Bucana, Beverly Joy D.
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MLS1A
PMLS 2 Lecture
Module 1
Past and Present and the Health Care Setting
Phlebotomy – practice of drawing blood from a vein or
though a cut in the skin .
The Past:
Hippocrates – “Father of Medicine”
He stated that good health required a balance in body of
4 substances: which called body “humors”
 Blood
 Phlegm
 Black Bile
 Yellow Bile
Methods of Bloodletting
 Venesection (cutting a vein) – most common
surgical technique used for bloodletting.
Vena – “Vein”
Section – “Cutting”
 Cupping or Dry Cupping – involved the
application of a heated suction apparatus called
“cup” to the skin to draw the blood to the
surface.
 Leeches – application of leeches to suck out the
blood was often used.
The Present:
The practice of phlebotomy continues to this day;
however, principles and methods have improved
dramatically. Today, phlebotomy is performed to
• obtain blood for screening and diagnostic
purposes and to monitor prescribed treatment.
• remove blood for transfusions at a donor
center.
• remove blood for therapeutic purposes, such
as treatment for polycythemia, a disorder involving the
overproduction of red blood cells.
Phlebotomy is primarily accomplished by one of two
procedures:
 Venipuncture, which involves collecting blood
by penetrating a vein with a needle attached to
a blood collection device or syringe.
 Capillary puncture, which involves collecting
blood after puncturing the skin with a lancet or
special incision device
Point of Care Testing (POCT) – tests are done beside the
patient
Communication
Verbal Communication - SPOKEN WORD
Nonverbal Communication
a. Kinesics – it includes characteristics of body
motion and language such as facial expression, gestures
and eye contact.
b. Proxemics – individuals’ concept and use of
space
c. Touch
Elements in Healthcare Communication
1. Empathy -identifying feelings or thoughts of another
person
2. Control – feeling in control is essential to an
individual’s sense of well-being.
3. Trust
4. Respect and Confirmation
Managed Care – payment system that tempts to control
cost and access to healthcare and strives to meet high
quality standards.
 Coordinates providing health care services and
health benefits
Clinical Analysis Areas
A. Chemistry – medical laboratory concerned with the
detection and measurement of chemical substances in
body fluids.
B. Hematology – study of the blood and blood-forming
tissues
-lab test that discover, identify and monitor diseases and
other problems associated with blood and blood
forming tissues.
Ex: CBC *Hematocrit, Hgb, RBC, WBC, RBC, Platelet,
Differential White Count
C. Coagulation -study of the ability of blood to form and
dissolve clots.
Ex: Prothrombin Time (PT), Aptt. D-Dimer
D. Serology or Immunology
Immunology – study of the immune system
Serology – identify antibodies and antigens
E. Urinalysis – analysis of urine
F. Microbiology – department analyzes blood and other
body fluids and tissues, by means of culture and
sensitivity.
G. Blood Bank or Immunohematology – dept of the lab
prepares a blood products to be used
H. Cytogenetic and Flow Cytometry
Cytogenetics – samples are examine microscopically for
chromosal deficiencies that relate to genetic disease.
Flow Cytometry – used in clinical trails
Anatomic and Surgical Pathology
A. Histology – study of microscopic structure of tissues
B. Cytology – concerned with the structure of tissue
National Standard Organizations and Regulatory
Agencies
 TJC- The Joint Commission
 CAP – College of American Pathologists
 SBH – State Board of Health
 CLSI – Clinical and Laboratory Standards
Institute
 CLI – Clinical Laboratory Improvement
 OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health
Administration
 NAACL – National Accreditations Agency for
Clinical Laboratory