloze>2</span> to <span class=cloze>7</span> years old <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Piaget Preoperational (1).png""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <i>concrete operational</i> stage is from <span class=cloze>[...]</span> to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> years old </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <i>concrete operational</i> stage is from <span class=cloze>7</span> to <span class=cloze>11</span> years old <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Piaget Concrete Operational.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <u>formal operational</u> stage is from age <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and older </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Development</div> Piaget's <u>formal operational</u> stage is from age <span class=cloze>12</span> and older <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Piaget Formal Operational.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>[Deductive or Inductive]</span> reasoning <i>starts with rules</i>, then forms conclusions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>Deductive</span> reasoning <i>starts with rules</i>, then forms conclusions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/alg-series-and-induction/alg-deductive-and-inductive-reasoning/v/deductive-reasoning-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>[Deductive or Inductive]</span> reasoning <b>starts with evidence</b>, then forms conclusions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>Inductive</span> reasoning <b>starts with evidence</b>, then forms conclusions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Deductive vs Inductive Reasoning.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/alg-series-and-induction/alg-deductive-and-inductive-reasoning/v/deductive-reasoning-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a <u>framework</u> for thinking about a <u>problem</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> A/an <span class=cloze>mental set</span> is a <u>framework</u> for thinking about a <u>problem</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It can be shaped by <b>habit</b> or by <b>desire</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mental Set.jpg""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pL-XpuPbtbY"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the tendency to use objects only in the way they are&nbsp;<i>normally utilized</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <div><span class=cloze>Functional fixedness</span> is the tendency to use objects only in the way they are&nbsp;<i>normally utilized</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Creates barriers to problem-solving<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Functional Fixedness.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVCMM9rwdCc"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>mental shortcuts</u> that allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>Heuristics</span> are <u>mental shortcuts</u> that allow people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>“Rules of thumb”<div><br></div><div><img src=""Heuristics.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/problem-solving"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a mental shortcut that relies on&nbsp;<i>immediate examples</i>&nbsp;that come to a person's mind when evaluating a situation </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <span class=cloze>Availability heuristic</span> is a mental shortcut that relies on&nbsp;<i>immediate examples</i>&nbsp;that come to a person's mind when evaluating a situation <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Availability Heuristic.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Availability Heuristic 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by <b>comparing information</b> to our&nbsp;<b>mental prototypes</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving</div> <div><span class=cloze>Representativeness heuristic</span> is a mental shortcut that helps us make a decision by <b>comparing information</b> to our&nbsp;<b>mental prototypes</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Representativeness Heuristic.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the tendency to focus on information that <u>fits an&nbsp;individual’s&nbsp;beliefs</u>, while <i>rejecting</i> <i>information</i> <i>that</i>&nbsp;<i>goes against those&nbsp;beliefs</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Cognition::Problem_Solving MileDown::Behavioral::Social::Social_Perception</div> <span class=cloze>Confirmation bias</span> is the tendency to focus on information that <u>fits an&nbsp;individual’s&nbsp;beliefs</u>, while <i>rejecting</i> <i>information</i> <i>that</i>&nbsp;<i>goes against those&nbsp;beliefs</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Confirmation Bias 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Confirmation Bias.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/cognition-lesson/v/decision-making"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Intelligence</div> <div><span class=cloze>[Theory]</span> differentiates human intelligence into specific '<u>modalities</u>', rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a <i>single general ability</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Intelligence</div> <div><span class=cloze>Gardner’s Theory of&nbsp;Multiple&nbsp;Intelligences</span> differentiates human intelligence into specific '<u>modalities</u>', rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a <i>single general ability</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Linguistic<br></b></div><div><b>Logical-mathematical</b></div><div><b>Musical</b></div><div><b>Visual-spatial</b></div><div><b>Bodily-kinesthetic</b></div><div><b>Interpersonal</b></div><div><b>Intrapersonal</b></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Gardner.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/cognition/v/theories-of-intelligence"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the actual&nbsp;<u>sound</u>&nbsp;of speech </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Phonology</span> refers to the actual&nbsp;<u>sound</u>&nbsp;of speech <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phonology.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTCx2hCxvHQ"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the&nbsp;<b>building blocks</b>&nbsp;of words </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Morphology</span> refers to the&nbsp;<b>building blocks</b>&nbsp;of words <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Morphology 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMfS4jLyTnE"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the <i>meaning</i> of words </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Semantics</span> refers to the <i>meaning</i> of words <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Syntax.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZDkp8dUWyw"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the <i>rules</i> dictating word order </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Syntax</span> refers to the <i>rules</i> dictating word order <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Syntax.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Morphology.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9shPouRWCs"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to the way <b>language delivery</b> <b>changes</b> depending on&nbsp;context </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Pragmatics</span> refers to the way <b>language delivery</b> <b>changes</b> depending on&nbsp;context <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pragmatics.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pragmatics 2.png""><br></div> <a href=""https://youtu.be/VKbp4hEHV-s"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>[theory]</span> of language states that <u>language acquisition is&nbsp;innate</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>nativist theory</span> of language states that <u>language acquisition is&nbsp;innate</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b style="""">Biological</b> control of language acquisition</div><div><br></div><div><div>Humans have a <i>language acquisition device (LAD) </i>that allows them to learn language</div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Nativist Theory.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/theories-of-language-development"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>[theory]</span> of language states that language acquisition is&nbsp;<b>controlled by operant&nbsp;conditioning</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;reinforcement by parents and caregivers </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>behaviorist theory</span> of language states that language acquisition is&nbsp;<b>controlled by operant&nbsp;conditioning</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;reinforcement by parents and caregivers <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Behaviorist Theory.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VvOIbDI2fro"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>[theory]</span> of language states that language acquisition is&nbsp;<i>caused by a&nbsp;motivation to communicate</i>&nbsp;and interact&nbsp;with&nbsp;others </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>social interactionist theory</span> of language states that language acquisition is&nbsp;<i>caused by a&nbsp;motivation to communicate</i>&nbsp;and interact&nbsp;with&nbsp;others <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Social Interactionist Theory.png"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KF-B3-evNJs"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, also known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> states that the <i>lens</i> by which we view and&nbsp;interpret the world is <i>created by&nbsp;language</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>Whorfian hypothesis</span>, also known as <span class=cloze>linguistic relativity</span> states that the <i>lens</i> by which we view and&nbsp;interpret the world is <i>created by&nbsp;language</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Linguistic Relativity.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-cognition"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[Brain area]</span> <u>produces</u> speech </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Broca's area</span> <u>produces</u> speech <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brocas Area.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>[Brain area]</span> is in charge of <b>language comprehension</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> <span class=cloze>Wernicke’s area</span> is in charge of <b>language comprehension</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Brocas Area.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> <i>connects</i>&nbsp;Broca’s area&nbsp;to the Wernicke’s area </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> The <span class=cloze>arcuate fasciculus</span> <i>connects</i>&nbsp;Broca’s area&nbsp;to the Wernicke’s area <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Arcuate Fasciculus.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> Difficulty&nbsp;<u>producing</u> speech is called <span class=cloze>[disorder]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> Difficulty&nbsp;<u>producing</u> speech is called <span class=cloze>Broca’s aphasia</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Broca's Aphasia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> A lack of speech<b>&nbsp;comprehension</b> is called <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> A lack of speech<b>&nbsp;comprehension</b> is called <span class=cloze>Wernicke’s aphasia</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Wernicke's Aphasia.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> Someone with <span class=cloze>[disorder]</span> can’t<i> repeat </i>words </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Disorders MileDown::Behavioral::Language</div> Someone with <span class=cloze>conduction aphasia</span> can’t<i> repeat </i>words <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conduction Aphasia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/language-and-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the state of being awake and thinking </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> <span class=cloze>Alertness</span> is the state of being awake and thinking <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alertness.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-and-consciousness"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> <div>An EEG shows <span class=cloze>[...]</span> waves&nbsp;when <i>alert or concentrating</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> <div>An EEG shows <span class=cloze>BETA</span> waves&nbsp;when <i>alert or concentrating</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""EEG Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-and-consciousness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> An EEG shows&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> waves when <u>awake but&nbsp;tired</u>, eyes closed </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> An EEG shows&nbsp;<span class=cloze>ALPHA</span> waves when <u>awake but&nbsp;tired</u>, eyes closed <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""EEG Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-and-consciousness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to when individuals <u>appear to be in normal control </u>of their faculties&nbsp;but are in a&nbsp;<b>highly suggestible state</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness</div> <span class=cloze>Hypnosis</span> refers to when individuals <u>appear to be in normal control </u>of their faculties&nbsp;but are in a&nbsp;<b>highly suggestible state</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Used for <u>pain control,&nbsp;psychological therapy, memory enhancement</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><div>More <i>alpha waves</i> are present in this state. It is an awake but relaxed state</div></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Hypnosis.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/hypnosis-and-meditation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Attention</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the practice of turning one's attention to a <b>single point of reference</b>; <u>quieting of the mind</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Attention</div> <span class=cloze>Meditation</span>&nbsp;is the practice of turning one's attention to a <b>single point of reference</b>; <u>quieting of the mind</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Used for relief of anxiety<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meditation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/hypnosis-and-meditation"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are <span class=cloze>[stimulants or depressants]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are <span class=cloze>depressants</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>They lower the body’s basic functions and neural activity. Lower heart rate and blood pressure</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stimulants Depressants.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-depressants-and-opiates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> Amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy are <span class=cloze>[stimulants or depressants]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> Amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy are <span class=cloze>stimulants</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They excite the nervous system. Increase heart rate and blood pressure</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Stimulants Depressants.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-stimulants"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> <i>Opiates</i> and <i>opioids</i> can cause death by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> <i>Opiates</i> and <i>opioids</i> can cause death by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>respiratory depression</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Heroin, morphine, opium, oxycodone &amp; hydrocodone<div><br></div><div><img src=""Opiates.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-depressants-and-opiates"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><a></a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> LSD, peyote, mescaline, and ketamine are considered <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> LSD, peyote, mescaline, and ketamine are considered <span class=cloze>hallucinogens</span>&nbsp;&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hallucinogens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/psychoactive-drugs-hallucinogens"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> pathway <i>mediates drug addiction</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Drugs</div> <div>The <span class=cloze>mesolimbic</span> pathway <i>mediates drug addiction</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Includes <b>nucleus accumbens</b>,&nbsp;medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area<br></div><div><br></div><div><u style="""">Dopamine</u> is the main neurotransmitter</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mesolimbic Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/reward-pathway-in-the-brain"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> Give the sleep stages<div><br><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>:&nbsp;Light sleep<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>:&nbsp;Slightly deeper</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>:&nbsp;Deep sleep</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>: REM sleep</div></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> Give the sleep stages<div><br><div><span class=cloze>Stage 1</span>:&nbsp;Light sleep<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Stage 2</span>:&nbsp;Slightly deeper</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Stages 3 &amp; 4</span>:&nbsp;Deep sleep</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Rapid Eye Movement</span>: REM sleep</div></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> During sleep <i>stage 1,</i> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> waves appear on EEG </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> During sleep <i>stage 1,</i> <span class=cloze>theta</span> waves appear on EEG <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Stage 1:&nbsp;<i>theta</i><div><br></div><div>Stage 2:&nbsp;<i>theta</i></div><div><br></div><div>Stages 3 &amp; 4:&nbsp;<b>delta</b></div><div><br></div><div>Rapid Eye Movement: <u>beta</u>&nbsp;since the mind appears awake on EEG</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Cycle.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <div><u>Sleep spindles</u> and <u>K&nbsp;complexes</u> appear during stage(s) <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of sleep</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <div><u>Sleep spindles</u> and <u>K&nbsp;complexes</u> appear during stage(s) <span class=cloze>two</span> of sleep</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sleep Spindle K Complex (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Slow Wave Sleep.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <b>Slow-wave sleep (SWS)</b> occurs during stage(s) <span class=cloze>[...]</span> of sleep </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <b>Slow-wave sleep (SWS)</b> occurs during stage(s) <span class=cloze>3 and 4</span> of sleep <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Slow Wave Sleep.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> During <span class=cloze>[sleep stage]</span>, the mind <i>appears awake</i> on EEG, but the&nbsp;<u>person is asleep</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> During <span class=cloze>rapid eye movement sleep</span>, the mind <i>appears awake</i> on EEG, but the&nbsp;<u>person is asleep</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>REM phase is distinguishable by <b>random/rapid movement of the eyes</b>, <i>body paralysis</i>, and <u>beta</u> waves on EEG<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""REM.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sleep Stages.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a natural, internal process that <u>regulates the sleep-wake cycle</u> and repeats roughly <i>every 24 hours</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <div><span class=cloze>Circadian rhythm</span> is a natural, internal process that <u>regulates the sleep-wake cycle</u> and repeats roughly <i>every 24 hours</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Circadian Rhythm.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <b>Dreaming</b> occurs mostly during <span class=cloze>[sleep stage]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <b>Dreaming</b> occurs mostly during <span class=cloze>REM</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sleep Stages.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-stages-and-circadian-rhythms"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <div>The <u>activation-synthesis </u>theory states that dreams are <i>activated</i> in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <b>synthesized</b> in the <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <div>The <u>activation-synthesis </u>theory states that dreams are <i>activated</i> in the <span class=cloze>brainstem</span> and <b>synthesized</b> in the <span class=cloze>cortex</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Activation Synthesis.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/sleep-and-consciousness/v/dream-theories-freud-activation-synthnesis-hypothesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <i>Dyssomnias</i> are conditions that make it difficult to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <i>Dyssomnias</i> are conditions that make it difficult to <span class=cloze>fall asleep, stay asleep, or&nbsp;avoid sleep</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Insomnia</i></div><div><i>Narcolepsy</i></div><div><i>Sleep apnea</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Dyssonnias.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <u>Parasomnias</u> are conditions that cause <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Consciousness::Sleep</div> <u>Parasomnias</u> are conditions that cause <span class=cloze>abnormal&nbsp;movements&nbsp;or behaviors&nbsp;during sleep</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Night terrors</u></div><div><u>Sleepwalking</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Parasomnias.jpg""></i></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/sleep-and-consciousness-lesson/v/sleep-disorders"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Attention</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> allows one to <u>pay attention to&nbsp;particular stimulus</u>&nbsp;while determining if additional stimuli in the&nbsp;<i>background</i>&nbsp;require attention<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Attention</div> <span class=cloze>Selective attention</span> allows one to <u>pay attention to&nbsp;particular stimulus</u>&nbsp;while determining if additional stimuli in the&nbsp;<i>background</i>&nbsp;require attention<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Selective Attention.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Divided Attention.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindness"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Behavioral::Attention</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> uses&nbsp;automatic processing&nbsp;to <b>pay attention to&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;activities</b> at one time </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Behavioral::Attention</div> <span class=cloze>Divided attention</span> uses&nbsp;automatic processing&nbsp;to <b>pay attention to&nbsp;multiple&nbsp;activities</b> at one time <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Divided Attention.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/executive-systems-of-the-brain/attention-language-lesson/v/divided-selective-attention-inattentional-change-blindness"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Formyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... group]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Formyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>formyl group</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Formaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Formaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>formaldehyde</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Formic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Formic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>formic acid</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... group]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>acetyl group</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acetaldehyde</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acetic acid</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acetone</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetylacetone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetylacetone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acetylacetone</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetophenone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acetophenone.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acetophenone</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... group]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>benzyl group</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzaldehyde.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>benzaldehyde</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzoic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzoic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>benzoic acid</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzoin.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Benzoin.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>benzoin</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Sytrene.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Sytrene.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>styrene</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acryl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... group]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acryl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>acryl group</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acrolein.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acrolein.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acrolein</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acrylic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Acrylic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>acrylic acid</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carboxyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... group]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carboxyl Group.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>carboxyl group</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carboxylate Ion.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... ion]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carboxylate Ion.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>carboxylate ion</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carbonate Ion.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[... ion]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carbonate Ion.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>carbonate ion</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carbonic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>[name]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Molecules</div> <img src=""Carbonic Acid.png""><div><br></div><div>This is <span class=cloze>carbonic acid</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are hydrocarbons in which all carbon–carbon bonds are&nbsp;<b>single</b> bonds </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <span class=cloze>Alkanes</span> are hydrocarbons in which all carbon–carbon bonds are&nbsp;<b>single</b> bonds <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alkanes.png"" style=""vertical-align: sub; color: rgb(25, 90, 179);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i>Alkanes</i> are named according to the&nbsp;number of <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;present followed by the suffix <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i>Alkanes</i> are named according to the&nbsp;number of <span class=cloze>carbons</span>&nbsp;present followed by the suffix <span class=cloze>–<i>ane</i></span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Straight Chain Alkanes.png"" style=""vertical-align: sub;""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <b>Alkenes</b> have a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bond and use the suffix <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <b>Alkenes</b> have a <span class=cloze>double</span> bond and use the suffix <span class=cloze>-ene</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Alkene.png""></i><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-alkenes/v/naming-alkenes-examples"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <u>Alkynes</u> have a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> bond and use the suffix <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <u>Alkynes</u> have a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>triple</span> bond and use the suffix <span class=cloze>–yne</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i><img src=""Alkyne.png""></i><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-preparation-alkynes/v/alkyne-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i>Alcohols</i> have a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> group and use the suffix <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;or prefix <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i>Alcohols</i> have a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>–OH</span> group and use the suffix <span class=cloze>–ol</span>&nbsp;or prefix <span class=cloze>hydroxy-</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Alcohols have <i>higher priority</i> than double or triple bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <u>Diols</u> contain two <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;groups </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <u>Diols</u> contain two <span class=cloze>hydroxyl</span>&nbsp;groups <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diols.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <img src=""Methane (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <img src=""Methane (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>methane</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <img src=""Propane (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <img src=""Propane (1).png""><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>propane</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Butane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Butane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>butane</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Pentane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Pentane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>pentane</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Hexane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Hexane (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is named <span class=cloze>hexane</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/naming-alkanes/v/naming-simple-alkanes"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Carbonyl (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This functional group is called a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <div><img src=""Carbonyl (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This functional group is called a/an <span class=cloze>carbonyl group</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/aldehyde-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i>Aldehydes</i> have a carbonyl group on the <span class=cloze>[terminal or non-terminal]</span> carbon </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i>Aldehydes</i> have a carbonyl group on the <span class=cloze>terminal</span> carbon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/aldehyde-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <u>Ketones</u> have carbonyl group on a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[terminal or non-terminal]</span>&nbsp;carbon </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <u>Ketones</u> have carbonyl group on a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>non-terminal</span>&nbsp;carbon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aldehyde vs Ketone.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/nomenclature-aldehyde-ketone/v/nomenclature-of-aldehydes-and-ketones"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i style="""">Alcohols</i> are classified as <i>1º</i>,<i> 2º</i>,<i> </i>and<i> 3º </i>alcohols&nbsp;according to the number of carbons attached to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <i style="""">Alcohols</i> are classified as <i>1º</i>,<i> 2º</i>,<i> </i>and<i> 3º </i>alcohols&nbsp;according to the number of carbons attached to the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>carbon bearing the hydroxyl group</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In other words, whether the hydroxyl is bound to a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <b>Amines</b> are classified as <b>1º</b>, <b>2º</b>, and <b>3º</b> amines&nbsp;according to the number of carbons attached to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <b>Amines</b> are classified as <b>1º</b>, <b>2º</b>, and <b>3º</b> amines&nbsp;according to the number of carbons attached to the <span class=cloze>nitrogen&nbsp;atom</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amines (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/amines-topic/naming-amines/v/amine-naming-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>highest</b> priority functional group </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Nomenclature</div> <span class=cloze>Carboxylic acid</span> is the <b>highest</b> priority functional group <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This is because it&nbsp;contains <u>3 bonds</u> to oxygen</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Carboxylic Acid (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/naming-carboxylic-acids-sal/v/carboxlic-acid-introduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have the&nbsp;<b>same chemical formula</b>&nbsp;but have a&nbsp;<i>different stereochemical arrangement</i>&nbsp;of their atoms </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Isomers</span> have the&nbsp;<b>same chemical formula</b>&nbsp;but have a&nbsp;<i>different stereochemical arrangement</i>&nbsp;of their atoms <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.dropbox.com/s/s5k5bv5swqbhjij/Screenshot 2019-04-15 17.37.54.png?dl=0"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[... isomers]</span>&nbsp;have <u>identical chemical formulas</u> but <b>differ structurally</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Constitutional (structural) isomers</span>&nbsp;have <u>identical chemical formulas</u> but <b>differ structurally</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The share only a molecular formula. Have different physical and chemical properties</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Structural Isomers (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.dropbox.com/s/s5k5bv5swqbhjij/Screenshot 2019-04-15 17.37.54.png?dl=0"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are&nbsp;<b>connected in the&nbsp;same order</b>&nbsp;but&nbsp;<u>differ in 3D orientation</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Stereoisomers</span> are&nbsp;<b>connected in the&nbsp;same order</b>&nbsp;but&nbsp;<u>differ in 3D orientation</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Stereoisomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when four <b>different</b> groups are attached to a central carbon </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> A/an <span class=cloze>chiral center</span> is when four <b>different</b> groups are attached to a central carbon <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Chiral 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/introduction-to-chirality"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> For <b>n</b> number of <b>chiral carbons</b>, there are <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;possible <u>stereoisomers</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> For <b>n</b> number of <b>chiral carbons</b>, there are <span class=cloze>2ⁿ</span>&nbsp;possible <u>stereoisomers</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""2n Rule.jpg"" style=""vertical-align: super;""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/chirality-r-s-system/v/stereoisomer-enantiomer-jay"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[... isomers]</span> differ by <i>rotation</i> around a&nbsp;single σ&nbsp;bond </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Conformational isomers</span> differ by <i>rotation</i> around a&nbsp;single σ&nbsp;bond <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/bond-line-structures/v/structural-constitutional-isomers-new"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <img src=""Conformation Anti.png""><div><br><div>This Newman projection shows <span class=cloze>[...]</span> conformation</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <img src=""Conformation Anti.png""><div><br><div>This Newman projection shows <span class=cloze>anti</span> conformation</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The carbon attachments are&nbsp;on opposite ends, <b>180 degrees</b> apart<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes/v/newman-projections-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <img src=""Conformation Gauche.png""><div><br></div><div>This Newman projection shows <span class=cloze>[...]</span> conformation</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <img src=""Conformation Gauche.png""><div><br></div><div>This Newman projection shows <span class=cloze>gauche</span> conformation</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The carbon&nbsp;attachments are <b>60 degrees</b> apart<div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes/v/newman-projections-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <img src=""Conformation Eclipsed.png""><div><br></div><div>This Newman projection is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> conformation</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <img src=""Conformation Eclipsed.png""><div><br></div><div>This Newman projection is <span class=cloze>eclipsed</span> conformation</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><i>Less favorable</i> because it forces more interactions between the front&nbsp;and back attachments, creating <i>more strain</i></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conformational Isomers 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations-alkanes-cycloalkanes/v/newman-projections-2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> An <span class=cloze>[... bond]</span> is a bond which is <i>perpendicular</i> to the axis of the ring </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> An <span class=cloze>equatorial bond</span> is a bond which is <i>perpendicular</i> to the axis of the ring <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The bond lies along the equator of the chair</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Equitorial and Axial (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations/v/chair-and-boat-shapes-for-cyclohexane"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> An <span class=cloze>[... bond]</span> is a bond which is&nbsp;<u>parallel</u> to the axis&nbsp;of the ring </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> An <span class=cloze>axial bond</span> is a bond which is&nbsp;<u>parallel</u> to the axis&nbsp;of the ring <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>""Straight up and down""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Equitorial and Axial (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/conformations/v/chair-and-boat-shapes-for-cyclohexane"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> The two categories of <span class=cloze>[... isomers]</span> are <b>enantiomers</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>diastereomers</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> The two categories of <span class=cloze>configurational isomers</span> are <b>enantiomers</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>diastereomers</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Can only change from one form to another by <i>breaking and reforming</i> bonds<div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;<u>non-superimposable</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>are mirror images</u>&nbsp;of each other </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Enantiomers</span> are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;<u>non-superimposable</u>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>are mirror images</u>&nbsp;of each other <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Same&nbsp;chemical and physical properties, <i>except for&nbsp;rotation of plane polarized light</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Enantiomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <i>Optical activity</i> is the ability of a molecule to <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;plane-polarized&nbsp;light </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <i>Optical activity</i> is the ability of a molecule to <span class=cloze>rotate</span>&nbsp;plane-polarized&nbsp;light <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Optical Activity (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/optical-activity-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> mixture is a&nbsp;50:50 mixture of&nbsp;two <b>enantiomers</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> A/an <span class=cloze>racemic</span> mixture is a&nbsp;50:50 mixture of&nbsp;two <b>enantiomers</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Not optically&nbsp;active</i> because the light rotations cancel out<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Racemic Mixture (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/optical-activity-calculations-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> have an&nbsp;<b>internal plane of symmetry</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Meso compounds</span> have an&nbsp;<b>internal plane of symmetry</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Will be&nbsp;<u>optically</u> <u>inactive</u>&nbsp;because the two sides of the&nbsp;molecule cancel each other out</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meso Compound 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meso Compound 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Meso Compound (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;<b>non-superimposable</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;are&nbsp;<b>not mirror images</b>&nbsp;of each other </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Diastereomers</span> are stereoisomers that are&nbsp;<b>non-superimposable</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;are&nbsp;<b>not mirror images</b>&nbsp;of each other <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diastereomers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Isomer Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/diastereomers-meso-compounds/v/stereoisomers-enantiomers-diastereomers-constitutional-isomers-and-meso-compounds"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <div><i>Cis&nbsp;</i>functional groups are on <span class=cloze>[...]</span> side</div><div><br></div><div><u>Trans&nbsp;</u>functional groups are on&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> sides</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <div><i>Cis&nbsp;</i>functional groups are on <span class=cloze>the&nbsp;same</span> side</div><div><br></div><div><u>Trans&nbsp;</u>functional groups are on&nbsp;<span class=cloze>opposing</span> sides</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Cis Trans (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-alkenes-jay/v/cis-trans-isomerism"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[.. configuration]</span> gives the stereochemistry of a compound relative to the D- and L- forms of&nbsp;<i>glyceraldehyde</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Relative configuration</span> gives the stereochemistry of a compound relative to the D- and L- forms of&nbsp;<i>glyceraldehyde</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In a Fischer projection, look at&nbsp;the highest numbered chiral carbon</div><div><br></div><div>If -OH is on the <i>right</i> then it is a <i>D-sugar</i>.<i>&nbsp;</i>If&nbsp;-OH is on <b>left</b> then it is an <b>L-sugar</b></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""D and L Configuration (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Book:_Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/19:_More_on_Stereochemistry/19.05:_Absolute_And_Relative_Configuration"">Chem Libre Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> The <b>stereochemistry</b> of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic <i>amino acids</i>&nbsp;(except glycine) is <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> The <b>stereochemistry</b> of the α-carbon in all eukaryotic <i>amino acids</i>&nbsp;(except glycine) is <span class=cloze>L</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""All Amino Acids Are L Config.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HG4bqgGR3DI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>[... configuration]</span> gives the stereochemistry of a compound&nbsp;<i>without </i>having to <i>compare</i> <i>to other compounds</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <span class=cloze>Absolute configuration</span> gives the stereochemistry of a compound&nbsp;<i>without </i>having to <i>compare</i> <i>to other compounds</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Absolute Configuration.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/rs-system-practice-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <div>Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are rules for <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <div>Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules are rules for <span class=cloze>naming stereoisomers</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Priority is given by looking at <u>atoms connected to&nbsp;the chiral carbon</u> or double-bonded carbons. Whichever has the <b>highest atomic #</b> <b>gets</b> <b>highest&nbsp;priority</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Cahn Ingold.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/stereochemistry-topic/optical-activity/v/cahn-ingold-prelog-system-for-naming-enantiomers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> In the E-Z naming system for alkenes:<div><br></div><div><div>(<i>Z</i>) has the highest priority on <span class=cloze>[...]</span> side(s)</div><div><br></div><div>(<u>E</u>) has the highest priority on <span class=cloze>[...]</span> side(s)</div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> In the E-Z naming system for alkenes:<div><br></div><div><div>(<i>Z</i>) has the highest priority on <span class=cloze>the same</span> side(s)</div><div><br></div><div>(<u>E</u>) has the highest priority on <span class=cloze>opposite</span> side(s)</div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""E-Z.png""><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""E-Z 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alkenes-alkynes/naming-alkenes-jay/v/e-z-system-new"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <div><img src=""Fischer 2 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>In Fischer projections:<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Vertical</u>&nbsp;lines go to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> of the page</div><div><br></div><div><b>Horizontal</b>&nbsp;lines&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> page</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Isomers</div> <div><img src=""Fischer 2 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div>In Fischer projections:<br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Vertical</u>&nbsp;lines go to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>back</span> of the page</div><div><br></div><div><b>Horizontal</b>&nbsp;lines&nbsp;<span class=cloze>come out&nbsp;of the</span> page</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Vertical</u> lines are like&nbsp;<u>dashes</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><b>Horizontal</b> lines are like&nbsp;<b>wedges</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Fischer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/fischer-projections"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><a></a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <i>n</i> is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the electron <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <i>n</i> is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>principal</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the electron <span class=cloze><i>energy level</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<i>shell number</i></span><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><div>1, 2, 3, ...</div><div><br></div><div>Except for d- and f-orbitals,&nbsp;the shell # matches the row of&nbsp;the periodic table</div></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Principal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <b>l </b>is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of an orbital<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <b>l </b>is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>azimuthal</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze><i>3D shape</i>&nbsp;(subshell)</span>&nbsp;of an orbital<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>0, 1, 2, …, n-1</div><div><br></div><div>0 = s orbital</div><div><div>1 = p orbital</div><div>2 = d orbital</div><div>3 = f orbital</div><div>4 = g orbital</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Azimuthal Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div><div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <u>m_l</u>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the orbital <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <u>m_l</u>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>magnetic</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the orbital <span class=cloze>sub-type</span><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Integers&nbsp;-l&nbsp;to&nbsp;+l</div><div><br></div><div>The orientation of the electron's orbital with respect to the three axes in space, x, y, and z.</div><div><div><br></div></div><div><img src=""Magnetic Quantum Number.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <b>m_s</b>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of the electron<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding::Quantum_Numbers</div> Quantum number <b>m_s</b>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>spin</span>&nbsp;quantum number and gives the <span class=cloze>electronic spin</span>&nbsp;of the electron<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>+1/2 or -1/2</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Spin Quantum Number.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quantum Numbers.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/quantum-physics/quantum-numbers-and-orbitals/v/quantum-numbers"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;orbitals are obtained by <i>combining</i> the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;orbitals from the individual atoms that make up the molecule </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Molecular</span>&nbsp;orbitals are obtained by <i>combining</i> the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>atomic</span>&nbsp;orbitals from the individual atoms that make up the molecule <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Molecular orbital theory is able to explain why some bonds between atoms are observed to be <i>in between</i> a single and a double bond. Valence-bond theory, the more traditional theory, cannot explain these ""hybridized"" bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Molecular Orbitals.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTujP4jCbsg"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <u>Bonding orbitals</u> are created by overlap of&nbsp;atomic orbitals of the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[same or opposite]</span> sign </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <u>Bonding orbitals</u> are created by overlap of&nbsp;atomic orbitals of the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>same</span> sign <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bonding Orbital 2.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bonding Orbital.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTujP4jCbsg"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <i>Antibonding orbitals</i>&nbsp;are created by overlap of&nbsp;atomic orbitals of the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[same or opposite]</span> signs </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <i>Antibonding orbitals</i>&nbsp;are created by overlap of&nbsp;atomic orbitals of the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>opposite</span> signs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Anti Bonding Orbital.svg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bonding Orbital.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTujP4jCbsg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <img src=""Sigma and Pi Bonds.png""><div><br><div>Give the number of sigma and pi bonds for each bond order</div></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <img src=""Sigma and Pi Bonds.png""><div><br><div>Give the number of sigma and pi bonds for each bond order</div></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Sigma and Pi Bonds Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcSPPKESpwc"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <div><i>Multiple</i> bonds are <span class=cloze>[more or less]</span> flexible than <u>single</u> bonds&nbsp;</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <div><i>Multiple</i> bonds are <span class=cloze>less</span> flexible than <u>single</u> bonds&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>This is because <b>rotation</b> is <i>not&nbsp;permitted</i> in the presence of a π bond</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bond Rotation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-orbitals-jay/v/pi-bonds-and-sp2-hybridized-orbitals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <div><i>Multiple</i> bonds are <span class=cloze>[shorter or longer]</span> than <u>single</u> bonds</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <div><i>Multiple</i> bonds are <span class=cloze>shorter</span> than <u>single</u> bonds</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bond Length and Strength.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the idea that atomic orbitals <b>fuse</b> to form newly <i>hybridized</i> orbitals </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Orbital hybridization</span> is the idea that atomic orbitals <b>fuse</b> to form newly <i>hybridized</i> orbitals <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Includes&nbsp;<i>sp³</i>, <i>sp²</i>, and <i>sp</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Hybridization.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <b>sp</b>^{<b>3</b>&nbsp;}hybridization is <span class=cloze>[%]</span>&nbsp;s character and <span class=cloze>[%]</span>&nbsp;p character </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <b>sp</b>^{<b>3</b>&nbsp;}hybridization is <span class=cloze>25%</span>&nbsp;s character and <span class=cloze>75%</span>&nbsp;p character <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""sp3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp3-hybrid-orbital-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <i>sp²</i>^&nbsp;hybridization is <span class=cloze>[%]</span>&nbsp;s&nbsp;character and <span class=cloze>[%]</span>&nbsp;p&nbsp;character </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <i>sp²</i>^&nbsp;hybridization is <span class=cloze>33%</span>&nbsp;s&nbsp;character and <span class=cloze>67%</span>&nbsp;p&nbsp;character <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""sp2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <u>sp</u>^&nbsp;hybridization is <span class=cloze>[%]</span>&nbsp;s&nbsp;character and <span class=cloze>[%]</span>&nbsp;p&nbsp;character </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <u>sp</u>^&nbsp;hybridization is <span class=cloze>50%</span>&nbsp;s&nbsp;character and <span class=cloze>50%</span>&nbsp;p&nbsp;character <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""sp.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chemical-bonds/hybridization-and-hybrid-orbitals-chemistry/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> occurs when single and multiple bonds&nbsp;<i>alternate</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Conjugation</span> occurs when single and multiple bonds&nbsp;<i>alternate</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This creates a system of <b>unhybridized p orbitals</b> down&nbsp;the backbone of the molecule through which p&nbsp;electrons can <u>delocalize</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conjugated (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conjugation 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Conjugation 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xm7TZ0l3k8"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<b>delocalization </b>of electrons&nbsp;in&nbsp;molecules that have&nbsp;<u>conjugated</u> bonds </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Bonding</div> <span class=cloze>Resonance</span>&nbsp;is the&nbsp;<b>delocalization </b>of electrons&nbsp;in&nbsp;molecules that have&nbsp;<u>conjugated</u> bonds <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Resonance (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/formal-charge-resonance/v/resonance-intro-jay"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> acids are <i>electron </i>acceptors </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Lewis</span> acids are <i>electron </i>acceptors <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contain vacant orbitals or <b>positive</b> polarized atoms</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lewis Acid and Base (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> bases are <u>electron </u>donors </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Lewis</span> bases are <u>electron </u>donors <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contain a lone pair of electrons and are often <i>anions</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lewis Acid and Base (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> acid is a <u>proton</u> donor </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>Brønsted-Lowry</span> acid is a <u>proton</u> donor <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bronsted Lowery Acid and Base.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> base is a <u>proton</u> acceptor </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>Brønsted-Lowry</span> base is a <u>proton</u> acceptor <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bronsted Lowery Acid and Base.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/acid-base-equilibria/v/acid-base-definitions-1"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> molecules can act as&nbsp;either<i> acids or bases</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <div><span class=cloze>Amphoteric</span> molecules can act as&nbsp;either<i> acids or bases</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Amphoteric Molecule2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHWNeIL1Cbg"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <i>K_a</i>&nbsp;is the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> constant </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <i>K_a</i>&nbsp;is the <span class=cloze>acid dissociation</span> constant <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>An indicator of acid <i>strength</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>It is&nbsp;the <u>equilibrium constant</u> corresponding to the&nbsp;dissociation of an acid, HA, into a proton and its&nbsp;conjugate base</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ka.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/acids-and-bases-topic/copy-of-acid-base-equilibria/v/ka-and-acid-strength"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>Low&nbsp;pK<sub style="""">a</sub></b>&nbsp;<b>=</b> <span class=cloze>[weak or strong]</span> acid<br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::pH_and_pKa MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>Low&nbsp;pK<sub style="""">a</sub></b>&nbsp;<b>=</b> <span class=cloze>strong</span> acid<br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""pKa Table.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/organic-structures/acid-base-review/v/ka-and-pka-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> reaction is a reaction with the&nbsp;<b>transfer of electrons&nbsp;</b>from the substance being&nbsp;oxidized&nbsp;to the substance being&nbsp;reduced </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>REDOX</span> reaction is a reaction with the&nbsp;<b>transfer of electrons&nbsp;</b>from the substance being&nbsp;oxidized&nbsp;to the substance being&nbsp;reduced <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""REDOX Reaction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#b000b5""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;<i>charge an atom</i> would have&nbsp;if all its bonds were&nbsp;<b>completely ionic</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Oxidation number</span> is the&nbsp;<i>charge an atom</i> would have&nbsp;if all its bonds were&nbsp;<b>completely ionic</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oxidation State.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction/redox-oxidation-reduction/v/introduction-to-oxidation-and-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> In REDOX reactions, the <span class=cloze>[oxidized or reduced]</span> molecule&nbsp;<u>loses</u>&nbsp;electrons and the oxidation number&nbsp;<u>increases</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> In REDOX reactions, the <span class=cloze>oxidized</span> molecule&nbsp;<u>loses</u>&nbsp;electrons and the oxidation number&nbsp;<u>increases</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> An <b>oxidizing agent</b> <span class=cloze>[accepts or donates]</span> electrons&nbsp;and&nbsp;is <span class=cloze>[oxidized or reduced]</span>&nbsp;in the process </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> An <b>oxidizing agent</b> <span class=cloze>accepts</span> electrons&nbsp;and&nbsp;is <span class=cloze>reduced</span>&nbsp;in the process <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> In REDOX reactions, the <span class=cloze>[oxidized or reduced]</span> molecule&nbsp;<b>gains</b> electrons and the oxidation number <b>decreases</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> In REDOX reactions, the <span class=cloze>reduced</span> molecule&nbsp;<b>gains</b> electrons and the oxidation number <b>decreases</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181); ""><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png""></span></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A&nbsp;<u>reducing agent</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[accepts or donates]</span> electrons&nbsp;and&nbsp;is <span class=cloze>[oxidized or reduced]</span>&nbsp;in the process </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::REDOX MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A&nbsp;<u>reducing agent</u>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>donates</span> electrons&nbsp;and&nbsp;is <span class=cloze>oxidized</span>&nbsp;in the process <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Oxidation vs Reduction.png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181); ""><span style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181); ""><img src=""REDOX Reaction 2.jpg""></span></span></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/oxidation-reduction"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the ability of a reagent or inter­mediate to <i>react with one group</i> or atom in a mole­cule in <u>preference</u> to another group or atom present in the <b>same molecule</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Chemoselectivity</span> is the ability of a reagent or inter­mediate to <i>react with one group</i> or atom in a mole­cule in <u>preference</u> to another group or atom present in the <b>same molecule</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaAIY9oyAlk"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> contains <b>lone pairs</b>&nbsp;of electrons or pi bonds and is “<i>Nucleus-loving</i>” </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A/an <span class=cloze>nucleophile</span> contains <b>lone pairs</b>&nbsp;of electrons or pi bonds and is “<i>Nucleus-loving</i>” <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Often carries a <u>negative</u> charge</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Nucleophile (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/nucleophile-electrophile-and-the-schwartz-rules"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is a term used to describe the <i>strength</i> of a&nbsp; nucleophile </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Nucleophilicity</span>&nbsp;is a term used to describe the <i>strength</i> of a&nbsp; nucleophile <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Nucleophilicity is affected by:&nbsp;</div><div><br></div><div>Charge</div><div>Electronegativity</div><div>Steric hindrance</div><div>Solvent<br></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Nucleophilicity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/nucleophilicity-basicity-sal/v/nucleophilicity-nucleophile-strength"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>electron loving</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Electrophiles</span> are <u>electron loving</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contain a <i>positive</i> charge or are positively&nbsp;polarized</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Electrophile (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/nucleophile-electrophile-and-the-schwartz-rules"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are molecular fragments that&nbsp;<u>retain the electrons</u>&nbsp;after&nbsp;heterolysis </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>Leaving groups</span> are molecular fragments that&nbsp;<u>retain the electrons</u>&nbsp;after&nbsp;heterolysis <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The best LG can <b>stabilize</b> additional charge&nbsp;through resonance or induction</div><div><u><br></u></div><div><u>Weak bases</u> make good leaving groups</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leaving Group (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/intro-to-organic-mechanisms"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> Cl^-&nbsp;and Br^-&nbsp;are <span class=cloze>[good or bad]</span> leaving groups </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> Cl^-&nbsp;and Br^-&nbsp;are <span class=cloze>good</span> leaving groups <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Good Leaving Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> -OH is a <span class=cloze>[good or bad]</span> leaving group </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> -OH is a <span class=cloze>bad</span> leaving group <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Good Leaving Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The ""<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub></i>"" in&nbsp;S_N1 and&nbsp;S_N2 reactions refers to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The ""<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub></i>"" in&nbsp;S_N1 and&nbsp;S_N2 reactions refers to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>nucleophilic substitution</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Nucleophilic Substitution.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The number 1 in an&nbsp;<i>S_N1</i>&nbsp;reaction refers to the fact that the reaction is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The number 1 in an&nbsp;<i>S_N1</i>&nbsp;reaction refers to the fact that the reaction is <span class=cloze>unimolecular</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>S_N1&nbsp;Rate</i> = k[substrate]¹&nbsp;=&nbsp;a <i>first-order</i> reaction<br></div><div><div><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""><br></span></div><div><img src=""Unimolecular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> An&nbsp;<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub>1</i><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39)""> </span>reaction has <span class=cloze>[#]</span> step(s) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> An&nbsp;<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub>1</i><span style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39)""> </span>reaction has <span class=cloze>two</span> step(s) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Step 1: &nbsp;The <u>LG leaves</u>, forming a <u>carbocation</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div>Step 2: The <i>nucleophile attacks</i> the planar carbocation from either&nbsp;side, leading to a <i>racemic mixture </i>of products</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangement"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> An&nbsp;S_N2 reaction has <span class=cloze>[#]</span> step(s) </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> An&nbsp;S_N2 reaction has <span class=cloze>one</span> step(s) <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>The&nbsp;nucleophile attacks at the <b>same time</b> as the LG leaves</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>The&nbsp;nucleophile must perform a <i>backside attack</i>, which leads to&nbsp;<i>inversion of stereochemistry</i></div></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Sn2 (1).png""></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""Sn2 2.png""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn2-mechanism-and-stereochemistry"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[S_N1 or S_N2]</span>&nbsp;products are a <i>racemic</i> mixture </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>S_N1</span>&nbsp;products are a <i>racemic</i> mixture <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In the 2nd step,&nbsp;the <b>nucleophile attacks</b> the planar carbocation from <b>either&nbsp;side</b>, leading to a racemic mixture of products</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Racemic Mixture.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-mechanism-carbocation-rearrangement"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>[S_N1 or S_N2]</span>&nbsp;reactions lead to <u>inversion</u> of stereochemistry </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <span class=cloze>S_N2</span>&nbsp;reactions lead to <u>inversion</u> of stereochemistry <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>The&nbsp;nucleophile must perform a <u>backside attack</u>, which leads to</div><div><u>inversion</u> of stereochemistry</div></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><div><img src=""Sn2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn2-mechanism-and-stereochemistry"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></font></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The rate law for an&nbsp;<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub>1</i>&nbsp;reaction is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The rate law for an&nbsp;<i>S<sub style="""">N</sub>1</i>&nbsp;reaction is <span class=cloze>S_N1&nbsp;Rate&nbsp;= k[substrate]¹</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A <i>first-order</i> reaction</div><div><br></div><img src=""Unimolecular.jpg""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The rate law for an&nbsp;<b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reaction is <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> The rate law for an&nbsp;<b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reaction is <span class=cloze>S_N2&nbsp;Rate&nbsp;= k[substrate]¹[nucleophile]¹</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>A <b>second-order</b> reaction<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bimolecular.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Primary Substrate.png""><div><br></div><div>A <u>primary</u> substrate will go <span class=cloze>[S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Primary Substrate.png""><div><br></div><div>A <u>primary</u> substrate will go <span class=cloze>S_N2</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>1 step<br></div><div><br></div><div>If you were to do an&nbsp;S_N1&nbsp;reaction on a primary substrate, you'd get a <i>primary carbocation</i>, which is very <i>unstable</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Tertiary Substrate.png""><div><br></div><div>A <b>tertiary</b> substrate with a protic&nbsp;(or aprotic) solvent will go <span class=cloze>[S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Tertiary Substrate.png""><div><br></div><div>A <b>tertiary</b> substrate with a protic&nbsp;(or aprotic) solvent will go <span class=cloze>S_N1</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>2 steps<div><br></div><div>There is too much <i>steric hinderance</i> for the nucleophile to attack the carbon while the leaving group is still there. The LG must leave first</div><div><br></div><div>The products will be a mixture of&nbsp;S_N1&nbsp;and E1</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Secondary with Protic.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This reaction will go <span class=cloze>[S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Secondary with Protic.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This reaction will go <span class=cloze>S_N1</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The substrate is <i>secondary</i>&nbsp;and CH₃OH is a <i>protic</i> solvent<div><br></div><div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Secondary with Aprotic.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This reaction will go <span class=cloze>[S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <img src=""Secondary with Aprotic.jpg""><div><br></div><div>This reaction will go <span class=cloze>S_N2</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>The substrate is <b style="""">secondary</b> and acetone is an <u>aprotic</u> solvent&nbsp;<div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reactions prefer <span class=cloze>[...]</span> substrates </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>S<sub style="""">N</sub>2</b>&nbsp;reactions prefer <span class=cloze>methyl and primary</span> substrates <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is easy for the nucleophile to attack the carbon because the <b>carbon is accessible</b> (less steric hindrance)</div><div><br></div><div>The reaction can proceed in <b>1 step</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <div><img src=""Methyl Substrate.png""></div><div><br></div>A <u>methyl</u> substrate <i>cannot</i> undergo an <b>elimination</b> reaction because elimination reactions create <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <div><img src=""Methyl Substrate.png""></div><div><br></div>A <u>methyl</u> substrate <i>cannot</i> undergo an <b>elimination</b> reaction because elimination reactions create <span class=cloze>double bonds between two carbons, C=C</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>There is only one carbon in a methyl so no double bond can be created<div><br></div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>Strong bases</b> favor <span class=cloze>[...]</span> reactions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>Strong bases</b> favor <span class=cloze>E2</span> reactions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrvV85H737o"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A <u>secondary</u> substrate with a <i>protic</i> solvent will go <span class=cloze>[S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A <u>secondary</u> substrate with a <i>protic</i> solvent will go <span class=cloze>S_N1</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A <i>secondary</i> substrate with an <u>aprotic</u> solvent will go <span class=cloze>[S_N1&nbsp;or&nbsp;S_N2]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> A <i>secondary</i> substrate with an <u>aprotic</u> solvent will go <span class=cloze>S_N2</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Secondary Protic and Aprotic Complete.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Sn1 Sn2 Chart 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrzUZSETgFc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> Polar <span class=cloze>[protic or aprotic]</span> solvents are capable of&nbsp;<u>hydrogen bonding</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> Polar <span class=cloze>protic</span> solvents are capable of&nbsp;<u>hydrogen bonding</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Polar Protic: <u>Acetic Acid</u>, <u>H<sub style="""">2</sub>O</u>,&nbsp;<u>ROH</u>, <u>NH<sub style="""">3</sub></u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polar Protic Solvents.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> Polar <span class=cloze>[protic or aprotic]</span> solvents <i>do not</i> participate in&nbsp;<u>hydrogen bonding</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> Polar <span class=cloze>aprotic</span> solvents <i>do not</i> participate in&nbsp;<u>hydrogen bonding</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Polar Aprotic:&nbsp;<i>DMF</i>, <i>DMSO</i>,&nbsp;<i>Acetone</i>, <i>Ethyl Acetate</i></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polar Aprotic Solvents.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <i>Acetic acid</i>&nbsp;is polar<i> </i><span class=cloze>[protic or aprotic]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <i>Acetic acid</i>&nbsp;is polar<i> </i><span class=cloze>protic</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Polar protic&nbsp;because it participates in <u>hydrogen bonding</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetic Acid (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>DMSO</b> is polar<i>&nbsp;</i><span class=cloze>[protic or aprotic]</span>&nbsp; </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Reactions</div> <b>DMSO</b> is polar<i>&nbsp;</i><span class=cloze>aprotic</span>&nbsp; <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Dimethyl sulfoxide is <b>polar aprotic</b> because it <i>does not</i> participate in <u>hydrogen bonding</u><div><br></div><div><img src=""DMSO (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-vs-sn2-solvent-effects"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> use suffix <i>–ol</i>&nbsp;or prefix&nbsp;<i>hydroxy-</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>Alcohols</span> use suffix <i>–ol</i>&nbsp;or prefix&nbsp;<i>hydroxy-</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Contains an&nbsp;<u>–OH</u> group</div><div><br></div><div>Alcohols have&nbsp;<b>higher</b> priority&nbsp;than double or triple bonds</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> 1º, 2º, and 3º alcohols are named according to the <b>number of carbons</b> attached to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[which carbon]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> 1º, 2º, and 3º alcohols are named according to the <b>number of carbons</b> attached to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>In other words, whether the hydroxyl is bound to a primary, secondary, or tertiary <b>carbon</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Alcohol Primary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>[primary, secondary, or tertiary]</span> alcohol<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Alcohol Primary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>primary</span> alcohol<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Alcohol Secondary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>[primary, secondary, or tertiary]</span> alcohol</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Alcohol Secondary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>secondary</span> alcohol</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Alcohol Tertiary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>[primary, secondary, or tertiary]</span> alcohol<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Alcohol Tertiary (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>tertiary</span> alcohol<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alcohols (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/alcohol-nomenclature-properties/v/alcohol-nomenclature"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""></font></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Phenol 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is known as a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><img src=""Phenol 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This compound is known as a/an <span class=cloze>phenol</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Benzene ring</b> with <u>–OH</u> group attached</div><div><br></div><div>Named for the relative&nbsp;position of the –OH groups</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phenol 2.png""></div><div><br></div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/alcohol-nomenclature-rules"">Khan Academy Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Phenols Ortho.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> position</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Phenols Ortho.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in <span class=cloze>ortho</span> position</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phenols.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-aDDGwXsI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Phenols Meta.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> position<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Phenols Meta.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in <span class=cloze>meta</span> position<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Phenols.png""><br><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-aDDGwXsI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Phenols Para.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> position<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Phenols Para.png""><div><br></div><div>The substituents on this benzene ring are in <span class=cloze>para</span> position<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phenols.png""><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-aDDGwXsI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are conjugated <b>cyclic diketones</b> but are <i>not aromatic</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>Quinones</span> are conjugated <b>cyclic diketones</b> but are <i>not aromatic</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Synthesized through&nbsp;oxidation of <u>phenols</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>Examples:</div><div><br></div><div><i>Vitamin K1</i>&nbsp;(phylloquinone)</div><div><i>Vitamin K2</i> (the menaquinones)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Quinones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenols"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are produced by&nbsp;<u>oxidation</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>quinones</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>Hydroxyquinones</span> are produced by&nbsp;<u>oxidation</u>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<b>quinones</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Adds a variable&nbsp;number of hydroxyl groups</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hydroxyquinones.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenols"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a biologically active&nbsp;<i>quinone</i> that acts as an&nbsp;<u>electron acceptor</u>&nbsp;in complexes&nbsp;I, II, and III of the&nbsp;electron transport chain </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <span class=cloze>Ubiquinone</span> is a biologically active&nbsp;<i>quinone</i> that acts as an&nbsp;<u>electron acceptor</u>&nbsp;in complexes&nbsp;I, II, and III of the&nbsp;electron transport chain <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Also called <b>coenzyme Q</b></div><div><br></div><div>It is reduced&nbsp;to <u>ubiquinol</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ubiquinone.jpg""></div><div><img src=""Coenzyme Q.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/alcohols-and-phenols/v/biologic-redox-reactions-of-alcohols-and-phenols"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> When an <u>alcohol</u> is oxidized it becomes <i>one of</i> the following compounds:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> When an <u>alcohol</u> is oxidized it becomes <i>one of</i> the following compounds:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>aldehyde</span></div><div><span class=cloze>ketone</span></div><div><span class=cloze>carboxylic acid</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Oxidation of an alcohol removes the H and adds a second bond to the O to make a <i>carbonyl</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/oxidation-of-alcohols-i-mechanism-and-oxidation-states"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><div><img src=""Alcohol with PCC (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Treatment of an <u>alcohol</u> with <b>pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) </b>leads to the formation of a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <div><div><img src=""Alcohol with PCC (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Treatment of an <u>alcohol</u> with <b>pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) </b>leads to the formation of a/an <span class=cloze>aldehyde</span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Alcohol with PCC.png""></div><div><br></div><div>Any stronger oxidizing agent will oxidize the alcohol all the way to&nbsp;carboxylic acid</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Alcohol Oxidize and Reduce Chart (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuCDQFvVPQI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <u>-OH</u> is a <span class=cloze>[good or bad]</span> leaving group </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <u>-OH</u> is a <span class=cloze>bad</span> leaving group <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Good Leaving Groups (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/substitution-elimination-reactions/sn1-sn2-tutorial/v/sn1-and-sn2-leaving-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <u>Alcohols</u> can be converted to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;to make them <i>better&nbsp;leaving groups</i> for nucleophilic substitution reactions </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <u>Alcohols</u> can be converted to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>mesylates</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span class=cloze>tosylates</span>&nbsp;to make them <i>better&nbsp;leaving groups</i> for nucleophilic substitution reactions <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mesolates (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/alcohols-ethers-epoxides-sulfides/reactions-alcohols-tutorial/v/preparation-of-mesylates-and-tosylates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <i>Aldehydes</i> and <b>ketones</b> be protected by converting them into&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <i>Aldehydes</i> and <b>ketones</b> be protected by converting them into&nbsp;<span class=cloze>acetals</span>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<span class=cloze>ketals</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aldehydes and Ketones Protect.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/acetals-as-protecting-groups-and-thioacetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Acetal.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Acetal.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>acetal</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A <i>primary carbon</i> with <b>two –OR</b> groups and a <u>hydrogen&nbsp;atom</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetal and Ketal Structures.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-acetals"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Ketal.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Alcohols</div> <img src=""Ketal.png""><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>ketal</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>A <i>secondary carbon</i> with <b>two –OR groups</b><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Acetal and Ketal Structures.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ketal Formation.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/aldehydes-ketones/reactions-aldehydes-ketones-jay/v/formation-of-acetals"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <i>Amino acids</i> are simple organic compounds containing both a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> group and a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;group </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <i>Amino acids</i> are simple organic compounds containing both a/an <span class=cloze>carboxyl&nbsp;(—COOH)</span> group and a/an <span class=cloze>amino&nbsp;(—NH₂)</span>&nbsp;group <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'> <div><img src=""Amino Acid 1 (2).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/introduction-to-amino-acids"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[... functional group]</span> is a <i>basic nitrogen atom</i> with a lone pair of electrons </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> A/an <span class=cloze>amine functional group</span> is a <i>basic nitrogen atom</i> with a lone pair of electrons <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amine Functional Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/bond-line-structures-alkanes-cycloalkanes/functional-groups/v/functional-groups-first"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> An <b>amide</b> functional group has a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> group&nbsp;linked to a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> atom </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> An <b>amide</b> functional group has a/an <span class=cloze>carbonyl</span> group&nbsp;linked to a/an <span class=cloze>nitrogen</span> atom <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Amide Group.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/carboxylic-acids-derivatives/acid-derivatives-jay/v/nomenclature-and-properties-of-amides"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div><a></a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> compounds are <i>hydrocarbon</i> compounds containing <i>carbon</i> and <i>hydrogen</i> joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or&nbsp;non-aromatic rings </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>Aliphatic</span> compounds are <i>hydrocarbon</i> compounds containing <i>carbon</i> and <i>hydrogen</i> joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or&nbsp;non-aromatic rings <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Aliphatic amino acids are Gly, Ala,&nbsp;Val, Leu, Ile, Pro</div><div><br></div><div>Met can also be considered aliphatic</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aliphatic 3.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Aliphatic 1.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5hQ8iZZ8dU"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <u>Peptide Bonds</u> are formed when the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of an amino acid <b>nucleophilically</b> attacks the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of another amino acid </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <u>Peptide Bonds</u> are formed when the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>N-terminus</span>&nbsp;of an amino acid <b>nucleophilically</b> attacks the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>C-terminus</span>&nbsp;of another amino acid <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Condensation reaction<br></div><div><br></div><div>Can be <i>cleaved</i>&nbsp;<i>hydrolytically </i>using a&nbsp;strong acid or base</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Bonds 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/proteins-and-amino-acids/v/peptide-bond-formation"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> In a <u>peptide bond</u>, rotation of the C-N bond is <i>restricted</i> due to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> In a <u>peptide bond</u>, rotation of the C-N bond is <i>restricted</i> due to <span class=cloze>resonance</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Resonance causes the C-N bond to take on a <i>partial double bond</i> character</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Peptide Bond Partial Double Bond.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/a/chemistry-of-amino-acids-and-protein-structure"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> Polypeptides are made up of&nbsp;multiple <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;linked by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> Polypeptides are made up of&nbsp;multiple <span class=cloze>amino acids</span>&nbsp;linked by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>peptide bonds</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Proteins are large, folded, functional polypeptides</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Polypeptide (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/peptide-bond-formation-and-cleavage"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>[... synthesis]</span> and <span class=cloze>[... synthesis]</span> are two common methods of <i>synthesizing amino acids</i> in the lab </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>Strecker synthesis</span> and <span class=cloze>Gabriel synthesis</span> are two common methods of <i>synthesizing amino acids</i> in the lab <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Strecker and Gabriel.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <div><u>Strecker synthesis</u> generates an <b>amino acid</b> from a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <div><u>Strecker synthesis</u> generates an <b>amino acid</b> from a/an&nbsp;<span class=cloze>aldehyde</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Strecker Synthesis.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> generates an <b>amino acid</b> from potassium phthalimide, diethyl bromomalonate, and an alkyl halide </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Amino_Acids</div> <span class=cloze>Gabriel synthesis</span> generates an <b>amino acid</b> from potassium phthalimide, diethyl bromomalonate, and an alkyl halide <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Gabriel Synthesis.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/alpha-amino-acid-synthesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is sometimes referred to as a&nbsp;<i>phosphate group</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<u>inorganic phosphate</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <span class=cloze>Phosphoric acid</span> is sometimes referred to as a&nbsp;<i>phosphate group</i>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<u>inorganic phosphate</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Denoted as <b>Pi</b></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Phosphoric Acid (1).png""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id1yK29TTcc"">YouTube Link</a></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <i>Phosphoric acid</i> is an <b>excellent buffer</b> because it contains three hydrogens, each with <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <i>Phosphoric acid</i> is an <b>excellent buffer</b> because it contains three hydrogens, each with <span class=cloze>a unique pK_a</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The&nbsp;wide variety in pK_a values allows phosphoric acid to act&nbsp;as a buffer over a<u> large range of pH values</u></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Phosphoric Acid pKa.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id1yK29TTcc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... bonds]</span> make up the <b>backbone</b> of DNA</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <div><span class=cloze>Phosphodiester bonds</span> make up the <b>backbone</b> of DNA</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Phosphodiester Bond 3 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/v/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <i>carbon</i>&nbsp;containing<i>&nbsp;</i>compounds&nbsp;that also have&nbsp;<b>phosphate</b>&nbsp;groups</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::OChem::Phosphorus_Containing_Compounds</div> <div><span class=cloze>Organic phosphates</span> are <i>carbon</i>&nbsp;containing<i>&nbsp;</i>compounds&nbsp;that also have&nbsp;<b>phosphate</b>&nbsp;groups</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The most notable examples are <i>nucleotide triphosphates</i> (ATP&nbsp;or&nbsp;GTP) and <i>DNA</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>ATP Structure:</div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><img src=""ATP.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/overview-metabolism/v/atp-hydrolysis-transfer-of-a-phosphate-group"">Khan Academy Link</a><i><br></i></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <div><img src=""Glycosidic Bond Alpha (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[alpha or beta]</span> <b>glycosidic bond</b><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <div><img src=""Glycosidic Bond Alpha (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>alpha</span> <b>glycosidic bond</b><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glycosidic Bonds.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <div><img src=""Glycosidic Bond Beta (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>[alpha or beta]</span>&nbsp;<b>glycosidic bond</b><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biochemistry::Lipids</div> <div><img src=""Glycosidic Bond Beta (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a/an <span class=cloze>beta</span>&nbsp;<b>glycosidic bond</b><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Glycosidic Bonds.png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/carbohydrates-and-sugars/a/carbohydrates"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Give the <u>airway pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Give the <u>airway pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Nasal/oral cavities</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>pharynx</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>larynx</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>trachea</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>bronchi</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>bronchioles</span> →&nbsp;<span class=cloze>alveoli</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;larynx →&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → <span class=cloze>pharynx</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;larynx →&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>Pharynx is the ""<u>throat</u>""</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div><div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>larynx</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;trachea →&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Larynx is the ""<b>voice box</b>""<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>trachea</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchi →&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Trachea is the ""<i>windpipe</i>""<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>bronchi</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;bronchioles →&nbsp;alveoli<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(176, 0, 181);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;alveoli<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>bronchioles</span>&nbsp;→&nbsp;alveoli<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ bronchioles&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <div>Fill in the missing item in the <u>air pathway</u>:<br></div><div><br></div><div>Nasal/oral cavities → pharynx&nbsp;→ larynx&nbsp;→ trachea&nbsp;→ bronchi&nbsp;→ bronchioles&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>alveoli</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Air Pathway (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems and it is called the ""<u>throat</u>"" </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The&nbsp;<span class=cloze>pharynx</span>&nbsp;is part of both the digestive and respiratory systems and it is called the ""<u>throat</u>"" <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Both food and air pass through the pharynx<br></div><div><br></div><div>Air is warmed and humidified</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Pharynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, also called the&nbsp;<b>voice box</b>, is a hollow, tubular structure connected to the <u>top of the windpipe (trachea)</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The <span class=cloze>larynx</span>, also called the&nbsp;<b>voice box</b>, is a hollow, tubular structure connected to the <u>top of the windpipe (trachea)</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Only air passes through the larynx<br></i></div><div><br></div><div>Epiglottis covering</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Larynx.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is also called the <i>windpipe</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The <span class=cloze>trachea</span> is a hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It is also called the <i>windpipe</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><b>Ciliated epithelium</b>&nbsp;collect debris in the trachea and bronchi<div><br></div><div><img src=""Trachea.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/a/hs-the-respiratory-system-review"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The <i>trachea</i> branches into two primary&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> The <i>trachea</i> branches into two primary&nbsp;<span class=cloze>bronchi</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>One bronchus leads to the <u>left lung</u>, the other bronchus leads to the <u>right lung</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><b>Ciliated epithelium</b>&nbsp;collect debris in the trachea and bronchi</div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bronchi.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/the-bronchial-tree"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are the&nbsp;<u>smallest of the branches&nbsp;of the bronchi</u> and they end in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <span class=cloze>Bronchioles</span> are the&nbsp;<u>smallest of the branches&nbsp;of the bronchi</u> and they end in <span class=cloze>alveoli</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bronchiole.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are sacs where&nbsp;<b>gas exchange&nbsp;occurs</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <span class=cloze>Alveoli</span> are sacs where&nbsp;<b>gas exchange&nbsp;occurs</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bronchiole.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-systems/v/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <b>Surfactant</b>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[reduces or increases]</span>&nbsp;surface tension in the alveoli </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Pathway</div> <b>Surfactant</b>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>reduces</span>&nbsp;surface tension in the alveoli <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Low surface tension</i> <i>is required</i> to prevent collapse of the alveoli</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Surfactant.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVxsfWW273g"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> allow the lungs to easily move within the body cavity with&nbsp;<u>minimal friction&nbsp;from other organs</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>Pleurae membranes</span> allow the lungs to easily move within the body cavity with&nbsp;<u>minimal friction&nbsp;from other organs</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Plural Membrane (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is a thin&nbsp;fluid-filled space&nbsp;<b>between the two pleurae</b> of each lung </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> The <span class=cloze>pleural cavity (or space)</span> is a thin&nbsp;fluid-filled space&nbsp;<b>between the two pleurae</b> of each lung <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pleural Membrane.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> The <i>outside</i> <i>pleural membrane</i> is the known as the <span class=cloze>[... membrane]</span><div><br></div><div>The <b>inside</b> <b>pleural membrane</b> is the known as the <span class=cloze>[... membrane]</span>&nbsp;</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> The <i>outside</i> <i>pleural membrane</i> is the known as the <span class=cloze>parietal membrane</span><div><br></div><div>The <b>inside</b> <b>pleural membrane</b> is the known as the <span class=cloze>visceral membrane</span>&nbsp;</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pleural Membrane 2.png"">&nbsp;</div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/respiratory-system-diseases/pleural-effusion-2/v/what-is-pleural-effusion"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> During <i>inspiration</i>, lung volume <b>expands</b>&nbsp;as a result of the <span class=cloze>[contraction or relaxation]</span> of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, this expands&nbsp;the thoracic cavity </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> During <i>inspiration</i>, lung volume <b>expands</b>&nbsp;as a result of the <span class=cloze>contraction</span> of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, this expands&nbsp;the thoracic cavity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Due to this increase in volume, the <u>pressure is decreased</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>The pressure gradient between the atmosphere and the thoracic cavity allows air to rush into the lungs; inhalation occurs</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Inspiration Pressure Gradient.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> During <u>exhalation</u>, the diaphragm muscles <span class=cloze>[contract or relax]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> During <u>exhalation</u>, the diaphragm muscles <span class=cloze>relax</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>There is&nbsp;an <i>elastic recoil</i> of the lung tissue which causes a decrease in volume<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Inspiration Pressure Gradient.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <i>Inhalation</i> is considered a/an <span class=cloze>[... process]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <i>Inhalation</i> is considered a/an <span class=cloze>active process</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Because the diaphragm must <i>contract</i> for inhalation</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Diaphragm Contraction.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/lung-introduction/v/inhaling-and-exhaling"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> A/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> measures the&nbsp;volume of air&nbsp;being&nbsp;<b>exhaled</b> or <b>inhaled</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> A/an <span class=cloze>spirometer</span> measures the&nbsp;volume of air&nbsp;being&nbsp;<b>exhaled</b> or <b>inhaled</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>It cannot measure total volume<br></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><img src=""Spirometer.jpeg""></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the amount of air in the lungs&nbsp;after taking the <i>deepest breath&nbsp;possible</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>Total lung capacity</span> is the amount of air in the lungs&nbsp;after taking the <i>deepest breath&nbsp;possible</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs&nbsp;after <u>fully exhaling</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>Residual volume</span> is the amount of air that remains in a person's lungs&nbsp;after <u>fully exhaling</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Some air must stay in the lungs to <b>keep the alveoli from collapsing</b><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the difference between <u>minimum</u> and <i>maximum</i>&nbsp;volume of air in the lungs </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>Vital capacity</span> is the difference between <u>minimum</u> and <i>maximum</i>&nbsp;volume of air in the lungs <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This is the maximum amount of air a person can <b>expel</b> from the lungs after a maximum inhalation<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a&nbsp;<b>normal breath</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>Tidal volume</span> is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a&nbsp;<b>normal breath</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the volume of additional air that can be&nbsp;<u>forcibly&nbsp;exhaled</u>&nbsp;following normal exhalation</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>Expiratory reserve volume</span> is the volume of additional air that can be&nbsp;<u>forcibly&nbsp;exhaled</u>&nbsp;following normal exhalation</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the volume of additional air that can be<i>&nbsp;forcibly&nbsp;inhaled</i>&nbsp;following normal inhalation</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <div><span class=cloze>Inspiratory reserve volume</span> is the volume of additional air that can be<i>&nbsp;forcibly&nbsp;inhaled</i>&nbsp;following normal inhalation</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lung Volume Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chMedJwp4wo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;function together using their&nbsp;<u>wave-like motion</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>move mucus&nbsp;up and away from the lungs</b> and back into the throat </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <span class=cloze>Cilia</span>&nbsp;function together using their&nbsp;<u>wave-like motion</u>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>move mucus&nbsp;up and away from the lungs</b> and back into the throat <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>This is the <i>mucociliary escalator&nbsp;</i></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mucociliary Escalator.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMB6flEaZwI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <b>Vibrissae</b> are <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> <b>Vibrissae</b> are <span class=cloze>nose hairs</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>They trap large particles of dust that might otherwise be inhaled<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Vibrissae.jpg""><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is by far the most important <i>buffer for&nbsp;maintaining acid-base balance</i>&nbsp;in the blood </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> The <span class=cloze>bicarbonate buffer</span> is by far the most important <i>buffer for&nbsp;maintaining acid-base balance</i>&nbsp;in the blood <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If the <u>blood pH is too&nbsp;low</u>, respiration will <span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If the <u>blood pH is too&nbsp;low</u>, respiration will <span class=cloze>increase</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Respiration goes up&nbsp;to <u>blow off CO₂&nbsp;</u></div><div><br></div><div>Based on <b>Le Châtelier’s Principle</b>, the bicarbonate buffer will <u>shift left </u>to remove H⁺&nbsp;which will raise the pH back to normal levels</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If the <i>blood pH is</i> <i>too</i>&nbsp;<i style="""">high</i>, respiration will <span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System::Bicarbonate_Buffer MileDown::General_Chemistry::Acids_and_Bases::Buffers_and_Titrations MileDown::General_Chemistry::Equilibrium</div> If the <i>blood pH is</i> <i>too</i>&nbsp;<i style="""">high</i>, respiration will <span class=cloze>decrease</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Respiration goes<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font>down, <i>trapping CO<sub style="""">2</sub></i><div><br></div><div>Based on <b>Le Châtelier’s Principle</b>, the bicarbonate buffer will <i>shift right</i> to add more H⁺ which will lower the pH<br><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bicarbonate Buffer.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArmELNEfXs0"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>primary respiratory control center</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Respiratory_System</div> The <span class=cloze>medulla oblongata</span> is the <u>primary respiratory control center</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is part of the <u>brainstem</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Medulla Oblongata.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/biological-basis-of-behavior-ner/v/brainstem"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the <i>blood pathway</i>&nbsp;(including valves) starting in the <b>right atrium</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span> → <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the <i>blood pathway</i>&nbsp;(including valves) starting in the <b>right atrium</b>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>right atrium</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>tricuspid valve</span> → <span class=cloze>right ventricle</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>pulmonary valve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>pulmonary artery</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>lungs</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>pulmonary veins</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>left atrium</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>mitral valve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>left ventricle</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>aortic valve</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>aorta</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>arteries</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>arterioles</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>capillaries</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>venules</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>veins</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>venae cavae</span>&nbsp;→ <span class=cloze>right atrium</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Oxygenated blood</i> from the pulmonary veins enters the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> atrium of the heart </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Oxygenated blood</i> from the pulmonary veins enters the <span class=cloze>left</span> atrium of the heart <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Deoxygenated blood</u> from the venae cavae enters the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> atrium of the heart </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Deoxygenated blood</u> from the venae cavae enters the <span class=cloze>right</span> atrium of the heart <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[... valve]</span> is between the <u>right atrium</u> and the <b>right ventricle</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>tricuspid valve</span> is between the <u>right atrium</u> and the <b>right ventricle</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Deoxygenated blood passes through</u><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[... valve]</span> is between the <i>left atrium</i> and the <b>left ventricle</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>mitral valve</span> is between the <i>left atrium</i> and the <b>left ventricle</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Oxygenated blood passes through</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Pathway.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/flow-through-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Pulmonary veins</i> are <span class=cloze>[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Pulmonary veins</i> are <span class=cloze>oxygenated</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pulmonary Veins and Arteries.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Deoxygenated vs Oxygeanted Colors.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Pulmonary arteries</u> are <span class=cloze>[oxygenated or deoxygenated]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Pulmonary arteries</u> are <span class=cloze>deoxygenated</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><img src=""Pulmonary Veins and Arteries.png""><div><br><div><img src=""Deoxygenated vs Oxygeanted Colors.png""></div><div><br><div><div><img src=""Blood Flow Through Heart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system-diseases/blood-vessel-diseases/v/arteries-vs-veins-what-s-the-difference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the pathway of <i>electrical conduction in the heart</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the pathway of <i>electrical conduction in the heart</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Electrical Conduction in the Heart.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>“<i>S</i>tab <i>A B</i>ig <i>P</i>ickle” acrostic<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the heart's <b>natural&nbsp;pacemaker</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>SA node</span> is the heart's <b>natural&nbsp;pacemaker</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div><div>The&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that <b>coordinates the top of the heart</b>. It <i>electrically connects the atria and ventricles</i></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div><div>The&nbsp;<span class=cloze>AV node</span>&nbsp;is the part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that <b>coordinates the top of the heart</b>. It <i>electrically connects the atria and ventricles</i></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> transmits impulses <b>from the AV node to the ventricles</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>bundle of his</span> transmits impulses <b>from the AV node to the ventricles</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>[...]</span> carry the contraction impulse <u>from both the left and right bundle branch to the&nbsp;myocardium of the ventricles</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <span class=cloze>Purkinje fibers</span> carry the contraction impulse <u>from both the left and right bundle branch to the&nbsp;myocardium of the ventricles</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Heart Electrical Conduction (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/heart-depolarization/v/electrical-system-of-the-heart"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <i>away the heart</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Arteries</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <i>away the heart</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Thick muscular tube</i></div><div><br></div><div>Elasticity allows for recoil and&nbsp;helps propel blood forward</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <u>toward the heart</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Veins</span>&nbsp;are blood vessels that carry blood <u>toward the heart</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><u>Thin walls with few elastic fibers</u><div><br></div><div>Pulsation is absent in veins<div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are <u>tiny branches of arteries</u> that lead to capillaries </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Arterioles</span> are <u>tiny branches of arteries</u> that lead to capillaries <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are&nbsp;<b>1 cell thick</b> and make up the endothelial wall </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Capillaries</span> are&nbsp;<b>1 cell thick</b> and make up the endothelial wall <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Easy diffusion of&nbsp;gases (O₂,&nbsp;CO₂) and waste (NH₃, urea)</div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are very small&nbsp;blood vessels that bring blood from <u>capillary beds to the veins</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Venules</span> are very small&nbsp;blood vessels that bring blood from <u>capillary beds to the veins</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Artery Vein Capillary 2.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/circulatory-system-introduction/v/arteries-arterioles-venules-and-veins"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart muscle <b>contract</b> after refilling with blood </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Systole</span> is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart muscle <b>contract</b> after refilling with blood <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><i>AV valves are closed</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><u>Semilunar valves are open</u></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Blood pumps from the chambers into the arteries</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Systole and Diastole.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lub Dub Graph.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the period of the cardiac cycle that encompasses <u>ventricular relaxation</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Diastole</span>&nbsp;is the period of the cardiac cycle that encompasses <u>ventricular relaxation</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><u>AV&nbsp;valves are&nbsp;open</u><br></div><div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i>Semilunar&nbsp;valves are closed</i></div></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div>Chambers fill with blood</div><div><div><div><br><img src=""Systole and Diastole.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lub Dub Graph.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/what-is-blood-pressure-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the <u>normal blood pressure range</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the <u>normal blood pressure range</u>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Normal BP.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Blood pressure is <b>sensed and maintained</b> by <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Blood pressure is <b>sensed and maintained</b> by <span class=cloze>baroreceptors</span> and <span class=cloze>chemoreceptors</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/regulation-of-blood-pressure-with-baroreceptors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The main function of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is to&nbsp;<u>lower the blood pressure</u>&nbsp;by promoting <b>excretion of water and sodium</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The main function of <span class=cloze>atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</span> is to&nbsp;<u>lower the blood pressure</u>&nbsp;by promoting <b>excretion of water and sodium</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""ANP.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzeL1fcBwnE"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Aldosterone</i>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[raises or lowers]</span> blood pressure </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Aldosterone</i>&nbsp;<span class=cloze>raises</span> blood pressure <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Aldosterone.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <b>ADH</b> promotes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increased or decreased]</span> <u>water retention</u> and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[increased or decreased]</span> <i>plasma osmolarity</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <b>ADH</b> promotes&nbsp;<span class=cloze>increased</span> <u>water retention</u> and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>decreased</span> <i>plasma osmolarity</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin)</div><div><br></div><div><i>Increases&nbsp;blood pressure</i></div><div><br></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><img src=""ADH (2).png""></font></div><div><font color=""#195ab3""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> If your&nbsp;<b>blood osmolarity</b> is<i>&nbsp;</i><span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span>&nbsp;than normal, your body reacts to replace this water loss by&nbsp;<i>releasing&nbsp;ADH</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> If your&nbsp;<b>blood osmolarity</b> is<i>&nbsp;</i><span class=cloze>higher</span>&nbsp;than normal, your body reacts to replace this water loss by&nbsp;<i>releasing&nbsp;ADH</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>ADH leads to <u>increased water resorption</u> by your kidneys</div><div><br></div><div>Osmolarity goes down and blood pressure goes up<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""High Blood Osmolarity.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-control/v/aldosterone-and-adh"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the <i>cardiac output equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Give the <i>cardiac output equation</i>:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Cardiac Output.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume<div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-ddp/v/putting-it-all-together-pressure-flow-and-resistance"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Blood is considered a/an <span class=cloze>[...]</span> because it consists of <i>blood cells</i>, surrounded by a <b>nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> Blood is considered a/an <span class=cloze>connective tissue</span> because it consists of <i>blood cells</i>, surrounded by a <b>nonliving, fluid matrix called blood plasma</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Connective Tissue.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/eukaryotic-cells/v/epithelial-and-connective-tissue"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Red blood cells</i> are also known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>Red blood cells</i> are also known as <span class=cloze>erythrocytes</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""RBCs (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/red-blood-cells"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>percentage of blood&nbsp;composed of&nbsp;RBCs</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Hematocrit</span> is the <i>percentage of blood&nbsp;composed of&nbsp;RBCs</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><u>Normal hematocrit is about 45%<br></u></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Hematocrit.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/what-s-inside-of-blood"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <b>White blood cells</b> are also known as <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <b>White blood cells</b> are also known as <span class=cloze>leukocytes</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""WBCs Called Leukocytes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> RBCs&nbsp;and WBCs are <u>both formed in</u> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> RBCs&nbsp;and WBCs are <u>both formed in</u> <span class=cloze>bone marrow</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/leukemia/v/hematopoiesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the process by which&nbsp;stem cells&nbsp;from bone marrow <b>develop into mature&nbsp;blood cells</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Hematopoiesis</span> is the process by which&nbsp;stem cells&nbsp;from bone marrow <b>develop into mature&nbsp;blood cells</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Blood Cells From Bone Marrow.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/hematologic-system-diseases-2/leukemia/v/hematopoiesis"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The three types of <u>granulocytes</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span><br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The three types of <u>granulocytes</u> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Neutrophils</span></div><div><span class=cloze>Eosinophils</span><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Basophils</span><br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>-phil = granulocytes<br></div><div><br></div><div>Part of the<font color=""#195ab3""> </font><u>innate immune system</u></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <i>granules</i> in a granulocyte cause <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <i>granules</i> in a granulocyte cause <span class=cloze>inflammation that kills bacteria and fungi</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-immune-system/a/innate-immunity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The two types of <i>agranulocytes</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The two types of <i>agranulocytes</i> are:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Lymphocytes</span></div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>Monocytes</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>agranulocytes have no granules</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Types (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Leukocyte Chart.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>, also called&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>,&nbsp;are a component of blood whose&nbsp;function&nbsp;is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by <i>clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot</i><br> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Platelets</span>, also called&nbsp;<span class=cloze>thrombocytes</span>,&nbsp;are a component of blood whose&nbsp;function&nbsp;is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by <i>clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot</i><br> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Platelets.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQSzIOMRZMQ"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[... pressure]</span> moves fluid&nbsp;out of a capillary&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>into the interstitial fluid</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Hydrostatic pressure</span> moves fluid&nbsp;out of a capillary&nbsp;and&nbsp;<u>into the interstitial fluid</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hydrostatic Pressure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B658Yn3INYc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions</div> <span class=cloze>[... pressure]</span> moves fluid&nbsp;<i>into the blood vessel</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::General_Chemistry::Solutions</div> <span class=cloze>Osmotic pressure</span> moves fluid&nbsp;<i>into the blood vessel</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hydrostatic Pressure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B658Yn3INYc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is found inside&nbsp;RBCs and it <u>carries oxygen</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>Hemoglobin</span> is found inside&nbsp;RBCs and it <u>carries oxygen</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Hemoglobin.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/circulatory-pulmonary/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div>The <b>binding of oxygen_&nbsp;to&nbsp;hemoglobin</b> can be characterized as <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div>The <b>binding of oxygen_&nbsp;to&nbsp;hemoglobin</b> can be characterized as <span class=cloze>cooperative</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>When one O<sub style="""">2</sub>&nbsp;molecule binds to one of the four heme groups in a hemoglobin, <i>it becomes more&nbsp;likely</i> that the remaining sites will bind to O<sub style="""">2</sub></div><div><sub style=""""><br></sub></div><div>_{<img src=""Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Dissociation Curves.png"">}</div><div>_<br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin-moves-o2-and-co2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Oxygen</u> binds to the <span class=cloze>[...]</span> atom inside a <i>heme group</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Oxygen</u> binds to the <span class=cloze>iron</span> atom inside a <i>heme group</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Binding of Oxygen to a Heme.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div><b>CO₂ and H⁺ </b>will&nbsp;trigger the heme group to <span class=cloze>[...]</span> its <u>O₂</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div><b>CO₂ and H⁺ </b>will&nbsp;trigger the heme group to <span class=cloze>release</span> its <u>O₂</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>CO₂&nbsp;and H⁺<i>allosterically inhibit </i>hemoglobin</div><div><br></div><div><div>This means <u>O₂ is released near lots of CO₂</u> <u>or in acidic sites</u>,&nbsp;which is&nbsp;where respiration is happening and <b>O₂ is needed</b></div></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Factors Affecting Oxygen Binding.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/hemoglobin"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> A <b>low pH </b>means a <span class=cloze>[high or low]</span> <u>heme affinity for O₂</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> A <b>low pH </b>means a <span class=cloze>low</span> <u>heme affinity for O₂</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>H⁺ is an inhibitor of heme</i>, so it causes the heme to release its O₂</div><div><br></div><div>This is called the <u>Bohr Shift</u>. The oxygen saturation curve will <u>shift right</u> in response to a low pH (high H⁺ concentration)</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Bohr Shift.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-hematologic-system/hematologic-system-introduction/v/bohr-effect-vs-haldane-effect"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>2,3-BPG </i>causes heme to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> O<sub style="""">2</sub> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <i>2,3-BPG </i>causes heme to&nbsp;<span class=cloze>release</span> O<sub style="""">2</sub> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Creates a<font color=""#195ab3"">&nbsp;</font><u>right&nbsp;shift</u> just like a low pH would</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""2 3 BPG.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"" style=""vertical-align: sub;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div>If your body <i>needs more oxygen</i>, then&nbsp;<b>2,3-BPG</b>&nbsp;levels will <span class=cloze>[increase or decrease]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <div>If your body <i>needs more oxygen</i>, then&nbsp;<b>2,3-BPG</b>&nbsp;levels will <span class=cloze>increase</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>2,3-BPG causes heme to release its O₂</b>. If your body is low on O₂, then 2,3-BPG is used to raise the O₂&nbsp;levels back to normal</div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""2 3 BPG.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"" style=""vertical-align: sub;"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is the <b>oxygen pressure</b> when&nbsp;<u>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <span class=cloze>P₅₀</span>&nbsp;is the <b>oxygen pressure</b> when&nbsp;<u>50% of hemoglobin has an oxygen&nbsp;bound</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""P50.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://youtu.be/HYbvwMSzqdY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> In <i>sickle cell anemia</i>, the amino acid <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is replaced by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> In <i>sickle cell anemia</i>, the amino acid <span class=cloze>Glu</span> is replaced by&nbsp;<span class=cloze>Val</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Hemoglobin <b>aggregates</b> into insoluble fibers<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sickel Cell Anemia 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sickel Cell Anemia.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e67ZP2C3Pr4"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div> <u>Myoglobin</u> stores and releases oxygen in&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System MileDown::Biology::Muscular_System</div> <u>Myoglobin</u> stores and releases oxygen in&nbsp;<span class=cloze>muscle tissue</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Not pH sensitive</i></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg""></font></div><div><font color=""#e12727""><br></font></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Myoglobin</u> has a much <span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span> oxygen affinity than <i>hemoglobin</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> <u>Myoglobin</u> has a much <span class=cloze>higher</span> oxygen affinity than <i>hemoglobin</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><div>This&nbsp;means it can <b>bind more securely to the oxygen</b>&nbsp;compared to hemoglobin</div></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""O2 Dissosociation Curves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <u>myoglobin oxygen saturation</u> curve is <i>hyperbolic</i> because <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> The <u>myoglobin oxygen saturation</u> curve is <i>hyperbolic</i> because <span class=cloze>it&nbsp;only has one heme group and cannot exhibit&nbsp;cooperative&nbsp;binding</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Myoglobin Curve.jpg"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUI5vGfNYZY"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> 2,3-BPG has <i>no affect</i> on <span class=cloze>[hemoglobin or myoglobin]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Biology::Cardiovascular_System</div> 2,3-BPG has <i>no affect</i> on <span class=cloze>myoglobin</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>BPG works by binding in the space <b>between</b> <b>the subunits in hemoglobin</b>. Myoglobin has just one monomer, so BPG does not affect it</div><br><div><img src=""Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin Structure.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYyIdE_BlQc"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <i>displacement of a wave</i>&nbsp;from its rest position </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Amplitude</span> is the <i>displacement of a wave</i>&nbsp;from its rest position <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The&nbsp;maximum point is called a <b>crest</b>. The minimum&nbsp;point is called a <u style="""">trough</u><br></div><div><br></div><div><i><img src=""Wave.jpg""></i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <u>distance between two crests or two troughs</u> of a wave </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Wavelength (λ)</span> is the <u>distance between two crests or two troughs</u> of a wave <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the number of <b>cycles a wave makes&nbsp;per second</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Frequency (f)</span> is the number of <b>cycles a wave makes&nbsp;per second</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Expressed in Hz<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;number of seconds&nbsp;it takes to <i>complete a&nbsp;cycle</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Period (T)</span> is the&nbsp;number of seconds&nbsp;it takes to <i>complete a&nbsp;cycle</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is the <u>inverse of frequency</u><br></div><div><br></div><div>Period is a measure of time</div><div><br></div><div>Wavelength is a measure of length</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Period (3).png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Period (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> refers to&nbsp;how far a point is<b> from the equilibrium&nbsp;position</b>, expressed as a vector quantity </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Displacement (x)</span> refers to&nbsp;how far a point is<b> from the equilibrium&nbsp;position</b>, expressed as a vector quantity <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The term can apply to any measure of <i>length</i> including&nbsp;<i>amplitude</i> and <i>wavelength</i><br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <i>Angular Frequency (ω)</i> also known as&nbsp;<b>radial</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>circular</b>&nbsp;frequency, measures&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;per <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <i>Angular Frequency (ω)</i> also known as&nbsp;<b>radial</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>circular</b>&nbsp;frequency, measures&nbsp;<span class=cloze>angular displacement</span>&nbsp;per <span class=cloze>unit time</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Angular Frequency 2.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Angular Frequency.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-centripetal-force-and-gravitation/introduction-to-uniform-circular-motion-ap/v/connecting-period-and-frequency-to-angular-velocity"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[... waves]</span> are oscillations where particles are displaced&nbsp;<i>perpendicular</i>&nbsp;to the wave direction </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Transverse waves</span> are oscillations where particles are displaced&nbsp;<i>perpendicular</i>&nbsp;to the wave direction <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Light is a transverse wave</b> because its components vibrate perpendicular to the direction of propagation<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transverse Wave (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[... waves]</span> are oscillations where particles are displaced&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>&nbsp;to the wave direction </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Longitudinal waves</span> are oscillations where particles are displaced&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>&nbsp;to the wave direction <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><b>Sound waves are longitudinal waves</b> because particles of the medium through which the sound is transported vibrate parallel to the direction that the sound wave moves<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Longitudinal Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> Light&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... wave]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> Light&nbsp;is a&nbsp;<span class=cloze>transverse wave</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Light&nbsp;is a&nbsp;transverse wave&nbsp;because its components vibrate <i>perpendicular</i> to the direction of propagation<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transverse Wave (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> Sound&nbsp;waves are <span class=cloze>[... waves]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> Sound&nbsp;waves are <span class=cloze>longitudinal waves</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Sound&nbsp;waves are longitudinal waves because&nbsp;particles of the medium&nbsp;through which the sound is transported&nbsp;vibrate&nbsp;<u>parallel</u>&nbsp;to the direction that the sound wave moves</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Longitudinal Waves.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap/a/transverse-and-longitudinal-waves-ap1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> Give the equation for velocity of wave:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> Give the equation for velocity of wave:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Velocity of Wave.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>v = wave speed<br></div><div>f = frequency</div><div>λ&nbsp;= wavelength</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Golden Rule.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/wave-characteristics-ap/v/amplitude-period-frequency-and-wavelength-of-periodic-waves"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> describes the ways in which&nbsp;waves interact&nbsp;in&nbsp;space to&nbsp;form a <b>resultant wave</b> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Interference</span> describes the ways in which&nbsp;waves interact&nbsp;in&nbsp;space to&nbsp;form a <b>resultant wave</b> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Interference.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... interference]</span> occurs when waves are&nbsp;<u>exactly in phase</u>&nbsp;with each&nbsp;other</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <div><span class=cloze>Constructive interference</span> occurs when waves are&nbsp;<u>exactly in phase</u>&nbsp;with each&nbsp;other</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <b>amplitude</b> of the resultant wave is&nbsp;equal to the <b>sum</b> of the amplitudes of the two&nbsp;interfering waves<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Interference.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... interference]</span> occurs when waves are&nbsp;<i>exactly out of phase</i>&nbsp;with&nbsp;each other</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <div><span class=cloze>Destructive interference</span> occurs when waves are&nbsp;<i>exactly out of phase</i>&nbsp;with&nbsp;each other</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <u>amplitude</u> of the resultant wave&nbsp;is equal to the <u>difference</u> in amplitude between&nbsp;the two interfering waves<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Interference.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <div><span class=cloze>[... interference]</span> occurs when two waves are&nbsp;<u>not quite perfectly in&nbsp;or out&nbsp;of phase with each other</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <div><span class=cloze>Partially constructive / destructive interference</span> occurs when two waves are&nbsp;<u>not quite perfectly in&nbsp;or out&nbsp;of phase with each other</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <b>displacement</b>&nbsp;of the resultant wave is equal to the <b>sum</b> of the&nbsp;displacements of the two interfering waves<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Partial Interference.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/wave-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[... waves]</span> <b>have</b> <b>continuously shifting points of maximum&nbsp;and minimum displacement</b> so that the&nbsp;peak of the wave ""travels"" forward </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Traveling waves</span> <b>have</b> <b>continuously shifting points of maximum&nbsp;and minimum displacement</b> so that the&nbsp;peak of the wave ""travels"" forward <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Example: <u>Ocean waves</u> travel over a long distance. As opposed to standing waves that would appear to stay in one spot<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Traveling vs Standing Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu1PC4botbM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[... waves]</span> oscillate in time but the <i>peak amplitude&nbsp;profile&nbsp;does not move in space</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Standing waves</span> oscillate in time but the <i>peak amplitude&nbsp;profile&nbsp;does not move in space</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Produced by the <u>constructive</u> and <b>destructive&nbsp;interference</b> of two waves of the same frequency&nbsp;traveling in opposite directions in the same space<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Traveling vs Standing Wave.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu1PC4botbM"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <b>Nodes</b> are points where there is&nbsp;no <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <b>Nodes</b> are points where there is&nbsp;no <span class=cloze>oscillation</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Found in&nbsp;<i>standing waves</i>&nbsp;when there are&nbsp;two waves&nbsp;with&nbsp;<i>destructive interference</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Node (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> are points of&nbsp;<u>maximum oscillation</u> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Antinodes</span> are points of&nbsp;<u>maximum oscillation</u> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Found in <i>standing waves</i> when there are two waves with&nbsp;<i>destructive interference</i><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Node (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;is when one object vibrating at the&nbsp;same <b>natural frequency</b>&nbsp;of a second object forces that second object to vibrate </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <span class=cloze>Resonance</span>&nbsp;is when one object vibrating at the&nbsp;same <b>natural frequency</b>&nbsp;of a second object forces that second object to vibrate <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Resonance.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPH-JoOtcUo"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <u>Damping</u> is a decrease in <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Waves</div> <u>Damping</u> is a decrease in <span class=cloze>amplitude</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Damping.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0YFw9ZzSyM"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <b>Sound</b> is produced when&nbsp;something <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <b>Sound</b> is produced when&nbsp;something <span class=cloze>vibrates</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The vibrating body causes the medium (water, air, etc.) around it to vibrate<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Sound (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/production-of-sound"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <b>Sound</b>&nbsp;propagates through all forms of matter&nbsp;but&nbsp;not&nbsp;through <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <b>Sound</b>&nbsp;propagates through all forms of matter&nbsp;but&nbsp;not&nbsp;through <span class=cloze>a vacuum</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Fastest through solids, followed by&nbsp;liquids, and slowest through gases<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Propagation (1).jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Propagation 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/relative-speed-of-sound-in-solids-liquids-and-gases"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <b style="""">Pitch</b> is our perception of <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <b style="""">Pitch</b> is our perception of <span class=cloze>frequency</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Pitch.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/introduction-to-sound-waves-ap/v/sound-properties-amplitude-period-frequency-wavelength"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is how&nbsp;<i>loud</i>&nbsp;a sound is </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <span class=cloze>Intensity</span> is how&nbsp;<i>loud</i>&nbsp;a sound is <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>It is based on a wave’s <i>amplitude</i><br></div><div><br></div><div>Intensity will <u style="""">decrease over distance</u>. For example, a loud sound is not as loud if you hear it from far away.</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Intensity.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbNLTscrlZY"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> The <u>doppler effect</u> is a shift in the&nbsp;perceived <span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of a sound when the&nbsp;source of the sound and its detector&nbsp;are <i>moving&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;one another</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> The <u>doppler effect</u> is a shift in the&nbsp;perceived <span class=cloze>frequency</span>&nbsp;of a sound when the&nbsp;source of the sound and its detector&nbsp;are <i>moving&nbsp;relative to&nbsp;one another</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div>Based on the <b>doppler effect</b>, the perceived frequency will be <span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span> than the emitted&nbsp;frequency when the source and detector are <i>moving&nbsp;toward each other</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div>Based on the <b>doppler effect</b>, the perceived frequency will be <span class=cloze>higher</span> than the emitted&nbsp;frequency when the source and detector are <i>moving&nbsp;toward each other</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div>Based on the <b>doppler effect</b>, the perceived frequency will be <span class=cloze>[higher or lower]</span> than the emitted&nbsp;frequency when the source and detector are <u>moving away&nbsp;from each other</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div>Based on the <b>doppler effect</b>, the perceived frequency will be <span class=cloze>lower</span> than the emitted&nbsp;frequency when the source and detector are <u>moving away&nbsp;from each other</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div>The apparent frequency might be <u>higher</u>, <u>lower</u>, <u>or equal to</u> the emitted frequency when the two objects are moving in the <i>same direction</i>. It depends on their <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div>The apparent frequency might be <u>higher</u>, <u>lower</u>, <u>or equal to</u> the emitted frequency when the two objects are moving in the <i>same direction</i>. It depends on their <span class=cloze>relative speeds</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Doppler.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/doppler-effect/v/doppler-effect-formula-for-observed-frequency"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div><u>Strings and pipes that are open on both ends&nbsp;</u>support<u> </u>standing waves. The <b>length</b> of the string or open pipe is given by the following equation:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <div><u>Strings and pipes that are open on both ends&nbsp;</u>support<u> </u>standing waves. The <b>length</b> of the string or open pipe is given by the following equation:</div><div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pipes Open.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Length of the string or open pipe =&nbsp;(some multiple wavelengths) / 2<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Waves in Pipes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <i>Pipes closed at one end</i><u>&nbsp;</u>support<u>&nbsp;</u>standing waves. The <b>length</b> of the closed pipe is given by the following equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <i>Pipes closed at one end</i><u>&nbsp;</u>support<u>&nbsp;</u>standing waves. The <b>length</b> of the closed pipe is given by the following equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Pipes Closed.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Length&nbsp;of the closed pipe = (some <i>odd</i> <i>multiple</i> of wavelengths) / 4<br></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Waves in Pipes.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-1/ap-mechanical-waves-and-sound/standing-waves-ap/v/standing-waves-on-strings"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <u>Ultrasound</u> uses high frequency sound waves to compare the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> of tissues&nbsp;in the body </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Sound</div> <u>Ultrasound</u> uses high frequency sound waves to compare the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>relative&nbsp;densities</span> of tissues&nbsp;in the body <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><i>Doppler Ultrasound</i> is&nbsp;used to determine the <i>flow of blood</i> within the body<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Ultrasound.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/mechanical-waves-and-sound/sound-topic/v/ultrasound-medical-imaging"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><b>Electromagnetic waves</b> are transverse waves&nbsp;that consist of an oscillating&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... field]</span>&nbsp;and an oscillating&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[... field]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><b>Electromagnetic waves</b> are transverse waves&nbsp;that consist of an oscillating&nbsp;<span class=cloze>electric&nbsp;field</span>&nbsp;and an oscillating&nbsp;<span class=cloze>magnetic field</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The two fields are&nbsp;<i>perpendicular</i> to each other and to the direction of&nbsp;propagation of the wave<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Transverse Wave (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div>The <b>electromagnetic spectrum</b> is the range of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;found in electromagnetic waves</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div>The <b>electromagnetic spectrum</b> is the range of&nbsp;<span class=cloze>frequencies</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>wavelengths</span>&nbsp;found in electromagnetic waves</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Electromagnetic Spectrum.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> In the visible spectrum, <span class=cloze>[color]</span> has the <i>largest wavelength</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> In the visible spectrum, <span class=cloze>red</span> has the <i>largest wavelength</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Mnemonic: ROY G BIV<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Visible Spectrum.png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Wavelengths Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/electromagnetic-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> The <b>Rydberg formula</b> is used to predict the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> The <b>Rydberg formula</b> is used to predict the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>wavelength</span>&nbsp;of light emitted or absorbed after an electron moves between energy levels <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Rydberg Formula Complete.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/electronic-structure/v/emission-spectrum-of-hydrogen-edited"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <u>Diffraction</u> is the&nbsp;bending and spreading out&nbsp;of light waves as they&nbsp;pass through a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <u>Diffraction</u> is the&nbsp;bending and spreading out&nbsp;of light waves as they&nbsp;pass through a <span class=cloze>narrow slit</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Diffraction.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/a/diffraction-and-constructive-and-destructive-interference"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><i>Young’s double-slit experiment</i> shows the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;interference of waves&nbsp;that occur as light passes through<u>&nbsp;parallel slits</u></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><i>Young’s double-slit experiment</i> shows the&nbsp;<span class=cloze>constructive</span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span class=cloze>destructive</span>&nbsp;interference of waves&nbsp;that occur as light passes through<u>&nbsp;parallel slits</u></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Results in&nbsp;minima (dark fringes) and maxima (bright fringes) of intensity<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Double Slit 1.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Double Slit 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-processes/light-and-electromagnetic-radiation-questions/v/youngs-double-split-part-1"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> are light waves in which the&nbsp;vibrations&nbsp;occur in a&nbsp;<i>single plane</i></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><span class=cloze>Plane polarized light waves</span> are light waves in which the&nbsp;vibrations&nbsp;occur in a&nbsp;<i>single plane</i></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Optical Activity (1).png"" style=""color: rgb(225, 39, 39);""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/polarization-of-light-linear-and-circular"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div>When all the light rays have electric fields with equal&nbsp;intensity but&nbsp;<u>constantly rotating direction</u>, this light is called <span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div>When all the light rays have electric fields with equal&nbsp;intensity but&nbsp;<u>constantly rotating direction</u>, this light is called <span class=cloze>circularly polarized light</span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Circularly&nbsp;polarized light is created by exposing unpolarized light to&nbsp;special pigments or filters<br></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Circular Polarized Light.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/light-waves/introduction-to-light-waves/v/polarization-of-light-linear-and-circular"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the <b>rebounding of incident light waves </b>at a medium’s boundary </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <span class=cloze>Reflection</span> is the <b>rebounding of incident light waves </b>at a medium’s boundary <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Reflection.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-10th-physics-light-reflection-refraction/in-in-reflection-of-light/v/laws-of-reflection2"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div>The law of reflection states that the angle of <u>reflection</u> is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[less than, greater than, or equal to]</span>&nbsp;to the angle of<b> incidence</b></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div>The law of reflection states that the angle of <u>reflection</u> is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>equal</span>&nbsp;to the angle of<b> incidence</b></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Law of Reflection.png""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Reflection.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-10th-physics-light-reflection-refraction/in-in-reflection-of-light/v/laws-of-reflection2"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Concave Mirror.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>[concave or convex]</span> mirror</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Concave Mirror.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>concave</span> mirror</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>Light rays converge at a single point called the <u>focal point</u><div><br></div><div><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class10th-physics/in-in-10th-physics-light-reflection-refraction/in-in-concave-convex-mirrors/v/concave-mirrors"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Convex Mirror.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>[concave or convex]</span> mirror<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Convex Mirror.png""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>convex</span> mirror<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The <u>focal point</u> is on the inside of the mirror, even though the light rays never go to that side</div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For a <i>concave</i> mirror, if the object is <b>farther</b> than the focal point, the image will be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For a <i>concave</i> mirror, if the object is <b>farther</b> than the focal point, the image will be <span class=cloze>real</span> and <span class=cloze>inverted</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For a <i>concave</i> mirror, if the object is <u>very close to the mirror</u> (inside the focal point) then the image will be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For a <i>concave</i> mirror, if the object is <u>very close to the mirror</u> (inside the focal point) then the image will be <span class=cloze>virtual</span> and <span class=cloze>upright</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For a <b>convex</b> mirror, the image will <i>always</i> be <span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For a <b>convex</b> mirror, the image will <i>always</i> be <span class=cloze>virtual</span> and <span class=cloze>upright</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is the&nbsp;bending of light&nbsp;as it <i>passes&nbsp;from one medium to another</i> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <span class=cloze>Refraction</span> is the&nbsp;bending of light&nbsp;as it <i>passes&nbsp;from one medium to another</i> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>The speed of light changes depending on index of refraction of&nbsp;the medium. <b>This speed change causes refraction</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Index of Refraction 2.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br><div></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> Give the formula for <b>index of refraction</b>:<div><br><div></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Index of Refraction 2 (1).png""></span></div></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> Give the Snell's law equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze>[...]</span></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> Give the Snell's law equation:<div><br></div><div><span class=cloze><img src=""Snells Law Complete.png""></span></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Snells Law 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><div><div><img src=""Snells Law.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR-8ZRCHCXI"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when various wavelengths of light&nbsp;<i>separate</i>&nbsp;from each other </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <span class=cloze>Dispersion</span> is when various wavelengths of light&nbsp;<i>separate</i>&nbsp;from each other <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Dispersion occurs because the&nbsp;<b>index of refraction</b> is different for each color<br></div><div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dispersion.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Dispersion 2.jpeg""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKI8UtfEcMA"">YouTube Link</a></div></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><span class=cloze>[...]</span> is when <i>light cannot be refracted out of a medium</i> and is instead&nbsp;reflected back inside the medium</div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><span class=cloze>Total internal reflection</span> is when <i>light cannot be refracted out of a medium</i> and is instead&nbsp;reflected back inside the medium</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div>Occurs when light moves&nbsp;from a medium with a higher index of refraction to a medium&nbsp;with a lower index of refraction <b>with a high incident angle</b></div><div><br></div><div><img src=""Total Internal Reflection.gif""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection"">Khan Academy Link</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> The <b>critical angle</b> is the angle of incidence that offers an <u>angle of reflection</u> of exactly&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[#]</span> degrees </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> The <b>critical angle</b> is the angle of incidence that offers an <u>angle of reflection</u> of exactly&nbsp;<span class=cloze>90</span> degrees <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Critical Angle.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/geometric-optics/reflection-refraction/v/total-internal-reflection"">Khan Academy Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Convex Lens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> lens, also known as a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> lens<br></div> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Convex Lens.jpg""></div><div><br></div><div>This is a <span class=cloze>convex</span> lens, also known as a <span class=cloze>converging</span> lens<br></div> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Concave Lens.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div>This is a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> lens, also known as a <span class=cloze>[...]</span> lens </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> <div><img src=""Concave Lens.jpg""><br></div><div><br></div>This is a <span class=cloze>concave</span> lens, also known as a <span class=cloze>diverging</span> lens <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> When objects are placed <i>outside</i> the focal length of a convex lens or concave mirror, the image is <b>always</b> <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> When objects are placed <i>outside</i> the focal length of a convex lens or concave mirror, the image is <b>always</b> <span class=cloze>real</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><br><div>Lenses:</div><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div>Mirrors:<br></div><div><img src=""Mirror Ray Diagrams.png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link - Lenses</a><br></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrMvnjOgsig"">YouTube Link - Mirrors</a></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For an object&nbsp;<i>outside</i>&nbsp;the focal point of a convex (converging) lens, the image is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For an object&nbsp;<i>outside</i>&nbsp;the focal point of a convex (converging) lens, the image is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>real</span>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>inverted</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For an object&nbsp;<u style="""">inside</u>&nbsp;the focal point of a (convex) converging lens, the image is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span> and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> For an object&nbsp;<u style="""">inside</u>&nbsp;the focal point of a (convex) converging lens, the image is&nbsp;<span class=cloze>virtual</span> and <span class=cloze>upright</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"">MileDown::Physics::Light</div> Images with a <b>concave</b> lens are always&nbsp;<span class=cloze>[...]</span>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>[...]</span> </div>""<div id=""kard""> <div class=""tags"" id='tags'>MileDown::Physics::Light</div> Images with a <b>concave</b> lens are always&nbsp;<span class=cloze>virtual</span>&nbsp;and <span class=cloze>upright</span> <div>&nbsp;</div> <div id='extra'>""Di-virtual""<br><div><br></div><div><img src=""Lenses 2 (1).png""></div><div><br></div><div><a href=""https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfytZxM8lho"">YouTube Link</a><br></div></div> </div>"
"<div