Biol 243: Study Guide Ch 12 The CNS What are the regions of the cerebral hemispheres? What are gyri, sulci, and fissures? What are the 2 prominent fissures? What does the central sulcus separate? Figure 12.5 What is the cerebral cortex? -Its function? -What is it composed of? -3 functional areas? What are the motor areas of the cortex? (there are 4) -figure 12.7 -what is each area responsible for? What does somatotopy refer to? -figure 12.8 What does contralateral mean? What happens if you damage the primary motor cortex? What happens if you damage the premotor cortex? What are the sensory areas of the brain? (there are 8) -what is each area responsible for? What are the 3 association areas? What is the left hemisphere associated with? What is the right hemisphere associated with? What are the 3 types of fibers in white matter? -what do they connect? -figure 12.9 What are the basal nuclei? What does it include? -what does the striatum include? -figure 12.10 -what role does the basal nuclei have? -what are 2 disorders of the basal nuclei? Diencephalon What does it consist of? What does the thalamus do? What does the hypothalamus do? What does the infundibulum connect? What is contained in the epithalamus? What does this secrete? -what does melatonin do? Figure 12.11 Brain Stem Where are the substantia nigra and red nucleus found? -what do they do? page 1 Biol 243: Study Guide Ch 12 What is the pons composed of? -which other area of the brain stem does the pons help? What is the medulla responsible for?(3 centers) Cerebellum What is the cerebellum responsible for? What is the arbor vitae? What are the steps of cerebral processing? What are the cognitive functions of the cerebellum? Table 12.1 Functional Brain Systems What are the 2 systems? What is the limbic system responsible for? -Where is it located? What is the amygdaloid body? What is a psychosomatic illness? -which area of the brain is responsible for this? What does the reticular formation consist of? What are their axons like? What is the RAS? -what inhibits it? Which 2 areas are important for language? What happens if a patient has a lesion in Broca’s area? What happens if a patient has a lesion in Wernicke’s area? Protection of the Brain What are 3 ways the brain is protected? What are the meninges? -what do they do? -3 layers? -characteristics of the 3 layers? What is CSF? -what does it do? -how is its ion composition different than plasma? How is CSF formed? (from where) Which types of cells help keep the CSF in constant motion? -figure 12.24 a and b What is the blood brain barrier? Why do we have it? Which substances can easily pass into the brain? Which substances cannot? Homeostatic Imbalances What is a concussion? A contusion? What is a CVA? Causes? Treatment? page 2 Biol 243: Study Guide Ch 12 What is a TIA? What does this indicate? What is AD? -characteristics? -what do the plaques consist of? -what are neurofribrillary tangles? -what is a tau protein? How does this damage neurons in AD? -treatment? What is Parkinson’s disease? -which NT is lost? -characteristics? Treatment? What is Huntington’s disease? -characteristics? Treatment? The Spinal Cord Where does it extend to and from? What is it protected by? What is the epidural space? Where is CSF found? What is a lumbar tap? -figure 12.28 Where does the spinal cord terminate? What is the filum terminale? What are the denticulate ligaments? Why does the spinal cord enlarge at the cervical and lumbar vertebrae? What is the cauda equina? Cross-Sectional Anatomy What 2 grooves mark its surface? Figure 12.31 What are the dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns? What forms the dorsal roots? What forms the dorsal root ganglion? What are the spinal nerves? What are the 4 zones of spinal gray matter? What are the 3 directions that fibers in white matter run? What are the white columns? Figure 12.32 Neuronal Pathways What are the 4 generalizations? What are first, second, and third order neurons? What are the 3 ascending pathways? How is the descending pathway different than the ascending? Figure 12.34 page 3 Biol 243: Study Guide Ch 12 What are upper motor neurons? What are lower motor neurons? What are the pyramidal tracts? -why is it direct? What is the indirect pathway? -what are the indirect pathways responsible for? -what are the 4 tracts of the indirect pathways? Figure 12.35 Spinal Cord Trauma and Disorders What causes flaccid paralysis? What causes spastic paralysis? What is paraplegia? What is quadriplegia? What is Polio? -which neurons are destroyed? What is ALS? -which neurons are destroyed? What are some tests to assess CNS dysfunction? page 4
