PIC 101 Notes
understanding
explaining
behaviors.
Chapter 1: Social Science
Terms
Definitions
1) Social Science
Study of human behavior, human
relationships,
and
their
by-products that include society,
culture, and personality.
2) Why
study
social
science?
Dev. scientific insights and
understanding of oneself and the
social world.
Dev. tolerance for other people,
their culture, and society.
Provides info, knowledge, and
theories that offer ways of
approaching and solving problems
scientifically (Kendall, 2004).
3) Chars.
of
social science
4) Trends in soc
sci (2)
Very critical and does not accept
knowledge
unless
it
follows
standardized scientific procedure of
collecting, organizing, generalizing
and concluding from sets of
collected data.
MICRO LEVEL - study of small
groups and the patterns and
processes
of
face-to-face
interactions between humans.
MACRO LEVEL - fundamental
patterns
and
processes
of
large-scale social relations.
5) Division of soc
sci (2)
Pure Social Science aims to
discover knowledge to develop
concepts, principles, theories, and
laws that will lead to understanding
and to explaining human behaviors.
Applied Social Science studies
human behavior and the social
world to get particular scientific
results, to test the applicability of
theories, laws and principles to
solve human problems.
6) Division
Social
Sciences
of
a. Pure social science - aims
to discover knowledge to
develop
concepts,
principles, theories, and
laws that will lead to
and
to
human
b. Applied social science studies human behavior
and the social world to get
particular scientific results,
to test the applicability of
theories,
laws,
and
principles to solve human
problems.
7) Disciplines of Social Sciences
a. Anthropology - Study of man as an animal and as
a culture-bearing individual that lives in a given
society.
i.
Physical anthropology studies primates,
fossils, human genetics, and human
variations.
ii.
Cultural anthropology studies human
cultures, past civilizations, and
languages.
b. Human geography - Studies the relationships
between humans, societies, and the natural
environment.
c. History - Defines, identifies, classifies, and
arranges
human
events
sequentially to
understand the present and to predict the future
on the basis of past events.
d. Economics - the study of the production and
man’s consumption of goods and services. It
examines how scarce resources are used to
satisfy unlimited wants and needs.
e. Political Science - The study of state and the
system of governance. It studies the origin, form
of behavior of the state, the constitution, the
organization of gov’t, and the methods and
techniques
of
governance and political
institutions, and aims to formulate, to test, to
develop and to analyze political theories,
ideologies, public laws and public administration
(Shively, 1997).
f.
Sociology - The study of human groups, society
and the interactions that take place between
people, the basic structure of the society, and the
factors that hold or disunite groups and society
(Kendall, 2004) and aims to develop theories,
principles and laws about human group life and
how individuals influence group life.
g. Psychology - The study of animal and human
behavior. It examines the person’s biological and
mental make-up, the person’s experiences and
functioning, and how it is affected by
environmental, cultural, social, and historical
factors. Its objectives are to understand,
describe, predict, and influence behavior.
8) Ethics of the
Social
Scientists
9) Scientific
investigation
requires…
10) Standard
procedure
11) Different
methods
of
social
sciences (7)
12) Survey method
13) Historical
study
1. Do no harm.
2. Researchers must allow the
subjects the freedom of
choice
whether
to
participate in the research
or not.
3. Researchers must inform
the subjects about the
nature and purpose of the
research.
4. Subjects must be treated
fairly and respectfully.
5. Researchers must assure
the confidentiality of the
subjects’ identities.
a. Empirical investigation
b. Objectivity
&
Ethnical
neutrality
c. Social imagination
1. Identification of the problem
2. Gathering of data
a. Observation
b. Participant
observation
c. Interview
d. Historical method
e. Comparative
method
f. Archival research
g. content analysis
3. Analysis of data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Survey method
Historical study
Archival research
Exploratory study
Field study
Experimental study
Case study
past to understand and explain the
present, and to predict the future on
the basis of past events.
14) Archival
research
Method of collecting data from
census data, birth certificates,
newspapers, and other existing
records to support a theory or
hypothesis, to get a picture of a
total situation, and to check the
reliability of the results of data
obtained by one or more methods
of sciences.
15) Exploratory
study
Method of discovering events and
their relationships with one another
by noting and recording ongoing
events to provide the foundation for
more systematic and rigorous
testing of hypothesis.
16) Field study
Is a post facto study that requires
the researcher to go out in the field
to
study
relationships
and
interactions between variables of
people in a real-life situation.
17) Experimental
study
Provides cause and effect results of
different variables that are the focus
of study.
18) Case study
In-depth
investigation
of
an
individual or group experiences and
behaviors for a specific period of
time.
19) Tools of Social Sciences
Observation is the use of the five senses and other
scientific instruments to record data with the objective to
discover relatively unknown events (Stangor, 1998).
a. Participant observation
b. Direct observation
Interview is the verbal exchange of questions and
answers between two or more persons for the purpose of
gathering data.
Investigates
the
occurrences,
distribution,
and
interrelations
among variables in a large and
small randomly selected population
with the use of questions.
a. Unstructured interview refers to getting
information that is not provided by the informant.
Examination of past experiences,
artifacts, events, and records of the
Questionnaire is a written set of standardized questions
in a predetermined order administered to respondents
b. Structured interview uses fixed format items,
the questions are prepared ahead of time.
Natural Resources
Statistical tools determine the significance or
acceptance of the data collected to support or to reject
the hypotheses in the study.
Chapter 2 [ Environment and Human Evolution ]
Philippine Environment
7,641 islands and
islets
Formed from volcanic eruption 50
million years ago.
Sunda Shelf
Theory
The Philippines was formerly
connected to Borneo and the Asian
mainland through Palawan and
Mindoro to Luzon and through Sulu
Islands of Mindanao.
Taiwan was connected to Northern
Luzon by other land bridges during
the Pleistocene period.
Asia
Philippines lies at the Western rim of
the Pacific Ocean, north of the
Equator and about 1,000 km from
the Asia mainland, on the eastern
rim of the Asiatic Mediterranean, in
between the Asian mainland and
Australia in the Pacific.
Boundaries of the
Philippine
> Treaty of Paris in 1898
> US & Great Britain Treaty of 1930
> The Law of the Sea in 1982
Philippine
Territory
Land area: 300,000 sq. km.
a. Luzon land area =
104,687.8 sq. km.
b. Mindanao land area = 94,
630.1 sq. km.
c. Visayas land area = 57,
201.9 sq. km.
Within the Pacific Ring of Fire
Philippine Climate
Tropical climate range = 23 to 32
degrees Celsius.
a. Wet season = June to
October
b. Dry season = November to
May
Average of 19 to 20 typhoons per
year.
Global warming has changed the
country’s pattern.
Mineral resources
a. 9 million hectares of mineral deposits
b. Nickel,
chromium,
copper,
molybdenum,
manganese, mercury, platinum, lead, cadmium &
uranium
c. Highest volume = gold, silver, manganese &
copper
Water resources
a. 2.2 million sq. km. of water
b. Coastline of 34,600 km.
c. Continental shelf of 244,500 sq. km.
d. Marine water area = 150,000,000 hectares
e. 374 principal water system
i.
421 rivers
ii.
56 natural lakes
iii.
100,000 hectares of freshwater swamps.
Biotic resources
a. Philippines is one of the 17 mega diversities in
the world.
b. 13,500 plants that comprise 5% of the world’s
total flora, and 74% (2003) of the world’s
mangrove species.
c. 68% reptiles, 78% amphibians, 64% of
mammals, and 44% of birds are unique in the
Philippines.
Philippine Forest
a. 7.168 million hectares or 23.9% of total land
area.
b. Forests provide supply of water for domestic
use, irrigation, and industrial use, preventing soil
erosion, loss of fertile topsoil, and siltation of
coastal areas and water bodies.
Plant Life
a. 1,000 species of ferns
b. 3,000 species of giant trees
c. 60% of the 10,000 plant species of the world.
Animal Life
a. 39,000 bird specimens representing 910
collected in the past (Hicks, 1999).
b. 617 resident bird species, 145 are endemic,
while 207 subspecies are found in one or two
more islands.
c. 233 species of animals found in the Philippines
are small; including 87 species of bats, 66
species of rats & mice, and a variety of squirrels,
lemurs, skunks, musang, and porcupines.
d. Rare animals such as monkey-eating eagle, the
smallest fish Pandaka pygmea, the dugong,
tarsier, the mouse deer, and many others.
e. 100 species of iguanas and lizards, 25 kinds of
snakes, and 25,000 species of insects.
wastes (48%), agricultural wastes
(37%) and industrial wastes (15%)
(MTDP, 2004-2010).
Philippine Environmental Problems
Destruction of
the ecosystem
generates an environmental
problem.
Pollution
a. It is when a material is
introduced into the ecosystem
that is considered to be in
excess
of
the
normal
concentration and beyond the
tolerance limit of the ecosystem.
b. 3rd main cause of the extinction
of plants and animals.
c. Causes pollution-related
diseases in the form of diarrhea,
bronchitis, pneumonia,
influenza, tuberculosis, malaria,
chicken pox, emphysema, and
chronic lower respiratory
diseases.
Land pollution
presence of solid wastes that can
no longer be absorbed by the
terrestrial ecosystem.
Causes of
Philippine land
pollution
Due to increased use of chemicals
like cyanide, mercury, asbestos,
ammonia,
and
chlorine
by
industries and hospital wastes.
a. MTDP
(1982)
report
revealed that 80% of the
Metro Manila residents and
31% of Cebu residents are
exposed to total solid
particulates
above
the
normal level
Water pollution
when pollutants are no longer
absorbable
by
the
aquatic
environment
leads
to
the
destruction
of
the
aquatic
ecosystem.
Result of water
pollution
a. increased water-borne
diseases
b. decline in fish production
c. increased expenditures in
providing water
d. constraints in economic
activity
16 rivers of the Philippines are
biologically dead during dry months
due to pollution from domestic
Acid rain
Sulfur oxide + nitrogen oxide +
rain + heat of sun
a. causes acidification of lakes
and streams, forest
damage, decay of buildings,
reduction of visibility, and
increase lung and skin
diseases among humans.
Air pollution
Happens when the volume of air
pollutants such as sulfur oxide, and
nitrogen oxide, and the amount of
particulate
pollutants
are
increasing at an alarming rate.
The World Health Organization
(WHO) took a test in 2002 in the city
of Manila and found that the lead in
the air of Manila was 3 times
higher than the safe limit.
Global warming
Occurs when the heat can no
longer escape the earth’s surface
because of pollution.
Causes of
pollution that
contributes to
global warming
Presence of carbon dioxide and
monoxide from burning fuels,
methane gas from oil and gas
wells, rice paddies and animals
Global warming
Melts the glaciers that raise sea
levels.
Destruction of
Coral Reefs
Causes depletion of marine species
and their habitat, depletion of
potential
food
and
medical
resources, loss of harbor and
beaches, protection from flood, and
loss of recreational sources for
tourists and residents.
Overexploitation
of plants and
animals
The condition of over-harvesting
wild plants and animals that
depletes these living organisms to a
point of extinction.
Decline of
biodiversity
Due to the destruction of the
original forests, freshwater and
marine ecosystems
Causes of
decline of
●
●
Inadequate information
Poor area planning system
biodiversity
●
●
●
Misuse of land
Weak enforcement of policies
and laws
Overpopulation and poverty
Preservation and Sustainable Development
1. Promote sustainable use of forests by local indigenous
people.
2. Preserve in place program.
3. Establishing gene banks and conservatories.
4. Embarking on bio prospecting plants and animals.
5. Joining international treaties to conserve and to
preserve endangered plants and animals.
Human Evolution
Theories of
Evolution (CLD)
Curvier Theory
of Catastrophes
Curvier Theory of Catastrophes,
Lamarck Theory of Evolution &
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
and Adaptation
The Evolution of Man
1. Primates
a. Promisians
b. Anthropoids
i.
Anthropoids
1. New world monkeys
2. Old world monkeys
3. Hominoids
a. Apes (Gibbons,
Orangutans, Gorillas,
Chimpanzees)
b. Humans (Hominids)
Hominids
Assumes that the environment
causes changes on the organism’s
characteristics
as a form of
adjustment to unsure survival.
Darwin’s Theory
of Natural
Selection and
Adaptation
Various organisms adapt different
strategies to survive, but only a
certain group of species can survive
and reproduce each generation.
Evidence to
support the
Theory of
Evolution
1. Fossil evidence
2. Biogeographical evidence
3. Anatomical Evidence
4. Embryological Evidence
5. Biochemical evidence
Types of
Evolution
Microevolution
small-scale
change in the gene frequencies
within a population over a few
generations.
Macroevolution
large-scale
evolution that develops new species
over a long period of time and can
occur through extrapolation of the
microevolutionary process.
1. Speciation
2. Mass Extinction
●
●
●
●
Ccatastrophe
causes
mass
extinction of various organisms.
After the catastrophe, the area is
repopulated again by another group
of organisms.
Lamarck Theory
of Evolution
Evolutionary Fate
of Living
Organisms (SM)
●
Bipedal and erect.
Brain
enlargement
and
elaboration that is divided into
left and right hemispheres.
Depth, color vision.
Small teeth & protected w/
enamel.
Dependence and elaboration of
culture.
1. Ape Man
a. Australopithecine (Robustus
and Africanus)
- evolved in Africa 2.8
million years ago.
- smallest among
hominids
2. Early Homo
a. Homo Habilis
b. Homo Erectus
c. Peking Man
3. Homo Sapiens
a. Homo Neanderthalensis
b. Cro Magnon
4. Homo sapiens sapiens
a. Negroid
b. Caucasoid
c. Mongoloids
Homo habilis
Handyman evolved 1.7 to 2 million
years ago.
Cranial capacity of 700 cubic cm.,
5ft. Tall, weight about 45kg.
Use flakes of stones and rocks for
butchering animals.
Homo erectus
Lived 1.6 million years ago in
Northern & East Africa.
Cranial capacity was 895 cubic cm.
Use Oldowan stone tools for slicing
the hides of animals.
Peking man
Lived 1.4 million years ago. Use
stones, bone & horn tools for
hunting, use fire for cooking.
They
practiced religious
cannibalistic rituals.
Homo
neanderthalensis
and
Lived in caves in Western Europe
40,000 years ago. Had cranial
capacity for approx. 1,450 cubic
cm.
He buried dead and performed
funeral rituals.
Cro magnon
Lived in Western Europe 35,000
years ago.
Create spears, stone flakes, fitted to
wooden handles. Painted caves,
curved human figures and animals,
and fashioned flutes from bones.
Filipinos are from Malayans, a mixture of the Australoids
from the north, the Indonesians and Mongoloids from the
South Vietnam.
Human
Variations
& Environment
1. Adaptation to Solar Radiation
2. Adaptation to Thermal
Environment
3. Adaptation to High Altitude
4. Adaptation to Infectious Diseases
-
Animal bones beside
suggest
possibility
domestication.
these
of
remains
animal
Chapter 3: Population & Family Planning
Part 1: Demography
Population
One basic component of society.
Population
quantity and
quality
Spell the development or
underdevelopment of a country.
Demography
Studies
the
size,
distribution,
composition, and changes in a given
population at a given time and
space.
Demography
Focus on variables that influence
population
size,
distribution,
structure,
processes,
and
characteristics of a population.
Sources of Demographic Data (CVSHA)
Census, vital statistics, sample survey, historical records
& administrative records
Census - total process of collecting, compiling, and
publishing demographic data about the population of
a given country at a given time.
Vital statistics - data about births, deaths, and
changes of status reported by the individual citizen.
Sample survey - study of representative portion of
the total population to update the record provided by
the census.
Historical records - documents kept in the national
archives.
Additional notes:
- Denisovans mated w/ early Homo species =
Aetas (modern humans; non-habitis/neanderthals)
- Genes of Denisovans
- Papua New Guinea
- Aetas (Aeta manobos) - who have more
linkage to Denisovans than people from
Papua New Guinea
- Homo Luzonensis - their bones proved that our
ancestors were from Denisovans.
Administrative
records
non-government data.
-
government
and
Theories of Population Growth (MDAT)_
Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
- Food and sex are basic to the existence of
man.
- Population grows geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16,
32…..) while the means of subsistence is only
arithmetic (1, 2, 3, 4, 5….)
a. International migration
- Country > another country
b. Domestic migration
- Same country, different
area
Positive checks: disasters, famine, pestilence
Preventive checks: use of birth control
Demographic Transition Theory
- Highly advanced countries passed three
stages of population growth.
1. Stage of High potential growth
2. Stage of explosive growth
3. Stage of incipient decline
Arsene Dumont’s Theory of Social Capillarity
- The people's desire to improve their social
status, wealth, and individuality can make
them desire less number of children.
Theory of Change and Response of Kingsley Davis
- Industrialized countries use demographic
measures to maximize opportunities and
avoid loss of status.
Philippine Population
- As of 02.2021, PH population = 110, 543, 706
(UN data).
- PH population = 1.41% of total world
population.
- Population density = 368 per sq. km. (952
people per sq. mi.)
- 47.5% is in urban area (52, 008, 603 people in
2020).
- The median age is 25.7 years.
- Growth rate is 1.4 in 2019.
Population
Composition
(ASPEE)
Age, sex, place of residence,
educational attainment, employment
Variables of
Population
Change
(FFMM)
Fecundity, fertility, mortality, migration
Fecundity - Biological potential to
give birth to several numbers of
children.
a. Female can produce 300 to
400 ova during lifetime.
b. If maximum, she can produce
25 babies.
Fertility - Social aspect of birth and
refers to the actual number of births
to a woman.
Mortality - It is the actual number of
deaths in a population.
Migration - The movement of people
from one place to another for
permanent residence.
Factors for
Migration
(PPT)
Push, pull, transportation
Ferrante
(2003) stated
that the
population
threshold can
be reached
thru…
1. Less than 50% of the population is
employed in agriculture.
2. At least 50% of people (5-19) are
enrolled in school, especially
women.
3. Life expectancy is 60 years old.
4. Infant mortality is < 65 per
thousand
5. 80% of the females (15 to 19 y.o.)
remain single or at least are
protected from pre-marital sex.
Implications of Philippine Population Growth
Population & Labor Force
1. Unemployment Rate: 17.7% (7.3 million) in April
2020.
2. Employment rate: from 94.7% in January 2020 to
82.3 % in April 2020.
3. Unmatched: 38.3% (13.0 million)
Poverty
- 16.7% or 17.7 M Filipinos could not meet their
basic food and non-food needs.
Housing
- 4 out of 10 Filipinos do not have a decent place
to live.
Health
1. Dependent groups will exceed 10 million that
need health care.
Waste Disposal
1. 37, 427.46 tons per day in 2012
2. 40, 087.45 tons per day in 2016
3. 77, 776 tons per day in 2025
4. 57% of waste is from Residential areas
5. 27% of waste is from commercial areas
6. 12% of waste is from institutional areas
7. 4% of waste is from the industrial areas
Transportation
- Rapid population growth leads to high demands
of transportation.
Part 2: Family Planning
Why we need
family
planning…
3. Availability to the Contraceptives
a. Contraceptives that are easily
accessible are most likely to
be used.
1. Rapid population growth, but
limited resources.
2. Large family size reduces the
quality of life of the family
members.
3. It can reduce maternal and child
deaths.
Responsible
Parenthood
and
Reproductive
Health Act of
2012
The State recognizes and guarantees
the human rights of all persons
including their right to equality and
non-discrimination of these rights, the
right
to
sustainable
human
development, the right to health
which includes reproductive health,
the
right
to
education
and
information, and the right to choose
and make decisions for themselves in
accordance
with
their
religious
convictions, ethics, cultural beliefs, and
the
demands
of
responsible
parenthood.
Family
planning
Is responsible parenthood that
includes counseling parents, of
couples to be married about family
life, sex, prenatal and post-natal
care, and other things needed for
intelligent parenthood.
Factors that
Affect the
Acceptance
or Rejection
of Family
Planning
(RMIR)
1. Religious factor
2. Mass media
3. Institutional patterns & community
framework
4. Rational family planning program
Factors that
Influence the
Choice of
Contraceptive
Methods
(ASAMC)
1. Acceptability of the
Contraceptives
a. Michael Tan (2010) noted that
the use of contraceptives
involves power dynamics.
b. Men resisted using
contraceptive methods
because they subvert their
powers over women’s
sexuality and child-bearing
behavior.
2. Sexual Attitude
a. It is believed that teaching
family planning in schools
could lead the youth into
sexual promiscuity.
4. Medical Effects of Contraceptive
Methods
a. Women who have a history of
hypertension, jaundice, and
tumor
cannot
use
oral
contraceptives.
b. Women who have a sensitive
uterus cannot use IUD.
5. Cost of the Contraceptive
Methods
a. Upper
class
chooses
contraceptive methods that are
effective regardless of the cost
while the lower class couples
are less likely to choose
expensive
but
effective
contraceptive methods.
Contraceptive
Methods (3
Types)
Traditional Method
1. Postcoital Douche
2. Prolonged Lactation (LAM)
Behavioral Contraceptive Method
1. Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus)
2. Rhythm Method
3. Temperature Method
Mechanical Contraceptives
1. Condom
2. Diaphragm
3. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Chemical Contraceptives
1. Spermicides
2. Pills
Permanent Contraceptives
1. Vasectomy
2. Tubal Ligation
Chapter 4: Culture, History & Philippine Values
Culture
Culture
Edward Taylor defined culture “as a
complex whole that includes
knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws,
morals, customs and all capabilities
and habits learned by men as a
result of group living.”
Characteristics
of Culture
1. Culture is learned through the
process of enculturation.
iii.
iv.
2. Culture is socially shared.
3. Culture is an integrated system.
4. Culture changes.
5. Culture is a body of symbols.
Viewpoints in
the Study of
Culture
Ethnocentrism
- Is the belief that one’s
culture is superior to other
cultures.
- It can be functional and
dysfunctional.
- Can lead to culture shock.
Xenocentrism
- Is the belief that the cultures
of the foreigners are better
or superior to one’s culture.
Cultural Relativism
- Is
the
viewpoint
that
different cultures should be
understood in their own
context and that different
cultures have their own
functions for the people who
are practicing them.
understand realities.
Values - Refers to the quality of things
whether desirable or not, good or bad, ugly
or beautiful.
Norms - Sets of rules that define how
people will act ideally, the “ought” and the
“should.”
1. Folkways - are customary ways of
doing things with little significance.
a. Ex. superstitions about black cat,
round fruits for New Year
2. Mores - norms that are associated with
feelings of right and wrong. Violation of
mores requires strong sanctions.
a. Ex. LGBT stigma and discrimination
3. Laws - written norms that are enacted,
enforced, and sanctioned by the state.
a. Ex. Indigenous Peoples Rights Act
1997
Taboos
Are prohibitions against specific
behavior considered repulsive and
unthinkable by society.
Ex. Book - “Ako ay may tt”, mental
health
Sanctions
Rewards for conformity, and
punishments for behaviors that are
in violation of the social norms.
History
Paleolithic
Period
Homo erectus entered the
Philippines through the Cagayan
Valley land bridges to hunt animals.
Components of Culture (MN)
Neolithic Period
1. Material aspect
a. Are tangible or concrete things that are used by
society that include tools, artifacts, arts, houses,
accessories, or concrete things like machines,
computers or statues with assigned meanings.
b. Ex. Batanes house, Manunggul jar, Spoliarium
Neolithic Filipinos traveled by boats
and sailed along the coasts of
Palawan, Sulu, and probably
Oceana.
Metal Period
Filipinos were already using bronze
adzes, spearheads, and brass
needles, made glass, gold beads,
and nephrite ornaments.
Age of Contact
Asian contact
2. Non-material aspect
a. Is the non-tangible aspect of culture that
includes knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes,
norms, taboos, and sanctions.
i.
Knowledge - Set of absolute or objective
information that is shared and learned by
people in a society.
ii.
Beliefs - Convictions of the realities of
things
and
events
composed
of
assumptions, basic orientations, and
worldviews on how to interpret and
1. Arabs taught the Filipinos the
Arabic
number
system,
marriage customs, arts, the
Hindu religion, and the Islam
religion.
2. Chinese
taught
Filipinos
ancestral worship, respect for
elders, arranged marriages by
the parents, the use of white
cloth
during
mourning,
manufacture
of
gunpowder,
mining methods, and many more.
Philippine
Culture prior to
Western
Contact
Barangay
was
organization.
1. Datu
2. Maharlika
3. Freeman
4. Slaves
the
Values
It provides qualities considered to
be important in the survival of
human society, set direction to
decision making, and serve as the
basis
for
evaluating
things,
particularly human behavior.
4 Tests of
Values (EDIP)
1. Extensiveness: refers to the
number of people.
2. Duration
3. Intensity or the emotional
involvement of the value carrier.
4. Prestige of the carrier.
Philippine
Values
Results of the combination
occidental and oriental values.
Classifications
of Values (NPP)
1. Non-rationalism-rationalism
2. Personalism-impersonalism
3. Particularism-universalism
Non-rationalism
-rationalism
(11)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Utang na loob
Requires a person to pay any help or
favor he gets from other person.
Bahala na
Belief that deities and spirits will
take care of everything.
Status-oriented
value
Focuses on status enhancement.
Authoritarian
value
In
which
Filipinos
become
submissive to authority figure.
Desire for
Social
Acceptance
Being sensitive to the opinions and
feelings of others.
Pakikisama
Smooth interpersonal relationship.
Shame
The feeling of embarrassment.
Hospitality
Showing enthusiasm and warmth to
visitors.
political
Pre colonial Filipinos were highly
literate;
They had rich literary and musical
arts;
They had science and technology.
Western
Contact
The Spanish Contact
1. The Spaniards invaded the
Philippines.
In
1521
and
colonized it for 375 years (1521
to 1896).
a. They introduced Roman
Catholic
religion,
built
parochial
schools
and
universities, and introduced
Spanish language.
The American Contact
1. America governed the Philippines
for 48 years (1898 to 1946).
a. They introduced political
system of governance, the
importance
of
mass
education and liberalism;
propagated
the
English
language
and
popular
culture.
Colonial
Mentality
The value of giving preferences to
foreign goods and products; and
the feeling that anything local is
inferior to anything imported.
Philippine Values
Values
Are non-material aspects of culture
that define the quality of things.
Ideas of what is right and wrong.
of
Utang na loob
Bahala na
Status Oriented value
Authoritarian value
Desire for Social Acceptance
Pakikisama
Shame
Hospitality
Ningas cogon
Crab mentality
Mañana Habit
Ningas cogon
Enthusiasm that shows only at the
start of an activity.
Crab mentality
Tendency to become competitive
and envious of others' success.
Mañana habit
Devaluing time.
ParticularismUniversalism
1. Close family ties
2. Regionalism is the desire to be
identified with particular
region.
PersonalismImpersonalism
1. Nepotism is the practice of
favoring family members or
relatives for any privileges in a
government position.
2. Compadre system