BIOL 220 Study Guide
Exam 1: Introduction, Chemistry, Cell Biology, Genetics & Integumentary system
This study guide is intended to provide a list of topics to guide your studying. This is not intended
to be a complete list of everything that will be one the exam. Remember, because the exam is only
50 questions, some topics will be covered on the exam and some will not be covered on the exam.
This list is to supplement your in-class notes.
Major Themes of A & P
 The importance of studying comparative Anatomy and Physiology
 Human implications and Adaptation of evolution
 Anatomical Variation and its importance in clinical research
 Homeostasis-Types and mechanism of action with examples (positive feedback, negative
feedback)
 Homeostatic compensation of Blood pressure
 Components of feedback mechanism loop
 Response of the body’s mechanisms to regulate temperature
 Gradients and Flow
 Anatomical Positions
Chemistry of Life
 Criteria of chemical elements
 Minerals-examples and importance of minerals in our body
 Ions- octet rule, what are anion and cation?
 Electrolytes- importance of electrolytes in animals
 Types of Chemical Bond and their characteristics
 Differences between --Ionic and Covalent bond, Polar and Nonpolar bond, Hydrogen and
Van der Waals bond
 Water- important properties and criteria's to be fulfilled to be the universal solvent
 Differentiate the different types of mixtures (E.g. Solution, Colloid, suspension, emulsion)
 Acid, Base and pH- importance of ion concentration of H+ & OH What will most likely to happen if an acid and base have chemical reaction with each other?
 Buffer- role of buffer maintaining pH of the body
 Organic compounds
 Carbon- Valency, functional groups, polymerization
 Carbohydrate-properties and types (monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide)
 Lipid- different components and their formation
 Protein- different components and their formation
 Differences between cofactor and coenzymes
 Nucleotides-contents and examples
Cellular Form and Function
 Cell theory – what concepts constitute this theory?
 Why membrane area is important for a cell to survive?
 Basic components of the cell- Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane and Organelles
 Name of Membrane bound and non-membrane organelle
 Membrane proteins- Types and characters of the different membrane protein
 Second messenger systems
-Examples of second messengers and their mechanism
of action
-Why G proteins are crucial for the humans?
 Cell surface contents and their characteristics
 Different types of Membrane transport mechanisms
 Difference between Diffusion and Osmosis
 Tonicity- compare and contrast among hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonicity
 Carrier-Mediated Transport
 Different carrier molecules – difference between the transport directions
 Differences between Facilitated Diffusion, Primary active transport and Secondary active
transport
 Na+ - K+ Pump
 SGLT
 Differences between endocytosis and exocytosis.
 Endocytosis- Types and their mode of action- (phagocytosis. Pinocytosis, Receptor
mediated endocytosis)
 How does phagocytosis destroy a foreign organism in the body?
 Exocytosis- Examples of exocytosis and mechanism of action
 Transcytosis
 Cytoskeleton types and their roles in maintaining the cellular architecture
 Nucleus- different parts of the nucleus and their functions
 Endoplasmic reticulum- components and their specific functions
 Ribosome-How ribosome and ER are related to each other?
-Difference between codon and anti-codon?
-What does tRNA do during protein synthesis?
 Golgi Bodies
 Lysosomes-How does it break up the cell?
-What are autophagy and autolysis?
 Proteasomes
 Mitochondria and its function
Genetics and Cell Function
 DNA structure and function
 Components of DNA
 Base pairs in DNA
 What is the importance of studying genomics?
 Noncoding DNA
 Chromatin
 Chromatin and Chromosomes
 How the cell is starting to divide?
 Difference between DNA and RNA
 RNA structure and functions

















Types of different RNA
Gene
Genetic code
Triplet
Strat codon
Stop codon
Protein- steps of synthesis of protein, protein transport mechanisms
Ribosome activity
Gene Regulation- How is non-protein product synthesis regulated?
How can genes be activated or turned off?
Casein production
Errors and Mutations- Types and consequences
Karyotyping
Alleles
Inheritance patterns
Sex linked disorders
What is epigenetics? How a gene is silenced?
Histology
You should be able to provide locations for where different tissue types are found.
 Tissues- types
 Epithelial tissue- characteristics, components and different functions (simple squamous,
simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, transitional, keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous, Stratified cuboidal epithelium)
 How epithelial tissue repair so quickly?
 Glands- Types, examples and how differences between glands
 Connective tissue- characteristics, components and different functions
 Fibrous connective tissue- different cell types- Fibroblast, WBC, Plasma cell, Mast cell,
Adipocyte
 Compare and contrast different fiber types
 Comparison between areolar and reticular tissue
 Differences between White and Brown fat and their respective locations
 Cartilage- Types and criteria
 Bones- Classification and characteristics
 Blood- components and functions
 Nervous tissue- what are the different types of nervous tissue and their functions
 Neuroglial cells- types and functions
 Muscle tissue
 Membranes
Integumentary System & Bones
 Types of different Skin injury
 Disease involved in skin





























Components of integumentary system
Function of skin
What is the relation between steroid and vitamin D synthesis?
Different kinds of cells in skin
Different layers of epidermis and their criteria
Dermis components and function
Compare and contrast papillary and reticular zones
Hypodermis- properties and function
Function of Bone tissue
Classification of Bone
Layers of Bones
Structure of long bone, short bone
Compare and contrast 4 types of bone cells
What is homeostasis of bones?
Bone Matrix
Difference between compact and spongy bone
Compare Red and Yellow bone marrow
Endochondral Ossification- steps
Process of Bone Elongation
Compare and contrast Bone widening and Bone remodeling
Bone disease- Achondroplasia
Mineral deposition and Resorption
Calcium homeostasis
How skin, liver and kidney help in formation of Calcitriol?
How calcitriol increase the calcium ion in the body?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH, parathyrin)
Bone Injuries
Steps of Bone Healing process