Forensic Photography
Is the art and science of the reproduction of an
image by means of light through some
sensitized material with the aid of a camera,
Lens and its accessories and the chemical
process required in order to produced a
photograph.
Phos
Draw
Write
photos
light
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
STAGES / PHASES
PHOTOGRAPHY
OF
POLICE
TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHY
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
PICTURE
PHOTOGRAPH
FIRST USAGE OF PHOTOGRAPHY?
ALPHONSE BERTILLON
SIR JOHN F.W HERSCHEL
LEONARDO da VINCI
DANIEL BARBARO
THOMAS SULTON
DR. HAROLD EDGERTON
Aristotle
Greek Philosopher who invented the first pinhole camera
and later known as the Camera Obscura
He was the one who succeeded in recording the principle that
the light entering through the a small hole produces an
inverted image.
Alhazen (965-1039)
An Arabian scholar who found out that light entering a small hole
on the wall or shuttered window of a darkened room cast an
upside down picture of the scene outside onto the opposite wall.
He used this in observing the solar eclipse by entering a dark
room with a pinhole opening to avoid harming the eye.
He was considered as the one who invented the CAMERA
OBSCURA.
Jean Baptiste Forta
An artist and a scientist who, in his Pseudo Science Magic, had
made use of the Camera Obscura And replaced the hole with a
lens which made the image brighter and sharper
He was the first person who introduced the lens
Joseph Nicephore Niepce of France (1816)
French inventor who made the first successful invention of
photograph called “Heliography”
In 1822, he claimed some success, achieving what he called
“POINTS DE VUE” Smart images made by the Camera Obscura
with more than eight hours of exposure
“Heliography” Greek word Helios means “sun”, and graphein
means “writing”
Louise Jacques Mande Daguerre (1838-1839)
Parisian painter revealed the a successful process of developing
photographs, invented the principle for the silver plate
photograph and using the Daguerre type that produces one kind
of picture on metal which was presented by French Scientific
Academy
He invented the Daguerreotype in Paris
invented the Calotype
FORENSIC
Forum
Market place
PHOTOGRAPH
PICTURE
pictura
paint
means such as painting, drawing, or photography
NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PHOTOGRAPH
pictus
Taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph of small object by
attaching an extended tube lens (macro lens) to the camera.
synonymously with
photomacrography.
1. GENERAL VIEW
taking an over-all view of the scene of the crime. It shows
direction and location of the crime scene
2. MEDIUM VIEW
Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime
by dividing it into section. This view will best view the nature of
the crime.
3. CLOSE-UP VIEW
Is the taking of individual photograph of the evidence at
the scene of the crime. It is design to show the details of the
crime.
4. EXTREME CLOSE-UP VIEW
Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using
some magnification such as Photomacrography and
photomicrography
Telephotography - Is the process of taking photograph of a
far object with the aid of a long focus and Telephoto lens
Principles of Photography
Principles of Photography
Principles of Photography
LAB TECHNICIAN
- Darkroom expert
- Responsible for all the
film development (black
and white color)
- Responsible for all the
copy work and the
logging and filing of all
negative.
FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHER
- Rarely called to a crime
scene unless special
photography is required
(ultraviolet or luminol
photography)
CRIME SCENCE
SPECIALIST (CSS)
- Their mission is to cover
all crime scenes by
photographing it.
- gathering
and packaging evidence
- dusting and lifting
of fingerprints, making
measurements, and
drawing the crime scene to
scale.
ESSENTIALS OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
1. LIGHT –
- is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a
wave with the speed of 186, 000 miles per second.
2. CAMERA - a light tight box designed to block
unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching
the sensitized material.
3. LENS - is the light gathering mechanism of the camera
that collect the reflected light coming from the object
to form the image.
4. SENSITIZED MATERIAL - composed of a highly
sensitized chemical compound which is capable of being
transformed into an image through the action of light
and with some chemical processes. ( Film and Photo
Paper).
5. CHEMICAL PROCESS is the process necessary
for reducing silver halides into a form so as a latent
image and a positive image be made resulting to
what we called Photograph.
LIGHT: IT’S NATURE,
CHARACTERISTICS, SOURCES AND
CLASSFICATION
LIGHT
electromagnetic energy which travel in wave
motion.
This form of energy travels at speed of about
186,000 miles per second in air, but they differ in
wavelength and frequency
WAVELENGHT
FREQUENCY
• WAVELENGTH THEORY (JAMES MAXWELL)
• QUANTUM THEORY
1. X-RAY
wavelength
between 01 to 30 nanometer or millimicrons
2. ULTRA-VIOLET RAYS
wavelength
from 30 to 400 milli-microns
3. VISIBLE LIGHT RAYS/ WHITE
LIGHT
wavelength of
400 to 700 milli-microns
4. INFRA-RED RAYS
wavelength
of 700 to 1000 milli-microns.
EFFECTS OF LIGHT WHEN IT HITS AN OBJECT;
Reflected
- once the light hits a mirror
and it bounce back.
Absorbed
- when the light hits a dark
colored object and prevents it from
either bouncing or passing through.
Transmitted
- when the light hits a
transparent glass which would allow the
light to pass through its medium and
TRANSMITTED
CONCURRENT LIGHT
COHERENT LIGHT
VISIBLE LIGHT
- Is the type of light that produces different sensation when
reach the human eye. It is the type of light, which is capable of
exciting the retina of the human eye (400-700 nanometer)
INVINSIBLE LIGHT
- lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too
long to excite the retina of the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultrat-violet
and Infra-red lights.
DISPERSION causes separation of colors
when light is refracted by a prism
PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
REFLECTION
bouncing of light
REFRACTION
bending of light
DIFFRACTION
LIGHT SOURCE
1. NATURAL LIGHT
- are those light which come to existence without the intervention
of man e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
a. Bright Sunlight
- object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and
the object appears glossy.
b. Hazy Sunlight
- object in an open space casts a transparent or bluish shadow.
This is due to thin clouds that cover the sun.
c. Dull Sunlight
- object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds
covering the sun.
HAZY
BRIGHT
DULL
2. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT
- otherwise known as man-made light
e.g. fluorescent bulb, incandescent bulb
and photoflood lamp.
Film
METHODS OF FORMING IMAGES
BY MEANS OF LIGHT
• PINHOLE METHOD
• SHADOW METHOD
• LENS METHODS
CAMERA
Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a
means of blocking unwanted or unnecessary light from
reaching the sensitized material.
Basically, camera can produce image with its four(4) basic parts such as light tight box, lens, and shutter,
Holder of sensitized material.
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF
CAMERA
BODY OR LIGHT TIGHT BOX
a box designed to keep light out and serve as
a frame to hold other parts.
To exclude unwanted lights
LENS
SHUTTER
designed to control the time during which the light
reaches the film
HOLDER OF SENSITIZED MATERIAL
located at the opposite side of the lens designed to hold firmly
the sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple
or blurred image.
VIEW FINDER
PINHOLE CAMERA
Latin for the Dark Room
CAMERA OBSCURA
MAIN KINDS OF CAMERA
1. BOX CAMERA
2. VIEW CAMERA
4. REFLEX CAMERA
1. SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA (SLR)
CAMERA
PARALLAX ERROR
2. TWIN REFLEX CAMERA
3. POLAROID CAMERA
4. DIGITAL CAMERA (DIGICAM)
Edwin H. Land
Introduced “polaroid” the one step photography.
LENS
 It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually has a
greater effect on the quality of the image to be formed.
 a medium or system which converge or diverge light rays
passing through it to form an image.
 Can be a glass or transparent material, which permit light to
pass through and change the direction of light.
Daniel Barbaro - first to introduce the use of lens in the
camera.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF LENS
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
1. POSITIVE / CONVEX LENS
(CONVERGING LENS)
always thicker at the center
thinner at the sides
2. NEGATIVE OR CONCAVE
LENS (DIVERGING LENS)
Characterized by the fact that
it is thinner at the center and thicker
at the side and forms the virtual
image on the same side of the lens.
LENS CHARACTERISTICS
FOCAL LENGTH
Angle of Coverage: The angle of coverage of a lens depends upon it’s focal
length – the longer the focal length, the smaller the angle of coverage. (the
shorter the focal length, the wider the angel of coverage).
RELATIVE APERTURE
APERTURE
• Depth of field
• Hyper focal distance
SHUTTER
1. CENTRAL LEAF SHUTTERS
2. FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER
ANS: S – 1/125; A – 4.0
COMPARE
SHUTTER
APERTURE
FOCUSING
1. RANGE FINDER
a. Split Image
b. Co-Incident Image
2. GROUND GLASS
Range finders
Split Image
the image of a
straight line in the object appears
to be cut into halves and separated
from each other when the lens is
not in focus.
Co-incident Image – through
the eyepiece a single image is seen
double when the subject is out of
focus. Make the image coincide
and the lens is in focus.
Ground glass
formed is blurry or fuzzy
DEFECTS OF LENS
Spherical Aberration - Inability
of the lens to focus light passing
the side of the lens producing an
image that is sharp in the center
and blurred at the side.
Coma (Also known as lateral
aberration) - Inability of the lens
to focus light that travels
straight or lateral, thus making it
blurred while the light reaching
the lens oblique is the one that is
transmitted sharp.
Curvature of Field - the
relation of the images of
the different point are
incorrect with respect to
one another.
Distortion - Is a defect in
shape not in sharpness. It
can either be Pincushion
distortion (curving
inward) or Barrel (curving
outward).
Chromatic Aberration
Inability of the lens to focus
light of varying wavelength.
The lens refracts rays of short
wavelength more strongly
than those of longer
wavelength and therefore
bringing blue rays to a shorter
focus than the red.
Astigmatism - is a form of
lens defects in which the
horizontal and vertical axis are
not equally magnified. Inability
of the lens to focus both
horizontal and vertical lines.
Flares - condition of the
lens producing multiple
images.
ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF
CORRECTION
Meniscus Lens
Rapid Rectilinear Lens
Achromatic Lens
Anastigmatic Lens
SENSITIZED MATERIALS
• Ordinary/Panchromatic Film
• Blue Sensitive Film
• Orthochromatic/Kodalith Film
• Minicopy Film
• Polaroid film
• Color Film
• Color Infrared Film
• X-ray Film
a. ASA (American Standard Association) Rating
a. DIN (Deutche Industri Normen) Rating
ISO (International Standards Organization) rating
• Emulsion
• Silver halides
• Anti Halation backing
• Halation
• Grain
• Graininess
CHEMICAL PROCESSING
CHEMICAL PROCESS
a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
- Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the
image.
b. Stop bath - normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid
that serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the
acid fixer.
c. Fixation - Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or
removed from the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that dissolves unexposed
silver halides.
a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)
- Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form
the image.
D-76 – FILM
5-6 minutes
DEKTOL – PAPER
1 – ½ minutes
b. Stop bath - normally composed of water with little
amount of dilute acetic acid that serves as a means to
prevent contamination between the developer and the
acid fixer.
Intermediate bath between developer and fixer
Prevent the concentration of two chemical
solution
c. Fixation - Is the process by which all unexposed
silver halides are dissolved or removed from the
emulsion surface and making the image more
permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent
that dissolves unexposed silver halides.
Removing unexposed silver halides and making
the image permanent
d. Washing – Running water
20 minutes
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DEVELOPER
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FIXER
FILM PROCESSING PROCEDURE
1. Tank Method of Film development
2. Tray Method of Film Development
DODGING
CROPPING
VIGNETTING
DYE TONING
BURNING-IN