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First Semester, AY 2021-2022
EDUC 201: ADVANCED METHODS IN RESEARCH
COMPREHENSIVE REPORT
Quantitative/Qualitative Research Methodology
By: Roen Shane P. Ramonal
REPORT

Quantitative research statistically
measures attitudes, behavior, and
performance and provides results in
percentages that are easier to
interpret.
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Quantitative research will often
yield data that are projectable to a
larger population.

Quantitative research can effectively
translate data into easily
quantifiable charts and graphs.

The quantitative paradigm is based
on positivism.

The quantitative paradigm has only
one truth, an objective reality that
exists independent of human
perception.

Quantitative research consists of
those studies in which the data
concerned can be analyzed in terms
of numbers.

Quantitative research is based more
directly on its original plans and its
results are more readily analyzed
and interpreted.

Quantitative research is concerned
with the collection and analysis of
data in numeric form.
SCRIPT
The various benefits of quantitative research are
characterized by numerical strength. Quantitative
research is a numbers-based research discipline that
statistically examines attitudes, behavior, and
performance and offers data in percentages that are
easier to grasp. Quantitative research, which
employs a battery of tests and methodologies,
frequently produces data that can be extrapolated to
a broader population. Because quantitative research
is so strongly entrenched in numbers and statistics,
it can efficiently translate data into easily
quantifiable charts and graphs.
The quantitative paradigm is positivist in nature. The
empirical study distinguishes science; all
phenomena may be reduced to empirical indicators
that represent the truth. The quantitative paradigm's
ontological perspective is that there is only one
truth, an objective reality that exists independently
of human perception. In terms of epistemology, the
investigator and the investigated are distinct entities.
As a result, the investigator can investigate a
phenomenon without influencing or being impacted
by it; "inquiry occurs as though a one-way mirror"
(Guba and Lincoln, 1994: 110).
Quantitative research is defined as investigations in
which the data may be analyzed numerically.
Quantitative research is more directly based on its
original plans, and its outcomes are easier to
analyze and explain. Quantitative research, as the
name implies, is focused on the collecting and
analysis of numerical data. It tends to emphasize
relatively large scale and representative sets of
data and is frequently presented or interpreted as
being about acquiring 'facts,' in our opinion.
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Quantitative research does have its
limitations.

Quantitative research, under its
short (usually 20 minute) interviews
and rigid structure, is not the most
flexible method of research and,
when handled improperly, is
especially vulnerable to statistical
error.

The misuse of sampling and
weighting can completely
undermine the accuracy, validity,
and projectability of a quantitative
research study.
Quantitative research, on the other hand, has
limitations. Significant samples are necessary, and
the logistical challenges of acquiring a sufficiently
large sample can destroy the study before it even
begins. Larger samples are likewise more expensive.
Because of its brief (typically 20-minute) interviews
and rigid format, quantitative research is not the
most adaptable method of study and, when done
incorrectly, is especially sensitive to statistical
mistakes. Misuse of sampling and weighting can
fundamentally impair a quantitative research study's
accuracy, validity, and projectability.
Quantitative Research - Key
Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
This is the most significant component since it
allows the scientist to determine the origins of his
or her observations. Experiments are carried out to
Control - This is the most important answer certain questions. They represent attempts
element because it enables the
to determine why something occurs, what causes an
scientist to identify the causes of his occurrence, or under what circumstances an event
or her observations, and is
occurs. Control is required to produce
necessary to provide unambiguous
unambiguous results responses to similar queries.
answers to such questions.
This means that concepts must be defined by the
Operational Definition - This means procedures or operations that are used to measure
that terms must be defined by the them. This method is required to eliminate any
steps or operations used to measure ambiguity in meaning and communication.
Consider the following statement: 'Anxiety causes
them.
kids to do poorly on tests.' 'What exactly is
Replication - To be replicable, the
anxiety?' one could wonder. 'Saying that anxiety is
data obtained in an experiment
synonymous with tenseness or some other such
must be reliable; that is, the same
phrase merely adds to the misunderstanding.
result must be found in the study is
The data obtained in an experiment must be
repeated.
dependable in order for it to be repeatable; that is,
Hypothesis Testing - The systematic the same result must be obtained if the study is
creation of a hypothesis and repeated.
subjecting it to an empirical test.
Quantitative Research - Strengths and Limitations
Strengths

Precision - through quantitative and reliable measurement

Control - through sampling and design

Ability to produce causality statements, through the use of controlled
experiments

Statistical techniques allow for sophisticated analyses
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
Replicable
Limitations

Because of the complexity of human experience it is difficult to rule out or
control all the variables;

Because of human agency people do not all respond in the same ways as inert
matter in the physical sciences;

Its mechanistic ethos tends to exclude notions of freedom, choice and moral
responsibility;

Quantification can become an end in itself.

It fails to take account of people's unique ability to interpret their experiences,
construct their own meani ngs and act on these.

It leads to the assumption that facts are true and the same for all people all of
the time.

Quantitative research often produces banal and trivial findings of little
consequence due to the restriction on and the controlling of variables.

It is not totally objective because the researcher is subjectively involved in the very
choice of a problem as worthy of investigation and in the interpretation of the
results.
The type of research and the format of research findings are limitations as well.

Research Methodology Used
The most important component of any
research is the research methodology and
the resulting research method that is
systematically applied to conduct the
research, analyse and report the findings
and draw a conclusion to answer the
research question thus solving the
research problem. To decide on the
research methodology to use in this
research, two critical questions were
required to be considered:
The research methodology and the resulting
research method that is systematically implemented
to conduct the study, analyze and report the data,
and form a conclusion to answer the research
question, thereby solving the research problem, are
the most significant components of any research.
Two essential questions have to be examined when
deciding on the research approach to be used in this
study:
• What kind of data would be gathered for the study?
as well as;
 What type of data was going to be • How were the research findings going to be
analyzed and reported?
collected for the research?, and;
 The format in which the research
findings were going to be analyzed
and reported?
Apart from the above major two questions, there are other factors to consider when deciding which research
methodology to use. Some of them are:
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


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Research Questions: What exactly are you trying to find out? Focus on the `exactly' as this can lead
you either into the quantitative or qualitative direction.
Are we interested in making standardized and systematic comparisons or do we really want
to study this phenomenon or situation in detail?
The Literature: How have other researchers dealt with this topic? To what extent do you wish to
align your research with standard approaches to the topic?
Practical Considerations: Issues of time, money, availability of samples and data, familiarity with
the subject under study, access to situations, gaining co-operation.
Knowledge payoff: Will we learn more about this topic using quantitative or qualitative
approaches? Which approach will produce more useful knowledge? Which will do more good?
Style: Some people prefer one to the other. This may involve paradigm and philosophical issues or
different images about what a good piece of research looks like.
Given the above, Qualitative Research Methodology seemed the most appropriate research
methodology to use in this research. The logic behind using this research methodology is as above and the
justification is as follows:
Type of Data: Informational data will be collected through research papers, journal articles, online sites,
and web blogs via the Internet. Because the information obtained is textual, it can be analyzed using
qualitative research methods.
Format of Research Findings: Once again, numbers and statistics could not be utilized to answer the
research questions because the research was asking "how" and "what" questions that required descriptive
answers in textual format, necessitating the use of qualitative research technique.
Research Questions: What I was seeking to find out "exactly" may be best answered using qualitative data
in the form of research papers and journal articles using the qualitative research approach. To close the
knowledge gap, information has to be gathered, analyzed, and conclusions reached. Quantitative research
methods based on percentages and statistics would be meaningless.
Study in Details: In order to adequately handle the research problem, situation, or phenomenon, cloud
computing with mobile phones potential and difficulties for developing nations must be explored in depth.
In such cases, qualitative research methodology is most suited. A quantitative comparison or thorough
standardisation is insufficient.
Existing Similar Literature: Although there was little research on a topic similar to this one, other cloud
computing researchers had conducted qualitative research as well. There is a substantial body of literature
recommending the use of qualitative research methods in information systems (Myers, 2009). Cloud
computing is closely related to the topic of information systems.
Practical Considerations: Because this study looked at the benefits and challenges of cloud computing
with mobile phones in developing nations, time limits and financing concerns would preclude primary
inquiry and data collecting from all developing countries. Secondary data in qualitative format, on the other
hand, was freely available and easily accessible via the Internet for this study.
Knowledge Acquisition: Quantitative analysis would not teach us much about this research. Using
quantitative research technique, we could predict that the use of mobile cloud computing will expand by
100 percent over the next five years. That, however, is insufficient. We want to know "why" and "how," we
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want to know more, we want to know everything — that is why we pursue research, "to know as much as
possible." To learn as much as possible, qualitative research approach is essential.
Availability of Secondary Data: Another major criterion that led to the employment of qualitative research
methodology in this study was the abundance of secondary data that was available at the click of a mouse.
As Argyrous (2009) points out, "secondary data are an abundant resource for academics" because the
Internet has made a tremendous amount of data available. He also mentions the benefits of cost and time
savings, access to tested quality data, access to tough groups, and the availability of longitudinal data.
Subject Under Study: The researcher has been deeply active in cloud computing research since it became
a buzzword in the IT industry. After a succession of other research articles on the same topic discovered a
knowledge gap and reduced it down to this research dissertation, he began by writing research papers on
comprehending cloud computing.
Quantitative Research Methodology; however, there are several sections, percentage
and statistics provided with the assistance of quantitative analysis to strengthen the
case of mobile cloud computing for developing countries.
Research Method
 Research methods are a variety of
techniques that people use when
studying a given phenomenon.
 They are planned, scientific, and
value-neutral.
 Concerned with use of any of the
following;
theoretical
methods,
numerical techniques, experimental
techniques and other relevant data
and tools necessary for the research
study.
 Provide for the collection of relevant
information
with
minimal
expenditure of effort, time and
money.
A research method is any of a number of approaches
used to explore a certain phenomena. They are wellplanned, scientific, and value-free. That is, good
research methods are not "accidentally" used;
rather, they are actively used in a way that
maximizes the accuracy of the results. The utilization
of theoretical approaches, numerical techniques,
experimental procedures, and other relevant data
and tools required for the research study are all
examples of research methodologies. It is not
necessary that every theory, approach, and piece of
knowledge in a research topic be applicable to a
specific problem. A researcher must find and pick
resources relevant to his research project. The
research method's function is to allow for the
collecting of relevant information with the least
amount of effort, time, and money.
The design of research method, appropriate for a particular research problem,
involves the consideration of the following:
 Objectives of the Research Study
 Method of Data Collection to be Adopted
 Source of Data or Information
 Tool for Data Collection
 Data Analysis - Qualitative and Quantitative
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The goal of the research method is to Exploratory research is a sort of research that is
produce new knowledge or deepen conducted to solve an issue that has not yet been
understanding of a topic or issue. This defined.
process takes three main forms:
Constructive research is probably the most popular
 Exploratory Research
- Exploratory method in computer science research. This
research is a type of research conducted for a technique necessitates a type of validation that does
not have to be as empirically grounded as other types
problem that has not been clearly defined.
 Constructive Research - This type of of research, such as exploratory research.
approach demands a form of validation that Nonetheless, the conclusions must be argued and
doesn’t need to be quite as empirically based defined objectively.
as in other types of research like exploratory
Empirical research is a method of acquiring
research.
 Empirical Research - Empirical research is knowledge through direct and indirect observation
a way of gaining knowledge by means of or experience.
direct and indirect observation or experience.
Types of Research Methods
They describe the five research methods as follows:
Survey: This research approach collects data through the use of questionnaires, which can be paper-based
or web-based.
Case study: Studies using this research approach collect data at one or more locations, usually over a period
of time; data is typically obtained from "many sources of evidence," such as interviews and records. Yin
(1994)
Laboratory experiment: Control over the independent variables being measured is the goal of studies that
conduct laboratory experiments. Treatments are frequently assigned at random to participants and/or groups.
Field experiment: Unlike laboratory experiments, which take place in a controlled environment, field
experiments take place in a naturally occurring system. As a result, researchers frequently lack control over
the factors being measured.
Action research: Action research studies seek to solve a practical problem in the research environment
while also adding to knowledge about the phenomenon. Action research is a reflective process of
progressive issue solving guided by individuals working in groups or as members of a "community of
practice." Depending on the features of the subject matter and the purpose of the research, the following
two research methodologies can be used in social sciences and later in other fields such as information
technology:
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Qualitative Research
•
•
•
•
Quantitative Research
Ask broad, general Qs
Collecting data consisting largely of words
(text) or image (picture)
Descriptions and analysis of words for
themes
Conducts inquiry in subjective, biased
manner
•
•
•
•
Ask specific narrow Qs
Collects data from participants
Analyzes numbers using statistics
Conducts the inquiry in unbiased, objective
manner
REFERENCES
 Goundar, Sam. (2012). Chapter 3 - Research Methodology and Research Method.
 (PDF) Chapter 3 - Research Methodology and Research Method. ResearchGate.
(n.d.). Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3kGg2ze
 Sharma, S. (2018, December 17). (PDF) introduction to research methods.
ResearchGate. Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://bit.ly/3oFFcPC
 doha07 Follow. (n.d.). Quantitative and qualitative research. SlideShare.
Retrieved November 17, 2021, from https://bit.ly/30yiyQJ