How does mitochondrial DNA compare to nuclear DNA?
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a type of genetic material that is distinct from the
nuclear DNA (nDNA) that is usually found in the nucleus of the cell. Unlike nDNA,
which is inherited equally from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the
maternal line. Additionally, mtDNA is circular in shape, while nDNA is linear.
MtDNA is also much smaller than nDNA, containing only 37 genes as opposed to the
approximately 20,000 genes found in nDNA. However, these 37 genes are crucial for
the functioning of the mitochondria, as they encode for the proteins that are needed
for oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which mitochondria generate energy
for the cell.
MtDNA is also more susceptible to mutation than nDNA, as it is constantly exposed
to damaging free radicals that are produced during oxidative phosphorylation. This
can lead to various mitochondrial disorders, as well as aging and age-related
diseases.
Despite these differences, mtDNA and nDNA work together to ensure the proper
functioning of the cell. While mtDNA is responsible for the production of energy,
nDNA controls the development, growth, and functioning of the rest of the cell.
References:
Wallace, D. C. (2013). A mitochondrial bioenergetic etiology of disease. Journal of clinical
investigation, 123(4), 1405-1412.
Alzheimer’s Association. (2018). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations.
https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/mitochondrialdna-(mtdna)-mutations.