Course Outline in General Physiology (SCI 217)
3 units (3 hours per week)
Semester/School Year Offered: 2nd t semester; SY 2021-2022
Course Description:
This course discusses concepts which deals with the function of living cells, tissue, and
organ, and system of plants and animals
Topics
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO)
Activity
References
I. THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF
THE HUMAN BODY
● Atoms, Ions and
Chemical Bonds
● Carbohydrates
● Lipids
● Proteins
● Nucleic Acids
II. THE CELL
STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
● The Prokaryotic
Cell
- Structure
- Function
● The Eukaryotic
Cells
● The Plant Cell
-Structure and
Function of each
organelles
● The Animal Cell
- Structures and
Functions of Animal
Cell
● The Similarities and
Differences of Plant
Cell and Animal Cell
III. WATER AND
PLANT CELLS
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. identified the levels of
organization in living things
from atoms to individual.
2. identified the different
biomolecules needed for life.
3. described the characteristics of
the different biomolecules.
4. stated the importance of each
biomolecule in maintaining life.
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. identified the different structures
and organelles of a plant cell and
their equivalent functions.
2. identified the different structures
and organelles of an animal cell
and their corresponding
functions.
3. compared and contrasted plant
cell from an animal cell
4. stated the recent trends and
development in the field of
Cytology (e.g. stem cell research)
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologia.v
egetal/Plant PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologia.v
egetal/Plant PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web
LEARNING
MODULE
●
●
-
-
The Structure and
Properties of
Water
Water structure
Water Transport
Processes
Passive Transport
-osmosis
-diffusion
Active Transport
Primary Active
Transport
Secondary Active
Transport
Facilitated
Diffusion
IV. WATER BALANCE
OF PLANTS
● Water in the Soil
● Water absorption
by Roots
● Water transport
through the Xylem
● Water Movement
from the Leaf to
the Atmosphere
V. PHOTOSYNTHES
IS
●
-
●
-
●
Light Reaction
Organization of
Photosynthetic
Apparatus
Organization of
Light Absorbing
Antenna Systems
Dark Reaction
The Calvin Cycle
Regulation of the
Calvin Cycle
The C2 Oxidative
Photosynthetic
Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis:
Physiological and
1. Identified and described the
structure of water.
2. describe water in terms of its
properties.
3. described passive transport and
its types
4. described active transport.
5. described facilitated diffusion
6. illustrated the different types of
transport.
source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologi
a.vegetal/Plant
PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. identified the mechanism of
water transport within the plant
and between the plant and it
environment.
2. described the structure of plants’
roots.
3. described the process of how
roots absorb water from the soil.
4. traced water movement from
roots to leaf to atmosphere.
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. defined photosynthesis.
2. identified and differentiated the
two types of photosynthetic
reactions.
3. discussed the different light
absorbing antenna systems and
their functions in photosynthesis.
4. discussed the C2 oxidative
pathway of photosynthesis
5. stated the physiological and
ecological considerations of
photosynthesis.
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologia.v
egetal/Plant PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human Biology:
Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologia.v
egetal/Plant PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment
(3rd Edition)
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
VI.
Ecological
Considerations
GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Embryogenesis
The Role of
Cytokinesis in
Pattern Formation
Meristems in Plant
Development
Leaf Development
Root Development
Cell Differentiation
Senescence and
Programmed Cell
Death
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. defined and described
embryogenesis
2. discussed the role of cytokinesis
in pattern formation.
3. discussed plant development in
terms of meristems, leaf and root
development.
4. described the process of cell
differentiation.
5. discussed senescence and cell
death
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002).
Plant Physiology, 3rd Edition,
web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisio
logia.vegetal/Plant
PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
PLANTS HORMONE
Auxin
Biosynthesis and
Metabolism of Auxin
Auxin Transport
Physiological Effect of
Auxin
Gibberellins
- Discovery and
Effects of
Gibberelins on
Growth and
Development
Cytokinins
Cell Division and
Plant Development
Discovery,
Identification and
Properties of
Cytokinins
Biosynthesis,
Metabolism and
Transport of
Cytokinins
Abscisic Acid
Biosynthesis,
Metabolism and
Transport of ABA
Developmental and
Physiological Effects
of ABA
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. identified some plants’
hormones.
2. stated the mechanism of
hormone-induced plant growth.
3. described the physiological effect
of some hormones to plants’
growth and development.
4. described plants’ growth when
hormones failed to perform their
designated function.
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologia.v
egetal/Plant PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
VIII. STRESS
PHYSIOLOGY
● Water Deficit and
Drought Resistance
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. identified the different types of
stress that may affect plants’
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologia.v
egetal/Plant PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
-
VII.
●
●
●
-
-
●
-
-
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis,
and the environment (3rd
Edition)
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
LEARNING
MODULE
PPT
● Heat Stress and
Heat Shock
● Chilling and
Freezing
● Salinity Stress
● Oxygen Deficiency
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
I. CELLULAR
PHYSIOLOGY
AND
HOMEOSTASIS
•Cell parts and
functions
•Homeostasis
•Body’s Regulation
Mechanism
-Negative
feedback
mechanism
-Positive
feedback
mechanism
II.
ANIMAL
NUTRITION AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF
DIGESTION
Nutrition
• Types of Nutrition
• Steps in Nutrition
● Body’s
Macronutrient
Requirements
Digestion
● Invertebrate
Digestion
• Mechanical
Digestion
• Chemical Digestion
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
• Steps in Digestion
(include parts and
function/s of each
part)
growth.
2. described the effect of heat stress
and heat shock, chilling and
freezing, salinity stress and
oxygen deficiency to plants’
growth and development.
3. identified some plants’ survival
mechanism to different types of
stress.
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. defined a cell conceptually and
operationally.
2. identified the basic cell parts, its
organelles and their specific
functions.
3. defined homeostasis
4. described how cells maintain
balance or homeostasis.
5. described and illustrated body’s
feedback mechanism (negative
feedback and positive feedback)
6. cited examples of body’s
feedback mechanism and
describe each.
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. defined nutrition, its types and
steps.
2. discussed macronutrient’s role in
organisms’ survival.
3. discussed and differentiated the
two phases of digestion.
4. identified digestive parts
performing mechanical digestion
or chemical digestion or both.
5. discussed in details the structural
make-up and functions of the
digestive structures.
6. stated the roles of accessory
organs in digestion.
7. conversed on the importance of
controlling digestion.
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestines
•Accessory organs in
digestion
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Gall Bladder
Metabolism
● Anabolism
● Catabolism
III.
ANIMAL ORGAN
SYSTEM: THE
RESPIRATORY AND
CARDIO-VASCULAR
SYSTEM
Circulatory System:
•The Heart
- Pulmonary and
Systemic
Circulations
•The Blood
- Composition
- Function
•The Blood vessels
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
Respiratory System
•The structure of
animal (human)
respiratory system
•Functions
•Breathing and the
Control of
Respiration
● Hemoglobin and
Oxygen Transport
● Carbon dioxide
transport
● Acid-base balance of
the blood
Diseases of circulatory
and respiratory
system
IV. ANIMAL ORGAN
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. described the general functions
and major components of the
circulatory system
2. described the composition of
blood plasma and the physical
characteristics and functions of
the formed elements of the
blood.
3. described the structure and
pathways of the pulmonary and
systemic circulations.
4. compared the structure of an
artery and vein and explain how
the structure of each type of
vessel relates to its function
5. described the general functions
and components of the
respiratory system
6. explained how inspiration and
expiration are accomplished in
unforced breathing
7. explained the hemoglobin and
oxygen transport in the blood and
how they are influenced by blood
Ph and temperature.
8. listed the different forms in which
carbon dioxide is carried by the
blood.
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
At the end of the unit, students must
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
LEARNING
SYSTEM: THE
URINARY
SYSTEM
•Organs of Excretion
•The Urinary System
-Functions
•The Urination:
Controlling a Reflex
•Controlling Kidney
Function and
Maintaining
Homeostasis
V. ANIMAL ORGAN
SYSTEM: MUSCLE
MECHANISMS OF
CONTRACTION
AND CONTROL
•Muscular System
-The muscle fiber
-Types of muscles
-Functions
● Mechanisms of
Contraction
- Sliding filament
theory of
contraction
- Regulation of
contraction
● Contractions of
Skeletal Muscles
- Twitch,
summation and
tetanus
● Energy
Requirements of
Skeletal Muscles
- Metabolism of
Skeletal Muscles
- Slow-and-FastTwitch Fibers
- Muscle Fatigue
have:
1. listed the functions of kidneys
2. identified the external and
internal gross anatomical
structure of the kidneys
3. traced the path of blood flow
through the kidneys
4. describe the process of
glomerular filtration
5. described how kidneys produce
dilute and concentrated urine.
6. explained how dialysis is
performed and what it
accomplishes
7. described the effects of aging to
urinary system
8. described how kidneys maintain
body’s homeostasis.
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. described the gross structure of
skeletal muscles.
2. described and explained the
sliding filament theory of muscle
contraction.
3. listed the events that occur
during cross-bridge cycles and
described the role of ATP in
muscle contraction.
4. explained how tropomyosin and
troponin control muscle
contraction and relaxation, and
describe the role of Ca2+ and
sarcoplasmic reticulum in
excitation
contraction coupling.
5. described the neural pathways
involved in muscle contraction
6. explained how slow-twitch, fasttwitch and intermediate fibers
differ in structure and function.
7. compared cardiac muscle and
skeletal muscle in terms of
structure and physiology
8. described the structure of
smooth muscles and explained
how its contraction is regulated
Edition
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
●
Neural Control of
Skeletal Muscles
- Muscle spindle
apparatus
- Skeletal muscle
reflexes
● Cardiac and
Smooth Muscles
- Cardiac Muscles
- Smooth Muscles
VI. ANIMAL
ORGAN SYSTEM:
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
•Principles of
endocrinology
•Pituitary and
Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
Hormones
- Control of the
pituitary
•The Thyroid gland
- Production and
Action of Thyroid
Hormones
•The Parathyroid
gland
•The Pancreas
- Pancreatic Islets
(islets of
Langerhans)
- Pineal gland
- Thymus
•The Adrenal Glands
- Functions of
adrenal cortex
- Functions of
adrenal medulla
- Stress and
Adrenal Gland
VII. ANIMAL
ORGAN SYSTEM:
PHYSIOLOGY OF
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
•Structure and
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. explained the principles of
endocrinology.
2. defined the terms hormone and
endocrine glands and describe
how chemical transformations in
the target cells can activate
certain hormones.
3. described the structure of
pituitary gland and explain the
functional relationship between
the pituitary and the
hypothalamus.
4. described the productions and
actions of the thyroid and
parathyroid.
5. explained why the pancreas is
both an exocrine and endocrine
gland and described the structure
and functions of pancreatic islets.
6. described the functions of
adrenal cortex and adrenal
medulla
7. stated the connection between
stress and the adrenal gland.
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. described the structure of a
neuron and explain the functional
significance of its principal
regions
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology,
10th Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Taiz,L and Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant
Physiology, 3rd Edition, web
source:
exa.unne.edu.ar/biologica/fisiologi
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human Biology:
Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
functions of the
neuron
- Classification of
neurons and
nerves
- Nuerilemma and
myelin sheath
- Action Potentials
● The Synapse
- Electrical Synapse:
Gap Junctions
- Chemical Synapses
● Acetylcholine as a
Neurotransmitter
- Acetylcholinerase
(AChE)
- Acetylcholine in
the PNS
- Acetylcholine in
the CNS
• The CNS
- The Brain: Its parts
and Functions
- The Spinal Cord
and the Nerves:
Parts and
Functions
•The Autonomic
Nervous System
- Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic
Divisions
- Functions of ANS
VIII.
REPRODUCTION,
CELL DIVISION
AND CANCER
•Reproductive
Organs
-Invertebrates and
Vertebrates
-Human
Reproductive
structures and
disorders
•Cell Division
-The Cell Cycle
2. classified neurons on the basis of
their structure and function
3. described the neurilemma and its
functions.
4. explained how a myelin sheath is
formed.
5. described the properties of action
potentials and explain the
significance of the all-or-none law
and refractory periods.
6. described ACh as
neurotransmitter
7. located the major brain regions
and described the structures
within each region.
8. described the functions of each
region
9. compared the structures and
pathways of the autonomic
system with those involved in the
control of skeletal muscle.
10. described the structure and the
general functions of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions.
a.vegetal/Plant
PhysiologyTaiz2002.pdf
At the end of the unit, students must
have:
1. described the structures and
functions of the reproductive
organs of the invertebrate group
2. described and differentiated the
structures and functions of male
and female reproductive
structures
3. described the hormonal changes
that occur during puberty.
4. described the stages of
spermatogenesis and the
functions of Sertoli cells in this
Fox, S. (2008). Human Physiology, 10th
Edition
LEARNING
MODULE
Reddy, P.B. (2015). Textbook of
Animal Physiology web source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publica
tion/286456096
PPT
PRESENTATI
ON OF THE
TOPIC
TOPIC
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and
the environment (3rd Edition)
Suggested Reading:
Chiras, D. (1999). Human
Biology:Health, Homeostasis, and the
environment (3rd Edition)
-Stages of Cell
Cycle
-Types of Cell
Division and
their significance
•Understanding
Cancer
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
process.
described oogenesis and the
stages of follicle development
through ovulation and the
formation of corpus luteum.
described the significant events in
the cell cycle.
differentiated the types of cell
division
discussed the control of the cell
cycle.
discussed the status of cancer in
the society
described some physical and
biological agents that may cause
cancer.
FINAL EXAMINATION
CRITERIA FOR GRADING:
Learning Modules Developed
Topic Presentations
Major Exam
Individual Portfolio
TOTAL
30%
20%
40%
10%
100%
OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Learning Modules per topic
PPT presentation of each topic
Midterm and/or Final exam
E-portfolio
A, FORMAT FOR LEARNING MODULES:
The learning modules must contain the following (per topic):
I.
II.
INTRODUCTION (INCLUDES OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON)
BODY/CONTENT
Includes:
- Thorough and in-depth discussion of the topic
- Clear illustrations of the topic (if needed)
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
- Proper citations of the pictures used in the module. The source where the picture was
taken must be indicated below the picture.
- Diagrams/tables or any pictures must be properly labelled
DRILL/ACTIVITIES/SHORT EXERCISES
EVALUATION
SUMMARY OF THE LESSON
REFERENCES
ALL LEANING MODULES ARE EXPECTED TO BE AT LEAST 80% AUTHENTIC.
PLAGIARISM TEST WILL BE DONE UPON SUBMISSION OF THE OUTPUTS AND
PLAGIARISM SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20% OF THE TOTAL MANUSCIPT.
B. STUDENTS WHO CAN MAKE AND PRESENTED A COMPLETED RESEARCH
(PEGAGOGY AND/OR CONTENT) IN ANY NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE SHALL BE EXEMPTED IN TAKING THE FINAL EXAM.
C. CRITERIA FOR TOPIC PRESENTATIONS (IN PPT FORMAT)
10 pts
c.1 The slides built interest in the presentation
20 pts
c.2 The slides were clear, logical and organized
10 pts
c.3 There were only bullets, no paragraphs.
20 pts
c.4 The presentation was well-conceived
20 pts
c.5 Information id accurate and includes a complete explanation of the
concepts
20 pts
c.6. Applications of the lessons are included
100 PTS