Chemistry data booklet
First assessment 2016
Fourth edition
Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet
Published June 2014
Updated January 2016
Updated January 2017
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4073
Contents
1. Some relevant equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Physical constants and unit conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. The electromagnetic spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Fundamental particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5. Names of the elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6. The periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements. . . . . . 8
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Covalent bond lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12. Selected compounds—thermodynamic data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
13. Enthalpies of combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15. Spectrochemical series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
16. Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
17. Colour wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
20. Enthalpies of hydration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
22. Acid-base indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
25. Activity series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
26. Infrared data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
27. 1H NMR data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
28. Mass spectral fragments lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
29. Triangular bonding diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
30. Resin identification codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
31. Representations of some materials molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chemistry data booklet
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
33. 2-amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
35. Vitamins and pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
36. Binding energy curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
38. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Notes
This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the
periodic table given in section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers.
Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3
(SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).
iv
Chemistry data booklet
1. Some relevant equations
Topic
Equation
1.3
pV = nRT
2.2 and C.4
c = νλ
5.1
q = mc ∆T
pH = − log10 ⎡⎣H3 O+ ⎤⎦
or
8.3
pH = − log10 ⎡⎣H+ ⎤⎦
12.1
E = hν
15.2
∆G Ö = ∆H Ö − T ∆S Ö
16.2
k = Ae RT
− Ea
ln k =
16.2
16.2
ln
−Ea
+ ln A
RT
k1 Ea ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
=
⎜ − ⎟
k 2 R ⎝ T2 T1 ⎠
17.1
∆G Ö = −RT ln K
19.1
∆G Ö = −nFE Ö
A.5
% atom economy =
total mass of desired product
×100
total mass of all reactants
A.8
nλ = 2d sin θ
B.7 and D.4
⎛ ⎡ A− ⎤ ⎞
pH = pK a + log ⎜ ⎣ ⎦ ⎟
⎜ ⎡HA ⎤ ⎟
⎦⎠
⎝⎣
B.7
Chemistry data booklet
log10
I0
= ε lc
I
1
Topic
Equation
C.1
Energy density =
energy released from fuel
volume of fuel consumed
C.1
Specific energy =
energy released from fuel
mass of fuel consumed
N = N0 e − λ t
C.3
t1 =
C.3 and D.8
2
ln 2
λ
C.6
⎛ RT ⎞
E = EÖ − ⎜
⎟ ln Q
⎝ nF ⎠
C.7
Rate1
M2
=
Rate2
M1
D.8
⎛ 1 ⎞ t1/ 2
N ( t ) = N0 ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
t
2. Physical constants and unit conversions
Avogadro’s constant (L or N A ) = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1
Gas constant (R ) = 8.31 J K −1 mol−1
Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27 × 10−2 m3 mol−1 = 22.7 dm3 mol−1
1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1× 10−3 m3 = 1× 103 cm3
STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPa
SATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa
Speed of light = 3.00 × 108 ms−1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg−1 K −1 = 4.18 J g−1 K −1
Planck’s constant (h ) = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
Faraday’s constant (F ) = 9.65 × 104 C mol−1
Ionic product constant for water (K W ) = 1.00 × 10−14 mol2 dm−6 at 298 K
1 amu = 1.66 × 10−27 kg
2
Chemistry data booklet
3. The electromagnetic spectrum
energy
10 −16
10 −14
10 −12
rays
10 −10
X-rays
10 −8
UV
10 −6
10 −4
IR
10 −2
100
microwaves
102
10 4
106
108 wavelength (m)
radio waves
V I B G Y O R
400
700
wavelength (nm)
4. Fundamental particles
Proton
Neutron
−27
Mass (kg)
1.672622 × 10
Charge (C)
1.602189 × 10−19
Chemistry data booklet
1.674927 × 10
0
Electron
−27
9.109383 × 10−31
1.602189 × 10−19
3
4
5. Names of the elements
Element
actinium
Symbol
Atomic number
Symbol
Atomic number
Ac
89
dysprosium
Element
Dy
66
aluminium
Al
13
einsteinium
Es
99
americium
Am
95
erbium
Er
68
antimony
Sb
51
europium
Eu
63
100
argon
Ar
18
fermium
Fm
arsenic
As
33
fluorine
F
9
astatine
At
85
francium
Fr
87
barium
Ba
56
gadolinium
Gd
64
berkelium
Bk
97
gallium
Ga
31
beryllium
Be
4
germanium
Ge
32
bismuth
Bi
83
gold
Au
79
bohrium
Bh
107
hafnium
Hf
72
boron
B
5
hassium
Hs
108
bromine
Br
35
helium
He
2
cadmium
Cd
48
holmium
Ho
67
caesium
Cs
55
hydrogen
H
1
calcium
Ca
20
indium
californium
Cf
98
iodine
53
carbon
C
6
iridium
In
I
Ir
cerium
Ce
58
iron
Fe
26
chlorine
Cl
17
krypton
Kr
36
49
77
Chemistry data booklet
chromium
Cr
24
lanthanum
La
57
cobalt
Co
27
lawrencium
Lr
103
copernicium
Cn
112
lead
Pb
82
copper
Cu
29
lithium
Li
3
curium
Cm
96
lutetium
Lu
71
darmstadtium
Ds
110
magnesium
Mg
12
dubnium
Db
105
manganese
Mn
25
Element
Symbol
Atomic number
Element
Chemistry data booklet
Symbol
Atomic number
Ru
44
rutherfordium
Rf
104
samarium
Sm
62
meitnerium
Mt
109
ruthenium
mendelevium
Md
101
mercury
Hg
80
molybdenum
Mo
42
scandium
Sc
21
neodymium
Nd
60
seaborgium
Sg
106
neon
Ne
10
selenium
Se
34
neptunium
Np
93
silicon
Si
14
nickel
Ni
28
silver
Ag
47
niobium
Nb
41
sodium
Na
11
nitrogen
N
7
strontium
Sr
38
nobelium
No
102
sulfur
S
16
osmium
Os
76
tantalum
Ta
73
oxygen
O
8
technetium
Tc
43
palladium
Pd
46
tellurium
Te
52
phosphorus
P
15
terbium
Tb
65
platinum
Pt
78
thallium
Tl
81
plutonium
Pu
94
thorium
Th
90
polonium
Po
84
thulium
Tm
69
potassium
K
19
tin
Sn
50
praseodymium
Pr
59
titanium
Ti
22
promethium
Pm
61
tungsten
W
74
protactinium
Pa
91
uranium
U
92
radium
Ra
88
vanadium
V
23
radon
Rn
86
xenon
Xe
54
rhenium
Re
75
ytterbium
Yb
70
rhodium
Rh
45
yttrium
Y
39
roentgenium
Rg
111
zinc
Zn
30
rubidium
Rb
37
zirconium
Zr
40
5
6
6. The periodic table
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1.01
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
He
4.00
Element
4
Li
Be
6.94
9.01
11
12
Na
Mg
22.99
24.31
19
20
5
Relative atomic
mass
23
V
Cr
Mn
25
26
29
30
10.81
13
12.01
14.01
16.00
15
16
19.00
17
20.18
14
S
Cl
Ar
28.09
32
30.97
33
32.07
35.45
39.95
As
34
Se
35
Br
Kr
79.90
53
83.90
P
Zn
Ga
69.72
49
72.63
74.92
78.96
50
51
52
44.96
47.87
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.69
63.55
65.38
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Ru
Rh
31
Si
Cu
40.08
55
Ne
Ni
37
85.47
F
Co
39.10
Ge
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
102.91
77
106.42
107.87
112.41
121.76
127.60
80
83
84
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
82
126.90
85
131.29
79
114.82
81
118.71
78
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
186.21
190.23
196.97
200.59
204.38
207.20
208.98
(209)
(210)
(222)
108
192.22
109
195.08
107
110
111
112
Cn
113
Uut
114
Uuq
115
Uup
116
Uuh
117
Uus
Uuo
(270)
(269)
(278)
(281)
(281)
(285)
(286)
(289)
(288)
(293)
(294)
(294)
Mo
Tc
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.96
(98)
56
57 †
72
73
74
75
101.07
76
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
132.91
137.33
138.91
178.49
180.95
183.84
87
Fr
88
Ra
89 ‡
104
105
106
(223)
(226)
(227)
(267)
(268)
(269)
†
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
140.12
140.91
144.24
(145)
150.36
151.96
157.25
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.05
174.97
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
102
103
232.04
231.04
238.03
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(259)
(262)
58
Chemistry data booklet
‡
59
Sg
60
54
Cd
Nb
Db
36
Ag
Zr
Rf
18
Pd
Y
Ac
10
O
Fe
Sc
9
N
28
Ca
Sr
8
27
K
Rb
Ti
24
7
C
26.98
22
6
B
Al
21
18
2
Atomic number
H
3
8
Bh
61
Hs
62
Mt
63
Ds
64
Rg
65
66
67
68
69
Md
70
No
71
Lr
86
118
Chemistry data booklet
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa)
−259.2
Melting point (°C)
H
−252.9
He
−268.9
Element
180.5
1287
1342
2468
97.79
650.0
Na
Mg
Al
882.9
1090
63.38
842.0
1541
1670
1910
1907
1246
1538
1495
1455
1085
758.8
1484
2836
3287
3407
2671
2061
2861
2927
2913
39.30
768.8
1522
1854
2477
2622
2157
2333
1963
687.8
1377
3345
4406
4741
4639
4262
4147
28.44
725.0
920.0
2233
3017
3414
3453
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
670.8
1845
3464
4600
5455
5555
5900
27.00
699.8
1050
676.8
1140
3200
Li
K
Rb
Fr
Be
Ca
Sr
Ra
2077
3500
−210.0
−218.8
−219.7
−248.6
4000
4827
−195.8
−183.0
−188.1
−246.0
660.3
1414
44.15
115.2
−101.5
P
S
Cl
−189.3
Si
2519
3265
280.5
444.6
−34.04
−185.8
419.5
29.77
938.2
816.8
220.8
−7.050
−157.4
2560
907.0
2833
613.0
684.8
961.8
321.1
Cd
In
231.9
630.6
449.5
58.78
113.7
−153.4
1555
2229
156.6
Te
I
3695
2963
2162
766.8
2586
1587
987.8
3033
2446
1768
1064
−38.83
2027
303.8
327.5
271.4
253.8
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
184.4
301.8
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
5008
4428
3825
2836
356.6
1473
1749
1564
962.0
336.8
−61.85
B
Boiling point (°C)
Sc
Y
Ac
Ti
Zr
V
Nb
Cr
Mo
Mn
Tc
Fe
Ru
Co
Rh
Ni
Pd
Cu
Ag
Zn
Ga
C
Ge
Sn
N
As
Sb
O
Se
F
Br
Ne
Ar
Kr
−111.8
Xe
−108.1
−71.15
7
8
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements
1312
−73
H
2.2
520
−60 900
Electron affinity (kJ mol )
1
(2nd EA / kJ mol )
He
801
Element
Li
Be
1.0
1.6
496
2372
1
First ionization
1
energy (kJ mol )
Electronegativity
−53 738
B
C
N
2.0
2.6
3.0
578
−42 787
−134 1012
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
0.9
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.2
419
−48 590
−2 633
−18 659
−8 651
−51 653
−64 717
762
−15 760
−64 737
−112 745
−119 906
1314 −141 1681 −328 2081
(+753)
−27 1086 −122 1402
579
−41 762
−119 944
O
3.4
F
−72 1000 −200 1251 −349 1520
(+545)
S
2.6
−78 941
Cl
−195 1140 −325 1351
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.0
−47 549
Rb
0.8
376
−5 600
−30 640
−41 652
−88 684
−72 702
−53 710
−101 720
−110 804
−54 731
−126 868
558
−29 709
−107 831
−101 869
Xe
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.7
−14 538
−45 659
−1 728
−31 759
−79 756
−14 814
−106 865
−151 864
−205 890
−223 1007
589
−36 716
−35 703
−91 812
−183
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
−47 509
−10 499
−34
Fr
Ra
Ac
0.7
0.9
1.1
2.6
−270 1037
Cs
393
Kr
−190 1008 −295 1170
1.0
−46 503
Ar
3.2
0.8
403
Ne
4.0
Rn
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements
32
130
99
Li
Be
76 (1+ )
45 (2+ )
160
37
Atomic radius
12
(10 m)
H
He
Element
Ionic radius
12
(10 m)
84
75
71
64
60
62
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
27 (3+ )
16 (4+ )
146 (3−) 140 (2−) 133 (1−)
Na
Mg
140
124
114
109
102 (1+)
72 (2+ )
54 (3+ )
40 (4+ )
38 (5+ )
200
174
159
148
144
130
129
124
118
117
122
120
123
120
120
118
117
116
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
75 (3+ )
86 (2+ )
61 (4+ )
79 (2+ )
54 (5+ )
62 (3+ )
44 (6+ )
83 (2+ )
53 (4+ )
61 (2+ )
55 (3+ )
65 (2 )
55 (3 )
69 (2+ )
77 (1+ )
73 (2+ )
74 (2+ )
62 (3+)
53 (4+ )
272 (4−)
58 (3+ )
46 (5+ )
176
164
156
146
138
136
134
130
136
140
142
140
140
138 (1+) 100 (2+)
215
Rb
190
Sr
152 (1+) 118 (2+)
Al
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
100
Cl
101
Ar
184 (2−) 181 (1−)
198 (2−) 196 (1−)
137
Te
136
I
136
Xe
65 (4+ )
65 (4+)
68 (3+)
62 (4+ )
67 (3 )
60 (4 )
86 (2+)
62 (4+)
115 (1+)
95 (2+ )
80 (3+)
118 (2+)
69 (4+ )
76 (3+ )
221 (2−)
220 (1−)
144
145
150
142
148
146
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
194
164
158
150
141
136
132
130
130
132
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Pt
Au
Hg
71 (4+ )
64 (5+ )
66 (4+ )
60 (6+)
63 (4+)
53 (7+)
63 (4+ )
55 (6+)
Ir
167 (1+) 135 (2+) 103 (3+)
Ra
S
72 (3+ )
64 (5+ )
206
211
Sb
104
72 (4+ )
Cs
Fr
Sn
P
90 (3+ )
238
242
In
Si
201
Ac
68 (3 )
63 (4 )
80 (2+)
63 (4+)
Tl
137 (1+) 119 (1+) 150 (1+) 119 (2+) 103 (3+)
85 (3+ ) 102 (2+) 89 (3 ) 78 (4+ )
76 (5+)
97 (4+)
9
10. Covalent bond lengths
Single bonds (10−12 m = pm)
Br
C
Cl
F
H
I
N
Br
228
194
214
176
141
247
214
C
194
154
177
138
108
214
147
Cl
214
177
199
163
128
232
F
176
138
163
142
92
H
141
108
128
92
I
247
214
232
N
214
147
O
P
S
Si
220
227
216
143
184
182
185
197
170
203
199
202
257
136
142
154
158
156
74
160
101
97
142
134
148
257
160
267
197
136
101
146
136
143
170
142
97
136
148
P
220
184
203
154
142
S
227
182
199
158
134
Si
216
185
202
156
148
247
243
175
174
154
161
163
154
221
210
175
161
210
205
215
174
163
215
232
247
243
O
Multiple bonds (10−12 m = pm)
10
C=C 134
C≡N 116
N≡N 110
C≡C 120
C=O 122
N=O 114
C C 140
(in benzene)
C=S 156
O=O 121
C=N 130
N=N 125
S=S 189
Chemistry data booklet
11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies
at 298 K
Single bonds (kJ mol−1 )
Br
C
Cl
F
H
I
Br
193
285
219
249
366
178
C
285
346
324
492
414
228
Cl
219
324
242
255
431
F
249
492
255
159
H
366
414
431
I
178
228
N
O
P
S
Si
201
264
218
330
286
358
264
289
307
211
192
206
322
271
400
567
280
278
191
490
327
597
567
436
298
391
463
322
364
323
211
280
298
151
201
184
234
286
192
278
391
466
O
201
358
206
191
463
201
P
264
264
322
490
322
184
S
218
289
271
327
364
Si
330
307
400
597
323
234
N
158
214
214
144
363
363
198
466
266
293
293
226
Multiple bonds (kJ mol−1 )
C=C 614
C≡N 890
N≡N 945
C≡C 839
C=O 804
N=O 587
C=S 536
O=O 498
N=N 470
S=S 429
C C 507
(in benzene)
C=N 615
Chemistry data booklet
11
12. Selected compounds—thermodynamic data
Substance
Formula
State
∆H Öf (kJ mol−1 )
∆G Öf (kJ mol−1 )
S Ö (J K −1 mol−1 )
methane
CH4
g
−74.0
−50.0
+186
ethane
C2H6
g
−84.0
−32.0
+230
propane
C3H8
g
−105
−24.0
+270
butane
C4H10
g
−126
−17.0
+310
pentane
C5H12
l
−173
hexane
C6H14
l
−199
ethene
C2H4
g
+52.0
+68.0
+220
propene
C3H6
g
+20.0
+62.0
+267
but-1-ene
C4H8
g
+0.10
+71.0
+306
cis-but-2-ene
C4H8
g
−7.0
+66.0
+301
trans-but-2-ene
C4H8
g
+63.0
+297
ethyne
C2H2
g
+228
+211
+201
propyne
C3H4
g
+185
+194
+248
buta-1,3-diene
C4H6
g
+110
+151
+279
cyclohexane
C6H12
l
−156
benzene
C6H6
l
+49.0
+125
+173
methylbenzene
C6H5CH3
l
+12.0
ethylbenzene
C6H5CH2CH3
l
phenylethene
C6H5CHCH2
l
chloromethane
CH3Cl
g
dichloromethane
CH2Cl 2
l
−124
trichloromethane
CHCl3
l
−134
bromomethane
CH3Br
g
iodomethane
CH3 I
l
chloroethane
C2H5Cl
g
bromoethane
C2H5Br
l
chlorobenzene
C6H5Cl
l
methanol
CH3OH
l
−239
−167
ethanol
C2H5OH
l
−278
−175
phenol
C6H5OH
s
−165
methanal
HCHO
g
−109
−102
+219
ethanal
CH3CHO
g
−166
−133
+264
propanone
(CH3 )2CO
l
−248
methanoic acid
HCOOH
l
−425
−361
+129
ethanoic acid
CH3COOH
l
−484
−390
+160
benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
s
−385
methylamine
CH3NH2
g
−23
water
H2O
l
−285.8
−237.1
+70.0
steam
H2O
g
−241.8
−228.6
+188.8
carbon monoxide
CO
g
−110.5
−137.2
+197.7
carbon dioxide
CO2
g
−393.5
−394.4
+213.8
hydrogen bromide
HBr
g
−36.3
−53.4
+198.7
hydrogen chloride
HCl
g
−92.3
−95.3
+186.9
hydrogen fluoride
HF
g
−273.3
−275.4
+173.8
hydrogen iodide
HI
g
+26.5
+1.7
+206.6
12
−11.0
−12.0
+104
−82.0
−36.0
−58.0
+178
−74.0
+202
−26.0
+246
−14.0
−137
−90.0
+235
+163
−53.0
−26.0
+199
+11.0
+127
+161
+144
+200
+168
+32.0
+243
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
13. Enthalpies of combustion
The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion ( ∆H Öc ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.00 × 105 Pa .
Substance
Formula
State
∆H Öc (kJ mol−1 )
Substance
Formula
State
∆H Öc (kJ mol−1 )
hydrogen
H2
g
−286
propan-1-ol
C3H7OH
l
−2021
sulfur
S
s
−297
butan-1-ol
C4H9OH
l
−2676
s
−3728
s
−3053
carbon (graphite)
C
s
−394
cyclohexanol
C6H11OH
carbon monoxide
g
−283
phenol
C6H5OH
methane
CO
CH4
g
−891
ethoxyethane
(C2H5 )2O
l
−2724
ethane
C2H6
g
−1561
methanal
g
−571
propane
C3H8
g
−2219
ethanal
HCHO
CH3CHO
g
−1167
butane
C4H10
g
−2878
benzaldehyde
C6H5CHO
l
−3525
pentane
C5H12
l
−3509
propanone
(CH3 )2CO
l
−1790
hexane
C6H14
l
−4163
pentan-3-one
(C2H5 )2CO
l
−3100
octane
C8H18
l
−5470
phenylethanone
CH3COC6H5
l
−4149
cyclohexane
C6H12
l
−3920
methanoic acid
−255
C2H4
g
−1411
ethanoic acid
HCOOH
CH3COOH
l
ethene
l
−874
buta-1,3-diene
C4H6
g
−2541
benzoic acid
C6H5COOH
s
−3228
ethyne
C2H2
g
−1301
ethanedioic acid
(COOH)2
s
−243
benzene
C6H6
l
−3268
ethyl ethanoate
CH3COOC2H5
l
−2238
methylbenzene
C6H5CH3
l
−3910
ethanamide
CH3CONH2
s
−1186
naphthalene
C10H8
s
−5156
methylamine
CH3NH2
g
−1086
chloroethane
C2H5Cl
g
−1413
phenylamine
C6H5NH2
l
−3393
iodoethane
C2H5 I
l
−1463
nitrobenzene
C6H5NO2
l
−3088
trichloromethane
CHCl3
l
−473
urea
CO(NH2 )2
s
−633
methanol
CH3OH
l
−726
glucose
C6H12O6
s
−2803
ethanol
C2H5OH
l
−1367
sucrose
C12H22O11
s
−5640
13
14. Common oxidation states of the 3d ions
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
+1
+3
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+2
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+3
+4
+4
+2
+2
+2
+4
+5
+6
+6
+7
15. Spectrochemical series
Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference
they produce between the two sets of d-orbitals in an octahedral complex.
I− < Br − < S2− < Cl − < F− < OH− < H2O < SCN− < NH3 < CN− ≈ CO
14
Chemistry data booklet
16. Ligands
NH2
H2N
1,2-ethanediamine
HO
O
HO
O
O
O
N
N
O–
O
O
–
HO
O
ethanedioate
OH
EDTA
17. Colour wheel
647 nm
585 nm
Orange
700 nm
400 nm
Red
Yellow
575 nm
Violet
Green
Blue
424 nm
Chemistry data booklet
491 nm
15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental
values)
Ö
The lattice enthalpy values ( ∆Hlattice
) given relate to the endothermic process
b+
a−
Ma Xb (s) → aM (g) + bX (g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an
infinite distance from each other.
Experimental values
The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable
Born–Haber cycle.
Ö
∆Hlattice
(kJ mol−1 )
Alkali metal halides
I
Li
F
1049
Cl
864
Br
820
764
Na
930
790
754
705
K
829
720
691
650
Rb
795
695
668
632
Cs
759
670
647
613
Other substances
Ö
∆Hlattice
(kJ mol−1 )
Other substances
CaF2
2651
SrO
3223
BeCl 2
3033
BaO
3054
MgCl 2
2540
CuCl 2
2824
CaCl 2
2271
AgF
974
SrCl 2
2170
AgCl
918
BaCl 2
2069
AgBr
905
MgO
3791
AgI
892
CaO
3401
16
Ö
∆Hlattice
(kJ mol−1 )
Chemistry data booklet
19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions
Solute
Ö
∆H sol
(kJ mol−1 )
Solute
Ö
∆H sol
(kJ mol−1 )
NH4 Cl
+14.78
KCl
+17.22
NH4NO3
+25.69
KBr
+19.87
LiF
+4.73
KI
+20.33
LiCl
−37.03
RbF
−26.11
LiBr
−48.83
RbCl
+17.28
Li I
−63.30
RbBr
+21.88
NaF
+0.91
RbI
+25.10
NaCl
+3.88
CsF
−36.86
NaBr
−0.60
CsCl
+17.78
NaI
−7.53
CsBr
+25.98
KF
−17.73
CsI
+33.35
Chemistry data booklet
17
20. Enthalpies of hydration
18
Ö
∆Hhyd
(kJ mol−1 )
Cations
Ö
∆Hhyd
(kJ mol−1 )
Li+
−538
F−
−504
Na+
−424
Cl −
−359
K+
−340
Br −
−328
Rb+
−315
I−
−287
Cs+
−291
ClO3−
−331
Be2+
−2524
BrO3−
−358
Mg2+
−1963
IO3−
−446
Ca2+
−1616
ClO−4
−205
Sr 2+
−1483
OH−
−519
Ba2+
−1346
CN−
−341
Ra2+
−1335
NO3−
−316
Al3 +
−4741
HCO3−
−383
Ga3 +
−4745
CO32 −
−1486
In3 +
−4171
HSO−4
−362
Tl3 +
−4163
SO24 −
−1099
Tl +
−346
PO34 −
−2921
Sn2+
−1587
Pb2+
−1523
Anions
Chemistry data booklet
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases
The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pK a values,
where pK a = − log10 K a . The dissociation constant K a values are for aqueous solutions
at 298 K. Base strengths are given in terms of pK b values.
Carboxylic acids
Name
Formula
pK a
methanoic
HCOOH
3.75
ethanoic
CH3 COOH
4.76
propanoic
CH3 CH2COOH
4.87
butanoic
CH3 (CH2 )2COOH
4.83
2-methylpropanoic
(CH3 )2CHCOOH
4.84
pentanoic
CH3 (CH2 )3 COOH
4.83
2,2-dimethylpropanoic
(CH3 )3 CCOOH
5.03
benzoic
C6H5 COOH
4.20
phenylethanoic
C6H5 CH2COOH
4.31
Halogenated carboxylic acids
Name
Formula
pK a
chloroethanoic
CH2ClCOOH
2.87
dichloroethanoic
CHCl 2COOH
1.35
trichloroethanoic
CCl3 COOH
0.66
fluoroethanoic
CH2FCOOH
2.59
bromoethanoic
CH2BrCOOH
2.90
iodoethanoic
CH2 ICOOH
3.18
Chemistry data booklet
19
Phenols
Name
Formula
pK a
phenol
C6H5 OH
9.99
2-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
7.23
3-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
8.36
4-nitrophenol
O2NC6H4 OH
7.15
2,4-dinitrophenol
(O2N)2C6H3 OH
4.07
2,4,6-trinitrophenol
(O2N)3 C6H2OH
0.42
Alcohols
Name
Formula
pK a
methanol
CH3 OH
15.5
ethanol
C2H5 OH
15.5
Amines
Name
Formula
pKb
ammonia
NH3
4.75
methylamine
CH3NH2
3.34
ethylamine
CH3 CH2NH2
3.35
dimethylamine
(CH3 )2NH
3.27
trimethylamine
(CH3 )3N
4.20
diethylamine
(C2H5 )2NH
3.16
triethylamine
(C2H5 )3N
3.25
phenylamine
C6H5NH2
9.13
20
Chemistry data booklet
22. Acid-base indicators
Colour change
pK a
pH range
Acid
Alkali
methyl orange
3.7
3.1–4.4
red
yellow
bromophenol blue
4.2
3.0–4.6
yellow
blue
bromocresol green
4.7
3.8–5.4
yellow
blue
methyl red
5.1
4.4–6.2
red
yellow
bromothymol blue
7.0
6.0–7.6
yellow
blue
phenol red
7.9
6.8–8.4
yellow
red
phenolphthalein
9.6
8.3–10.0
colourless
pink
Indicator
Chemistry data booklet
21
23. Values of the ionization constant of water
Temperature ( C)
22
K W value
0
0.113 × 10−14
5
0.185 × 10−14
10
0.292 × 10−14
15
0.453 × 10−14
20
0.684 × 10−14
25
1.00 × 10−14
30
1.47 × 10−14
35
2.09 × 10−14
40
2.92 × 10−14
45
4.02 × 10−14
50
5.43 × 10−14
55
7.24 × 10−14
60
9.55 × 10−14
65
12.4 × 10−14
70
15.9 × 10−14
75
20.1× 10−14
80
25.2 × 10−14
85
31.3 × 10−14
90
38.3 × 10−14
95
46.6 × 10−14
100
56.0 × 10−14
Chemistry data booklet
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K
Reduced species
E Ö (V)
Li+ (aq) + e−
Li (s)
-3.04
K + (aq) + e−
K ( s)
-2.93
Ca2+ (aq) + 2e−
Ca (s)
-2.87
Na+ (aq) + e−
Na (s)
-2.71
Mg2+ (aq) + 2e−
Mg(s)
-2.37
Al3 + (aq) + 3e−
Al(s)
-1.66
Mn(s)
-1.18
Oxidized species
2+
Mn (aq) + 2e
−
1 H (g) + OH− (aq)
2 2
-0.83
−
Zn(s)
-0.76
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e−
Fe (s)
-0.45
Ni(s)
-0.26
Sn(s)
-0.14
Pb (s)
-0.13
H2O(l) + e−
2+
Zn (aq) + 2e
2+
Ni (aq) + 2e
−
Sn2+ (aq) + 2e−
2+
Pb (aq) + 2e
−
1 H (g)
2 2
0.00
Cu+ (aq)
+0.15
H2SO3 (aq) + H2O(l )
+0.17
Cu(s)
+0.34
2OH− (aq)
+0.40
Cu+ (aq) + e−
Cu(s)
+0.52
1 I ( s) + e −
2 2
I− (aq)
+0.54
Fe2+ (aq)
+0.77
Ag(s)
+0.80
Br − (aq)
+1.09
H2O (l )
+1.23
2Cr 3 + (aq) + 7H2O (l )
+1.36
H+ (aq) + e−
Cu2+ (aq) + e−
SO24− (aq) + 4H+ (aq) + 2e−
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e−
1 O (g) + H O(l ) + 2 e −
2
2 2
Fe3 + (aq) + e−
Ag+ (aq) + e−
1 Br (l ) + e −
2 2
1 O (g) + 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e −
2 2
Cr2 O72 − (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6 e−
1 Cl (g) + e −
2 2
MnO−4 (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5 e−
1 F (g) + e −
2 2
Chemistry data booklet
−
Cl (aq)
+1.36
Mn2+ + 4H2O (l )
+1.51
−
F (aq)
+2.87
23
25. Activity series
Increasing
activity
Li
Cs
Rb
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Be
Al
C
Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Sb
As
Bi
Cu
Ag
Pd
Hg
Pt
Au
24
Chemistry data booklet
Chemistry data booklet
26. Infrared data
Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
Wavenumber (cm−1 )
Intensity
iodoalkanes
490–620
strong
C–Br
bromoalkanes
500–600
strong
C–Cl
chloroalkanes
600–800
strong
C–F
fluoroalkanes
1000–1400
strong
C–O
alcohols, esters, ethers
1050–1410
strong
C=C
alkenes
1620–1680
medium-weak; multiple bands
C=O
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
1700–1750
strong
C≡C
alkynes
2100–2260
variable
O–H
carboxylic acids (with hydrogen bonding)
2500–3000
strong, very broad
C–H
alkanes, alkenes, arenes
2850–3090
strong
O–H
alcohols and phenols (with hydrogen bonding)
3200–3600
strong, broad
N–H
primary amines
3300–3500
medium, two bands
Bond
C–I
Organic molecules
25
27. 1H NMR data
Typical proton chemical shift values (δ ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0 .
R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.
These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton
Chemical shift (ppm)
CH3
0.9–1.0
CH2R
1.3–1.4
CHR2
1.5
O
C
RO
2.0–2.5
CH2
O
C
R
2.2–2.7
CH2
CH3
2.5–3.5
C C H
1.8–3.1
CH2 Hal
3.5–4.4
R O CH2
3.3–3.7
O
R
C
3.7–4.8
O CH2
O
R
C
9.0–13.0
O H
R O H
1.0–6.0
CH CH2
OH
26
4.5–6.0
4.0–12.0
Chemistry data booklet
Type of proton
Chemical shift (ppm)
H
6.9–9.0
O
R
C
9.4–10.0
H
28. Mass spectral fragments lost
Chemistry data booklet
Mass lost
Fragment lost
15
CH3
17
OH
18
H2O
28
CH2 =CH2 , C=O
29
CH3 CH2 , CHO
31
CH3 O
45
COOH
27
29. Triangular bonding diagram
Electronegativity
difference
3.0
2.5
van Arkel-Ketelaar
Triangle of bonding
Electronegativity
difference
∆χ = χ a − χ b
% covalent
% ionic
Ionic
8
92
25
75
50
50
75
25
100
0
2.0
1.5
Polar
covalent
1.0
0.5
Covalent
Metallic
0
0.79
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Average electronegativity ∑ χ =
28
3.5
4.0
( χ a + χb )
2
Chemistry data booklet
30. Resin identification codes
Resin Identification
Code (RIC)
Plastic types
Resin Identification
Code (RIC)
Plastic types
1
polyethene
terephthalate
5
polypropene
PETE
PP
high-density
polyethene
2
HDPE
3
6
polystyrene
PS
7
polyvinyl chloride
PVC
other
OTHER
low-density
polyethene
4
LDPE
31. Representations of some materials molecules
Cln
Cln
Clm
O
polychlorinated biphenyls
Cl
O
O
Clm
O
polychlorinated
dibenzofuran
1,4-dioxin
O
Cl
Clm
Cl
O
Cl
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
Chemistry data booklet
Cln
O
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin
29
32. Solubility product constants at 298 K
30
Compound
K sp
BaCO3
2.58 × 10−9
Ba(OH)2 ⋅ 8H2O
2.55 × 10−4
BaSO4
1.08 × 10−10
CdCO3
1.0 × 10−12
Cd(OH)2
7.2 × 10−15
PbCO3
7.40 × 10−14
Pb(OH)2
1.43 × 10−20
PbSO4
2.53 × 10−8
Hg2CO3
3.6 × 10−17
Hg2SO4
6.5 × 10−7
NiCO3
1.42 × 10−7
Ni(OH)2
5.48 × 10−16
Ag2CO3
8.46 × 10−12
Ag2SO4
1.20 × 10−5
ZnCO3
1.46 × 10−10
Zn(OH)2
3.0 × 10−17
Chemistry data booklet
33. 2-amino acids
Common name
Symbol
alanine
Ala
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
pH of
isoelectric point
6.0
CH3
H2N CH COOH
arginine
Arg
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2
10.8
NH
H2N CH COOH
asparagine
Asn
CH2 C NH2
5.4
O
aspartic acid
Asp
cysteine
Cys
glutamic acid
Glu
H2N CH COOH
CH2 COOH
H2N CH COOH
CH2 SH
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 COOH
2.8
5.1
3.2
H2N CH COOH
glutamine
Gln
CH2 CH2 C NH2
5.7
O
glycine
Gly
H2N CH2 COOH
6.0
H2N CH COOH
CH2
histidine
His
7.6
N
N
H
isoleucine
Ile
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH2 CH3
6.0
H2N CH COOH
leucine
Leu
CH2
6.0
H3C CH CH3
Chemistry data booklet
31
Common name
Symbol
lysine
Lys
methionine
Met
Structural formula
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
pH of
isoelectric point
9.7
5.7
H2N CH COOH
phenylalanine
CH2
Phe
5.5
COOH
proline
Pro
serine
Ser
threonine
Thr
6.3
HN
H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH OH
5.7
5.6
H2N CH COOH
tryptophan
Trp
CH2
5.9
NH
H2N CH COOH
CH2
tyrosine
Tyr
5.7
OH
valine
32
Val
H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH3
6.0
Chemistry data booklet
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide
components
Lipids
Octanoic acid
CH3 (CH2 )6 COOH
Lauric acid
CH3 (CH2 )10 COOH
Palmitic acid
CH3 (CH2 )14 COOH
Stearic acid
CH3 (CH2 )16 COOH
Oleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 COOH
Linoleic acid
CH3 (CH2 )4 (CH=CHCH2 )2 (CH2 )6 COOH
α-Linolenic acid
CH3 CH2 (CH=CHCH2 )3 (CH2 )6 COOH
H3C
CH
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
HO
cholesterol
Carbohydrates
CH2OH
H C O
H C OH
H
H
OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
straight chain glucose
Chemistry data booklet
O
CH2OH
H
HO C H
H
HO
H C OH
OH
H
OH
α-glucose
C O
H C OH
CH2OH
straight chain fructose
33
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H
CH2OH
H
OH
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
α-fructose
ribose
CH2OH
OH
O
H
H
H
H
H
OH
deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases
N
HC
C
N
C
NH2
O
NH2
H
N
C N
CH
H2N
H
adenine
C
N
C
N
N
C
CH
C N
N
H
O
guanine
O
N
C
C
N
CH
cytosine
O
CH
CH
H
uracil
34
N
CH
H
O
H
C
C
H
O
N
C
C
N
C
CH3
CH
H
thymine
Chemistry data booklet
35. Vitamins and pigments
Vitamins
O
CH3
H
C
CH3
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH2
O
OH
HO
CH
CH2
HO
CH3
CH3
retinol (vitamin A)
H3C
H3C
OH
OH
ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH CH3
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
HO
vitamin D (D3)
Chemistry data booklet
35
Pigments
H2C
H 3C
CH2
N
N
CH
N
H3C
H2C
O
CH
C
H3 C
N
CH2
O
O
C20H39
CH3
N
Fe
CH2
CH
N
N
CH3
CH
C H O
O
R=CH3 (chlorophyll a)
CH3
R=CHO (chlorophyll b)
CH3
O
CH2
CH2
N
HC
CH3
H
H
CH2
CH2
CH3
Mg
OH HO
O
R
CH
CH
CH2
chlorophyll
heme B
R
R
OH
O
O
OH
O+
HO
R
R
O glucose
O glucose
OH
OH
quinoidal base (blue)
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
flavylium cation (red)
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH3
CH3
C
CH
CH3
CH
H3 C
CH3
α-carotene
H3 C
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
H3C
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH
CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH
H3 C
CH3
β-carotene
36
Chemistry data booklet
CH3
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH3
CH
CH
H3C
CH3
CH
C
CH
HC
O
11-cis-retinal
H3C
CH3
CH
CH3
CH
C
CH
CH3
CH
CH
C
CH
H
C
O
CH3
all-trans-retinal
36. Binding energy curve
9
Average binding energy per nucleon (MeV)
16
8
12
O
56
C
235
Fe
U
238
4
U
He
7
6
Li
Li
7
6
5
4
3
3
3
2
0
He
2
1
1
0
H
H
H
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
Number of nucleons in nucleus
Chemistry data booklet
37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules
O
R
C
OH
C
O
O
H3C
C
H2C
S
HO
O
CH3
OH
H
H
N
C
O
CH3
H
ibuprofen
paracetamol (acetaminophen)
OH
OH
CH2 CH2
H3C N
CH2 CH2
O
O
OH
O
morphine
CH3
codeine
O
H3C N
O
penicillin (general structure)
H3C C COOH
H 3C N
CH3
CH3
N
O
C
C
aspirin
H3 C
NH
CH2 CH2
C
CH3
O
H3C
O
O
NH
S
O
N
N
CH3
O
O
C
diamorphine (heroin)
38
CH3
CH3
O CH3
omeprazole
Chemistry data booklet
H3C
O
N
O–
NH
S
CH3
H3 C
N+
NH
O
ranitidine
H2N
O
H3C
HO
O
O
CH3
H3C
NH
H3 C
OH
HO
O
NH
O
OH
O
HN
H3C
NH2
HN
oseltamivir
O
zanamivir
O
CH3
O
CH3 OH
O
O
NH
H3C
O
CH3
CH3
O
OH O
OH
O
O
CH3
O
O
taxol
Chemistry data booklet
39
38. References
Data in sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26 and 27 was taken fully or in part from:
Aylward, G. and Findlay, T. 2008. SI chemical data. (5th edition). Queensland, Australia.
John Wiley & Sons.
Data in section 20 reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Barret, J. 2003. Inorganic chemistry in aqueous solution. London, UK. Royal Society of
Chemistry.
Data in section 13 was taken in part from:
Burgess, DR. 2012. “Thermochemical Data”. NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
Reference Database. Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov.
Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32 and 33 was taken fully or
in part from:
Haynes, WM. (ed). 2012. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. (93rd edition). Boca
Raton, US. CRC Press.
Data in section 29 can be found in the following source:
Leach, MR. 2013. Timeline of structural theory. 04 January 2013.
http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html.
40
Chemistry data booklet