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Activity
Complete
of Metals
Concentrations and pH
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MAVA = MBVB
pH = -log[H+]
nA
nB
pOH = -log[OH-]
+
* If a strong acid, M = [H ]
pH +pOH = 14
* If a strong base, M = [OH-] [H+][OH-]= 1.0 x 10-14
M1V1 = M2V2 (Use for dilutions)
Lithium
Potassium
Barium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Manganese
Zinc
Chromium
Iron
Cadmium
Cobalt
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Hydrogen
Antimony
Bismuth
Arsenic
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
E=mc2
Light Chemsitry
E=hν
c=λν
C=speed of light =3.00 x 108
E= energy
λ= wavelength
ν= frequency
°C = K – 273
K = °C + 273
°F = 1.8°C + 32
°C = 0.56(F-32)
* Absolute zero = 0K /-273 °C
* Kelvin temperature has no units
h= Plank’s constant= 6.626 x10-34 J x s
Common Molar Masses (gr/mol)
NaCl …….58.45
HC2H3O2 …. 60.05
NaOH ….. 40.00
Al2O3 ……….101.96
HCl ………36.46
Fe2O3 ………159.70
HNO3…….63.01
CO2 …………44.01
H2SO4 …..98.08
Ca(OH)2 ……74.10
CuSO4…...159.61 AgNO3 ……..169.89
H3PO4 …..98.00
KMnO4 ……...158.04
H2O ……...18.02
Grams
Atomic or
molecular
mass
Prefixes
1. mono 6. hexa
2. di
7. hepta
3. tri
8. octa
4. tetra
9. nona
5. penta 10. deca
Mole
Mole
sLiters
Molarity
Mass
(volume)
Atoms
6.02 x 1023
atoms/ Mole
mole s
G0 = H0 T S0
∆Hrxn = Σ∆H°f products Σ∆H°f reactants
Q= heat
= change in…
c= specific heat
H= heat of a system
1cal = 4.184 J
Hfus H2O = 334 J/g
Hvap H2O = 2260 J/g
cH2O = 4.184 J/g°C
cAl= 0.900 J/g°C
Density Volume
Molecules
6.02 x 1023
molecules/Moles
mole
= atomic mass in grams of an element
= molecular mass in grams of a
compound
= 6.02 x 1023 atoms for an element
= 6.02 x 1023 molecules for a compound
= 22.4 L for a gas at STP
GASES
8.31 KPa L/ mol K
R= 0.0821 atm L/ mol K
or
Atmospheric Pressure
1 atm
760 torr
760 mmHg
14.7 lb/in2
101.3 kPa
STP = 0°C, 1 atm
SC = 25°C, 1 atm
PV=nRT
PT=P1+P2+P3
Ideal Gas Law
Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures
P1V1 = P2V2
T1
T2
Combined Gas Law
Thermochemsitry
Q= mc T
Q hot = Q cold
H = Q/amount
Q= mHvap or fus
COMMON POLYATOMIC
IONS
Ammonium
NH4+
Acetate
C2H3O2Arsenite
AsO3Bicarbonate HCO3Carbonate
CO32Chromate
CrO42Dichromate Cr2O72Chlorate
ClO3Perchlorate ClO4Hypochlorite ClOCyanide
CNCyanate
OCNHydroxide
OHIodate
IO3Nitrate
NO3Nitrite
NO2Sulfate
SO42Sulfite
SO32Phosphate
PO43Permanganate MnO4Thiocyanate SCN-
MORE FORMULAS AND SYMBOLS
Avagadro’s Number: 6.02 x 1023
m= mass
v= velocity
S= entropy
The Modern Periodic Table of the Elements
1
18
Hydrogen
Average relative masses
are 2001 values, rounded
to two decimal places.
1
H
1.01
2.1
2
Lithium
Beryllium
3
4
Li
Be
6.94
9.01
1.0
Mercury
Element name
2
Atomic #
80
All average masses are to
be treated as measured
quantities, and subject to
significant figure rules. Do
not round them further
when performing
calculations.
1.5
Helium
He
Hg
Symbol
200.59
Avg. Mass
1.9
Electronegativity
13
14
15
16
17
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
4.00
--Neon
5
6
7
8
9
10
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
10.81
12.01
16.00
19.00
2.0
14.01
2.5
3.0
3.5
20.18
4.0
---
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
22.99
24.31
26.98
28.09
30.97
35.45
39.95
0.9
1.2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1.5
1.8
32.07
2.1
2.5
Argon
3.0
---
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
40.08
44.96
47.88
50.94
52.00
54.94
55.85
58.93
58.69
63.55
65.39
69.72
72.61
74.92
78.96
79.90
83.80
K
39.10
0.8
Rubidium
1.0
1.3
Strontium
Yttrium
1.5
Zirconium
1.6
Niobium
1.6
1.5
1.8
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
1.8
Rhodium
1.8
Palladium
1.9
Silver
1.6
Cadmium
1.6
Indium
1.8
Tin
2.0
Antimony
2.4
2.8
Tellurium
Iodine
Krypton
3.0
Xenon
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
85.47
87.62
88.91
91.22
92.91
95.94
(98)
101.07
102.91
106.42
107.87
112.41
114.82
118.71
121.76
127.60
126.90
2.2
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.5
0.8
Cesium
1.0
Barium
55
56
Cs
Ba
132.91
137.33
0.7
Lutetium
57-70
*
0.9
Francium
Radium
87
88
Fr
Ra
(223)
(226)
0.7
1.2
**
Tungsten
1.9
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
1.9
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
131.29
2.6
Radon
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
174.97
178.49
180.95
183.84
186.21
190.23
192.22
195.08
196.97
200.59
204.38
207.20
208.98
(209)
(210)
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
2.2
(222)
2.4
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium
Ununnilum
Unununium
Ununbium
Ununtrium
Ununquadium
Ununpentium
Ununhexium
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
118
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
Uut
Uuq
Uup
Uuh
Uuo
(263)
(262)
(265)
(266)
(271)
(272)
(277)
(284)
(289)
(288)
(291)
(294)
---
---
Ytterbium
(262)
(261)
---
(262)
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
138.91
140.12
140.91
144.24
(145)
150.36
151.97
157.25
158.93
162.50
164.93
167.26
168.93
173.04
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
Californium
Einsteinium
Thorium
1.1
1.1
Protactinium
Uranium
1.1
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Fermium
1.3
Mendelevium
1.1
Nobelium
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
(227)
232.04
231.04
238.03
(237)
(244)
(243)
(247)
(247)
(251)
(252)
(257)
(258)
(259)
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
Ununoctium
---
Lanthanum
Actinium
**actinides
Tantalum
1.8
71
0.9
*lanthanides
Hafnium
1.6
Lu
Lawrencium
89-102
1.4
1.3