經濟實習課(Ch2)
Sak.C
1.生產可能曲線(PPF)：
用來表示在既定資源和技術條件下所能生產的最大數量可能的商品組合。
性質
(1).生產可能曲線之內點，表示尚有資源未得到充分利用(Inefficient)
(2).生產可能曲線之外點，為現有資源和技術下無法達成的
(3).生產可能曲線上的點，為資源配置最有效率的點(Allocative efficiency)
(4).生產可能曲線凹向原點，表示機會成本為遞增的
造成生產可能曲線整條線移動的原因
(1).經濟成長
(2).技術進步
(3).資本累積
2.絕對利益和比較利益
Ex:
韓國
台灣
飛機
2
10
腳踏車
6
10
(單位:數量)
☆比較利益(Comparative advantage)
李嘉圖認為各國生產自己相較於它國具有相對優勢(機會成本較低)的財貨，再透過國與國間的交易，而使彼
此獲利。
問答題
1. 郭靖和楊過是室友。他們把時間花在他們最喜歡做的兩項活動上：釀沙士和做披薩。郭靖花 4
小時釀 1 瓶沙士，花 2 小時做 1 塊披薩。楊過花 6 小時釀 1 瓶沙士，花 4 小時做 1 塊披薩。
a. 兩人做 1 塊披薩的機會成本各為何？誰對做披薩具絕對利益？誰對做披薩具比較利益？
b. 如果兩人進行交易，誰會用披薩換沙士？
c. 我們可以用多少瓶的沙士來表示披薩的價格。如果交易可以使兩人同時變得更好，披薩的最
高價為多少？最低價又是多少？請說明。
2. 下表描述該國兩個城市的生產可能：
每名工人每小時的紅襪子
每名工人每小時的白襪子
波士噸
3雙
3雙
芝加哥
2雙
1雙
a. 若沒有貿易，則在波士噸以紅襪子所表示的白襪子價格為何？在芝加哥呢？
b. 就這兩種顏色的襪子而言，哪個城市具絕對利益？哪個城市具比較利益？
c. 若兩城進行貿易，它們各出口哪一種顏色的襪子？
d. 價格介於什麼範圍，兩城會進行貿易？
1. Which of the following is not an assumption of the productions possibilities frontier?
a. A country produces only two goods or types of goods.
b. Technology does not change.
c. The amount of available resources does not change.
d. There is a fixed quantity of money.
2. Which of the following is a correct statement about production possibilities frontiers?
a. An economy can produce only on the production possibilities frontier.
b. An economy can produce at any point inside or outside a production possibilities frontier.
c. An economy can produce at any point on or inside the production possibilities frontier, but
not outside the frontier.
d. An economy can produce at any point inside the production possibilities frontier, but not
on or outside the frontier.
3. Production is efficient if the economy is producing at a point
a. on the production possibilities frontier.
b. outside the production possibilities frontier.
c. on or inside the production possibilities frontier.
d. inside the production possibilities frontier.
4. The opportunity cost of obtaining more of one good is shown on the production possibilities frontier as the
a. amount of the other good that must be given up.
b. market price of the additional amount produced.
c. amount of resources that must be devoted to its production.
d. number of dollars that must be spent to produce it.
5. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of producing an additional unit
of a good
a. increases as more of the good is produced.
b. decreases as more of the good is produced.
c. does not change as more of the good is produced.
d. may increase, decrease, or not change as more of the good is produced.
Table 1
The following table contains some production possibilities for an economy for a given month.
Tables
Chairs
5
300
10
?
15
100
6.Refer to Table 1. If the production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, then “?” could be
a. 100.
b. 150.
c. 200.
d. 250.
7. A production possibilities frontier can shift outward if
a. government increases the amount of money in the economy.
b. there is a technological improvement.
c. resources are shifted from the production of one good to the production of the other good.
d. the economy abandons inefficient production methods in favor of efficient production
methods.
8. The production possibilities frontier is used to illustrate some basic economic ideas, including
a. scarcity.
b. opportunity cost.
c. economic growth.
d. All of the above are correct.
Table 2
Production Possibilities for Libraryland
Books
Magazines
400
0
300
200
200
350
100
450
0
500
9. Refer to Table 2. What is the opportunity cost to Libraryland of increasing the production of books from 200 to
300?
a. 100 magazines
b. 150 magazines
c. 200 magazines
d. 350 magazines
Figure 3
ovens
J
K
L
M
N
pans
10. Refer to Figure 3. At which point is this economy producing its maximum possible quantity of pans?
a. J
b. L
c. M
d. N
11.Refer to Figure 3. Inefficient production is represented by which point(s)?
a. J, L
b. J, L, M
c. K, N
d. M
12.Which of the following statements about comparative advantage is not true?
a. Comparative advantage is determined by which person or group of persons can produce a
given quantity of a good using the fewest resources.
b. The principle of comparative advantage applies to countries as well as to individuals.
c. Economists use the principle of comparative advantage to emphasize the potential benefits
of free trade.
d. A country may have a comparative advantage in producing a good, even though it lacks an
absolute advantage in producing that good.
13.Total output in an economy increases when each person specializes because
a. there is less competition for the same resources.
b. each person spends more time producing that product in which he or she has a
comparative advantage.
c. a wider variety of products will be produced within each country due to specialization.
d. government necessarily plays a larger role in the economy due to specialization.
Table 4
Assume that Falda and Varick can switch between producing wheat and producing cloth at a constant rate.
Quantity Produced in 1 Hour
Bushels of Wheat
Yards of Cloth
Falda
8
12
Varick
6
15
14.Refer to Table 4.
Falda has an absolute advantage in the production of
a. wheat.
b. cloth.
c. both goods.
d. neither good.
15. Refer to Table 4. Varick has an absolute advantage in the production of
a. wheat.
b. cloth.
c. both goods.
d. neither good.
16. Refer to Table 4. Falda has a comparative advantage in the production of
a. wheat.
b. cloth.
c. both goods.
d. neither good.
17. Refer to Table 4. Varick has a comparative advantage in the production of
a. wheat.
b. cloth.
c. both goods.
d. neither good.
18) A bowed outward production possibilities frontier occurs when
A) opportunity costs are constant.
B) resources are not scarce.
C) as more of a good is produced, producing additional units of it require greater reductions in the other good.
D) the society is operating on the production possibilities frontier.
19. When can two countries gain from trading two goods?
a. when the first country can only produce the first good and the second country can only produce the second
good
b. when the first country can produce both goods, but can only produce the second good at great cost, and the
second country can produce both goods, but can only produce the first good at great cost
c. when the first country is better at producing both goods and the second country is worse at producing both
goods
d. Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.
20. The most obvious benefit of specialization and trade is that they allow us to
a. work more hours per week than we otherwise would be able to work.
b. consume more goods than we otherwise would be able to consume.
c. spend more money on goods that are beneficial to society, and less money on goods that are harmful to
society.
d. consume more goods by forcing people in other countries to consume fewer goods.
Table 3-2
Assume that England and Holland can switch between producing milk and oats at a constant rate.
Number of Units
Produced in an Hour
Milk
Oats
England
10
4
Holland
8
6
21. Refer to Table 3-2. We could use the information in the table to draw a production possibilities frontier for
England and a second production possibilities frontier for Holland. If we were to do this, measuring milk along the
horizontal axis, then
a. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be -10/4 and the slope of Holland’s
production possibilities frontier would be -4/3.
b. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be -4/10 and the slope of Holland’s
production possibilities frontier would be -3/4.
c. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be 10/4 and the slope of Holland’s
production possibilities frontier would be 4/3.
d. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be 4/10 and the slope of Holland’s
production possibilities frontier would be 3/4.
Table 3-3
Production Opportunities
Hours Needed to Make 1 Unit of
Number of Units Produced in 40 Hours
Cheese
Wine
Cheese
Wine
England
1
4
40
10
France
5
2
8
20
22. Refer to Table 3-3. Assume that England and France each has 40 labor hours available. If each country divides its
time equally between the production of cheese and wine, then total production is
a. 8 units of cheese and 10 units of wine
b. 24 units of cheese and 15 units of wine
c. 40 units of cheese and 20 units of wine
d. 48 units of cheese and 30 units of wine
23. Refer to Table 3-3. Which of the following combinations of cheese and wine could France produce in 40 hours?
a. 2 units of cheese and 20 units of wine
b. 4 units of cheese and 15 units of wine
c. 6 units of cheese and 5 units of wine
d. 8 units of cheese and 20 units of wine
24. Refer to Table 3-3. Which of the following combinations of cheese and wine could England not produce in 40
hours?
a. 12 units of cheese and 7 units of wine
b. 16 units of cheese and 6 units of wine
c. 20 units of cheese and 5 units of wine
d. 26 units of cheese and 4 units of wine
25. Refer to Table 3-3. We could use the information in the table to draw a production possibilities frontier for
England and a second production possibilities frontier for France. If we were to do this, measuring cheese along the
horizontal axis, then
a. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be -4 and the slope of France’s production
possibilities frontier would be -0.4.
b. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be -0.25 and the slope of France’s
production possibilities frontier would be -2.5.
c. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be 0.25 and the slope of France’s production
possibilities frontier would be 2.5.
d. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be 4 and the slope of France’s production
possibilities frontier would be 0.4.
26. Refer to Table 3-3. We could use the information in the table to draw a production possibilities frontier for
England and a second production possibilities frontier for France. If we were to do this, measuring wine along the
horizontal axis, then
a. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be -4 and the slope of France’s production
possibilities frontier would be -0.4.
b. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be -0.25 and the slope of France’s
production possibilities frontier would be -2.5.
c. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be 0.25 and the slope of France’s production
possibilities frontier would be 2.5.
d. the slope of England’s production possibilities frontier would be 4 and the slope of France’s production
possibilities frontier would be 0.4.
27. Ken and Traci are two woodworkers who both make tables and chairs. In one month, Ken can make 3 tables or 18
chairs, whereas Traci can make 8 tables or 24 chairs.. Given this, we know that
a. Ken has an absolute advantage in chairs.
b. Ken has a comparative advantage in tables.
c. Traci has an absolute advantage in chairs.
d. Traci has a comparative advantage in chairs.
28. Suppose Jim and Tom can both produce two goods: baseball bats and hockey sticks. Which of the following is not
possible?
a. Jim has an absolute advantage in the production of baseball bats and in the production of hockey sticks.
b. Jim has an absolute advantage in the production of baseball bats and a comparative advantage in the
production of hockey sticks.
c. Jim has an absolute advantage in the production of hockey sticks and a comparative advantage in the
production of baseball bats.
d. Jim has a comparative advantage in the production of baseball bats and in the production of hockey sticks.
29. Both Dave and Caroline produce sweaters and socks. If Dave’s opportunity cost of 1 sweater is 3 socks and
Caroline’s opportunity cost of 1 sweater is 5 socks, then
a. Dave has a comparative advantage in the production of sweaters.
b. Caroline has a comparative advantage in the production of sweaters.
c. Dave has a comparative advantage in the production of socks.
d. Dave has a comparative advantage in the production of both sweaters and socks.
Table 3-25
Assume that Maya and Miguel can switch between producing mixers and producing toasters at a constant rate.
Hours Needed to Make 1
Amount Produced in 40 Hours
mixer
toaster
mixers
toasters
Maya
8
5
5
8
Miguel
20
10
2
4
30. Refer to Table 3-25. The opportunity cost of 1 mixer for Maya is
a. 0.625 toasters.
b. 5 hours of labor.
c. 1.6 toasters.
d. 20 hours of labor.
31. Refer to Table 3-25. The opportunity cost of 1 mixer for Miguel is
a. 1/2 toaster.
b. 1/2 hour of labor.
c. 2 toasters.
d. 8 hours of labor.
32. Refer to Table 3-25. The opportunity cost of 1 toaster for Maya is
a. 0.625 mixers.
b. 1.6 hours of labor.
c. 1.6 mixers.
d. 8 hours of labor.
33. Refer to Table 3-25. The opportunity cost of 1 toaster for Miguel is
a. 1/2 mixer.
b. 2 hours of labor.
c. 2 mixers.
d. 20 hours of labor.
34. Refer to Table 3-25. Maya has an absolute advantage in the production of
a. both goods and a comparative advantage in the production of mixers.
b. both goods and a comparative advantage in the production of toasters.
c. neither good and a comparative advantage in the production of mixers.
d. neither good and a comparative advantage in the production of toasters.
35. Refer to Table 3-25. Miguel has an absolute advantage in the production of
a. both goods and a comparative advantage in the production of mixers.
b. both goods and a comparative advantage in the production of toasters.
c. neither good and a comparative advantage in the production of mixers.
d. neither good and a comparative advantage in the production of toasters.
36. Refer to Table 3-25. Maya should specialize in the production of
a. mixers and Miguel should specialize in the production of toasters.
b. toasters and Miguel should specialize in the production of mixers.
c. both goods and Miguel should specialize in the production of neither good.
d. neither good and Miguel should specialize in the production of both goods.
37. Refer to Table 3-25. At which of the following prices would both Maya and Miguel gain from trade with each
other?
a. 4 mixers for 7 toasters
b. 8 mixers for 10 toasters
c. 12 mixers for 18 toasters
d. Maya and Miguel could not both gain from trade with each other at any price.
Figure 3-19
Chile’s Production Possibilities Frontier
Colombia’s Production Possibilities Frontier
38. Refer to Figure 3-19. Chile’s opportunity cost of one pound of coffee is
a. 3/4 pound of soybeans and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of coffee is 1/2 pound of soybeans.
b. 3/4 pound of soybeans and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of coffee is 2 pounds of soybeans.
c. 4/3 pounds of soybeans and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of coffee is 1/2 pound of soybeans.
d. 4/3 pounds of soybeans and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of coffee is 2 pounds of soybeans.
39. Refer to Figure 3-19. Chile’s opportunity cost of one pound of soybeans is
a. 3/4 pound of coffee and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of soybeans is 1/2 pound of coffee.
b. 3/4 pound of coffee and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of soybeans is 2 pounds of coffee.
c. 4/3 pounds of coffee and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of soybeans is 1/2 pound of coffee.
d. 4/3 pounds of coffee and Colombia’s opportunity cost of one pound of soybeans is 2 pounds of coffee.
40. Refer to Figure 3-19. Chile would incur an opportunity cost of 36 pounds of coffee if it increased its production
of soybeans by
a. 12 pounds.
b. 27 pounds.
c. 30 pounds.
d. 48 pounds.
41. Refer to Figure 3-19. Colombia would incur an opportunity cost of 24 pounds of coffee if it increased its
production of soybeans by
a. 12 pounds.
b. 18 pounds.
c. 36 pounds.
d. 48 pounds.
42. Refer to Figure 3-19. Chile has an absolute advantage in the production of
a. coffee and Colombia has an absolute advantage in the production of soybeans.
b. soybeans and Colombia has an absolute advantage in the production of coffee.
c. both goods and Colombia has an absolute advantage in the production of neither good.
d. neither good and Colombia has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods.
43. Refer to Figure 3-19. Chile has a comparative advantage in the production of
a. coffee and Colombia has a comparative advantage in the production of soybeans.
b. soybeans and Colombia has a comparative advantage in the production of coffee.
c. both goods and Colombia has a comparative advantage in the production of neither good.
d. neither good and Colombia has a comparative advantage in the production of both goods.
44. Refer to Figure 3-19. If Chile and Colombia switch from each country dividing its time equally between the
production of coffee and soybeans to each country spending all of its time producing the good in which it has a
comparative advantage, then total production of soybeans will increase by
a. 3 pounds.
b. 6 pounds.
c. 9 pounds.
d. 12 pounds.
45. Refer to Figure 3-19. At which of the following prices would both Chile and Colombia gain from trade with each
other?
a. 6 pounds of soybeans for 9 pounds of coffee
b. 8 pounds of soybeans for 20 pounds of coffee
c. 11 pounds of soybeans for 33 pounds of coffee
d. Chile and Colombia could not both gain from trade with each other at any price.
46. Refer to Figure 3-19. If Chile and Colombia each spends all of its time producing the good in which it has a
comparative advantage and the countries agree to trade 7 pounds of coffee for 5 pounds of soybeans, then Chile will
consume
a. 7 pounds of coffee and 7 pounds of soybeans and Colombia will consume 5 pounds of coffee and 5 pounds
of soybeans.
b. 7 pounds of coffee and 7 pounds of soybeans and Colombia will consume 5 pounds of coffee and 11
pounds of soybeans.
c. 23 pounds of coffee and 7 pounds of soybeans and Colombia will consume 5 pounds of coffee and 5
pounds of soybeans.
d. 23 pounds of coffee and 7 pounds of soybeans and Colombia will consume 5 pounds of coffee and 11
pounds of soybeans.
47. Refer to Figure 3-19. Chile and Colombia would not be able to gain from trade if Colombia's opportunity cost of
one pound of soybeans changed to
a. 1/2 pound of coffee.
b. 3/4 pound of coffee.
c. 4/3 pounds of coffee.
d. 2 pounds of coffee.
48. When a country has a comparative advantage in producing a certain good,
a. the country should import that good.
b. the country should produce just enough of that good for its own consumption.
c. the country’s opportunity cost of that good is high relative to other countries’ opportunity costs of that
same good.
d. None of the above is correct.
選擇題答案表
1~5
D
C
A
A
A
6~10
D
B
D
B
D
11~15
D
A
B
A
B
16~20
A
B
C
D
B
21~25
B
B
C
D
B
26~30
A
C
D
A
C
31~35
C
A
A
A
D
36~40
A
A
A
D
B
41~45
A
C
B
A
A
46~50
A
C
D
問答題解答
1.
A:
a. 郭靖做 1 塊披薩的機會成本為 2/4 瓶沙士；楊過做 1 塊披薩的機會成本為 4/6 瓶沙士。郭靖
對做披薩具絕對利益，因為他只花 2 小時就可以做 1 塊披薩，但楊過需花 4 小時。郭靖對
做披薩也具比較利益，因為他的機會成本 (2/4 瓶沙士)，低於楊過的 (4/6 瓶沙士)。
b. 如果兩人進行交易，郭靖會用披薩換沙士，因為郭靖對做披薩具比較利益。
c. 披薩的最高價為 4/6 瓶沙士；超過此一價格，楊過寧願自己做披薩。披薩的最低價是 2/4 瓶
沙士；低於此一價格，郭靖寧願自己做沙士。
2.
A: a. 波士噸 1 雙白襪子的價格為 1 雙紅襪子。芝加哥 1 雙白襪子的價格為 2 雙紅襪子。
b. 由於波士噸每名工人每小時的這兩種襪子的產量都高於芝加哥，所以波士噸對這兩種襪子都
具絕對利益。由於芝加哥生產 1 雙紅襪子的機會成本(0.5 雙白襪子) 小於波士噸，所以芝加
哥對生產紅襪子具比較利益，也因此，波士噸對生產白襪子具比較利益。
c. 芝加哥會出口紅襪子而波士噸會出口白襪子。
d. 如果交易價格介於 1 雙白襪子換 1 雙與 2 雙紅襪子之間，亦即介於兩城貿易前的相對價格之
間，則兩城會進行貿易，因為這樣的貿易條件對雙方都有利。