MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
NAME
Theodolite
Automatic
Level
Measuring
Wheel
Steel Tape
Measure
SPECIFICATIONS
A modern theodolite consists of a
moveable telescope mounted within two
perpendicular axes— the horizontal or
turn-on axis and the vertical axis. When
the telescope is oriented at a target, the
angle of each of these axes may be
determined with remarkable accuracy,
often on the scale of arc seconds.
It is a leveling device for any surface. A
good-level instrument should feature
automatic horizontal adjustment of the
line of sight, an erect figure, a horizontal
circle of 0 - 360°, and wide ribbed control
buttons to make instrument adjustment
easier.
Sometimes known as a perambulator, is
a device used to measure distance. The
meter
is
calibratable,
has
a
measurement range of 9999.99 m, and
can be read in centimeters. The tolerance
is less than 0.02%. The counting
mechanism is not activated by vibrations.
A tape measure is a portable
measurement device used to quantify
the size of an object or the distance
between objects. Along the tape's edge,
inches and fractional inches are marked,
often in quarter-, eight-, and sixteenthinch intervals. On one edge of some tape
measures, millimeters, centimeters, and
meters are marked.
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MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Total
Station
A total station is an electronic/optical
instrument used in modern surveying.
The total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) to read
distances from the instrument to a
particular point where an assistant staff
holds reflector.
Clinometer
Clinometer
is
an
instrument
for
measuring angles of slope (or tilt),
elevation or inclination of an object with
respect to gravity. It is also known as a
tilt meter, tilt indicator, slope alert, slope
gauge, gradient meter, gradiometer,
level gauge, level meter, declinometer
and pitch & roll indicator. Clinometers
measure both inclines and declines.
Plumbbob
A plumb-bob or a plummet is a weight,
usually with a pointed tip on the bottom,
that is suspended from a string and used
as a vertical reference line or plumb-line.
It is also used in surveying to establish
the nadir with respect to gravity of a
point in space.
Long Tapes
These are cased tape measures with
tapes of 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, and
even 500 feet in length, designed for
engineers and builders.
Long tapes,
instead of being returned by a spring,
were usually returned by hand crank.
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EARTH EXCAVATORS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Compact
Excavator
A compact or mini excavator is
tracked or wheeled vehicle with an
approximate operating weight from
0.7 to 7.5 tons. It generally includes a
standard backfill blade and features
independent boom swing.
Crawler
Excavator
A crawler excavator is a tracked
machine
designed
for
digging,
loading, earthmoving, grading, lifting,
and carrying jobs and is classified by
its mode of locomotion. This
excavator gets the job done with
muscle,
control,
and
peerless
productivity.
WheeledExcavator
Wheeled excavators easily navigate
streetsand hard surfaces to deliver
powerfulbucket
forces
in
wellbalanced, high-stability machines.
Even with all that muscle outside,
operators find quiet comfort inside
spacious air-conditioned cabs. Loweffort levers deliver smooth boom
and bucket control.
Backhoe
Loader
Backhoe loader consists of a tractor
fitted with a shovel/bucket on the
front and a small backhoe on the
back. Due to its size and versatility,
backhoe loaders are very common in
urban
engineering
and
small
construction projects.
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EARTH EXCAVATORS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Dragline
Excavator
This heavy equipment is used in civil
engineering and surface mining. It
consists of a large bucket that is
suspended from a boom (a large
truss-like structure) with wire ropes.
The bucket is maneuvered by means
of a number of ropes and chains.
BucketWheeled
Excavators
Longreach
Excavator
The primary function of BWEs is to
act as a continuous digging machine
in
large-scale
open-pit
mining
operations. What sets BWEs apart
from
other
large-scale
mining
equipment, such as bucket chain
excavators, is their use of a large
wheel consisting of a continuous
pattern of buckets used to scoop
material as the wheel turns.
Is a development of the excavator
with an especially long boom arm,
that is primarily used for demolition.
Instead of excavating ditches, the
long-reach excavator is designed to
reach the upper stories of buildings
that are being demolished and pull
down the structure in a controlled
fashion. Today it has largely replaced
the wrecking ball as the primary tool
for demolition.
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DUMPER TRUCKS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Standard
Dump
Truck
Is a truck chassis with a dump body
mounted to the frame. The bed is
raised by a hydraulic ram mounted
under the front of the dumper body
between the frames and the back of
the bed is hinged at the back of the
truck.
Articulated
Dump
Truck
Transfer
Dump
Truck
"Yuke" has a hinge between the cab
and the dump box, but is distinct from
semi trailer trucks in that the cab is a
permanent fixture, not a separable
vehicle. Steering is accomplished via
hydraulic rams that pivot the entire
cab, rather than rack and pinion
steering on the front axle. This vehicle
is highly adaptable to rough terrain.
A transfer dump is a standard dump
truck which pulls a separate trailer
which can also be loaded with
aggregate (gravel, sand, asphalt,
klinkers, snow, wood chips, triple mix
etc.). It rolls on small wheels, riding on
rails from the trailer's frame, into the
empty main dump (A) box. This
maximizes payload capacity without
sacrificing the maneuverability of the
standard dump truck.
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DUMPER TRUCKS
NAME
Super
Dump
Truck
SPECIFICATIONS
A Super dump truck is a straight
dump truck equipped with a trailing
axle, a liftable, load-bearing axle
rated as high as 13,000 pounds.
Trailing 11 to 13 feet (4.0 m) behind
the rear tandem, the trailing axle
stretches
the
outer
"bridge"
measurement the distance between
the first and last axles to the
maximum overall length allowed. This
increases the gross weight allowed
under the federal bridge formula,
which sets standards for truck size
and weight.
Side
Dump
Truck
A side dump truck consists of a 3-axle
tractor pulling a 2-axle semitrailer. It
has hydraulic rams which tilt the
dump body onto its side, spilling the
material to either the left or right side
of the trailer. The key advantages of
the side dump are that it allows rapid
unloading and can carry more weight.
off- road
Dump
Trucks
Off-road dump trucks more closely
resemble
heavy
construction
equipment or engineering vehicles
than they do highway dump trucks.
Off-road dump trucks are used
strictly off-road for mining and heavy
dirt hauling jobs
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DOZER EQUIPMENTS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Wheeled
Dozer
A wheeled bulldozer has wheels
instead of tracks. A wheel dozer is an
ideal choice for projects that require
work on soft ground or sensitive
surfaces because tires inflict less
disturbance on a surface than a track
typically does. A wheel dozer is also a
good choice for projects that require
mobility and versatility.
Crawl
Dozer
MiniBulldozer
The crawler dozer is the most
common dozer, recognized by its
tracks and the ripper at the back.
Because the crawler (or track
bulldozer) has tracks, it is well suited
for terrain that requires traction (like
muddy or slippery surfaces). It can
range in size from machines with 75
horsepower that are less than 20,000
pounds
and
those
with
900
horsepower that weigh almost
240,000 pounds.
The mini bulldozer—also called a
compact bulldozer—is ideal for
narrow areas or small lots, like
driveways. Similar to the mini
excavator, the mini bulldozer is
smaller
than
a
standard-sized
bulldozer.
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COMPACTOR EQUIPMENTS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
SingleDrum
Vibratory
Roller
Single Drum Vibratory Rollers are
used to compact all types of soil with
the exception of rockfill. The rollers
are suitable for most types of road
construction,
airfields,
dam
construction, harbor projects, and
industrial constructions. Heavy-size
vibratory rollers are used for a very
wide range of applications.
Earth compactors are designed for
diverse application in compacting soil,
sand and breaking stone. Therefore
Earth
these earth compactors are ideal for
Compactors construction purposes and road
projects since these works require
compaction. Earth compactors that
are used for compaction of top layer
of earth.
Road
Rollers
Road rollers use the weight of the
vehicle to compress the surface being
rolled. Initial compaction of the
substrata
is
done
using
a
pneumatictyred roller, with two rows
(front and back) of pneumatic tyres.
The flexibility of the tyres, with a
certain amount of vertical movement
of the wheels, enables the roller to
operate
effectively
on
uneven
ground. The finish is done using
metal-drum rollers to ensure a
smooth, even result.
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GRADER EQUIPMENTS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Rigid
Frame
Motor
Grader
The rigid frame motor grader is the
most traditional kind, and it is usually
used for everyday grading tasks.
Rigid frame motor graders are
commonly used to grade farm or
construction use. This motor grader
has a long rectangular frame that
forms a rectangle. You’ll see it has
four wheels attached to it on the
frame. There are two on the front of
the frame and two on the back.
Meanwhile, the blade is attached to
the frame by hinges, and it swings
back and forth depending on how the
machine is being operated. To control
it, on the far back of the machine, at
the tail end, is a push bar that is used
to steer the machine.
Articulated
Frame
Motor
Grader
Articulated frame motor graders are
usually used for larger jobs. This type
of machine has an articulated frame
attached to two larger wheels. Each
wheel has a steering wheel attached
to it. The steering wheel is used to
steer the blade along the road’s
surface. Both wheels can pivot to
allow the machine to turn in tight
areas and driveways. The best thing
about articulated frame motor
graders is that they can go anywhere
a truck can, and go faster than a
small framed machine.
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TUNNELING EQUIPMENTS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Auger
Boring
Machine
An Auger Boring Machine (ABM) is
used to bore horizontally through soil
or rock with a cutting head and
auger. The majority of ABMs are used
to install pipe casing under railroads,
highways, airport runways, creeks or
any area of ground that cannot be
open cut or disturbed in any way.
Gripper
Tunnel
Boring
Machine
Earth
Pressure
Tunnel
Boring
Machine
Main Beam of TBM is complex in its
design, yet relatively simple in
concept. The front of the TBM is a
rotating cutter head that matches the
diameter of the tunnel. The cutter
head holds disc cutters (ranging from
11" to 20" in diameter) which are
positioned for optimal boring of the
given rock type. As the cutter head
turns, hydraulic propel cylinders push
the cutters into the rock.
EPBMs are utilized in the construction
of rail tunnels, metropolitan subway
systems, highway tunnels, and other
projects where the tunnel will be
constructed
either
partly
or
completely in soft soil beneath the
water table. 86 From "Smooth Flow"
cutter heads that reduce friction to
super-reliable sealing systems and
Variable Frequency Cutter head
Drives, has taken the traditional EPB
design to the next level.
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LIFTING EQUIPMENTS
NAME
Truck
Mounted
Cranes
Tower
Cranes
Rough
Terrain
Crane
SPECIFICATIONS
These cranes are able to travel on
highways, eliminating the need for
specialequipment to transport the
crane. Truck cranes range in lifting
capacityfrom about 12900kg to
13155kg.
A modern form of balance crane that
consist of the same basic parts. Fixed
to the ground on a concrete slab (and
sometimesattached to the sides of
structures as well), tower cranes
often give the best combination of
height and lifting capacityand are
used in the construction of tall
buildings
A
crane
mounted
on
an
undercarriage with four rubber tires
that is designed for pick- andcarryoperations and for off- road
and "rough terrain" applications.
Outriggers are used to level and
stabilize the crane for hoisting.
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CONCRETE MIXERS
NAME
Transit
Mixer
One
Bagger
Concrete
Mixer
Pumpcrete
SPECIFICATIONS
A concrete mixer truck has a
revolving drum mounted on the back.
This drum mixes the components; a
combination of cement (a complex
blend of minerals), water, and gravel
(or stone) together to make concrete.
A concrete mixer is a device that
homogeneously combines cement,
aggregate such as sand or gravel,
and water to form concrete. A drum
mixer is a gallon drum that rotates to
mix
chemicals
and
materials,
including gravel and cement. They
consist of a double frustum-shaped
drum.
A PumpCrete is a construction
equipment used for transferring
freshly mixed liquid concrete to the
location on a construction site where
it is needed. Using of Pumpcrete
compared to traditional ways of
concrete pouring required less
amount of water which helps prevent
damages once built. Higher concrete
strength leads to less maintenance
and repairs which also leads to saving
time and money in the future.
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Mud &
Clay
Clay bricks and roof tiles are among
the oldest building materials in the
world and still extremely popular. This
does not come as a surprise, because
clay building materials are natural,
versatile, durable and of stable value.
Clay building products can be used
across the whole envelope in the form
of bricks, blocks, façade systems,
roof tiles and pavers. As one of the
oldest and most popular building
materials available, clay bricks and
roof tiles are deeply rooted in
European history and form some of
our most iconic buildings.
Timber
Timber is a cost efficient building
material which has many great
characteristics for outdoor structures
and products. It is often chosen due
to its good lasting performance and
natural appearance, depending on
timber type/grade. Timber is a great
insulating material. This means it
helps to maintain a more constant
temperature. Compared to materials
like masonry, concrete, or steel,
timber will help reduce heating and
associated energy requirements.
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
NAME
SPECIFICATIONS
Aggregates
Aggregates
are
inert
granular
materials such as sand, gravel, or
crushed stone that, along with water
and portland cement, are an essential
ingredient in concrete. In building and
construction, the material is used for
mixing with cement, bitumen, lime,
gypsum, or other adhesives to form
concrete or mortar. The aggregate
gives volume, stability, resistance to
wear or erosion, and other desired
physical properties to the finished
product.
Metals
Metals are solid material that are
generally hard, shiny, malleable,
fusible, ductile, and have good
electrical and thermal conductivity.
Metals are commonly used in the
construction industry due to their
durability and strength to form
structural components, pipework,
cladding
materials
and
other
components. Designers, architects
and builders use metal in construction
and manufacturing because of its
durability, resistance to all forms of
weather and all-round strength and
resilience.
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
NAME
Concrete
Glass
SPECIFICATIONS
Concrete is widely used to build
homes and commercial buildings, as
well as related fixtures such as
driveways and columns. Concrete is
used to provide strength, durability,
and versatility during the construction
of a structure. These excellent
properties have made concrete a
reliable and long-lasting choice of
construction companies for both
commercial and domestic types of
constructions
Glass is another very common
material in construction. Glass is
primarily used for windows, but also
for
indoor
partitions,
mirrors,
skylights, floors, and staircases. In
addition, glass fibers can be found in
insulation products, ceiling panels,
and roofing shingles. Glass can
absorb, refract or transmit light. It
has the ability to make any building
look more stunning and modern.
Using glass in building facades and
interiors enhances the ambience.
Interiors appear larger and more
open, with abundant natural lighting.
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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
NAME
Plastics
Thatch
SPECIFICATIONS
When it comes to construction,
plastics have been extensively used
by various construction companies.
The components such as hinges,
screws, and bigger construction parts
are made from plastic and are used
in wall covering, electric wiring,
waterproofing,
flooring,
and
decoration. Commonly made up of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), CPVC,
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
or polyethylene, plastic pipes are
flexible and very light in weight,
making them easy to install. All of
these plastic materials are also highly
chemical and water resistant, making
them suitable for many extreme
environments.
Thatching is the craft of building a
roof with dry vegetation such as
straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium
mariscus), rushes, heather, or palm
branches, layering the vegetation so
as to shed water away from the inner
roof.
Thatched
roofs
provide
excellent insulation, so your home will
stay warm when it's cold outside and
cool during the hot summer months.
In addition, this superb insulation
enables you to save on electricity for
heating and cooling. Durability.
Thatched roofs are typically last
longer and are very durable.
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