McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering
Rolf Eliassen, Paul H. King, and Ray K. Linsley
Consulting Editors
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Bailey and Ollis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals
Bishop : Marine Pollution and Its Control
Biswas: Modelsfor Water Quality Managemeni
Bockrath : Environmental Law for Engineers. Scientisls, and Managers
Bouwer : Gro!{ndwater Hydrology
Canter: En vironmental Impact Assessment
Chanlett: Environmental Protection
Gaudy and Gaudy: Micr obiologyfor Environmental Scientists and Engineers
Haimes: Hierarchical Analysis of Water Resources Systems: Modelling and
Optimization of L arge-Scale Systems
Hall and Dracup: Water Resources Systems Engineering
Linsley and Franzini: Water Resources Engineering
Linsley, Kohler , and P aulhus : Hydrology for Engineers
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc .: Wastewater Engineering.' Collec tion and Pumping of Wast ewater
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.: Wastewater Engineering. Trealment, Disposal. Reuse
Peavy, Rowe, and Tchobanoglous : Environmental Engineering
Rich : Low-Maintenance, Mechanically-Simple Wastewater Treatment Systems
Sawyer and McCarty : Chemistry for Environmental Engineering
Steel and McGhee : Water Supply and Sewerage
Tchobanoglous, Theisen, and Eliassen: Solid Wastes, Engineering Principles and
Management Issues
Howard S. Peavy
Professor of Civil Engineering
Montana Scate University
Donald R. Rowe
Professor of Civil Engineering
King Saud UniverSity
Saudi Arabia
George Tchobanoglous
Professor of Civil Engineering
Univers ity of California, Davis
McGraw-Hill Book Company
New York
St. Louis
San Francisco
London
Panama
Pari s
Madrid
Siio Paulo
Auckland
Mexico
Singapore
Bogota
Montreal
Sydney
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H amburg
New Dehli
T oronto
CONTENTS
ENGI~EERING
INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1985
ENVIRONMENTAL
Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hili Book Co., Singapore
for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported
from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw- HilI.
40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31
15 14 13 12 11
CTP BJE
Copyright © 1985 by McGraw-Hili, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication m ay be
reproduced or distributed in any form o r by any means ,
or stored in a data base or a retrieval system, without
th e prior written permissio n of the publisher.
This book was set in Times Roman.
The editors were Kiran Ve rma and David A. Damstra.
The production supervi so r was Leroy A. Youn g.
Preface
XI/ I
Intrnclu Cli on
I- I
1-2
1-3
1-4
1- 5
·T he Em'i ron lll c nt
T he Im[lact 0 1' Il ulllam upo n th e Enviro nm e nt
Th e Im[lact o r th e En\ironm e nt upo n Hum an s
Impro \'c me nt of Envi ro nme nt al Qu a li ty
T he Ro lc of th e Environ ment a l Eng in ee r
ReI-e rcnces
2
4
6
7
~
Part 1 Water
...Libra./},.()f.c;:()1"!9.ress .Ca~loging in Publication Data
Peavy, Howard S.
Environmental engin ee ring .
(MC Graw-Hili se ries in water resources and environmental engineering)
Includes bibliographi ca l references and indexes.
1. Environmental engineering . I. Rowe, Donald R.
II. Tchobanoglou s, George. III. Title. IV. Seri es.
TD145.P43 1985 628 84-3854
ISBN 0-07-0491 34-8
Water Qu a lit y : Definiti ons, Charaderistics;
and Perspect ives
II
2-1
T he Hyd raul ic Cycle a nd Water Qual ity
12
PHY S IC A L W AT E R-QUA LITY PA RA M ETER S
14
2-2
2-3
Suspend ed S,1 Iid ,
T urbidit y
Co lo r
Ta ste and Odo l
Tempera ture
15
17
2
2-4
2-5
2-6
CHE M ICAL \\ATE R-QUA LI T Y PA RA M ETER S
When ordering this title use ISBN 0-07 -1 00231-6
Printed in Singapore
2- 7
2-8
2-9
2· 10
:2-1 1
2· 12
Chemi stn of S" luti o ns '
T o ta l Dissoh cd So lid ,
Alkali nit\
Hard ness
Fl uo ri de
Me tal s
2-1 ] Orga nH.:"
2- 14 Nutllc nh
18
20
22
23
23
28
31
3(,
37
38
-1 4
CONTENTS
vi
vii
CONTENTS
BIOLOGICAL WATER-QU-\UTY PARAMETERS
47
2-15 Pathogens
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19
3
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
Pathogen Indicators
50
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
54
In-Stream Standards
Potable Water Standards
Wastewater Effluent Standards
Discussion Topics and Problem s
References
.
54
Water Purification Processes in Natural Systems
63
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
64
Dilution
Sedimentation and Resuspension
Filtration
Gas Transfer
Heat Transfer
64
CHEMICAL PROCESSES
73
Chemical Conversions
73
BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-.11
46
55
56
57
65
66
66
71
4-1·
4-2
4-4
4-5
4 -(,
4-7
5-1
5-2
5- 3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
5-10
5·11
79
RESPONSE OF STREM...lS TO BIODEGRADABLE.
ORGANIC WASTE
83
5-12
. . . . . . . .... ?;l. _ ...... . .. . . . ..... .
g5
94
5·13
5-14
Dissolved Solids Removal
DiSCUSSIOn Topics and Problems
References
~ .
PRIMARY TREATMENT
2Pl
217
Sludge Digestion
Solids Removal
5-22
Historical Overview of Water Treatment
Water-Treatment Processes
~ S'\ - \G1
1.1 1
~
151
Wastewater Di sposal
Discussion Topics and Problems
References
6- 1
6-2
6-3
224
224
Growth and Food Utilization
Suspended-Culture Systems
Activated Sludge
Ponds and Lagoons
Attached-Culture Systems
Secondary Clarification
5-23 Wastewater Reuse
In
221
229
105
\j) \ - \IJ)
220
230
234
234
248
Engineered Systems for Water Purification
Aeraiillil
So lid s Se paration
Settlin g Operatioll s
C llagulati o ll
So ft enin g
212
SECONDARY TREATMENT
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL AND REUSE
6
208
Screening
Comminuting
Grit Removal
Flow Measurement
Primary Sedimentation
104
110
11 3
207
211
5-20 Nutrient Removal
109
'104
Wastewater Characteristics
Effluent Standards
Terminology in Wastewater Treatment
5-16 Sludge Characteristics
5-17 Sludge Thickening
107
190
Engineered Systems for Wastewater Treatment
and Disposal
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
5-21
182
190
ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Chemical Processes
Biological Processes
Di scu ss ion T o pics and Problem s
Refere.nces
,. t ·
OTHER WATER-TREATMENT PROCESSES
. ~cl.~. P.i~iflf~c.t.iml.of Effiw:ots ......................................................
5-18
165
Filtration
Disinfecti o n
5-19 Sludge Disposal
WA TER-TRFA 1M ENT PROCESSE S.
THEORY AND .APPLICATION
4-3
5
75
3-12 Physical Processes
4
4-10
74
APPLICATION OF NATURAL .pROCESSES IN
ENGINEERED SYSTEMS
3- i3
3-14
~
62
Metabolic Processes
Microorganisms in Natural Wat er Syst em s
Dissolved-Oxygen Balance
Dissolved-Oxygen Model
Organic Discharge and Stream Ecology
· 4-8
' 4-9
255
268
.
277
278
279
281
285
292
294
295:'
301
302
303
306
.314
322
Environmental Engineering Hydraulics Design
324
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
324
324
Method s of Distributing Water
Di stribut io n Rese rvoirs
Di stribution Sys tem s
326
331
.
CONTENTS
ix
v iii CONTENTS
333
335
337
338
346
347
348
Distribution System Components
Capacity and Pressure Requirements
Design of Distribution Systems
Hydraulic Analysis o f Di stribution Systems
6~7
6-8 Cross-Connections in Di stribution System s
Constructi o n of W a ter Di stribution Systems
6-9
6-10 Pumping R equired for Water Supply System s
6-4
6-5
<6-6
348
WASTEWATER CO LLECTION
-:
6-11
< 6-12
6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-17
6-18
6-19
349
349
Types of Co llection Systems
Types of Sewers
Collection System Appurten a nces
Basic Consideration s in the Design o f Sewers
Design of Sanitary Sewers
Preparation of Contact Drawings and Specifica ti ons
Construction of Sewe rs
Maintenan ce of Sewers
Design of Storm wa ter Sewers
~
8- 1
go:
360
i)-}
369
8-4
8-5
8-6
372
375
378
384
3')0
397
397
0<"
<--" , -- -. . -.. - - - - - - . . -
397
,--399,
406
412
8-7
8-8
8-9
8-1 0
8-11
Part 2 . Air
-""""'
'7
~
7-1
'""""'
~.
7-2
7-3
7-4
7-5
7-6
7-7
7-8
-----..,
9-1
9-2
AIR POLLUTION -PAST , PRESENT , AND FUTURE
41 8
9-4
418
9-5
'-)- (,
9- 7
Particul a tes
H ydroca rbons
Carbon Monoxide
Oxides o f Sulfur
477
480
Meteoro logy and Natural Purificati o n Processes
483
E L EME N T AL PR OPERT IES Of THE ATMOSP H ERE
483
Sca les of i\ lotill n
484
486
Heat
Pressure
Wlncl
MOisture
Rcla tive H umidit y
La pse Rat es and DI '> persio n
Press ure Sys te ms and Di spe rsio n
Wind s and Di sper sio n
M OiS ture and Di spe rsio n
Mod el ing
8- 12 Change s o n the Mesoscale and Microscale
__ . __~ : 13__ ~~b 'Hlge.s _0.11_the_ M aC.fQseal e
Di sc uss io n T o pics a nd Proble ms
References
417
CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTA N TS
Di sc uss io n T o pi cs a nd Pro blems
Refe rences
EFFECTS or A IR POLLUT IO N ON METEOROLOGICAL
Air Quality : Definitions, Characteristics, and
Perspectives
Historical Overvie\>.'
Global Impli ca ti o ns of A ir P o lluti on
Units of Measurem ent
Sources of poJlutan ts
464
COND IT IO N S
9
Engineered Sys tem s for Air Pollution Control
Atm osphe ric Clea nsing Pr ocesses
Approa ches to C o ntaminant Cont ro l
CON TR OL DEVICES rOR PARTICULATE CONTAM INA NTS
420
424
426
429
9-3
455
461
463
A IR- QUA LIT Y MA N AGEMENT C ONCEPTS
IN FLUE N CE OF i\ I LTEOROLOG IC AL PHENOMENA ON
A IR QUALITY
372
6-20 Pumps
6-21 Pump Drive Unit s
6-22 Pump Application Terminology and Usage
6-23 Pump Operating C haracte ristics and C urves
6-24 Analysis of Pump System s
6-25 Pump Stations fo r Water and Wa stewater
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF WATER AN D
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
6-26 Treatment Plant Desi gn
6-27 Preparation of Hydraulic FFOfiks< <" <<" < <." " <"
Discussion Topics and Problems
References
8
353
354
371
37 1
37 1
WATER AND WASTEWATER PUMPIN G
-
7-9
Ox ides of N itrogen
7-10 Phot oc hemi cal Oxidant s
7-1 1 Ind oo r Air Po lluti o n
Gra vitati o nal Sel1! ing Ch a mbe rs
Ce ntrifu gal Co llec t () ,~S
Wc t Colkctnr,
Fa hr ic F ilt e r, ( Bag lHlllse Filt e rs)
Elec tr os tat ic Prcc ipi Llt () fS (ESP) '
CONT IWL DEV ICES FOR GASEOUS CON T AM INANTS
') -8
431
44 2
44 5
Ad so rp ti(lll
9-9
,\ OSor ptll)Jl
,-)· 10 C o nli cns"tloll
9- 11 ( 'omo u'>1lt)n
449
l) _ I ~
, \utt.lllIl1 t l\r t:!l lh~H ) !l ( '~)flt r ol
491
493
495
495
495
496
498
498
499·
499
507
508
509
510
5 12
514
5 14
516
5 18
520
523
528
53 3
536
540
540
545
557
559
56J
r
CONTENTS
x
xi
CONTENTS
565
567
Discuss io n Topics and Pro blems
Refe re nces
Solid Waste: Definitions, Characteristics, and
Perspectives
573
TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
573
Municipal Wastes
Indu strial Wastes
Hazard o us Wastes
574
574
575
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES
10-4
10-5
Sources o f Municipal Wa stes
Sources o f Hazardou s Was tes
575
575
576
PROPERTIES OF SOLID WASTES
576
Ph ys ical C omposition
Chemical Co mpositi o n
Chan ges in Compositi o n
576
582
588
SOLID-WASTE MANAGEMENT
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
10-15
11
II-I
11-2
11-3
11-4
11 -5
11 -6
11 -7
11 -8
11 -9
607
615
TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT
618
PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10- 7
10-8
II-II
11-12 Transfer Station s
11-13 Location of Tra nsfe r Stations
11-14 Transfe r Means and Method s
Part 3 Solid Waste
10
Collection Routes
11-10 Det ermination of Vehic le and Labor Requirements
A N O VERVIEW
Materials Flow in Societ y
Reduction in Raw Mat e ri a ls Usage
Reducti o n in Solid-Was te Qu a ntit ies
Reuse of So lid-Waste Mat e rial s
.. I'vlil.tel:iil.l.s..R.e~o.Y\TY ....
En e rgy Recovery
Day-to-Day Solid- Wa ste Managem ent
Discuss io n Topics and Pro blems
Refere nce s
Mechan ical Volume Reducti o n
11 -16 Thermal Volume Reducti o n
11.-17 Manual Co mpo nent Separa ti o n
II-IS
588
589
590
590
591
592
592
592
593
Engineered Systems for Solid-Waste Management
594
Functional Elements
594
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
594
T ypi ca l G e neration Rates
Estimat io n o f Solid-Waste Qu a ntit ies
Fact o rs Tha t Affect G e nera ti o n Rat cs
595
598
598
ON-SITE HANDLING. STORAG E. t\ N D PROC ESS IN G
598
On -S it e Handlin g
On-S it e Sto rage
On -S it e Pr ocess in g of So lid Was tes
599
599
601
COLLECTIO N OF SO LID \Vt\ ST ES
601
Co ll ec ti o n Services
T ypes o f Co llec ti o ll Sys tcm,
1i05
601
620
622
622
626
627
627
627
628
11-18
11-19
11-20
11-21
Landfi ll ing with Sol id Waste s
Design and Operation of La ndfill s
Landfa rming
Deep-Well Injection
Discuss ion Topics and Pro blems
References
628
638
646
647
648
652
. 12
Engineered Systems for Resource and
Energy Recovery
PRO C ESSING TECHNIQUES
12- i
12-2
12-3
12-4
Mechanical Size Alterati o n
Mechanical Component Separation
Ma gne tic and Electro mec ha nical Separa tio n
Drying and Dewatering
MA TERIALS-RECOVER Y SYSTEMS
12-5
12-6
)2-7
Materials Specifications
Processing and Recovery Sy"stems
System Design a~d Layo ut
RECOVERY OF BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION P·RODUCTS
12-8
17.-9
Composting (Aerobic Conve rsion)
Ana erobic Digestion
RECOVERY OF THERMAL CONVERSION PRODUCTS
12-10
12-11
12-12
12- 13
12- 14
C o mbustion of Waste Mat erials
Incin eration with Hea t Recove ry
Use of Refuse-Deri ved Fuel s (RDF)
Ga sification
Pyro lys is
RE COVERY OF ENE R G Y FROM CON VERSION PRODUCTS
12- I 5 En ergy -Reco ve ry Systems
12- 16 Efficiency Fact or s
12- 17 Deterrninati on of t .ner g} Output and EtJi cicn cy
~'
~
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
588
~
,
653
653
65.4
656
656-·- ..
657
657
657
657
659
659
660
.663
665
665
670
671
671
672
672
673
674
675
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