Chapter 1. Revisiting topics related to ICT
Application
A. Internet of Things
If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things-using data
they gathered without any help from us – we would be able to track and count everything
and significantly reduce waste loss and cost (Ashton, 2009). Internet of things is all about
the devices that work together with the Internet, which aids human activity. Devices such
as Mobile Devices and Computers are prevalent examples of the Internet of Things;
nowadays, these devices are potent together with the Internet. Mobile devices can control
what the computer can also do over the Internet; this means the Internet helps us do better
in our everyday lives and those who need it the most. Today, the Internet of things
elevates its limitation; even various devices are connected and running in one specific
network - the Internet; some of these devices are only running for one particular purpose.
It could either be for transportation, home automation, health checker, and any other task
that could give us the comfort to live in this modern world. One big question is: What are
some examples of Internet the of things made only for a specific function?
1. Smart Self Driving Car “Waymo”
According to warmo.com, this car
began as the Google Self-Driving
Car Project in 2009. The image
shows an example of Self Driving
car, and there is no need for drivers.
The car uses its GPS and sensors to
avoid traffic and accidents. It is so
much safe to ride this car,
specifically running on the Internet.
In Arizona, Waymo is used like a
uber car to book their ride using
their smartphones easily.
Image from:
https://www.vox.com/2017/9/20/16340046/alphabet-waymo-self-driving-car-uber-stolentrade-secret-billion-damages-lawsuit-trial-hearing
2. Smart Home Automation System
This home automation system comprises various devices under various roles. However,
since it is called a system, the devices are interconnected, so it functions as one home
automation System. Since it is called smart, it is connected to the internet and will work
when connected to the internet. The following examples are the devices invented under
the smart home automation System from sea.pcmag.com (Moscaritolo, 2020):
• Smart Speaker and Display “Amazon Echo Family”
The Amazon Echo is a Bluetooth speaker powered by Alexa,
Amazon's handy voice assistant. Alexa works with several
smart home devices directly, as well as with If This Then That
(IFTTT) to control plenty of others via pairings, you can create
yourself. It will take some work, but you can use Alexa to
control most of the gadgets in your house with the sound of
your voice (Moscaritolo, 2020).
• Smart Plug “ ConnectSense Smart Outlet 2 “
ConnectSense Smart Outlet 2 can be controlled with an
Android or iOS mobile app and works with Alexa, Google
Assistant, and Siri voice commands (Moscaritolo, 2020).
• Home Security Cameras “Arlo Ultra”
The Arlo Ultra raises the bar for all outdoor cameras. It is the
first model that streams and records video Ultra High
Definition (UHD). It is loaded with cool tech, including
automatic zooming, motion tracking, color night vision, an
integrated spotlight and siren, one-click 911 connectivity, a
180-degree field of view, and more.
• Smart Locks and Home Security Systems “August Wi-Fi Smart Lock”
The August Wi-Fi Smart Lock is the company’s most miniature model
to date and its first to offer embedded Wi-Fi. It also supports Amazon
Alexa, Apple HomeKit, Google Assistant, and numerous other thirdparty platforms and devices, following in the suit of its predecessors
and earning our Editors’ Choice (Moscaritolo, 2020).
•
Smart Heating and Cooling “ Ecobee Smart Thermostat With Voice Control”
Enhanced Alexa and multimedia support, more powerful
audio components, and dual-band Wi-Fi is just a few examples
of what this thermostat has to offer. Throw in a user-friendly
app, lots of third-party support, and an easy installation
process (Moscaritolo, 2020).
•
Smart Lighting “ Yeelight Smart LED Bulb “
It is dimmable, offers 16 million colors, and connects to the home
network wirelessly, without the need for a hub or bridge. It supports
Apple HomeKit, IFTTT, and Alexa, Google, and Siri voice commands,
and it is relatively affordable (Moscaritolo, 2020).
•
Smart Kitchen Appliances “Brava Oven”
Connected countertop ovens are steadily becoming
more common, with various microwave-sized smart
appliances out there that can bake, broil, sear, and
reheat, among other varieties of food preparation. The
Brava Oven is one of the most expensive models tested,
but it is also the most advanced (Moscaritolo, 2020).
All Images above from: https://sea.pcmag.com/digital-home/9916/the-best-smart-home-devices-for-2020
3. Smart Health and Fitness Device “TechCare”
It is an innovative massager that sends lowvoltage pulses to the skin to stimulate nerve fibers
that block the brain's pain signal. It is a drug-free
pain relief method operated by a touchscreen
controller and four large electrodes and offers
several different massage modes.
Image from: https://www.hongkiat.com/blog/health-fitness-devices/
Those examples presented are devices connected to a network called the "Internet" to
transfer to the source of information in real-time based on the user's information. These
devices have one big mystery hidden: how does everything work in one single device?
How do these devices remain wireless?
Image from: https://data-flair.training/blogs/how-iot-works/
The illustration above is the process of how the Internet of things works. There are four
major components of this technology: Sensors, Gateway, Cloud/Server, and Mobile
Application that is according to data-flair.training (https://data-flair.training/, n.d.).
1. Sensors
Sensors work to gather minute data from the surrounding environment. Sometimes also
known as 'detectors' as sensors' primary function is to detect even the slightest changes
in the surrounding environment. Sensors allow an IoT device to capture relevant data for
real-time or post-processing (Khan, 2020).
The Following are examples of Sensors excerpts from Macharla (2020):
•
Temperature Sensor “DHT 11 Temperature humidity Sensor”
A Temperature Sensor senses and measures the temperature and
converts it into an electrical signal; it has a significant role in
Environment, Agriculture, and Industries. The widely used DHT 11 is
the temperature and humidity sensor, the primary, low-cost, digital,
and capacitive sensor (Macharla, 2020).
Proximity Sensor “ Si114x and Si1102”
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence
of nearby objects without any physical contact. A
proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a
beam of electromagnetic radiation and looks for changes
in the field or return signal. The most common application
of this sensor is the feature primarily used in cars. While
the driver is taking the reverse, it detects the objects or obstacles so that the driver will
be alarmed.
•
•
Smoke Sensors
A smoke sensor detects smoke and its level of attainment.
Nowadays, the sensor manufacturers implement it with a voice
alarm through ALEXA, notifies in our smartphones.
Sensors are intelligent to follow their instructions; thus, using more customized and
personalized instruction makes it better to use a microcontroller. It is a requirement to
use microcontrollers if a person plans to do a customized personal Internet of Things
(IOT) project; this is in order to make the sensors work. Some Microcontrollers works
like a Processor; thus, it is smaller (some are palm-size) with RAM, ROM, Input and
Output ports, Counters, and Timer. This small device can be programmed instructing the
sensors what to do. Examples of microcontrollers are Arduino UNO R3 and Raspberry
Pi.
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/11021
Image from:https://www.amazon.com/
2. Connectivity
The microcontroller can upload its instruction to the sensor into the cloud through
various mediums of communication and transports such as cellular networks, satellite
networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, wide-area networks (WAN), low power, vast area network
many more (https://data-flair.training/, n.d.). Uploading the instruction to the cloud is
possible if the microcontroller appears to have a connectivity device attach to it. Examples
of these devices are the various mediums of communication and transport mentioned in
the first statement. The microcontroller can instruct the sensor to collect the specific data
available. After collecting the data, the microcontroller can also instruct the connectivity
device or medium of communication to transfer or store the data to the cloud. Once
everything is uploaded online, the device will become more powerful to do things
beyond its limits. For example, in a self-driving car that interacts with the internet, the
sensor collects data about no driver controlling the car, traffic concerns, and possible
obstruction. When the car runs, the microcontroller instructs the sensors to collect all this
data and send it to the cloud.
3. Data Processing
After the microcontroller, sensor, and connectivity device work together to collect and
store the data in the cloud, a specific software can access the data online. The software
will be responsible for helping the data learn its behavior. The software will check
whether the traffic light is red, then the car will stop. It will also check what kind of
obstruction is on the way; is it a human or just tiny twig, and stopping or slowing down
will not be necessary.
4. User Interface
Image from: https://wordlesstech.com/explore-the-user-interface-of-self-driving-volvo/
After the data is processed, there is a necessity to show the user the things going on. For
example, the data processing software learned that there is an alternative route to pass
because there is no congestion in the specific path. These route details can be shown on a
mobile phone or a computer monitor attached to the car. The image above shows the
user-interface of self-driving Volvo is simple, intuitive, and easy to use (Fasseas, 2015).
B. Assistive Technology
We have already learned about the Internet of things, its example, and how it works. The
technology nowadays is far beyond how it started; it always pushed its limit, and of
course, it helps people do the essential task. The Internet of things gives life to the simple
devices made for people with special needs; it becomes more powerful that gives them
the will and determination to continue their lives more and more. The technology to aid
people with special needs is called assistive technology. Assistive technology helps in
various aspects depending on what is needed; it can be in mobility, auditory, speech,
hearing, or all of it mixed in just one device. The following are examples o f assistive
technology:
1. PCEye
Control a Windows computer using only your eyes,
even outdoors. PCEye is a new compact eye tracker
that gives individuals with physical disabilities a
flexible way to operate a computer with their eyes. urf
the web and create documents. Play games. Make
video calls and post on social – all with your eyes.
(tobiidynavox.com, n.d.)
2. New Touch Voice
Touch Voice produces
AAC (Augmentative
and
Alternative
Communication)
medical
grade
speaking apps which
communicate
thru
speech synthesis by
touching or clicking on
buttons. The apps run
on Android tablets, larger phones, iPads, iPhones
and most laptops and desktops (PC and Mac). Available in English and the Spanish
Language. (Touch-voice.com, n.d.).
3. Electrical stimulation
The electrical stimulation of the spinal cord is used
to rejuvenate dormant circuits in patients whose
spinal breaks are not complete. Nine years ago,
David Mzee was left paralysed by a gymnastics
accident and told he would never walk again. He
competed in a charity run during which he walked
390 metres, thanks to the electrical stimulation
(Potier, 2019).
4. Helmet for the Blind
Designed by the Chinese organisation CloudMinds,
Meta looks like a cycling helmet and uses sensors
and cameras to map its environs, sending
information to a cloud server to be processed by AI
technology. The information can be communicated
through speech, helping blind people and those
with visual impairments to navigate streets,
recognise objects and negotiate traffic lights and crossings (Potier, 2019).
5.
Next-generation hearing aid
A cochlear implant might be nothing new, but
researchers at Columbia University, New York, are
working on a “cognitive hearing aid”, which
monitors the brain activity of users to identify which
voice the listener is focusing on. It then magnifies
that audio while quietening surrounding noise,
allowing for better hearing (Potier, 2019).
6.
Bionic exoskeleton
Designed to help those with paralysis to stand and
walk, a similar wearable robotic frame was
approved in 2012 by the US Food and Drug
Administration for physical rehabilitation, to be
used with crutches or walkers. Future
exoskeletons may replace wheelchairs, providing
greater mobility and health benefits.
C.Computer System
It is a collection of entities (Hardware, Software, Peopleware/Liveware) designed to
receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format; this definition
is according to peda.net (The Computer System, n.d.). These three entities are also known
as the computer system components because without these; the entire computer will not
function as it is.
1. Computer Hardware
Image from: Lifewire.com / Chloe Giroux
In addition to the description of peda.net (The
Computer System, n.d.), the computer
hardware is the tangible part of the computer.
It refers to the physical components that make
up a computer system (Fisher, Everything
You Need to Know About Computer
Hardware, 2020).
(Amuno, The Four Categories of Computer Hardware, 2019) There are four categories of
hardware ad these are the following:
▪
Input devices: For raw data input. Components which are used to input raw data are
categorized under input devices. They aid in feeding data such as text, images, and
audiovisual recordings. They even aid in file transfers between computers. The
keyboard is probably the most commonly used input device. Below are just some
other types of input devices.
Input Type Examples
Pointing Device
Mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, multi-touch screen, pen input, motion
sensor, graphics tablet, interactive smartboard, and fingerprint scanner.
Game Controller Joystick, gamepad, and steering wheel.
Audio Input Device Microphone and midi keyboard.
Bluetooth Peripheral Keyboard, mouse, headset, gamepad, printer.
Visual and Imaging Device Webcam, digital camera, digital camcorder, TV capture card, biometric
scanner, and barcode reader.
Network Device
▪
Ethernet hardware and Bluetooth/wireless hardware.
Processing devices: To process raw data instructions into information. Processing is
the core function of a computer. It is the stage where raw data is transformed into
information. Once data has been processed, it can be used for useful purposes.
Components that manipulate data into information are categorized under processing.
The microprocessor is the major device in this category. It works closely with primary
memory during its operations. Data is stored temporarily in processor cache and
primary memory during the processing period.
The microprocessor is subdivided into three important units, which work together in
order to accomplish its function. The units are:
➢ The control unit: It manages and supervises the operations of the processor and
other components that are crucial in data manipulation.
➢ Arithmetic and logic unit: The ALU is responsible for all arithmetic and logic
operations like addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, and comparison
logic operations.
➢ Register and cache: These are storage locations inside the processor that respond
to the instructions of the control unit by moving relevant data around during
processing.
▪
Output devices: To disseminate data and information. Hardware components that
disseminate and display both data and information are classified under the output
category.
Output is the culmination of a cycle which starts with the input of raw data and
processing.
These components are sub-categorized under softcopy and hardcopy output.
Softcopy output includes the intangible experience. The user derives visual
satisfaction by reading a message through display components or listens to audio
files through speakers.
▪
Storage devices: For data and information retention. Components that retain/store
data are classified under memory/storage devices. Storage is sub-divided under
primary and secondary memory and is either volatile or nonvolatile. Primary
memory usually refers to random-access memory (RAM) but can also refer to all
memory that works in tandem with the processor. RAM is volatile, meaning that it
retains data only when the computer is powered up.
In lifewire.com, Fisher (2020) also enumerated the list of Computer hardware. The
following are the components of computer hardware that you can commonly find inside
a modern computer, thus you need to open the computer’s case to be able to see these
components Fisher (2020) added.
A. Motherboard –
This board is found inside the system unit. It is the
main printed circuit board in a computer which
numerous major components, crucial for the
functioning of the computer, are attached to the
motherboard (Kamau, 2020). The same reference
also said that motherboard is also called as system
board, mainboard, or the printed wired board. The
following are the parts of motherboard with labels
were discussed from wepc.com by (Conroy,
2020), the numbers on it corresponds the number
of the image found in the appendices image 1.
Parts of Motherboard:
1) BIOS And CMOS - BIOS or Basic Input Output System is where all the information and
settings for the motherboard are stored. It can be accessed, updated, and modified via
the BIOS mode. The CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor) battery is
what’s responsible for keeping all the information intact when the entire system is shut
down. The CMOS battery can be removed to reset the BIOS after a failed update or if
you overclock your RAM beyond its capabilities. Watch the youtube video from
PowerCert Animated Videos entitled BIOS, CMOS, UEFI - What's the difference?
 FACTS 
The BIOS is firmware built into the motherboard that initializes the computer's hardware as the
computer is booted. After it initializes the hardware, it searches for a boot device, such as an optical
drive or a storage drive, to boot software such as an operating system. So, turning on the computer
for the first time, it does what's called a power-on self-test or POST, run by the BIOS. It tests the
computer to ensure all the requirements are up and running, and it also makes sure that the hardware
is working correctly before starting the operating system. If the computer passes the test, the internal
speaker will make a short single beep, indicating that the computer has passed the test and is booting
up normally. However, if there are no beeps or multiple beeps, that means that the computer has
failed the test and something is wrong, and the computer needs further troubleshooting to find out
what the problem is. So whether there are no beeps or multiple beeps, the computer will generate a
beep code to help the user pinpoint the issue. For example, if the computer generates three long beeps,
it could indicate a keyboard error. If the computer generates a continuous short beep, it could indicate
a problem with a RAM module.
So whatever BIOS is on the computer's motherboard, you can always refer to the manufacturer's
documentation to find a list of beep codes. What they mean so you can pinpoint the problem and
correct it. The BIOS software is on(it is stored) the BIOS chip on the motherboard. The BIOS chip
is non-volatile, which means that a chip's contents were on it even there is no power or turned off.
Even after this, the computer does need to maintain specific settings, such as the date and time, the
boot sequence, and individual hardware settings. In other words, the custom settings that you have
configured in the BIOS. And these settings are stored on the motherboard in a special chip called a
CMOS chip. But unlike the BIOS chip, which is non-volatile, the CMOS chip is volatile, which
means that it needs constant power to maintain its contents or settings. For the CMOS to keep its
settings while the computer is in its off state( turned off), it uses a battery. This battery is called the
CMOS battery.
The CMOS battery is a small button cell battery usually placed on the motherboard's surface,
commonly found on the bottom right-hand corner. It is the same type of battery in wristwatches.
Now, as I stated before, the CMOS needs constant power that is supplied by the storm. But if the
battery is removed and then reattached, the BIOS will reset back to its default settings from the
manufacturer and erase any custom settings you have configured. Now a lot of people get confused
about what's the difference between BIOS and CMOS. And these terms are often used to refer to the
same thing, but they are different. So to clarify things, the BIOS is the actual firmware or program
that comes with the motherboard. The BIOS chip has firmware stored into it, then settings such as
a date and time, the boot sequence, and speeds are retained in the CMOS chip .
Source from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=LGz0Io_dh_I
Author: PowerCert Animated Videos
Retrieved date: 12/27/2020
 FACTS 
2) Input/Output Ports - Also commonly referred to as I/O ports for short. These ports are
located at the back of the computer and are often color-coded.
Below are the I/O ports along with the colors they represent.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Microphone- Pink 3.5mm jack port
Speakers and Headphones / Headsets / Earbuds- Bold green 3.5mm jack port
Monitor- Older motherboards are equipped with a solid blue VGA port at the back,
but newer motherboards use the HDMI and black or white DVI port as standard
Ethernet network cable- Colorless port
Keyboard and Mouse- PS/2 port (Keyboard- purple; Mouse- green)
USB devices- USB 2.0 colorless port; USB 3.0/3.1 solid blue port (Yes, VGA ports
are a similar color, but this only goes to show how outdated VGA is)
Some modern motherboards feature USB C type connections
3) IDE And SATA Connector (Storage Device Connectors - The internal storage device
connectors that connect the storage devices, such as mechanical hard drives and solidstate drives. These storage devices need to be connected to the motherboard for data to
be submitted and retrieved. HDDs and SSDs do the same thing (store data), there is a
big difference between how HDDs and SSDs accomplish this.
4) Power Connectors - The ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) connector (found in
more recent motherboards) has 20 or 24-pin female connectors. This is the largest
connector on the motherboard, as this draws out the needed power directly from the
power supply. The SMPS (switched-mode power supply) then utilizes this power to
keep the motherboard running.
5) Front I/O Connectors - This is where you connect the Power Switch, LED power
indicator, Reset Switch, and the HDD LED cables. The front audio port and front USB
are also connected here. These connections are usually located at the bottom part of the
motherboard.
6) CPU Socket - The CPU socket is where your CPU (processor) is installed. This is where
the processing and transfer of data happens. Your CPU is one of the most important
parts of your computer, so you often choose your motherboard based on compatibility
with the CPU you intend to use. The CPU needs to be 100% compatible with the
motherboard socket for it to work.
7) Expansion Card Slots - The expansion card slots are where you add extra components
such as a video card, network card, audio card, or PCIe SSD. The slots are located in
the bottom half of the motherboard below the CPU socket.
Video Card Slot
The video card slot lets you install a dedicated GPU and boost the graphical
performance of your computer further than an AMD APU or Intel CPU would. This
goes to the high data slots, like the PCIe slot or AGP slot. Ports include, but are not
limited to, (depends on the card):
• DMI
• DVI
• DisplayPort
• USB-C
Network Card Slot
The network card slot is where you put the Network Interface Card (NIC). This
allows you to connect to other computer networks via LAN or the internet. It h as
an RJ-45 port at the back.
Modem Card Slot
This is where you connect your network card so you can connect to the internet
through the telephone line. Obviously, this is an older technology than the above
NIC. This typically has 2 RJ-11 connectors to connect to the telephone.
Audio Card Slot
This is where audio cards fit. They convert electrical signals to the audio signals or
sound that we can hear. Depending on the type of audio, there will be different
types of ports found at the back. But it usually has several 3.5mm ports used for the
following:
• Microphone
• Speaker
• Recorder
• Gaming Joystick
8) RAM (Memory) Slots - RAM, or Random Access Memory, slots are one of the most
important parts on a motherboard. The RAM slots are, unsurprisingly, where you place
the RAM modules. There is the SIMM slot (Single in-line memory module) that only
supports a 32-bit bus, and there is the DIMM slot (Dual inline memory module) that
can simultaneously run with a 64-bit bus.
 FACTS 
DDR3 (Double Data Rate 3rd Generation) was once the standard with RAM, but this has
slowly been replaced with DDR4 (Double Data Rate 4th Generation). While DDR3 is still
surprisingly effective, DDR4 is the new standard. When it comes to gaming, there’s still an
active debate whether you need 8GB or 16GB of DDR4. This is where you connect your M.2
SSD. The M.2 slot is regarded as the replacement for mSATA standard and was formerly
known as Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF). When M.2 devices use the PCI bus instead
of the SATA bus, they can transfer data six times faster than a standard SSD. M.2 SSDs were
designed to enable high-performance storage in compact devices, such as laptops and tablets.
M.2 devices are widely accepted as being the best types of storage, as we see them becoming a
standard feature in desktop PCs too. We have covered the different sections of a motherboard
you are likely to interact with during your PC build. Of course, there is much more at work on
a motherboard that plays a major role in the operation of your various components. Other parts,
such as chipsets, act as a communications hub or a traffic control center, and they manage the
flow of data between the processor, memory, and peripherals. It’s essentially the backbone of a
PC.
Source: https://www.wepc.com/tips/how-are-motherboards-made-manufacturing/
Author: Shaun Conroy
Retrieved date: December 27, 2020
 FACTS 
B. Central Processing Unit (CPU) –
Image from: .redhat.com/; by Michael Schwarzenberger; from
Pixabay
The central processing unit also completed
all processing for any attached peripheral
devices these peripherals includes printers,
card readers, and early storage devices
such as drum and disk drives (Both, 2020).
This acts as the brain of the computer
(hardware and software) because it feeds
instructions. It is placed inside the
motherboard and it installed in the CPU
socket.
 FACTS 
A CPU core is a CPU’s processor. In the old days, every processor had just one core that could
focus on one task at a time. Today, CPUs have been two and 18 cores, each of which can work on
a different task. A core can work on one task, while another core works a different task, so the
more cores a CPU has, the more efficient it is. Many processors, especially those in laptops, have
two cores, but some laptop CPUs (known as mobile CPUs), such as Intel’s 8th Generation
processors, have four. You should shoot for at least four cores in your machine if you can afford
it. Most processors can use a process called simultaneous multithreading or, if it’s an Intel
processor, Hyper-threading (the two terms mean the same thing) to split a core into virtual cores,
which are called threads. For example, AMD CPUs with four cores use simultaneous
multithreading to provide eight threads, and most Intel CPUs with two cores use Hyperthreading to provide four threads. Some apps take better advantage of multiple threads than
others. Lightly-threaded apps, like games, don't benefit from a lot of cores, while most video
editing and animation programs can run much faster with extra threads.
Note: Intel also uses the term “Core” to brand some of its CPUs (ex: Intel Core i7-7500U
processor). Of course, Intel CPUs (and all CPUs) that do not have the Core branding use cores
as well. And the numbers you see in an Intel Core (or otherwise) processor is not a direct
correlation to how many cores the CPU has. For example, the Intel Core i7-7500U processor does
not have seven cores.
Source: https://www.tomshardware.com/uk/news/cpu-core-definition,37658.html
Author: Scharon Harding
Retrieved date: December 29, 2020
 FACTS 
C. Random Access Memory (RAM) –
Image from: https://asmed.com/random-access-memory/
Random Access Memory, or RAM
(pronounced as ramm), is the physical
hardware inside a computer that
temporarily stores data, serving as the
computer's "working" memory (Fisher,
What Is RAM (Random Access Memory)?,
2020). According to Martindale (2020), in a
nutshell, it’s a high-speed component that
temporarily stores all the information a
device needs both right now and
imminently. In addition to what he said
accessing data in RAM is insanely fast, unlike hard drives that are slower but provide
long-term storage.
 FACTS 
RAM is essentially a device’s short-term memory. It temporarily stores (remembers) everything
currently running on a device, like all OS-specific services and any web browser, image editor,
or game you’re playing.RAM prevents the CPU from digging through the device’s slower
storage — like a hard drive or even a solid-state drive (SSD) — every time you request a new
browser tab or load a new enemy to shoot. As fast as storage is when compared to drives of years
gone by, they’re still far slower than RAM. RAM doesn’t remember everything forever,
however. It’s a “volatile” technology, meaning that once it loses power, it forgets everything.
That makes it perfect for handling the multitude of high-speed tasks that your device throws at
it each day.
Different types of RAM
“RAM” or “memory” typically refers to dynamic random access memory (DRAM), or more
accurately for modern systems, synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM). The
terminology doesn’t matter beyond technicalities, but it’s useful to know that the terms are
relatively interchangeable colloquially.
The most common type of RAM sold today is DDR4, though older systems may use DDR3 or
even DDR2. The numbers simply denote the generation of RAM, with each successive
generation offering faster speeds through greater bandwidth — a higher megahertz (MHz)
rating. Each generation also has physical changes, so they are not interchangeable.Another
common term, especially in the video game space, is VRAM, or video RAM. Although once a
stand-alone piece of technology, VRAM is currently used to denote dedicated memory on the
graphics card. For game consoles, it can also reference system memory, but in either case, it has
to do with memory reserved exclusively for the GPU. Ram is critical to as graphics DDR, or
GDDR, usually with a generational designation, like GDDR6.Most modern graphics cards use
GDDR6. However, some graphics cards may use a different form of VRAM called High
Bandwidth Memory (HBM, HBM2, and HBM2e). It has unique performance advantages,
although it is typically expensive, and supply issues hinder widespread adoption.
The most significant consideration when buying RAM for a PC is how much is needed. A
minimum amount is required to run an operating system, while many games and applications
have a minimum requirement too. Those requirements are listed in gigabytes (GB) and are often
between 1GB and 8GB, depending on the application’s hardware demands.
Source: https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-ram/
Author: Jon Martindale
Retrieved date: November 24, 2020
 FACTS 
D. Video Card –
Image source: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-video-card2618161
The video card is an expansion card that
allows the computer to send graphical
information to a video display device
such as a monitor, TV, or projector. Some
other names for a video card include
graphics card, graphics adapter, display
adapter, video adapter, video controller,
and add-in boards (AIBs) (Fisher, What
Is a Video Card?, 2019).
 FACTS 
In a desktop, since the motherboard, case, and expansion cards are designed with compatibility
in mind, the side of the video card fits just outside the back of the case when installed, making
its ports (e.g. HDMI, DVI, or VGA) available for use. Some video cards have only one port for
connection to a standard monitor or projector while more advanced cards may have ports for
connections to multiple output sources including additional monitors and televisions. Still
other cards may have inputs for video editing and other advanced tasks. Laptops, tablets, and
even smartphones, all have video cards, albeit smaller and most often non-replaceable. Each
motherboard supports only a limited range of video card formats so be sure to always check
with your motherboard manufacturer before making a purchase.
Many modern computers do not have video expansion cards but instead have on-board video GPUs integrated directly onto the motherboard. This allows for a less expensive computer but
also for a less powerful graphics system. This option is wise for the average business and home
user not interested in advanced graphics capabilities or the latest games. Most motherboards
with on-board video allow BIOS to disable the chip in order to make use of a video card installed
to an expansion slot. Using a dedicated video card may improve overall system performance
because it includes its own RAM, power regulators, and cooling so that the system RAM and
CPU can be used for other things. In Windows, the easiest way to see what video card you have
is to use Device Manager.
You can find the video card listed under the Display adapters section. Like all hardware, a video
card requires a device driver in order to communicate with the operating system and other
computer software. The same process you'd use to update any sort of hardware applies to
updating a video card driver.
Source: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-video-card-2618161
Author: Tim Fisher
Retrieved date: December 29, 2020
 FACTS 
E. Sound Card –
A sound card is a component that translates
digital signals to an analog one, in short, a
sound card is an optional component that
converts the digital signal your computer
outputs for sound, and translates it into an
analog signal for your headphones or
speakers (Thomas, 2019).
Image from: https://www.toptenreviews.com/soundcards-are-they-worth-it Retrieved: January 2, 2021
F. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) –
Image from: https://securis.com/what-is-ahard-drive-and-the-difference-betweenhdd-and-ssd/. Retrieved: January 2, 2021
An article from secures.com (What Is A Hard Drive &
The Difference Between HDD and SSD, 2020) A hard
drive stores all your data, and is where all your files
and folders are physically located. The article also said
that a typical hard drive is only slightly larger than
your hand, yet can hold over 100 GB of data. The data
is stored on a stack of disks that are mounted inside a
solid encasement.
G. Solid-State Drive (SSD) –
SSDs are are faster than conventional hard
disk drives (HDDs), more compact, have no
moving parts, are immune to magnetic
fields, and can withstand more shocks and
vibration than conventional magnetic
platter disks (Bauer, 2019).
Image from: https://www.backblaze.com/blog/howreliable-are-ssds/. Retrieved: January 2, 2021
H. Optical Disk Drive (e.g., BD/DVD/CD drive) –
Optical drives retrieve and/or store data on
optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and BDs (Bluray discs), any of which hold much more
information
than previously available
portable media options like the floppy disk.
The optical drive normally goes by other
names like a disc drive, ODD (abbreviation),
Image from: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-anCD drive, DVD drive, or BD drive (Fisher,
optical-disc-drive-2618157. Retrieved: January 2, 2021
Do You Need an Optical Disk Drive?, 2020).
Computer hardware devices are also called as Computer Peripherals. A peripheral is a
“device that is used to put information into or get information out of the computer
(Computer Devices, n.d.). The following are example of computer peripherals usually
found outside the system unit. These hardware were enumerated by Fisher (2020) in
lifewire.com.
Monitor – it is a rectangular in shape like a tv screen and shows the main display of the
computer. A monitor interprets and displays the graphical output signal from your
computer’s graphics card and displays it on the screen (What is a Monitor, 2020). This
article from computerinfobits.com listed the CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube), LCD ( Liquid
Crystal Display), and LED ( Light Emitting Diode).
Images from: https://computerinfobits.com/what-is-a-monitor/. Retrieved: January 2, 2021
CRT ( Cathode Ray
Tube)
LCD ( Liquid
Crystal Display)
LED ( Light
Emitting Diode).
In order to display the graphics(text and images shown in the screen for example) there must be
a graphics card attached to the the motherboard expensive graphics card enables the computer
to display HD games and videos. There must be a connection from the motherboard to the
monitor in order to display what the system instructed to display. There are three different
connection from the system unit to the monitor, these are:
1VGA
( Video
Graphics Array)
2DVI
(Digital Visual
Interface)
3 HDMI
( High Definition
Media Interface)
Image source from left to right: 1 VGA - https://www.aten.com/gb/en/products/cables/vga-cables/2l-2503/ | 2 DVI https://sandberg.world/en-jp/product/Adapter | 3 HDMI - https://simplynuc.co.uk/product/hdmi-to-hdmi-cable-6ft-2m/.
Retrieved: January 3, 2021
I.
Keyboard – Computer keyboard is an input device that is used to type in text and
other instruction, it is composed of alphabets, numbers, symbols and other computer
functions. Keyboard can be connected either wired or wireless using Bluetooth or WiFi.
According to https://kids.kiddle.co/ , this picture shows the way keys are laid out on a keyboard in the United States.
An article posted in kids.kiddle.co website states that, there are also different ways the
keys on a keyboard are laid out, usually to deal with different regions and languages of
the world. The most common lay out is the QWERTY, according to kids.kiddle.co,
QWERTY design was made so the most common letters would not make a mechanical
typewriter "jam", or stop working. Aside from this QWERTY keyboard lay out there are
other keyboard lay out that is used by some these are AZERTY, QWERTZ, DVORAK,
COLEMAK, MALTRON and JCUKEN.
AZERTY
QWERTZ
DVORAK
COLEMAK
MALTRON
JCUKEN
AZERT,QUERTZ,DVORAK,COLEMAK,MALTRON Img src: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/52483/6-non-qwertykeyboard-layouts. Retrieved: January 3, 2021 . Retrieved by: Nathalie Joy P. Galia
J.
Mouse – The computer mouse is a very important external peripheral of the
computer. Without this, the computer's drag and drop interface will become useless,
and it will be challenging to access file directories. The computer mouse can also be
connected either wired or wireless. Nowadays, a diverse variety of computer mouse
exists because of the different environment this device could use. Gamers prefer using
a mouse that has an RGB LED light.
Img src: https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mouse.htm. Retrieved: January 3,2021
K.
Battery Backup (UPS) –
The UPS or the Uninterrupted Power Supply is a device that your computer or device
is plugged into in order to minimize the effect of brownouts, surges, and electrical
outages. Once a surge or an outage occurs, a battery backup goes into effect immediately
to power the computers and devices for a short period. Allowing users to save the work
they are currently working on while also giving them the ability to shut down a
computer properly until the electricity comes back on in a steady manner (Schierhoff,
2018).
Img src: https://imgreenmaster.en.made-in-china.com/product/aNqQzrpdXokV/China-at-Factory-Price-Offline-InteractiveUninterrupted-Power-Source-UPS-Power-Supply.html. Retrieved: January 3, 2021
L.
Flash Drive – Flash drive or also known as thumb drives are very powerful storage
dived. According to Fisher (2019) A flash drive is a small, ultra-portable storage device
which, unlike an optical drive or a traditional hard drive, has no moving parts. He
added that, Flash drives connect to computers and other devices via a built-in USB TypeA or USB-C plug, making a flash drive a kind of combination USB device and cable. The
same reference said that most flash drives have a storage capacity from 8 GB to 64 GB.
Smaller and larger flash drives are also available but they're harder to find. One of the
first flash drives was just 8 MB in size. The largest one we're aware of is a USB 3.0 flash
drive with a 2 TB (2048 GB) capacity from Kingston.
Img src: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-flash-drive-2625794. Retrieved: January 3,2021
M. Printer – and article from javatpoint.com entitled “What is Printer?” defined the
printer as a hardware output device that is used to generate hard copy and print any
document. The article also added that Printers are one of the common computer
peripheral devices that can be classified into two categories that are 2D and 3D printers.
The 2D printers are used to print text and graphics on a paper, and 3D printers are used
to create three dimensional physical objects. Javatpoint.com also listed the different
types of computer:
Inkjet
Laserjet
3d Printers
LED
DOT Matrix
Multi-function
Thermal
Images from: https://www.javatpoint.com/printers. Retrieved: January 3, 2021.Retrieved by: Nathalie Joy P. Galia
N. Speakers – Computer speakers is an output device that gives us the sound output.
Laptops have already built-in speaker, thus if you want to make the sound better then
adding a computer speaker may be very effective.
Image from: https://www.bose.co.uk/en_gb/products/speakers/stereo_speakers/companion-2-series-iii-multimediaspeaker-system.html. January 3, 2021.Retrieved by: Nathalie Joy P. Galia
O. External Hard Drive - (Tim, 2020) An external drive is just a hard drive (HDD) or
solid-state drive (SSD) that is connected to a computer on the outside rather than on the
inside. Tim(2020), also added that some external drives draw power over their data
cable, which of course comes from the computer itself, while others may require an AC
wall connection to derive power on their own.
Img src: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-an-external-drive-2625867. Retrieved: January 3, 2021.Retrieved by:
Nathalie Joy P. Galia
2. Computer Software
A software or the computer software
is a computer component that is non
tangible application or computer
program that provides instruction
and data to the user. The Software has
two main types the Application
software and the system software.
Image from: https://www.goodcore.co.uk Retrieved: January 3,
2021.Retrieved by: Nathalie Joy P. Galia
A. System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer’s
hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered
model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.
The Operating System (OS) is the best-known example of system software. The OS
manages all the other programs in a computer (What is System Software, n.d.)
Types of System Software
System software was made according to its function. It is also used by different kinds of
people depending on what task may need to use it. According to Amuno (2019) there
are different types of System Software and these are the following:
1.
Operating System (OS). Harnesses communication between hardware, system
programs, and other applications. The operating system must be installed first before
other application. Microsoft Office Productivity application and other application will
not work without Operating System. According to turbofuture.com (Amuno A. , 2019)
the following are the types and functions of Operating Systems.
Types of Operating Systems:
•
•
•
•
Real-Time OS: Is installed in special purpose embedded systems like robots, cars, and
modems.
Single-user and single-task OS: Are installed on single-user devices like phones.
Single-user and multitask OS: Are installed on contemporary personal computers.
Multi-user OS: Is installed in network environments where many users have to share
resources. Server OSs are examples of multi-user operating systems.
•
•
•
Network OS: Is used to share resources such as files, printers in a network setup.
Internet/Web OS: Is designed to run on the browser that is online.
Mobile OS: Is designed to run on mobile phones, tablets and other mobile devices.
Functions of Operating Systems:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Provide the interface between the user and hardware through GUI.
Manage and allocates memory space for applications.
Process the management of applications, input/output devices, and instructions.
Configure and manage internal and peripheral devices.
Manage single or multi-user storage in local and network computers.
Security management of files and applications.
Manage input and output devices.
Detect, install, and troubleshoot devices.
Monitor system performance through Task Manager and other tools.
Produce error messages and troubleshooting options.
Implement interface for network communication.
Manage printers in single or multi-user systems.
Internal or network file management
On the same reference, Amuno A. (2019) categorized the examples of operating system
based from the 3 most popular Operating System in 2019. The following are the
examples of Operating System:
Popular OSs
for
computers
are:
Windows 10
Popular
network/server OSs
are:
Popular Internet
/web OSs are:
Popular
mobile OSs
are:
Ubuntu Server
Chrome OS
iPhone OS
Mac OS X
Ubuntu
Windows Server
Red Hat Enterprise
Club Linux
Remix OS
Android OS
Windows
Phone OS
2.
Device Drivers. Enable device communication with the OS and other programs.
Driver software is a type of system software which brings computer devices and
peripherals to life (Amuno A. , 2019). This software must be installed in order to use the
newly connected peripheral or device.
Examples of devices which require Drivers:
Mouse
Keyboard
Soundcard
Display card
Network card
Printer
3.
Firmware. Enables device control, identification. This directly manages and
controls all activities of any single hardware (Amuno A. , 2019). One of the most
important firmware in computers today can be accessed through the BIOS or UEFI
which is installed in the motherboard. BIOS means Basic Input/Output System and
UEFI means Unified extended Firmware Interface Platforms. Then according to Amuno
A. (2019) the discussion below is the process of BIOS and UEFI:
“It is the configuration interface which loads first when the computer is powered up and is going
through POST (Power on Self-Test).
The motherboard firmware starts by waking up all the hardware and ensures that components
like the processor, memory, and disk drives are operational. If all the crucial components are
fine, it will run the bootloader, which will load the Operating System. If the random -access
memory is faulty, the BIOS will not allow the computer to boot up.
The user can change the BIOS and UEFI settings by pressing special keys (a function key, delete,
or the esc key) at boot-up to load the configuration page. The user can configure security, boot
order, time, and other options in the page that pops up.
Though they work differently, firmware compliments drivers in a few ways. Both give identity
to hardware devices, with the latter making the operating system see the device.
The major difference between the two is that firmware will always reside within devices while
drivers will install within the operating system.
Firmware upgrades come from the device manufacturer (not the OS manufacturer). They are
necessary if the user wants computer hardware to receive new hardware and software support.
Firmware will make it possible for devices to work better with old and new operating systems
and applications.
Almost all devices and peripherals are embedded with firmware. Network card, TV tuner, router,
scanner, or monitor and examples of devices which have firmware installed on them.”
4.
Programming Language Translators. The same with human being, computers have
their own language and the same with computers, application or software used different
language in order for it to be created. The language that is used must easily be
understood by humans to comprehend the code. In order for the computer to
understand the code there exist the Programming Language translators.
Popular translator languages are compilers, assemblers, and interpreters; usually
designed by computer manufacturers (Amuno A. , 2019).
Utilities. Ensure optimum functionality of devices and applications. Utilities are types of
system software which sit between system and application software (Amuno A. ,
2019). Usually this software is accessed through the operating system’s settings. It is
used for system maintenance, diagnostics or configuration. Aside from that, this
software also performs the data security task and bundled with the Operating System.
Amuno A. (2019) listed the following the examples and the features of utility software.
•
Antivirus and security software for the security of files and applications, e.g.,
Malwarebytes, Microsoft Security Essentials, and AVG.
•
Disk partition services such as Windows Disk Management, Easeus Partition
Master, and Partition Magic.
•
Disk defragmentation to organize scattered files on the drive. Examples include
Disk Defragmenter, Perfect Disk, Disk Keeper, Comodo Free Firewall, and Little
Snitch.
•
File Compression to optimize disk space such as WinRAR, Winzip, and 7-Zip.
•
Data backup for security reasons, e.g., Cobian, Clonezilla, and Comodo.
•
Hardware diagnostic services like Hard Disk Sentinel, Memtest, and
Performance Monitor.
•
Data recovery to help get back lost data. Examples include iCare Data Recovery,
Recuva, and EaseUs Data Recovery Wizard.
•
Firewall for protection against external threats, e.g., Windows Firewall.
B. Application Software
Application software is a program or group of programs designed for end-users. These
programs are divided into two classes: system software and application software.
Application software may be bundled with system software or published alone (What
is Application Software, n.d.).
Application software is a major type of computer software and it is also called as end user program. This software is used to edit text, numbers, and legal billing software
graphics and utilizes the capacities of a computer for the completion of task. The
application software includes database programs, word processors, spread sheets, etc.
The following are the different types of Application Software (Different Types of
Application Software, 2010).
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Word processing software
Database software
Spread sheet software
Multimedia software
Presentation software
3.
Image from:
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/peopware.ht
m. Retrieved: January 3, 2021.Retrieved by: Nathalie Joy P.
Galia
Peopleware
are simple the computer users, the one who
manipulates the computer and the computer
programs. It can include various aspects of the
process
such
as
human
interaction,
programming, productivity, teamwork, and
project management. A term first coined by
Peter G. Neuman in 1977, peopleware refers to
the role people play in technology and the
development of hardware or software
(Peopleware, 2020).
References
Amuno, A. (2019, February 8). The Five Types of Systems Software. Retrieved from
Turbofuture: https://turbofuture.com/computers/The-Five-Types-of-SystemSoftware.Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Amuno, A. (2019, September 3). The Four Categories of Computer Hardware. Retrieved
from Turbo Future: https://turbofuture.com/computers/The-Four-MainCategories-Of-Computer-Hardware-Parts Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Ashton, K. (2009). That 'Internet of things' Thing. RFID Journal. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Bauer, R. (2019, February 12). SSD 101: How Reliable are SSDs? Retrieved from
backblaze.com: https://www.backblaze.com/blog/how-reliable-are-ssds/
Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Both, D. (2020, July 23). The central processing unit (CPU): Its components and functionality.
Retrieved from redhat.com: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/cpucomponents-functionality. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Computer Devices. (n.d.). Retrieved from courses.lumenlearning:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/informationliteracy/chapter/computerdevices/#:~:text=A%20peripheral%20device%20is%20generally,%2C%20webca
ms%2C%20and%20digital%20cameras. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Conroy, S. (2020, November 9). How Are Motherboards Made: Understanding The Process
Of Motherboard Manufacturing. Retrieved from https://www.wepc.com/:
https://www.wepc.com/tips/how-are-motherboards-made-manufacturing/
Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Fasseas, A. (2015, October 7). wordlesstech.com. Retrieved from Explore the user-interface
of self-driving Volvo: https://wordlesstech.com/explore-the-user-interface-ofself-driving-volvo/. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Fisher, T. (2019, May 22). What Is a Flash Drive? Retrieved from Lifewire:
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-flash-drive-2625794. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Fisher, T. (2019, November 14). What Is a Video Card? Retrieved from lifewire.com:
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-video-card-2618161. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Fisher, T. (2020, August 14). Do You Need an Optical Disk Drive? Retrieved from Lifewire:
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-an-optical-disc-drive-2618157. Retrieved
date: December 26,2020
Fisher, T. (2020, September 11). Everything You Need to Know About Computer Hardware.
Retrieved from Lifewire.com: lifewire.com/computer-hardware-2625895.
Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Fisher, T. (2020, July 22). What Is RAM (Random Access Memory)? Retrieved from
Lifewire.com: https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-random-access-memory-ram2618159. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
https://data-flair.training/. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://data-flair.training/blogs/how-iotworks/. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Kamau, P. (2020, December 21). 10 Parts of a Motherboard and Their Function. Retrieved from
https://turbofuture.com/: https://turbofuture.com/computers/the-motherboardcomponents. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Khan, Y. (2020, April 21). 5 Essential Components of an IoT Ecosystem. Retrieved from
https://learn.g2.com/: https://learn.g2.com/iot-ecosystem. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Macharla, M. (2020, September 14). List of Commonly used Sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Devices you need to know. Retrieved from https://iot4beginners.com/:
https://iot4beginners.com/commonly-used-sensors-in-the-internet-of-things-iotdevices-and-theirapplication/#:~:text=The%20inductive%20sensors%20detect%20the,Proximity%20senso
rs%20used%20in%20IoT. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Martindale, J. (2020, November 24). What is RAM? Retrieved from digitaltrends:
https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/what-is-ram/
Moscaritolo, A. (2020, November 19). The Best Smart Home Devices for 2020. Retrieved from
sea.pcmag.com: https://sea.pcmag.com/digital-home/9916/the-best-smart-homedevices-for-2020. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Peopleware. (2020, March 6). Retrieved from Computerhope:
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/peopware.htm. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Potier, L. (2019, September 8). New Tech to Help the disabled Person. Retrieved from
theguardian.com: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/sep/08/the-fivetechnology-to-help-disabled-people-blindness-paralysis-research-ai. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Schierhoff, P. (2018, March 15). Battery back ups, What's the difference. Retrieved from ne3.com:
https://ne3.com/blog/battery-backup-and-ups-whats-the-difference/. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
The Computer System. (n.d.). Retrieved from Peda.net:
https://peda.net/kenya/ass/subjects2/computer-studies/form-1/the-computersystem. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
Thomas, C. (2019, October 17). what is a sound card? Retrieved from soundguys:
https://www.soundguys.com/what-is-a-sound-card-26851/. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
Tim, F. (2020, Februaru 28). What is an External Hard Drive? Retrieved from Lifewire:
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-an-external-drive-2625867. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020
tobiidynavox.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from PCEye: https://www.tobiidynavox.com/enGB/devices/eye-gaze-devices/pceye-5-gen309570f6/?gclid=CjwKCAiAz4b_BRBbEiwA5XlVVvUGI19qmArC8fUIKfZBNvfwW9rXIdP0lcTdOVrN4PF0odbU0GHpBoCKqcQAvD_BwE. Retrieved
date: December 26,2020
Touch-voice.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from Touch-voice.com: http://touchvoice.com/marketing/index.html. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
What Is A Hard Drive & The Difference Between HDD and SSD. (2020, March 24). Retrieved
from Securis.com: https://securis.com/what-is-a-hard-drive-and-the-differencebetween-hdd-and-ssd/. Retrieved date: December 26,2020
What is a Monitor. (2020, October 17). Retrieved from computerinfobits:
https://computerinfobits.com/what-is-a-monitor/. Retrieved date: December
26,2020
What is Application Software. (n.d.). Retrieved from Techopedia:
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4224/application-software. Retrieved
date: December 26,2020
What is Printer? (n.d.). Retrieved from javatpoint: https://www.javatpoint.com/.
Retrieved date: December 26,2020
What is System Software. (n.d.). Retrieved from Techtarget:
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/system-software. Retrieved date:
December 26,2020