443/1,443/2 agriculture
MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
17.
18.
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Give four benefits of practicing farming
(2 marks)
State three factors that cause most farmers to adopt small scale farming in Kenya
(1½ marks)
State three effects of low temperature in crop production
(1½ marks)
Give four differences between soil formed in situ and decomposition
(2 marks)
State the form in which the following elements are taken up by plants from the soil,
a) Boron
(½ marks)
b) Calcium
(½ marks)
Give two disadvantages of using plastic pipes in conveying water in the farm
(1 marks)
a) Name two agricultural lime materials that may be used in the farm.
(1mark)
b) State four reasons for liming soils
(2 marks)
Give three advantages of cultivation as a means of weed control.
(1½ marks)
a) What is land fragmentation?
(½ marks)
b) State three causes of land fragmentation
(1½ mark)
Name two joint products in crop production
(1 mark)
a) What is green manure in crop production?
(½ mark)
b) State four characteristics of green manure crops
(2 marks)
Name four methods of harvesting water in the farm.
(2 marks)
Differentiate between Gross Domestic product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP)
(2marks)
The price of millet in a market changes from Sh. 8.00 to Sh. 12.00 per kilogram resulting in a change of supply from 400kg to
600 kg. Calculate the elasticity of supply of the millet in that market. Show your working.
(2marks)
Give two activities carried out during hardening off cabbage seedlings.
(1 mark)
a) What is topping in pasture management?
(½ marks)
b) State two ways of increasing the carrying capacity of pastures
(1mark)
Give two reasons why a tomato crop should be pruned
(1 mark)
State three methods of weed control in a Napier grass field
(1½ marks)
19.
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
Study the illustration shown below and answer the questions that follow
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
DAP 18 -47 - 0
NET WT 50KG
a) What is the fertilizer grade of the above fertilizer material?
(1 mark)
b) Calculate the amount of filler material in the above fertilizer material (show your working)
(2 marks)
c) State two disadvantages of applying the above fertilizer in crop production
(2 marks)
20. A farmer has four plots L1, L2, L3 and L4 as shown in the table below. Each plot has an agronomic problem as indicated.
L1
L2
L3
L4
Infected with witch weed
Infected with bacterial
Deficient in
Prone to soil
(strigaspp)
wilt
Nitrogen
erosion
a)
Plan a crop rotation programme for the first year in the four plots using the following crops maize, Irish potatoes, Rhodes
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
grass and Beans
b) Give reasons to justify the plan you have made in plots L2, L3 and L4.
21. The diagram below illustrates a tomato fruit attacked by a pest
22.
23.
24.
25.
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
a) Identify the above pest
(1mark)
b) State two characteristic symptoms of attack by the above pest.
(2 mark)
c) Give two control measures of the pest
(2 marks)
The following is an illustration of a method of harvesting agro forestry trees. Study it and answer the questions that follow;
a) Name the above method of harvesting trees.
b) Outline the procedures of carrying out the above practice
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25.
a) Describe the harvesting of cotton.
b) Explain five factors that influence the spacing of crops.
c) Outline four pieces of information contained in an invoice.
a) Explain five post-harvest practices carried out in maize production.
b) Describe the planting of beans
(10 marks)
a) The table below shows the wheat production for a certain farmer. Use it to answer the questions that
follow;
Year
Fertilizer applied (50kg) bag
Wheat output in 90kg bags
2007
0
4
2008
2
10
2009
4
28
2010
6
42
2011
8
52
2012
10
60
2013
12
66
2014
14
66
2015
16
64
(1 mark)
(4 marks)
(6 marks)
(10 marks)
(4 marks)
(10 marks)
(i) Calculate the farmer‘s marginal product for the year ended 2010 and 2015
(2 marks)
(ii) From the data given, what rate of fertilizer application would the farmer choose if he wanted to grow wheat in the year 2016?
Give an explanation for your answer.
(2 marks)
(iii) Assuming the average price of wheat is Ksh. 3,000.00 per bag and the cost of fertilizer is Shs. 2,500.00 per bag.
(a) Calculate the gross income for the year 2014.
(1 mark)
(b) Assuming other variable costs to be Sh. 8,000.00. calculate the net income for the year 2010
(1 mark)
b) Explain seven factors that determine the choice of implements for primary cultivation.
(14 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016
20.
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
JULY / AUGUST 2016
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Name two brooding methods in poultry.
(1 mark)
Give four predisposing factors of mastitis
(2 marks)
Name two dual purpose breeds of cattle
(1 mark)
Give four characteristics of a good livestock house
(2 marks)
State four harmful effects of keds in sheep
(2 marks)
Give four characteristics of clean milk
(2 marks)
Distinguish between ringing and crutching as used in livestock management
(1 mark)
Give two reasons for maintaining wheelbarrow in good working conditions.
(1 mark)
State four limitations of using solar power on the farm
(2 marks)
Give three types of bees found in a bee colony
(1½ marks)
Sate three reasons for clipping teeth in piglets
(1½ marks)
Differentiate between contemporary comparison and progeny testing as used in livestock breeding
(1 mark)
Give four conditions under which a farmer would use animal power instead of tractor power for seedbed preparation.
(2 marks)
Name the causal agent of anthrax disease in cattle
(1 mark)
Name the breed of dairy cattle that produces the lowest amount of milk but with the highest butter fat content.(1 mark)
Give four reasons for controlling livestock diseases.
(2 marks)
List four factors that influence the pulse rate of an animal
(2 marks)
List four livestock tools and equipments used to maintain livestock healthy.
(2 marks)
State four reasons for steaming up in animal production.
(2 marks)
SECTION B: (20 MKS)
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
Study the tool illustrated below and answer the questions that follow
(a)
(b)
(c)
21.
Identify the tool
State one safety measures when using the tool.
State two ways of monitoring the tool above
Below is a structure used in poultry production. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
(1mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
Warm moist air
Egg tray
Thermomete
Eggs
Water
Source of
Cool dry
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(a) Identify the structure
(1 mark)
(b) State the main function of the structure
(1 mark)
(c) Give the function of the following in the structure
(i) Water
(3marks)..
(ii) Heat source
(iii) Thermometer
22. A dairy farmer is required to prepare 100 kg of dairy meal containing 20% digestive crude protein (D.C.P). Using Pearson‘s
Method, calculate the quantity of Soya bean (40% DCP) and maize (16% D.C.P) the farmer requires for the dairy meal.
(show your working)
(5 marks)
23. Study the farm structure shown below and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the structure
(1 mark)
(b) Give one reason why farmers prefer to use the structure
(1 mark)
(c) Name two construction materials used.
(2 marks)
(d) State two maintenance practices of the structure
(2 marks)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer only two questions from this section in the spaces provided.
24. a) Explain the requirement of an artificial brooder
(10 marks)
b) Outline the routine management practices carried out on livestock when raising young stock in dairyproduction.
(10 marks)
25. a) Explain five factors considered when selecting a boar for breeding purpose.
(10 marks)
b) Describe contagious abortion under the following sub-headings.
(i) Mode of transmission
(2 marks)
(ii) Symptoms of attack
(4 marks)
(iii) Control measures
(4 marks)
26. a) Explain the factors to consider when siting an apiary
(10 marks)
b) Explain five factors that influence power output by draught animals
(5 marks)
c) State five mechanical methods of tick control
(5 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016
1.
2.
3.
4.
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A
Benefits of organic farming
i) It is environmentally friendly / no pollution.
ii) It produces healthy products.
iii) The produce fetch higher prices in the international market. iv) It
uses locally available material / cheap.
v) It is easy to carry out.
vi) It is sustainable / conserves soil.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2mks)
Factors that cause farmers to adopt small - scale farming.
i) Limited capital
ii) Small land sizes
iii) Market trends / fluctuation of prices.
iv) Poor government policies
(Any 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
Effects of low temperature on crop production.
i) Slow growth rate of crops.
ii) High incidences of disease infection to crops e.g. coffee berry disease, Elgon die back disease.
iii) Improves quality of some crops e.g. tea, pyrethrum.
iv) Decreases quality of some crops e.g. cotton
(Any 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
Differences between soil formed insitu and decomposition
Insitu
Decomposition
i) Has the colour of parent rocks
Has colour of where it came from
ii) Are shallower
Are deeper
iii) Have less nutrients
Have more nutrients
iv) Have same chemical composition as that
of underlying parent rock
v) Are easily eroded
Differ in chemical composition from underlying parent
rock.
Not easily eroded.
vi) Have less silt factions
Have more silt fractions.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
(a) Boron =- Borate ions /
(Any 1 x ½ = ½ mk)
(b) Calcium - calcium ions Ca2+
(Any 1 x ½ = ½ mk)
6. Disadvantages of using plastic pipes in conveying water
i) Can be gnawed by rodents / easily damaged.
ii) Become brittle on exposure to strong sun
iii) Can burst at high pressure.
(Any 2 x ½ = 1 mk)
7. (a) Agricultural lime materials
i) Limestone / calcium carbonate / Caco3
ii) Quicklime / burnt lime/ calcium oxide/ CaO
iii) Hydrated lime/ slaked lime/ calcium hydroxide / ca(OH)2.
(Any 2 x ½ = 1 mk)
(b) Reasons for liming soils
i)
Raises soil pH / lowers soil pH.
ii)
Improves soil structure / improves particle aggregation / improves drainage
iii)
Supplies calcium to plants.
iv)
Hastens decomposition of organic matter.
v)
Facilitates the availability and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus.
vi)
Improves legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
vii) Encourages multiplication of micro-organisms in the soil.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
8. Advantages of cultivation
i)
It is cheap.
ii)
Improves water infiltration
iii)
Helps in soil aeration.
iv)
Facilitates earthing up of tuber crops.
v)
Incorporates weeds into the soil which acts as green manure.
(Any 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
9. (a)
Land fragmentation is a situation in which a farmer has several pieces of land located in different
areas.
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
5.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
(b)
Causes of land fragmentation
i)
Inheritance of land.
ii)
Purchasing of land.
iii)
Compensation by government
iv)
Gift or donation.
(Any 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
Joint products in crop production
i)
Cotton lint and seeds.
ii)
Rice grain and husks.
iii)
Maize grains and stalks
iv)
Coffee berries and coffee pulp.
(Any 2 x ½ = 1 mk)
(a) These are annual crops grown and later incorporated into the soil while still green
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
(b) Characteristics of green manure crops.
i)
Fast growing
ii)
Highly vegetative
iii)
Quick decomposing
iv)
Low growing for ease of ploughing it in the soil.
v)
Free from pests and diseases.
vi)
Have high nutrient content when fully decomposed.
vii) Adaptable to a vast range of environmental conditions.
viii) Have deep well developed root system so that it brings nutrients from lower layer to soil surface.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Methods of harvesting water
i)
Roof catchment
ii)
Rock catchment
iii)
Weirs and dams.
iv)
Ponds
v)
Retention ditches / level terraces.
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the sum total in monetary value of all goods and services produced by the resident
including foreigners of a country within one year. Gross national product (GNP) is the sum total of all goods and services
produced by the nationals of a given country in one year regardless of their country of operation.
(Mark as a whole 2 x 1 = 2mks)
ES =
%Δs
=
%Δp
=
x 100
= 50%
=
x 100
Es
Or
ES =
15.
16.
17.
18.
x 100
= x 100
= 50%
=
=1
x
%Δs
=
x =1
(Award: Calculation 1 mark and answer 1 mark)
Hardenining off cabbage seedlings
i) Removal of the shade
ii) Reduce the frequency of watering
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
(a) Topping is the removal of stemy fibrous materials left over after a period of pasture grazing.
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
(b) Increasing the carrying capacity of pastures
i)
By applying organic manures / fertilizers
ii)
By controlling weeds.
iii)
By controlling pests.
iv)
Through defoliation at the right stage of growth.
v)
By grazing different categories of animals e.g. cattle, goats and sheep on the same pasture stand at different times.
(Any 2 x ½ = 1 mk)
Reasons for pruning tomatoes:
i)
To obtain big sized high quality fruits.
ii)
To economically use chemical sprays.
iii)
For less spread of pests and diseases / pests disease control.
(Any 2 x ½ = 1 mk)
Weed control methods is a napier grass field
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19.
i)
Cultivation/ regular tillings
ii)
Use of selective herbicides
iii)
By uprooting
iv)
By interplanting with legumes that cover the ground.
SECTION B
(a) Fertiliser grade:
18 - 47 - 0
(b) Amount of filler materials
Percentage of nutrients
18 + 47 = 65%
Percentagee of filler material = 100-65 = 35%
Amount of filler material
x 50 kg
(Any 3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
= 17.5 kg
(Award; method 1 mark and answer 1 mk)
(c) Disadvantages of applying the above fertilizers
i) It induces acidic conditions in the soil
ii) Inhibit soil microbial activities if applied in large quantities.
iii) May become toxic if applied in quantities beyond what the plant needs.
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
20. (a) L1 - irish potatoes
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
L2 - maize
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
L3 - beans
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
L4 - rhodes grass
(1 x ½ = ½ mk)
(b) L2 - soil infected with bacteria wilt does not require irish potatoes and beans hence maize grown.
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
L3 - soil deficient of nitrogen requires legumes hence beans are most suitable.
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
L4 - soil prone to erosion requires a cover crop with fibrous roots and hence Rhodes grass grown.
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
21. (a) American Bollworm / Bollworm
(1 x 1 = ½ mk)
(b) Characteristics symptoms of attack
i) Round holes on fruit walls
ii) Presence of grass / refuse from the feeding of the worm on the fruit surface.
iii) Fruit rot.
(2 x 1 = 2 mks)
(c) Control measures
i) Spray with insecticides
ii) Field sanitation
iii) Destruction of alternate hosts.
(2 x 1 = 2 mks)
22. (a) Pollarding
(1 x 1 = ½ mk)
(b) Procedure of carrying out the above practice
i) Make clean cuts 2-3 cm from the main stem.
ii) The cuts are at inclining angle to allow water to drain from the cut end hence reduce incidence of fungal attack.
iii) Cut the branch from below first then from the top to avoid collapse of the branch and stripping of the lower bark of the
main stem.
iv) The pruned branches are laid on the ground and after 5-7 days the branches are collected and shaken to remove dried
leaves and poles left to dry.
(4 x 1 = 4 mks)
SECTION C
23. (a) Harvesting of cotton
i) Pick lint which is fully opened and dry.
ii) During picking place the lint in two clean containers
iii) Sort out the lint into grade AR (safi) and grade BR (fifi)
iv) Place grade AR in one container and BR in another container.
v) Grade AR is pure white and completely clean.
vi) Grade BR is made up of stained and damaged lint.
vii) Pick on weekly basis.
(6 x 1 = 6 mks)
(b) Factors influencing spacing of crops
i) Soil moisture / rainfall in the area: drier areas require wider spacing than wet areas.
ii) Soil fertility / nutrient status of the soil: crops may be spaced wider if the soil is of low fertility and closer if the soil is
of high fertility.
iii) Intended purpose of the crop: maize grown for silage is spaced closer than that grown for grain production.
iv) Growth habit/ variety of the crop / size of crop; shorter crops require narrower spacing than taller crops. Plants that
tiller or produce suckers will tend to occupy a bigger area and requires wider spacing than those that do not tiller or
produce suckers.
v) Machinery to be used; a crop whose operations will be mechanized is spaced wider to allow space for machinery than
that which will be manually managed.
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vi) Disease and pest control; proper spacing controls certain pests and diseases e.g. groundnut rosette disease and aphids.
vii) Cropping system / pure stand / interplanted crop: wider spacing is required for a crop to be interplant than in a pure
stand.
viii) Number of seeds per hole: If many seeds are planted per hole, the spacing should be wider than if one seed is planted
per hole.
(c) Pieces of information in an invoice
i) Number of the invoice
ii) Date when the transaction took place.
iii) Names of people involved in the transaction.
iv) Quantity of goods delivered.
v) Unit price of the goods.
vi) Total amount of money involved.
vii) Terms of payment.
(any 4 x 1 = 4 mks)
24. (a) Post harvest practices carried out on maize
i) Shelling; this is removing maize grains form the cobs, it is usually done after harvesting.
ii) Drying; grains are dried until the correct moisture content for storage is attained to prevent rotting. iii)
Sorting and grading: sort out the bad, rotten or broken grains from the good produce.
iv) Cleaning: winnow to remove chaff from the grains.
v) Dusting: apply appropriate pesticides to prevent attack by storage pests. vi)
Packaging: pack in bags for convenient handling.
vii) Storage: place the produce in appropriate stores to avoid contamination and spoilage.
(b) Factors influencing spacing of crops
i) Select a suitable bean variety for the area.
ii) In the long rains sow at a time which will allow them to mature in dry weather / in the short rains plant at the onset of
rains.
iii) Plant at 2.5 - 10.0 cm, deep, depending on moisture content in the soil. iv)
Plant certified seeds that have preferably been inoculated.
v) Apply DAP fertilizer / manure during planting.
vi) Apply DAP at the rate of upto 200kg/ha
vii) Plant 2-4 seeds per hole.
viii) Space beans at 45-60cm x 15cm.
ix) Seed rate should be 50-60 kg/ ha.
x) For commercial large scale production of maize planters can be used.
xi) In small scale farming dibling or shallow furrows 5-10cm may be used.
(Any 10 x 1 = 10 mks)
25. (a) (i) Marginal products for the year
2010 - 42 - 28 = 14 days
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
2015 - 64 - 66 = -2 bags
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
(ii) Best fertilizer application rate
Year
Fertilizer
Output
Total cost
Marginal cost (MC)
Total Revenue (TR)
Marginal Revenue MR
Net Revenue
(NR)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
4
10
28
42
52
60
66
66
64
8000
13000
18000
23000
28000
33000
38000
43000
48000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
12000
30000
84000
126000
156000
180000
198000
198000
192000
18,000
54000
42000
30000
24000
18000
0
-6000
4000
17,000
66000
103000
128000
147000
16000
155000
144000
The farmer should apply 12 bags of fertilizer
Reason:
Marginal cost is almost equal to marginal revenue.
Total revenue and net revenue are at highest.
(iii) a) Gross income for the year 2014
Output x value
= 66 x 3000
= Kshs. 198,000
(iii) (b) Net income for 2010
Total cost
8000 + (2500 x 6)
=8000 + 15000
Kshs. 23000
Gross income:
42 x 3000
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
=126,000
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Net income:
126,000 - 23,000
= Ksh. 103,000.00
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
b. Factors that determine choice of implements for primary cultivation
i)
Topography of the land: where land is too steep, a jembe is more appropriate than a tractor-drawn plough.
ii)
Condition of the land: a forked jembe or disc plough is more appropriate on land that is stony, stumpy and has
rhizomatous weeds than a jembe or mould board plough.
iii)
Soil type: heavy soils require heavier implements than lighter soils
iv)
Depth of cultivation desired: where deep digging is required heavy tractor - drawn ploughs and sub soilers are more
appropriate than lighter ox-drawn ploughs and jembes.
v)
Cost of the implement and the capital available; the cost of certain implements may be prohibitive to use.
vi)
Skill or know-how required; most tractor drawn implements need special skills to operate as opposed to simple hand
tools.
vii) Type of tilth required: a disc plough leaves a rough seedbed compared to a mould board plough. A rotavator may
provide a finer tilth.
viii) The availability and accessibility of the implements; those that are not easily available may be expensive to acquire.
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A
Marking scheme
1. Brooding methods in poultry
Natural method
Artificial method
2. Predisposing factors of mastitis
Dirty milking sheds
Large and pendulous udders
Incomplete milking
Age
Stage of lactation
Mechanical injuries
Poor milking techniques
3. Dual purpose breeds of cattle
Sahiwal
Red poll
Simental
4. Characteristics of good livestock house
Well ventilated
Spacious
Should allow proper drainage
Should be leak proof
Draught free.
Well lit
5. Harmful effects of keds
Cause irritation
Cause anaemia
Retarded growth in lambs
Cause loss of weight
Animal scratches and bites itself thus damaging tissue
6. Characteristics of clean milk
Has normal taste
Free from pathogens
Free from foul smell
Has no hair, dirty or dust / foreign particular
Its chemical composition is within the expected standard‘s
7. Ringing is cutting of wool around the sheath of the penis in rams to facilitate mating
Crutching is cutting of wool around the external reproductive organ of ewes
8. Reasons for maintaining wheelbarrow
To increase durability
To increase efficiency
To reduce replacement cost
9. Limitations of using solar power
Solar trapping devises are expensive
Trapping fluctuates depending on weather condition
Solar trapping is limited to day light
Requires skilled labour to handle devices
It cannot operate all farm machines
10. Types of bees
Worker‘s
Queen
Drone
11. Reasons for teeth clipping in piglets
To avoid injury to the mother when sucking
To avoid injury to other piglets.
To avoid injury to the farmer when handling
(2 x ½ = 1 marks)
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(2 x ½ = 1 mark)
(Any 4 x ½ = 2marks)
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(1 x 1 = 1 mark) (Mark as whole)
(Any 2 x ½ - 1 mark)
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(3 x 1 ½ marks)
(3 x ½ = 1½ marks)
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12. Contemporary comparism is selection based on comparing individual performance of animals within a particular age group
that have been similarly treated. While progeny testing is selecting an animal based on performance of the offspring
(1 x 1 mark)
13. Conditions under which animal power can be used
Where land is not accessible
Irregularly shaped pieces of land
Where the cost of hiring tractor is too high
Where tractor hire services are not available
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
14. Causal agent of anthrax
Bacillus anthracis / Bacteria
( 1 x 1 = 1 mark)
15. Jersey
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
16. Reasons for controlling livestock diseases
For the animal to produce good quality products
For the animal to grow fast and attain market weight
For the animal not to spread diseases to other animals
For them to live longer hence long reproductive life
Animals will be economical and easy to keep
To give high yields
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 marks)
17. Factors influencing pulse rate of an animal
Degree of excitement
The age of the animal
Sex of the animal
Physiological status of the animal
Activity of the animal
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
18. Tools and equipments used to maintain livestock healthy
Trochah and Canula
Bolus gun
Drenching gun
Hypodermic syringe and needles
Clinical thermometer
Strip cup
(Any 4 x ½ = 2 marks)
19. Reasons for steaming up animals
To produce well developed young animals with high birth weight
To stimulate the alveolar cells of the udder inoder to increase milk yields after calving.
To help the cow build up enough body reserves
To accustom the cow / in calve heifer
To concentrate feeds which will be given during milking
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
20. a) Tenon saw / back saw
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
b) Hold the work piece firmly
Ensure the tool is in good working condition.
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
c) Care and maintenance of saws
Teeth setting should be done
Straighten the blade when bent
Oil blade to prevent rusting
Replace broken handle
Sharpen teeth regularly
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
21. a) Artificial incubator
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
b) Function: provides suitable artificial conditions for embryonic development
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
c) i) Water - gives the required relative humidity
ii) Source of heat - provides the required warmth
iii) Thermometer - Determine actual temperature in the incubator
(3 x 1 = 3 mks)
22. Soya Bean; 4 parts of Soya beans
4 parts of soya beans (½ mk)
Soya beans 40% (½)mk
20% (½
Maize 16% (½ mk)
Total parts 24
20 parts of maize (½ mk)
(½ marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
Soya = 4/24 x 100
= 16.65 kg
(1 mark)
Maize = 20/24 x 100= 83.35
(1 mark)
Total
(5 marks)
23. a) Identify
Green house
(1 x 1 = 1)
b) The structure creates some kind of micro-climate effects which facilitate production of certain crops out of season
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
c) Metal or wooden frames
Translucent material such as polythene sheets or glass.
(2 x 1 = 2 marks)
d) Maintenance practices
Broken frames should be repaired
Torn polythene material should be replaced
Dirty polythene sheet should be washed.
(Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
SECTION C
24. a) Requirements of an artificial brooder;
i) Litter - Should be inform of wood shavings or saw dust.
- Litter absorb moisture and maintain warmth
ii) Good ventilation - Holes for ventilation should be made on the wall of the brooder
- Such holes allows for gaseous exchange
iii) Heat source - Electric bulbs charcoal burners and kerosene lamps provide heat.
- Correct temperature‘s should be maintained at 32 oc -35oc 1st week, 29.7o- 32.2oc2nd week and 26.6o - 29.7oc the
3rd week
iv) Feeders - They should be sufficient
- They should be clean to avoid contamination
v) Waterers / drinkers - waterers should be kept clean always
- They should have pointed apex to prevent chicks from perching and contaminating water
vi) Shape of brooder - brooders are rounded
- Corners should be avoided for they encourage overcrowding hence suffocation
(Any 5 x 2 = 10marks)
b) Management of dairy calves.
Feeding - give balanced diet and supplements
Weaning - done at the age of eight weeks
Housing - calves should be housed singly
- Calf pens should be easy to clean
Vaccination should be done regularly
Deworming should be done to control internal parasites
Hoof trimming should be done to facilitate movement
Spray control external parasites
Dusting - to control external parasites
Identification should be done for the sake of record keeping.
Castration - Done to control breeding
Extra teats should be removed
Dehorning - done to prevent injury to others
Isolate and treat sick calves
Weigh the calves regularly.
(Any 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
25. a) Factors to consider when selecting breeding boar
Libido - Boar should have high Libido
Age - select young ones
Fertility and viability of semen - semen should be viable
Healthy - selected boar should not spread diseases and minimize cost of treatment
Physical defects - selected boar should be free from hereditary defect‘s
Temperament - boar should be docile
Breeding boar should have high feed conversion efficiency
Breeding boar should be fast in growth to reach maturity
Adaptability - should be well adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions
Body conformation- Boar should have the correct body conformation.
(Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks)
(b) Describe contagious abortion under;
i) Transmission mode
Mating using contaminated semen
Artificial insemination using contaminated equipments
Vaginal discharges
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
Ingestion of contaminated pastures by aborted foetus.
Ingestion of contaminated milk.
(any 2 x 1 = 2marks)
ii) Symptoms of attack
Abortion / premature birth
Yellowish / brown slimy discharge from vulva
Retained placenta.
Loss of libido
Infertility in males and cows/ become barren.
(any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
iii) Control measures
Artificial insemination can be used to serve cows.
Affected animal should be called and slaughtered.
vaccinate young animals
the attendant should avoid contact with aborted foetus.
Screening should be done to detect infected animals.
Maintain high standard of hygiene in animal houses.
(any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
26 Factors to consider in sitting apiary
Availability of water - site should be near water source.
Availability of flowers - flowers are a source of nectar synthesis of honey.
A well sheltered place - bee hives should be protected from strong sun and wind.
The site should be free from noise and other disturbances since this incites the bees leading to stinging.
Away from human beings and livestock. Should be cited away from busy places and homestead to avoid stinging human
beings and animals.
Apiary should be sited away from bad smell e.g. sewage disposal areas since this may lead to absconding of the bees
(Any 5 x 2 = 10marks)
(b) Factors influencing power output by draught animals
Age - mature animals produce more power.
Breed and type - indigenous animals are more hardy than exotic.
Training level - well trained animals have better output.
Body weight - the bigger the animal the more the output.
Working equipment - well maintained equipment has higher output.
Ambient temperature - cool temperature lead to higher work output.
Health - healthy animals have higher output.
(any 5 x 1 = 5mark)
(c) Mechanical methods of tick control;
Burning infected pastures
Altering / interfering with the tick environment
Fencing off pasture land
Starving the tick to death
Hand picking
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
Page | 13
443/1,443/2 agriculture
GATUNDU-SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
SECTION A:
Give two sub-branches of arable farming.
1mk
Give four biotic factors that influence agriculture.
2mks
Give four reasons why land should be prepared early in readiness for planting.
2mks
State four reasons for deep ploughing during land preparation.
2mks
List two methods of land reclamation.
1mk
Give two circumstances that may necessitate irrigation.
1mk
Name the parts harvested for each of the following crops.
1½ mks
(a) Onions
(b) Carrots
(c) Coffee
Give two characteristics of fresh market tomatoes.
1mk
Name four general methods of controlling crop pests.
2mks
Give two effects of scarcity in agricultural production.
1mk
Differentiate fertilizer grade and fertilizer ratio.
2mks
Give three precautions that should be observed when storing nitrogenous fertilizers.
1 ½ mks
State two conditions that must exist for a market to be purely competitive.
2mks
Distinguish between grading and standardization in agricultural marketing.
2mks
(i) Grading
(ii) Standardization.
A form four student at Muthiga girls planted maize for her KCSE agriculture project. She used a spacing of 75cm x 25cm. her
plot was 4x 3m.
(i) What does 75cm stand for in this statement?
1mk
(ii) Calculate the plant population. Show your working.
3mks
Give four benefits of a land title deed to a farmer.
2mks
State four control measures of river bank erosion.
2mks
Name two types of pests with piercing and sucking mouth parts.
1mk
SECTION B:
19. (a) Indicate the type of elasticity shown in diagrams A, B and C.
A
BC
P1
P1
P2
P2
Q1
Q2
P1
P2
Q1
Q2
Q1
Q2
A
B
C
(b) Give three factors that determine elasticity of demand.
(c) Give one example of a marketing agency in Kenya.
20. Study the diagram below carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the variety of sorghum shown in the diagram.
(b) Name two types of pests whose damage can be controlled by planting the above named variety.
(c) State two other measures used to control the pests named in (b) above.
3mks
½ mk
½ mk
2mks
2mks
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
(d) Name one disease that cause wilting of crops.
21. The illustration below is methods of pruning. Study them carefully and then answer thequestions that follow.
½ mks
(a) Identify the methods of pruning.
(b) State two ways in which pruning help in control of pests and diseases.
(c) Identify 3 tools used in pruning and give the use of each of them.
22. The illustration below shows a cropping programme.
1mk
2mks
3mks
Beans
Maize
Kales
Cabbages
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Cassava
Sweet potatoes
Identify the cropping programme.
Giving a reason, identity one mistake the farmer made when designing the above programme.
State two ways the above programme help in control of weeds.
State three advantages of this programme.
SECTION C: 40mks
Answer any two questions in this section.
23. The following is a table of maize at various levels of NPK fertilizer application.
Land (Ha)
NPK (kgs)
Total product (TP)
Marginal product
maize in 90kg bags
maize in 90kg bag
1
30
10
10
1
60
27
17
1
90
42
-1
120
56
14
1
150
63
-1
180
65
2
1
210
65
-1
240
60
-5
1
270
52
-1
300
42
-10
(a) Complete the marginal product and average product columns.
(b) Describe eight factors considered when drawing a farm plan.
(c) Describe uses of farm records.
24. (a) Describe six harmful effects of weeds.
(b) Explain the principles of co-operatives.
(c) Describe six advantages of mixed stand of pastures.
25. (a) Describe maize production under the following sub-topics.
(i) Land preparation.
(ii) Field practices.
(iii) Post-harvest practices.
(b) Describe the cultural methods of controlling crop diseases.
½ mk
½ Mk
2mks
1 ½ mk
Average product
maize in 90kg bag
10
-14
-12.6
-9.3
-5.8
4.2
4mks
8mks
8 x 1 = 8mks
6mks
8mks
6mks
3mks
5mks
5mks
7mks
Page | 15
443/1,443/2 agriculture
GATUNDU-SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
SECTION A: 30mks
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.
Name three methods that are used in selection of breeding stock in livestock production.
In the preparation of artificial colostrum what is the role of each of the following:
(a) Castor oil.
(b) Cod liver oil.
Name two non-infectious causes of livestock diseases.
State two methods of igniting the fuel-air mixture in a tractor engine.
State two advantages of natural calf rearing.
Define the following term:
(i) Killing out percentage.
(ii) Instinct in sheep.
State three instances when a beekeeper may handle bees.
(a) What is dry cow therapy in dairy cattle management?
(b) At what stage of gestation is dry cow therapy practiced?
Name the most appropriate tools used in the following operations.
(a) Removing metal clippings in files.
(b) Cutting wood along grains.
(c) Cutting identification marks on ears of an animal.
State three signs of heat in pigs.
State two functions of a queen bee in a colony.
(a) Name a tractor drawn implement that achieves both primary and secondary tillage at the same time.
(b) Give two categories of tractor drawn implements on the basis of the mode of attachment.
Give three reasons for carrying out egg candling before incubation.
Give three symptoms of liver fluke attack in cattle.
State two examples of water-soluble vitamins.
Give three pig breeds that are good for bacon production.
How does the principle of enclosure (quarantine) operate in livestock production?
State three characteristics of creep feed that make them appropriate for piglets.
Outline four major differences in reproductive system of poultry and that of cattle.
Give two uses of calcium in dairy goats.
1 ½ mks
1mk
1mk
1mk
1mk
1mk
1mk
1mk
1 ½ mks
1mk
1mk
1mk
1mk
1mk
1 ½ mks
1mk
½ mk
1mk
1 ½ mks
1 ½ mks
1mk
1 ½ mks
1mk
1 ½ mks
2mks
1mk
SECTION B: 20mks
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
21. The diagram below shows behavior of chicks in a brooder in response to heat. Study the diagram and answer the questions
that follow.
Chick
X
X
X
Source of
heat
A
X XXX
X
X
X
X XXXX
XXXX
XX
XX
XXX
B
X
X
X
C
(a) Explain the behaviour of chicks in each case.
(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded.
(c) Draw a diagram to show the behavior of the chicks if the temperature in the brooder is optimum.
3mks
1mk
1mk
Page | 16
443/1,443/2 agriculture
22. The graph below shows the relationship of milk yield and foetal growth against time.
Milk yield
14
40
35
12
Foetal
growth
10
30
8
25
6
20
4
15
2
10
1
2
Calving service
3
4
5
6
7
8
monthslaction
9
10
11
12
(a) Name the stage between the months in respectable to lactation and gestation.
2mks
(i) 2rd to 12th month.
(ii) 1st to 10th month.
(b) Apart from dry cow therapy, give one practice carried out on the incalf cow within the period from the 10 th to the 12th
month.
1mk
(c) State two routine practice a farmer should avoid carrying out on the incalf cow between the 10th and 12th month.
2mks
23. Below is an illustration of a farm structure. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the above structure.
1mk
(b) Name the parts labeled:2mks
(c) State two factors considered in siting the above structure.
2mks
24. Below is an illustration of a method of extracting honey from combs. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the above method of extracting honey.
(b) Give a reason why container X should not be heated directly.
(c) Name the parts labeled:SECTION C: 40mks
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided.
25. (a) Describe Anthrax under the following sub-headings.
(i) Causal agent.
(ii) Mode of transmission.
(iii) Symptoms.
(iv) Control
(b) Describe using relevant examples, the signs of parasite attack on animals.
26. (a) Outline the importance of fences in a mixed farm.
(b) Describe digestion of grass in the rumen of a cow.
27. (a) Describe 10 daily maintenance and servicing of a tractor before use.
(b) Describe uses of various tools used when erecting a stone wall.
1mk
1mk
3mks
1mk
4mks
5mks
2mks
8mks
10mks
10mks
10mks
10mks
Page | 17
443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
GATUNDU-SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
- Field crops cultivation
- Horticulture
- Pests
predators
- Parasites
pollinators
- Decomposers
nitrogen fixing bacteria
- Pathogens
½ x 4 = 2mks
- To give vegetation enough time to dry up and decompose into organic matter.
- Allows carbon dioxide and other gases to diffuse out of the soil while being replaced with oxygen which is important for
seed germination.
- Give enough time to other subsequent operations to be done.
- Give way to early planting.
- To break hard pan
- To improve water infiltration.
- For proper aeration.
- To bring leached nutrients to soil surface.
½ x 4 = 2mks
- irrigation
- tsetse fly control
- drainage
- terraces
- dry areas
- during dry periods
- in the growing of paddy rice
(a) onions - bulbs ½ mk
(b) carrots - roots
½ mk
(c) coffee - berries 1/2mk
- Oval high keeping quality.
- High keeping quality. 1mk
- Legislative method/quarantine
- Physical measures
- Cultural methods
- Biological pest control
- Chemical pest control.
2mks
- Prices go up
- Diamond is high
1mk
- Fertilizer grade: indicates the amount of each nutrient contained in a fertilizer.
- Fertilizer ration: relaltive proportions of the three primary macro-nutrients (N.P.K.)
- Should be kekpt in dry conditions
- Do not store in an open container.
- Should not be stored in metal containers.
1 ½ mks
- Many sellers of the same product
- Price of same product is the same allover.
2mks
(i) grading: sorting into uniform lots of certain qualities. 1mk
(ii) Standardization. Establishing some uniformity in quality and quantity of products
1mk
(i) spacing between the rows. 1mk
(ii) plant population
= area of land
Spacing of crop
Area of land
= 400cm x 300cm
Spacing of maize = 75cm x 25cm
Therefore, plant population
= 400cm x 300cm
75cm x 25cm
= 64 plants.
3mks
16.
˗ The legal owner of the land has security of tenure and hence an incentive to invest and improve productivity.
˗ A farmer can mortgage the land by offering land title certificate as a security to loaning agencies to secure capital to finance
development projects.
˗ If a farmer who cannot operate the farm, he can still earn income from it by leasing it.
˗ Disputes concerning land boundaries and/or land ownership no longer arise.
2mks
17.
- By construction of dams to regulate the flow of water.
- By construction of dykes as in the case of river Nzoia to control flooding of Budalangi plains.
Page | 18
443/1,443/2 agriculture
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
By planting trees along the river banks to hold soil together and hence reduce erosion.
By observing government regulations on leaving a sizeable strip of an uncultivated land along the river bank.
Aphids
White flies
Mealy-bug
Nematodes
Mites
1mk
SECTION B:
(a) A - inelastic demand.
B - unitary demand
C - Elastic demand.
1 ½ mks
(b) - Availability of substitutes.
- Degree of necessity.
- The number of uses of product can be put to
- Time lag
- Time span
- Proportion
(c)
- Wholesalers
- Itinerant traders
Retailers
- Packers and processors
Co-operative societies and unions
- Commission agents
Marketing Boards
- Brokers agents
(a) Sorghum goose necked.
½ mk
(b) - weaver birds
- starling bird
- Bishop‘s bird
2mks
(c) - planting bitter tasting coat varieties.
Flame throwers
Explosives or poisons
Spray in their breeding colonies.
(d) - Bacterial wilt of potatoes. ½ mk
(a) A - Pinching out
B - Pollarding
1mk
(b) - Affected parts are removed thus controlling diseases and pests from spreading to other parts of the plant.
- open pruning enhance spraying since it allows proper penetration of fungicides and insecticides to all parts of the plant.
(c)
Pruning knife
Pruning shears.
Pruning saw
3mks
(a) Crop rotation. 1/2mk
(b) Planting kales after cabbages. ½ mk
(c) Parasitic weeds that are specific to certain crops are controlled through rotating crops of different families.
Providing soil cover to smoother weeds.
2mks
(d)
˗ maximum utilization of nutrients in soil.
˗ control soil borne pests and diseases.
˗ control weeds.
˗ improvement of soil fertility.
˗ improvement of soil structure.
˗ control of soil erosion.
½ x 3 = 1 ½ mks
SECTION C:
(a)
Land (Ha)
NPK (kgs)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Total product (TP) maize
in 90kg bags
10
27
42
56
63
65
65
60
52
42
Marginal product maize
in 90kg bag
10
17
15
14
7
2
0
-5
-7
-10
Average product maize in
90kg bag
10
13.5
14
14
12.6
10.8
9.3
7.5
5.8
4.2
4mks
Page | 19
443/1,443/2 agriculture
(b)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
(c)
24.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
-
size of the farm
environmental factors
the current trends in labour market
farmer‘s objectives and preferences.
possible production enterprises.
existing market conditions and price trends.
availability and cost of farm inputs.
government regulations/policies.
security.
communication and transport facilities.
Any 8 x 1 = 8mks
records help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.
They show the history of the farm.
Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations.
Help to detect losses or theft on the farm.
Show the performance of a farm business which may help in obtaining credit.
Help to determine the value of the farm or to determine the assets and liabilities of the farm.
Make it easy to share the profits and cases of losses in partnerships.
Settle disputes among heirs.
Show whether the farm business is making profits or losses.
Support insurance claims.
Any eight = 8mks
(a)
Compete with crops for nutrients
Some are parasitic.
Some weeds lower the quality of agricultural produce.
Some weeds are poisonous to human beings and livestock.
Some weeds have allelopathetic effects to cultivated crops.
Water weeds block irrigation channels.
Aquatic weeds affect fishing.
Can be alternative hosts for pests.
Lower quality of products.
Any 6 x 1 = 6mks
(b)
open membership
equal rights.
principles of share limit.
interest on shares.
withdrawal from membership
loyalty.
education.
co-operative principle.
non-profit motive.
Any 8 x 1 = 8mks
(c) Six advantages of mixed stand of pastures.
Economizes on nitrogenous fertilizers.
Provide a good soil cover hence control soil erosion.
High nutritive value.
High herbage yield.
Diversification.
6 x 1 = 6mks
25.
(a) Maize production.
(i) Land preparation.
the land is prepared early to allow stubble enough time to rot.
Ploughing is done.
Harrowing is done to achieve a medium tilth. 3mks
(ii) field practices.
Fertilizer application Dsp during planting (applied in the furrows.
To dressing using CAN when knee high
Weed control - done right from early stages of growth to reduce competition of moisture and nutrients.
Pest control - pests include maize stalk borer, army worms, aphids and birds.
Disease control - should be controlled to prevent losses. They include maize steak, rusts and smut.
Harvesting - should be done at the right time to prevent weevil attack.
Its done by removing the cobs by use of hand, sometimes by use of combine harvesters.
5mks
(iii) Post-harvest practices.
Page | 20
443/1,443/2 agriculture
(b)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Shelling - removing grains from the cobs.
Drying - to reduce moisture content.
Cleaning - sorting to remove foreign materials or winnowing to remove chaff.
Dressing - treating with an insecticide to prevent weevil attack.
Packing - placement of grains in sacks for easy storage.
5mks
Cultural methods of controlling crop diseases.
using healthy planting materials.
practicing field hygiene e.g. burning of crop residues that could be affected by diseases.
proper seedbed preparation e.g. removal of tree stumps to control armillana root rot, in tea and coffee.
proper spacing to control damping off in cabbage seedlings in the nursery bed.
heat treatment e.g. when controllingratoon stunting disease in sugarcane.
proper drying of cereals and pulses to control fungal attack in the store.
use of resistant varieties e.g. control of coffee berry disease and coffee leaf rust by planting Ruiru 112.
crop rotation - by alternating crops of different families.
8 mks
Page | 21
443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
˗
˗
˗
2.
(a)
(b)
3.
˗
˗
˗
˗
4.
˗
˗
5.
˗
˗
˗
˗
6.
7.
˗
˗
˗
˗
8.
9.
19.
20.
˗
˗
˗
GATUNDU-SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
10. Signs of heat in pigs.
Methods used in selection of breeding stock.
˗ Restlessness.
Mass selection.
˗ Frequent urination.
Progeny testing.
˗ Swelling and reddening of vulva.
Contemporary comparison
˗ Clear slimy mucous from vulva.
3 x ½ = 1 ½ Mks
˗ Positive riding test.
Roles of:˗ Mounting on others and accepting to be mounted.
Castor oil - provides a laxative effect in artificial
colostrums.
1 x 1 = (1 Mk)
11. Functions of a queen bee.
Cod liver oil - Provides vitamins/Prevents infection.
˗ Lay fertile eggs.
1 x 1 = (1 Mk)
˗ Production of pheromone/queen substance.
Non-infections cause of livestock diseases.
12. a) Rotarator/Rotary tiller
Parasites.
Chemicals.
(b) Modes of attachment of tractor drawn implement.
Poor feeding/Nutrition.
˗ One point hitch.
Physical injuries.
˗ Three point hitch
2 x ½ = (1Mk)
13. Reasons for carrying out egg candling.
Methods of igniting fuel - air mixture.
˗ To detect broken egg shell.
By a spark produced by the spark plug.
˗ To detect any tiny cracks on the egg shells/hair cracks.
By compression until it ignites as a result of the heat
˗ To check the position and size of air cell.
generated.
2 x ½ = (1 Mk)
˗ To check fertility
Advantages of natural calf rearing.
˗ To check blood spots
Calf gets milk at the right temperature.
˗ To check whether the shell is very porous.
Calf takes milk at its own pace.
14. Symptoms of liver fluke attack in cattle.
Chances of milk contamination are low.
˗ Swollen abdomen.
Its less laborious.
˗ Oedema in the jaws.
2 x ½ = (1 Mk)
˗ Emaciation
(i) Killing out percentage.
˗ Anaemia as a result of the destruction of liver tissue.
It‘s the weight of the carcass divided by the live
˗ Digestive upsets due to blocking of bile duct.
weight of the animal multiplied by one hundred.
15. Water soluble vitamins.
(ii) Flocking/Bunding instinct.
˗ Vitamin C / Ascorbic Acid.
The tendency of sheep to stay together in a group
˗ Vitamin B complex (VB1 thiamine
when grazing.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
VB2 Riboflavin
Instances when beekeeper handle bees.
V B12 Cyanocobalamin
During stocking of the hive.
16. Pig breeds kept for Bacon.
When inspecting combs.
˗ Land race
During harvesting of honey.
˗ Berkshire
When moving a stocked hive from one place to another.
˗ Duroc Jersey
3 x ½ = 1 ½ Mks
˗ Tam worth
(a) Dry cow therapy.
17. Principle of enclosure ( quarantine)
It‘s the practice of applying mastitis antibiotics in
It prevents the movement of animals and products in
the teat canal in a dry cow.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
and out of an area when there is an outbreak of a
(b) It‘s practiced during the last 2 months of gestation.
notifable disease.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
(a) Wire brush.
18. Characteristics of creep feed.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
˗ High palatability.
(b) Rip Saw
˗ High digestibility.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
(c) Ear notcher
˗ Highly1nx
utritious
1 = 1 Mk
Differences in Poultry and cattle reproductive system.
Poultry
Cattle
 No penis
 Have a penis
 Testes inside body
 Testes outside body
 Only left ovary functional
 Both ovaries functional.
 No oestrus cycle
 Have oestrus cycle
 Semen can fertilize an ovum many days after
 Fertilization period is short.
mating
Uses of calcium in dairy.
Bone formation.
Formation of milk
Blood clotting.
Any 2 x ½ = 1 Mk
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SECTION B (20 MARKS)
21. (a) A - There is draught from the side directly opposite where the chicks have crowded.
B - It‘s very cold in the brooder. The chicks are therefore crowing around the heat source to get warmth.
C - There is too much heat in the brooder causing the chicks to move far away from the heat source.3 x 1 = 3 Mks
(b) To avoid over crowding at one point which may lead to suffocation.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
(c)
22. (a) (i) Gestation period.
(ii) Lactation period
(b) Steaming up.
(c) Dipping
De-worming
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
2 x 1 = 2 Mks
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
2 x 1 = 2 Mks
23. (a) Plunge dip/cattle dip.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
(b) T - Entrance race
S - Foot bath
R - Dip tank/dip wash
P - Drainage race
4 x ½ = 2 Mks
(c) Factors considered in siting the structure.
˗ Availability of water.
˗ Drainage of the area/Topography
˗ Central location
˗ Firm ground
˗ Not very close to natural source of water.
˗ Type of soil
Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks
24. (a) Heat method.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
(b) Container X should no be heated directly because the honey can be spoilt by heat.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
(c) X - Enamel basin
Y - Water
Z - Honey combs
3 x 1 = 3 Mks
SECTION C. (40 MARKS)
25. (a) Anthrax.
Causal agent.
Bacterium/Bacillus anthracis.
1 x 1 = 1 Mk
Mode of transmission.
˗ Grazing in infected pastures.
˗ Through bites by insects
˗ Through open wounds.
˗ Through infected roughages/bones/bone meal.
4 x 1 = 4 Mks
Symptoms.
˗ Swollen on the udder side of the body.
˗ Extensive bloating of the stomach after death.
˗ Fever.
˗ Blood stains in faeces and milk.
˗ Tar like watery blood, which does not clot comes out of body orifices, when animal is dead.
˗ Lack of rigor mortis in the dead animal.
˗ Swelling of throat in pigs.
Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks
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˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Control.
Treat with large doses of anti-anthrax serum.
Give antibiotics during early stages.
Treat wounds.
Bury dead animal deep to prevent being removed by dogs.
Avoid opening the carcass.
Vaccinate using Blanthrax.
Impose quarantine.
˗
˗
(b) Signs of parasite attack.
Animals become anaemic due to blood sucking parasites such as ticks, fleas, lice, tsetse flies, keds.
Presence of parasites/parasites eggs on the body of the animal eg ticks, lice, fleas.
Any
2 x 1 = 2 Mks
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Presence of parasites/parasites eggs in the droppings of the animals eg tapeworms, proglottids, round worms.
Loss of appetite as in the case of roundworm attack.
Coughing as in the case of lungworm attack eg in roundworm attack.
4 x 2 = 8 Mks
26.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
(a) The importance of fences in a mixed farm.
Peropheral fences mark the farm boundary.
Fences keep away intruders from the farm.
Tall live fences act as wind breaks.
Fences facilitate mixed farming by keeping livestock from the crops.
Fencing facilitates rotational grazing through padlocking.
Some fences create a degree of privacy especially in the homestead.
Live fences create an aesthetic value on the farm.
Fences enable the farmer to keep different species of livestock separately but on the same farm.
Fences aid in isolating animals from the others when need arises.
Fences can enable the farmer to control breeding.
Fences aid in control of livestock parasites and diseases.
Fences control movement of livestock and people thus preventing formation of unnecessary paths.
Any 10 x 1 = 10 Mks
(b) Digestion of Grass in the Rumen.
˗ Grass is stored temporary in the rumen
˗ Coarse grass is regurgitated from the rumen for further chewing in the mouth.
˗ Saliva that mixes with the feed creates alkaline/medium suitable for micro-organisms
˗ Feed undergoes microbial fermentation.
˗ Carbohydrates are broken down to volatile fatty Acids (VFAs) which include Acetic, butyric is propionic acids.
˗ Gases like methane CO2 and H2 are released.
˗ Proteins are broken down to peptides/Amino acids and ammonia gas released.
˗ Amino acids/non essential amino acids are synthesized from ammonia gas and other non-protein nitrogen by microorganisms.
˗ Synthesis of vitamin B complex and vitamin K by micro-organisms.
˗ Volatile fatty acids are absorbed through the rumen wall into the blood stream.
˗ Gases are expelled through belching.
Any 10 x 1 = 10 Mks
27. (a) Daily maintenance of a tractor.
˗ Engine oil should be checked daily by use of a dip stick.
˗ The fuel level should be checked at the start of everyday‘s work and added if necessary.
˗ Water level in the radiator should be inspected and if possible topped up.
˗ The level of the electrolyte should be checked daily.
˗ The nuts and bolts should be tightened every day.
˗ Grease should be applied by use of grease gun through the nipples.
˗ Large sediments from the sediment bowl should be removed.
˗ The tyre pressure should be checked every morning before the day‘s work by use of pressure gauge.
˗ The fan belt tension should be checked to ensure that it defect between 1.9cm to 2.5cm when pushed.
˗ The brake shaft bearing should be greased. Ensure the brake fluid level is maintained at the recommended level.
10 x 1 = 10 Mks
(b) Tools used in erecting stone wall.
˗ Mason‘s trowel - placing mortar between stones.
˗ Wood float - create a level surface on walls.
˗ Mason‘s square - checks whether corners are 90o
Ensure verticalness of the wall.
˗ Plumb bob - Checking whether wall is vertical.
˗ Shovel
- Mixing and scooping concrete/mortar measuring cement/sand.
˗ Spirit level - Measuring horizontal/vertical straightness.
˗ Manson‘s hammer - For shaping and cutting stones.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 Mks
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10.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
KAMDARA JET -2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION A (30MKS)
Answer All the question in this section in the spaces provided.
List four farming practices that help to reduce the effect of water shortage in crops
State four main characteristics of shifting cultivation.
State the importance of sub soiling
List three advantages of tissue culture
State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production.
Give four soil factors that influence soil productivity.
Give three characteristics of fixed inputs
State four factors which determine the depth of ploughing.
Give two main methods of conveying water from place to place.
Differentiate between seed dormancy and seed viability
State any four factors that determine the spacing of a crop
Explain the meaning of the following terms as used in pasture establishment
(i) Topping
(ii) Ley pasture.
(iii) Rest period
a) Give three causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes
b) State one method of controlling blossom end rot in tomatoes
Define the terms
a) Afforestation
b) Re-afforestation
State four factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds.
State four types of micro catchments
SECTION B (20MKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided
The diagram below shows an illustration on a property of soil using soil samples labeled J, K and L
(a) The levels of water were observed after 2 hours, name the property of soil being investigated.
(b) List two properties of soil J.
(c) Which soil would be suitable for growing paddy rice? Give a reason for your answer.
18. Study the diagram below of a method of compost making and answer the questions that follow,
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1 ½ mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1 ½ mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1 mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1 ½ mks)
( ½mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
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(a) Identify the methods of compost making
(1 mark).
(b) State four factors to consider when sitting the structure
(2marks)
(c) What is the function of the following materials in preparation of compost manure:
(i) Top soil
(1 mark)
(ii) Wood ash
(1 mark)
19. Below are two diagrams of Irish potato tubers after being subjected to some m conditions before planting.
D1
D2
Before subjecting to the conditions
After subjecting to the conditions
(i) Which process of potato treatment is illustrated above?
(ii) State two conditions necessary for the above process.
(iii) Give two reasons for carrying out the above practice.
20. The illustration below shows a structure used in soil and water conservation
(1mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
M
L
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Identify the structure
Identify parts labelled L and M in the structure.
How can part labelledL be stabilized after it has been constructed .
State any one factor that would determine the width and depth of the structure.
SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 22
21. a). Describe the field production of dry beans under the following sub headings
i). Planting
ii) Weed control
iii) Harvesting
(b) Describe four effects of land fragmentation and sub-division.
22. (a) Explainfive advantages of budgeting in farming
(b) Explain five various types of risks and uncertainties
(c) Describe the importance of pruning perennial crops
23. a). Describe the effects of liberalization of agricultural markets to farming in Kenya
b). Explain how price is determined in a free market situation
c). with examples explain how government policies affect agricultural production
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(5mks)
(2mks)
(5mks)
(8mks)
(10mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(10mks)
(3mks)
(7mks)
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KAMDARA JET -2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided after each question.
Name an exotic beef breed of cattle with the following characteristics
˗ Black in colour
˗ polled
˗ Has a long cylindrical compact and deep body.
Give five reasons for identification of cattle in cattle management.
State four qualities of eggs preferred by consumers in the market
(a) List four predisposing factors of livestock diseases.
(b) Distinguish between isolation and quarantine in livestock health.
(c) Name the intermediate and final host of the tapeworm.
Intermediate………………………………
Final……………………………………..
5. State one role of the damp proof course in the foundation of a farm building.
6. List three signs of farrowing in a sow.
7
State two reasons for raddling in sheep management.
8
Name the livestock diseases that may be controlled by use of artificial insemination.
9. Name four uses of dromedary camel.
10
A part from transmission of disease, give three harmful effects of ticks on cattle.
11
State any four factors considered when siting farm structures
12. State four major categories of farm tools and equipment
13
State two reasons for proper care and maintenance of farm tools and equipment
14 Outline any four causes of cannibalism in poultry production.
15
Give the functional difference between a rip saw and a tenon saw.
16 Name two cattle diseases controlled by vaccines.
17. Differentiate between a broiler and a capon
18. State two advantages of using embryo transplant.
( 1mk)
(2 ½ mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(1/2mk)
(1/2mk)
( ½mk)
(1 ½ mks)
(2marks)
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
(1½ mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions from this section in the spaces provided after each question.
19 (a) If the maize meal contains 6% Digestible Crude Protein (DCP) and Fish meal contains 64% DCP, calculate the amount
of each feed stuff in kilogrammes, required to prepare 200kg of chickmash containing 18% DCP
(Show your working)
(4mks)
(b) Name two other feed ingredients which should be added to the chick mash to make it a balanced feed.
(1mk)
20. Below are illustrations of farm tools and equipments.
(a) Identify the tool/equipment labelled A and B
(b) State two appropriate uses of the tool labelled C.
(c) Explain two maintenance practices of the tool labelled D.
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
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21. The diagram below shows the reproductive system of a bull. Study the diagram carefully and then answer the questions that
follow.
(a) Name the parts labelled A,B and C.
(1 ½ mks)
(b) State one function of each of the parts labeled B, D and F.
(1 ½ mks)
(c) Explain two suitable conditions for the proper function of part E.
(2 mks)
22. Below are illustrations showing the behavior of chicks in various brooders. Study the diagrams and answer the questions that
follow.
( i ) State the environmental problem in each brooder as illustrated by the behavior of the chicks
( ii ) State two ways of overcoming the problem in B
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 25
23. (a) Describe conditions under which bees abscond the hive
(b) Describe the causes of stress in poultry management
(c) Describe the uses of fences on the farm
24 (a) State five advantages of farm mechanization
(b) Give five maintenance practices of a water cooling system of a tractor.
(c) Describe Rinderpest disease under the following sub-headings.
(i) Animals attacked
(ii) Causal agent.
(iii) Symptoms of the disease.
(iv) Control measures.
25. a) Explain four factors that affect digestibility of food in livestock.
b) Explain the essentials of clean milk production
c) State five disadvantages of natural method of mating.
(3marks)
(2marks)
(5mks)
(10mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(4mks)
(3mks)
(8mks)
(7mks)
(5mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
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2.
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KAMDARA JET -2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
Four farming practices that help to reduce the effect of
water shortage in crops
Mulching
Adding organic matter
Growing drought tolerant crops
Ridging the seed bed
(4x ½ =2mks)
˗
Four characteristics of shifting cultivation
When fertility of the soil goes down crops are not
grown again until fertility is restored.
Plenty of land is available to the farming community
Practicable with annual crops not with the perennials.
Agricultural output from the whole system is low /
subsistence production.
Input such as pesticides, fungicides fertilizer are rarely
used / build up of pests and diseases is avoided by
periodic movements to the new lands.
Use of simple hand tools.
(4x ½ =2mks)
3.
Importance of sub soiling
-
Important in breaking up the hardpans in areas where
they have formed after primary cultivation(1x1)
4.
Four advantages of tissue culture.
-
Lead to production of pathogen free plants
used in production of propagules.
Fast and requires less space
Higher annual yield per unit area of land
(3x ½ = 2mks)
four benefits of optmum soil temperature
Enhance seed germination
Enhances plant growth.
Enhance soil microbial activities
Improves quality of crops e.g. Tea, pineapples.
(2x ½ =2mks)
Four factors that influence soil productivity
Soil depth / drainage / aeration
Water holding capacity
Level of nutrients / cation exchange
Soil pH/ Soil borne - pests and diseases
(4x ½ =2mks)
Three characteristics of fixed inputs
Quality used does not vary with level of production
They are not allocated to specific enterprise
The cost value is not used in calculation of gross margin
(½ x3)
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5.
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6.
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7.
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8.
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˗
9.
˗
˗
Four factors that determine depth of ploughing
Type of crop/rooting system of crop to be grown.
Type of implement available.
Type of soil.
Soil moisture content at ploughing time
Presence of certain weeds e.g. cough grass.
(4x ½ =2mks
Two main methods of conveying water
Transporting in containers.
Piping / use of channels
(1X2= 2mks)
10. Difference between seed dormancy and seed
viabilitDormancy- is the inability of seed to geminate
even if conditions for germination are provided.
- Seed viability- is the measure of how many seeds are
alive and can be able to germinate given the necessary
conditions
11. Four factors that determine spacing
˗ Soil moisture content
˗ Seed size.
˗ Soil type.
˗ Type of germination
˗ Soil moisture content
˗ Soil fertility.
˗ Machinery to be used.
˗ Intended use of the crop.
˗ Growth habit
˗ Prevalence of pests and diseases.
˗ Cropping system used.
(4x ½ =2mks)
12. Meaning of terms as used in forage establishment.
(a) Topping
- Removal of stemy fibrous material left over after a
period of grazing to allow new pasture to regrow.(1x1)
(b) ley pasture
- Highly productive pasture composed largely of grasses
and clovers
(1x1)
(c) Rest period
- The period within which you stop grazing so that
pasture can regenerate.
(1x1)
13 Causes of blossom end rot
a) Irregular watering of the crop/ water stress
Excess application of Nitrogen in early stages
Deficiency of element calcium in young fruits
(1/2x 3= 11/2mks)
b). control of blossom end rot
˗ Regular watering
˗
Addition of calcium into the soil
(1/2 mk)
14. (a) Afforestation is the practice of growing trees in
areas where they had not existed,
(b) Re- afforestation is the practice of growing trees
where they have been harvested.
( 2X1 = 2 mks)
15. Factors that contribute to competitive ability of weeds
˗ Produce large quantities of seeds
˗ Seeds remain viable for along time
˗ They have effective mechanisms of dispersal
˗ Some weeds have the ability to propagate both by seeds
and vegetatively.
˗ They have elaborate root system.
˗ Some have underground structures difficult to control.
˗ Some are able to survive with limited nutrients.
˗ Some are able to compress their life cycle.
˗ Some weeds are allelopathic. (4x ½ =2mks)
16 four types of micro catchments
- Crossed strip catchment
- Mound micro catchment
- Runoff strips
- Contour bench- terraces system
- Catchment basins
- Contour stone bunds
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Negarims
SECTION B (20MKS)
17. (a) Capillarity (1mk)
-
( 4x½=2 mks)
ii. Weed control
˗ The field should be kept weed free throughout the
crop growing period. First weeding is first carried
out 2-3 weeks after emergence of the crop.
˗ Avoid weeding during the flowering stage so as not
to knock down flowers
(2x1 = 2
marks)
iii. Harvesting
˗
Harvest after 3-4 months
˗ Is done when all pods have turned brown or hard
but before the pods start shattering away seeds.
˗ Small scale farmers usually harvest beans by
uprooting whole plant.
˗ Dry the beans on bare earth, mats to a moisture
content of 10% then dust with Actellic.
˗ Thresh and winnow to obtain clean bean seeds.
(
1x5=5 marks
(b) Properties of soil J.
Well aerated
Porous
Low amount of humus
Well drained
( 4x½ =2 mks)
(c) L- It has high water holding capacity required in
paddy rice (2mks)
18.
(a) method of compost making
Indore method (1mk)
(b) factors to consider when sitting the structure
- well drained place
- direction of prevailing wind
- size of the farm
- accessibility
- topography
( 4x½ =2 mks)
(c) Function of the following materials in preparation
of compost manure:
(i) Top soil
(1mk)
- Introduces microorganism necessary for
decomposition of organic material.
(ii) Wood ash
- Improve level of phosphorous and pottasium in
resulting manure
19. i) Chitting/sprouting.
(1x1 = 1mk)
ii) Humidity/moist environment
Diffuse light.(NB Avoid dark room).
(1x2 = 2mks)
iii) Ensure uniform growth after selection.
To ensure growth commences immediately after
planting.
To break seed dormancy.
(2x1 = 2mks)
20 . a) Identity of structure.
Cut off drain
1 mk
b) Identity of parts labelled L and M.
L - Embankment/ridge
M - Channel/trench
(2mks)
c) How part labelled L is stabilized after construction.
Through planting grass on it.
(1mk)
d) One factor determining the width and depth of the
structure.
The expected volume of run-off.
The bedrock/soil type.
1x1 = 1mk
SECTION C ( 40MKS)
21.
(a) i) Planting
Time of sowing
˗ Timely planting should be observed.
˗ Before onset of heavy rains
˗ Early maturing planted in short rains
˗ Late maturing planted at start of long rains.
˗ Plant Certified seeds.
˗ Innoculate seeds with nitroculture to boost
nodulation
˗ Depth of planting 3-5 cm
˗ Spaced at 60 cm x15cm
˗ Apply phosphatic fertilizer at planting (2 marks)
Any 5 correct points(1x5 =5 marks
(b)
˗ Time is wasted in movement: the cause of distance
between parcels.
˗ Difficult to properly and efficiently control weeds and
pests. This is because fragments are usually surrounded
by people holding neglected.
˗ Difficult to follow up sound farm plan; because of
distance between fragments and farmers home.
˗ Difficult to supervise scattered plots. Labour force
knows that you are usually absent.
˗ Control of parasite and pests in difficulty; because
animal spread as they move between plots.
˗ Difficult in getting agricultural extension services.
Extension workers don‘t concentrate well with
˗ the farmer.
˗ Difficult in carrying out soil conservation measures.
Any attempt is destroyed by run off from neighbouring
fields.
Agricultural production is less. This is the net result of
above problems.
22. a) Advantages of budgeting in farming.
- It helps the farmer in decision making.
- It enables the farmer to predict future returns so as to
plan ahead.
- It helps the farmer to avoid incurring losses by
investing in less profitable enterprises.
- It enables farmers to secure loans from financial
institutions.
- It ensures a periodic analysis of the farm business.
- It acts as a record which can be used for future
reference.
- It pinpoints efficiency or weaknesses farm operations.
Any 5pts x
2mk = 5mks
-
b) Types of risks and uncertainties.
Fluctuation of commodity prices.
Physical yield uncertainty - dues not known how much
to expect.
Ownership uncertainty - The farmer lose part or whole
of the produce through theft, fire or death.
Outbreak of pests and diseases.
Sickness and injury uncertainty.
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
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New production technique and uncertainty.
Obsolescence - A farmer may invest in machinery
which may become outdated.
- Natural catastrophes e.g. floods, drought, earthquakes,
storms and strong winds.
Any 5pts x 1mk = 5mks
c)
Importance of pruning perennial crops e.g. Tea,
coffee.
- To regulate quantity and quality of fruits or flowers
- In tea pruning is done to stop the upwards growth of the
plant to allow the sideways growth hence making
plucking of the leaves easy
- To remove all branches broken, dead pr diseased.
- To permit air circulation and secure more light for most
parts of crop.
- To remove branches and fruits that rub against each
other.
- To make certain field operations easier and effective
e.g. spraying
(1x5 =5 marks)
23. (a) Effects of liberalization of Agriculture markets to
farming in Kenya.
- Flooding of local market with cheaply produced
products such as sugar from Brazil.
- Countries like Kenya have subsidized production costs
produce cheap agriculture products therefore may not
export some of these commodities resulting to low
income.
- Some companies have closed down rendering most
people jobless.
- Developing countries like Kenya can now market their
products to other countries which due to their climatic
conditions cannot produce the same products.
- Agricultural inputs can be acquired from cheaper
sources that are nearer and cheaper.
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bilateral trades relations do not have to have strings
attached.
Lead to diversification of Agriculture commodities
( 5x2=10 marks)
(b) How price is determined in a free market situation.
Prices are determined by the supply and demand forces
in the market.
When price is high supply is high but the demand is
low. When the price is too low the supply is also low,
but the demand is high.
When quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied
then this is an equilibrium price. There‘s no
competition among supplier and consumers because
both parties are satisfied.
(1x3=3 marks)
(c) How government policies affect agricultural
production
Heavy taxation of imports in order to protect local
industries.
Subsidising the growing of locally produced
commodities. This makes commodities cheap and
affordable by farmers.
Quality controls i.e. controls the production of high
quality goods for export and domestic markets.
Conservation of natural resources to sustain agriculture.
Stepping up the control of diseases and parasites that
affect crops and livestock e.g by imposing of
quarantine, vaccination of animals.
Motivating agriculture extension workers so that they
can disseminate modern farming techniques.
Encouraging and providing farmers training.
(1x7 = 7 marks)
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KAMDARA JET -2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
Aberdeen Angus
(1 × 1=1mk)
Makes it easy to select for breeding
Facilitates treatment of sick animals
Facilitates culling of poor animals
Facilitates identification for special feeding.
Facilitates individual assessment of animals by record keeping.(5 × ½=2 ½ mks )
Makes easy to trace animals if lost or stolen.
Oval in shape
Brown in colour /white in colour
Smooth shelled
Should be clean
Should have an average weight of 57 grammes
(4 × ½ =2mks)
(a)
˗ -Species
˗ breed
˗ Age
˗ sex
˗ skin colour
(4 × ½ =2mks)
(b)
˗ Isolation in separation and confinement of sick animals from healthy animals to prevent disease infection and spread.
˗ Quarantine is restriction of movement of animals and their products from and into an area in which a notifiable disease as
broken out.
Mark as a whole
(1 × 1= 1 )mark
c)
mud Snail / water snail, cattle / pig;
Prevents moisture from rising up the wall.
( 2 x ½ = (1mk)
(1 × ½ mk)
Restlessness
Enlargement of the vulva
Slackening of the muscles on the sides of the tail.
Loss of appetite
Enlargement of the udder and teats
Collection of beddings at a corner to make a nest.
Reasons for raddling .
Help to identify ewes that have been served.
Help to identify rams that have served a particular ewe.
Help to identify infertile ewes and rams.
Vaginitis
Trichonomiasis
(5 × ½ =2 ½ mks)
(2 x1=2 mks)
-Brucellosis/contagious abortion /bangs disease.
-Orchtis
Dung is used as fuel
Used to provide meat / milk /food
Long bones are used for making tents
Hides used in leather industry
provide transport
for recreation purposes
(2 × ½ 1 mk)
(4 × ½ =2 mks)
10. Three harmful effects of ticks.
(1/2x 3=1 1/2 mk)
˗ Suck blood from host animal leading to anaemia.
˗ Cause wounds through bites which acts as routes for secondary infection.
˗ Cause irritation through their bites.
˗ Their bites lower value of hides and skin.
˗ Some ticks produce toxins that may cause adverse effects.
11. factors when siting farm structures.
˗ Location of the homestead.
-Relationship between structures.
˗ Accessibility
-Farmer‘s taste and preference.
( 4x1/2=2 mk)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
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Security drainage
Direction of the prevailing wind
12
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Categories of farm tools.
Garden tools and equipment.
Workshop tools and equipment.
Livestock production tools and equipment.
Masonry tools and equipment.
Plumbing tools and equipment.
-Proximity to amenities.
-Topography of an area.
(4x1/2=2mk)
13
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14
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15.
Reasons for proper care of tools and equipment.
( 4x1/2=2mk)
To increase durability.
To reduce replacement cost.
To increase efficiency .
To avoid injury to the user .
To avoid damage to the tool.
Cause of cannibalism.( 4x ½ =2 mks)
Presence of external parasites.
-Overcrowding.
Bright light.
-Prolapse
-Introduction of new bird in a flock.
-Mineral deficiency.
Difference between rip and tenon saw. (1 mk)
Rip saw is used for cutting along the grains of wood while tenon saw is used for fine sawing and small cutting work e.g.
joints
16 Two diseases controlled by vaccines. (1 mk)
˗ Foot and mouth
˗ Rabies
˗ Rinderpest
˗ Anthrax
˗ Black water
17 Broiler and capon.
(1/2x2=1mk)
Broiler is a bird kept for meat production while capon is a castrated male bird.
18. Advantages of embryo transplant.
(2x1/2=1mk)
˗ A highly productive female animal can be spread over a wide area.
˗ Its easier to transport embryos in test-tubes than a whole animal.
˗ Embryos can be stored for long periods before transplant .
˗ It stimulates milk production in a female not ready to produce. /Stimulate milk production in an infertile high yielding female
˗ Its possible to implant embryos from high quality female to less valuable one.
SECTION B (40 MKS)
19. a)
46 points 
Maize meal 6%





18 



Fish Meal 64%
12 parts
58 total parts
(4 x ½ = 2)
46
58 200  = 158.6 
12 200  = 41.4 
Fish meal
58
Maize Meal
b)
˗ Vitamins
˗ Mineral elements / salts
20. (a) A-Burdizzo
B- Watering can
(b)
˗ Straightening bent metal surfaces.
(4 x ½ = 2)
(2 x ½ = 1)
(1 × 1=1 mk)
(2× 1/2=1 mk)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
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(c)
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Riveting
Stinking head of cold chisel.
(1 ×1=1 mk)
clean after use to remove dirt.
Greasing to reduce friction
Sharpen blunt blade to facilitate cutting.
Mark as a whole
(2 × 1=2 mks)
21. (a) A- Seminal vesicles
B - Prostate gland (Reject prostrate gland )
C - Sperm ducts
(b) B - Secretes a fluid that neutralizes acidity in the urethra.
D - Stores spermatozoa temporarily
F- Passage of semen
passage of semen
(3 × ½ =1 ½ mks)
(c)
˗ Located outside the body to ensure proper tempratures for spermatogenesis.
˗ Contraction of the scrotal sac pulling the testis closer to the body in cold weather for them to attain the proper
tempratures for spermatogenesis. (1x2=2mk)
22. i) Environmental problem in each brooder.
(1x3=3mk)
A Brooder is cold ,Chicks crowd around heat source.
B Excess heat, Chicks move away from the heat source.
C Draught from one side.
ii) Two ways of overcoming B.
(1x2=2mk)
˗ Reducing the amount of heat.
˗ Proper ventilation of the brooder.
˗ Open windows to allow cool air into the brooder.
˗ Located between legs for protection against shock and injury.
(SECTION C 40 MKS)
23 a)
˗ Shortages of food and water forces the bees to migrate in search of the same
˗ Disease outbreak
˗ Attacked by pests /predators
˗ Bad smell
˗
Overcrowding in the hive
˗ Infertile queen
˗ Sick or death queen
(1x5 = 5 mks)
˗ Excess heat in the hive
(6x1=6mks)
b)
˗ Any sudden change in routine
˗ Parasite infections
˗ Lack of food & water
˗ Strangers & predators in the birds house
˗ Sudden noise such as passing tractors/thunder
˗ Poor handling of birds during routine practices
˗ Over crowding which leads to completing for space
˗ Weather changes
˗ Poor lighting in poultry house
˗ Inadequate laying nest
˗ Disease infection
10 x 1 = 10mks
c)
˗ Making boundaries
˗ Avoid land disputes
˗ Keep off wild animals & intruders / provide security
˗ Allow practice of mixed farming
˗ Facilitate rotational grazing
˗ Control animal movement in the farm
˗ Isolate or confine animal that require special attention
˗ Control breeding by paddocking
˗ Hedges act as windbreakers
˗ Add beauty to the farm
˗ Add value
˗ For privacy
5 x 1 = 5mks
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24.
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(a) Advantages of farm mechanization
Makes operations timely and faster
Makes work easier and enjoyable / reduce drudgery.
High quality job is done than human labour
There is increased efficiency
Pests and diseases outbreak can be controlled relatively in a shorter time.
Farmers benefit from economies of scale
Economical in times of labour demand
High yields are achieved because farm operations are carried out on time.
(5 x 1 = 5mrks)
(b) Maintenance of a water cooling system of a tractor
˗ Water pump should be lubricated regularly
˗ Clean water should be used in the radiator to trash removed from the fins
˗ All pipes should be filter highly to avoid leakage
˗ The radiator should be filled with clean water before starting the days work.
˗ The fan belt tension should be checked regularly and if too-light or too loose should be adjusted accordingly.
(c)
(i) Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and wild animals which are cloven footed.
(2x1 = 2mrks)
(ii) Causal agent;
Virus
(1x1 = 1mk)
(iii) Symptoms of the diseases.
˗ The animal develops high temperature
˗ The animal has a staring coat
˗ There are discharges in the mouth and nose.
˗ the eyes appear watery.
˗ there is diarrhea and dysentery
˗ the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose become red. Alsodevelop wounds or ulcers.
˗ Animals become emaciated.
˗ Animals do ground their teeth
˗ Death occurs in two - ten days after incubation in acute cases but may live for three more weeks in less acute cases.
(iv) Control measures.
- Vaccination every six months.
- quarantine measures be applied
- Kill all affected animals
- Nurse animals with disinfectants on wounds. Antibiotics prevent entry of other diseases. (3 x 1 = 3 mrks)
25 (a) Factors affecting digestibility of food in livestock
˗ Chemical composition of the feed e.g. % of lignin or cellulose will influencedigestibility
˗ The form in which the feed is offered to the animal e.g. crushed maize is more digestible than whole grain.
˗ The species of the animal e.g. the digestibility of grass is higher in sleep than inPigs.
˗ The ratio of energy to protein will affect digestibility. The higher the ratio the lower the digestibility
˗ The quantity of feed already present in the digestive system of an animal.
b)
(i) Healthy milking heard
Should be free from milk-borne diseases such as brucellosis‘ and tuberculosis which is easily transmitted to man (ii)
Clean milking cows
The flanks underline and the whole udder should be washed and dried thoroughly before milking (iii)
Healthy and clean milk -man
A milker suffering from any contagious diseases should not be allowed to milk or handle milk (iv)
Clean milking shed
Milking she or palour should be kept clean ,free from dust or odours
(v) Clean milking utensils
The milking utencils and equipments should be seamless, smooth with joints filled to facilitate easy cleaning (vi)
Milk filtration /cooling and storage
Milk should filtered and cooled down to 5C0 immediately after milking immediately after milking (vii)
Avoid flavours in milk
Bad flaours in milk are caused by foodstuffs and ovulation should be avoided before milking
(7 x1 = 7mks)
(c) Disadvantages of Natural method of mating
˗ High chances of in breeding or in breeding is not controlled.
˗ High chances of breeding disease transmission ie brucellosis or parasites such as trichonomas spp
˗ Males require extra pasture to feed on.
˗ Large males can injure small females.
˗ A lot of semen is wasted as single ejaculation produce semen that can serve several cows.
˗ It is cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull to hot areas to serve cows.
(5 x 1 = 5mrks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
(a) State three factors that determine the method used to harvest a crop.
(1½ marks)
(b) Give four ways in which cereals are stored in Kenya.
(2 marks)
Outline two disadvantages of tenancy system in farming.
(1 mark)
Give three reasons for sowing annual crops early.
(1½ marks)
Outline two control measures of downy mildew in onions.
(1 mark)
Name two pasture legumes grown in medium altitude zones.
(1 mark)
Give three effects of riverbank erosion.
(1½ marks)
Give two reasons why root pruning is done in the nursery management in agroforestry.
(1 mark)
State four sources of nitrogen in the soil.
(2 marks)
State four factors that determine the choice of a crop enterprise.
(2 marks)
Give three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture.
(1½ marks)
(i) Give two destructive effects of moles in crop production.
(1 mark)
(ii) Apart from moles name two other rodent pests.
(1 mark)
(a) Define the term joint products.
(1 mark)
(b) Outline two examples of joint products in crop production.
(1 mark)
Name the part planted for each of the following crops.
(1½ marks)
(a) Sisal
(b) Irish potatoes……………………………………………………………………….
(c) Pyrethrum………………………………………………………………………….
Suppose a farmer has to apply 30kg of P2O5 per hectare and he had the fertilizer labelled 21: 15: 60 at his disposal, calculate
the amount of the fertilizer 21: 15: 60 he will require for two hectares of land.
(2 marks)
State four financial documents used in the farm.
(2 marks)
List two methods of plucking tea.
(1 mark)
State three ways in which crop rotation can improve soil fertility.
(1½ marks)
Outline two basic economic concepts of agriculture.
(1 mark)
State two characteristics of plants used for green manure.
(1 mark)
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
20. A farmer wishes to change her enterprise from vegetable production to dairy cattle rearing. The cost she incurs in growing of
vegetables is as follows.
Weeding
Sh.200
Harvesting Sh.300
Fertilizer
Sh.500
Seeds
Sh.400
When she changes her enterprise to dairy cattle she incurs the following: Cost
of buying cattle Sh.5000
Disease control
Sh.200
Salary of milk person Sh.2000
Fencing
Sh.500
The revenues she gets when growing vegetable is Sh.10,000. In dairy production, the revenue she gets from milk sales is
Sh.15,000 and manure sales Sh.1000.
Draw up the partial budget and indicate the effect of the change. (Show your working).
21. The diagram below show practices carried out in the farm.
Diagram A
(5 marks)
Diagram B
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(a) Identify the practices.
(2 marks)
(b) Give the reasons for carrying out the practices.
22. Below are the pests that commonly attack the crops. Study them carefully and answer questions that follow.
(a)
(b)
(c)
23. (a)
(b)
Identify the pests labelled P, Q, R and S.
What kind of mouth parts do they possess?
Give two ways in which pests can be categorised depending on their habitat.
Give three reasons why it is difficult to control Sodom apple; Solanum incanum.
State two mechanical methods used in separating soil in soil analysis.
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section.
24. (a) Describe harvesting of pyrethrum under the following sub-headings.
(i) Procedure.
(ii) Precautions.
(b) Outline five measures taken to prevent water pollution.
(c) Describe the effects of land fragmentation and subdivision.
25. (a) Explain five ways by which farmers minimize grain loses in store.
(b) Outline eight roles of a farm manager.
(c) Outline seven importances of agroforestry.
26. (a) Describe production of napier grass under the following subheadings.
(i) Land preparation.
(ii) Planting.
(iii) Utilisation.
(b) Outline four importance of banking services to a Kenyan farmer.
(c) State two effects of weeds on pastures.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(8 marks)
(7 marks)
(3 marks)
(6 marks)
(3 marks)
(4 marks)
(4 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Name three meat breeds of sheep.
Name two lubricants used in a tractor engine.
Differentiate between oestrus cycle and heat period.
Mention any three signs of heat in rabbits.
State four functions of harrows as farm implement.
State two field conditions under which a fork jembe would be more suitable for use than a jembe.
(a) Give a reason why ruminant animals are able to digest napier grass.
(b) List the four compartments of a ruminant stomach in an orderly sequence.
Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health.
(a) Quarantine.
(b) Isolation.
(c) Zoonotic disease.
State four reasons why honey harvesting is discouraged at night.
Differentiate between cropping and harvesting in fish keeping.
Give the functions of the following farm tools and equipment.
(a) Center punch.
(b) Wire strainer.
State four reasons why piglets should be weighed immediately after birth and weaning.
(a) Name two categories of vaccines.
(b) Give two ways of administering vaccines in livestock.
Give four advantages of indigeneous cattle over the exotic cattle breeds.
State two ways in which proper feeding contributes to disease control in livestock.
(a) List down four farm operations that are powered by engines.
(b) Name two common types of mowers.
State three sources of water in the animal‘s body.
Which camel breed has two humps?
(1½ marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1½ marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(½ mark)
(½ mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1½ marks)
(½ mark)
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
19. The following diagram illustrate symptoms of a disease in poultry. Study it carefully and answer the question that follows.
Lesions or
wound
Lesions or
wound
(a) Identify: (i)
The disease.
(½ mark)
(ii)
The causal organism.
(½ mark)
(b) State two other symptoms of the disease apart from lesion.
(2 marks)
(c) State two control measures for the disease.
(2 marks)
20. The following illustration represents a certain practice carried out in sheep management. Study this illustration and answer
the questions that follows:
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(a) Identify the practice illustrated above.
(b) Name the tool being used in carrying out the practice illustrated above.
(c) State two precautions that should be taken when carried out the above practice.
(d) How often should the practice be carried out.
21. Below is an illustration of a fish pond. Study it carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
C
D
A
D
A
B
(a) Give the reasons why part D is usually deeper than the rest of the pond.
(1 mark)
(b) Name the parts labelled.
(1½ marks)
(c) Give two reasons why a fence should be constructed around the fish pond.
(1 mark)
(d) State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on this fish pond apart from fencing.
(1½ marks)
22. The diagram below shows the cooling system of a tractor engine. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Filter cap
J
Top hose
K
Piston
H
G
Bottom hose
Crank case/sump
(a) Name the parts labelled.
(b) State the functions of the parts labelled G, J and K in the cooling system.
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from the section.
23. (a) Describe the management of a sow during parturition.
(b) Outline five control measures of cannibalism in poultry keeping.
(c) Explain the precautions observed in handling of bees.
24. (a) Describe the lifecycle of a three host tick.
(b)
(c)
25. (a)
(b)
(c)
Give six importance of keeping animals healthy.
Explain nine factors considered when selecting livestock for breeding.
Describe the procedure for establishing a barbed wire fence.
State five advantages of a spray race.
(i) Give five maintenance practices of a trailer.
(ii) Mention three advantages of natural calf rearing.
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(10 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(6 marks)
(9 marks)
(7 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(3 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
-
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
(a) Factors that determine the method used to harvest a crop.
Growth habit of the crop.
- Scale of production
Part harvested.
(b) Ways in which cereals are stored in Kenya.
In traditional granaries.
- In Cyprus silos/bins.
In maize cribs.
- In bags.
2.
-
Outline two disadvantages of tenancy system in farming.
(1 mark)
Soil conservation measures can be poor particularly when the lease period is short or there is no written agreement.
There may be no incentives to make expensive long term/permanent investment on land.
The method of rent repayment for example share cropping may discourage the tenant from intensive investment.
The tenant has no title deed to act as security.
3.
-
Reasons for sowing annual crops early.
To establish early.
To withstand competition from weeds.
Better utilization of soil moisture.
To escape pest and diseases attack.
To benefit from the nitrogen flush that is usually abundant at the stand of rains.
4.
-
Control measures of downy mildew in onions.
Spraying the crop with appropriate fungicide.
Use certified seeds/healthy seedlings.
5.
-
Two pasture legumes grown in medium altitude zones.
(1 mark)
Lucerne.
Desmodium - Accept specific species of desmodium i.e. either silver leaf desmodium or green leaf desmodium.
Stylo
6.
-
Effects of riverbank erosion.
Material carried by water damage the bank.
Widens the river bed.
Sedimentation reduces river depth.
Leads to water pollution.
(1½ marks)
7.
-
Reasons for root pruning.
Make lifting of seedlings during transplanting easier.
To minimize root damage during transplanting.
For seedlings to develop short and dense root system.
(1 mark)
8.
-
Sources of nitrogen in the soil.
(2 marks)
Nitrogen fertilizers e.g. CAN and urea.
Organic manure. Ac. specific organic manure e.g. Farm yard manure, compost manure.
Fixation by nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Fixation by lightning.
Action of algae in paddy rice fields.
9.
-
Factors that determine the choice of a crop enterprise.
(2 marks)
Size of land.
- Farmers objectives/preferences and tastes of the farmer.
Capital.
- Knowledge/skill of the farmer.
Type of land tenure system.
- Government policies.
Market availability.
1.
-
10. Properties of soil that are influenced by its texture.
- Drainage.
- Fertility.
- Capillarity.
- Aeration
(1½ marks)
(2 marks)
(1½ marks)
(1 mark)
- Planting resistant varieties.
- Roueging.
(1½ marks)
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11.
-
(i) Destructive effects of moles in crop production.
Unearth planted seeds.
Pulls plants underground causing their death.
Spoil pastures by covering them with soil.
Destroy crop roots thus interfering with absorption of water and nutrients.
(ii) Other rodent pests.
Mice.
- Porcupines.
Rats.
- Hedgehog.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
12. (a) Define the term joint products.
(1 mark)
This is a situation whereby a farmer aims at producing one product, but automatically ends in getting another product.
(b) Examples of joint products in crop production.
(1 mark)
- Beef and hides.
- Cotton lint and cotton seed.
- Mutton and skin.
- Milk and butter.
- Honey and wax.
13. Part planted for each of the following crops.
(a) Sisal - bulbil/suckers.
(b)
(c) Pyrethrum - splits.
30
14.
(1½ marks)
Irish potatoes - stem tuber
= 200kg of the fertiliser 21:15: 60 
15
2ha = 200 x 2 = 400kg of the fertiliser 21:15: 60 
15.
-
Financial documents used in the farm.
(2 marks)
Invoice.
- Delivery note.
Statement/Accept statement of account.
- Purchase order/Accept local purchase order.
Receipt.
16. Methods of plucking tea.
- Fine plucking/light plucking.
17.
-
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
- Coarse plucking/hand plucking.
Ways in which crop rotation can improve soil fertility.
(1½ marks)
Leguminous crops should be included to improve soil fertility.
Crop from same family should be alternated in order to discourage excessive infection of soil borne pests and diseases.
Inclusion of a grass ley to improve on soil structure.
18. Basic economic concepts of agriculture.
- Scarcity.
- Preference and choice.
- Opportunity cost.
19.
-
Characteristics of plants used for green manure.
Should be highly leafy.
Fast in growth.
Highly nutritious/Nitrogen fixing/leguminous.
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
20. Partial Budget
Debit (-)
Extra cost
Buying cattle
Disease control
Salary
Fencing
Sub-total
Revenue foregone
Vegetables
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
- Fast rotting.
- Should be hardy/Have an ability to grow in poor soils.
Sh
Credit (+)
Extra revenue
5000 Sale of milk
200 Sale of manure
2000 Sub-total
__500 Cost saved
_7700 Weeding
Harvesting
10000 Fertilizer
_____ Seed
Total (EC + RF)
17700 Total (ER + CS)
(Extra revenue + Cost saved) - (Extra cost + Revenue foregone)
17400 - 17700 = -300 ½
The farmer should not replace vegetable with dairy. ½
Sh
15000
__1000
16000
200
300
500
__400
17400
(5 marks)
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21. (a) Identify the practices.
A - Ridging
B - Gabion
(b) A
- Proper drainage around the crop.
- Easy harvesting of tubers.
- Facilitate expansion of tubers.
B - Control soil erosion.
(2 marks)
22. (a) Pests labelled P, Q, R and S.
- P - Locusts
- Q - Army worm
- R - Cut worm
- S - Bollworm
(2 marks)
(b)
(c)
23.
-
Biting and chewing.
Two ways in which pests can be categorised depending on their habitat.
Field pests.
Storage pests.
(a) Three reasons why it is difficult to control Sodom apple; Solanum incanum.
Seed remain viable for long time.
Have effective mechanism of dispersal
Have elaborate rooting system.
(b) Two mechanical methods used in separating soil in soil analysis.
a. Mixing soil with water then shaking/sedimentation method.
b. By use of series of sieve/sieving method.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
24. (a) Describe harvesting of pyrethrum under the following sub-headings.
(i)
Procedure.
- Pick flowers selectively.
- Pick flower with horizontal petals with three or two rows of disc florets open.
- Pick by twisting the leaf so that no stem is left attached.
- Put the picked flowers in woven baskets.
- Picking starts 3-4 months after planting.
(ii)
Precautions.
- Picked flowers are put in woven baskets to allow ventilation and avoid fermentation.
- Wet flowers should not be picked since they heat up and ferment.
- Picked flowers should not be compacted to avoid heating up and fermentation.
- Suitable picking intervals are 14-21 days to avoid overgrown or young flowers.
- Break flower stalks to maintain quality.
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
˗
-
(b) Measures taken to prevent water pollution.
Fencing water sources.
Installing soil conservation measures.
Treating industrial effluents before dumping them into water sources.
Using non-chemical methods in Agriculture such as organic farming.
Avoiding grazing cattle/livestock near water sources.
Treating sewage before directing it into water bodies.
(c) Effects of land fragmentation and subdivision.
Time wastage.
Difficult to follow sound farm plans.
Difficult to supervise the scattered plots.
Difficult to control livestock diseases and pests.
Soil and water conservation measures are difficult to carry out.
It is difficult to restrict grazing.
Difficult to offer extension services.
Agricultural production remains poor.
25.
-
(a) Ways by which farmers minimize grain loses in store.
Drying them before storage to make them hard for pest not to penetrate.
Use of proper storage facilities e.g. free from leakage.
Dusting with appropriate chemical to kill pests.
Removal of affected grains to reduce spread of pests/diseases to clean produce.
Rear cats to control rodents/rats clear bush around the store to keep away vermin.
Cleaning store before use to control contamination of grain.
(5 marks)
-
(5 marks)
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(b) Roles of a farm manager.
Gathering information e.g. market, labour trends and weather conditions.
Decisions implementation/implementing farm decisions.
Short term planning e.g. when to till the land, when to plant, harvest etc.
Long term planning e.g. starting of a new enterprise.
Detecting weakness in farm operations.
Making comparison between his level of production and the set standards,
Bearing risks.
To hire and fire farm labour when need be and reward the workers appropriately.
To raise the financial and other resources through savings or borrowing.
To organize and supervise other factors of production such as labour, land and capital.
Purchase inputs required for the farm business.
-
(c) Importance of agroforestry.
Source of energy/wood fuel.
Source of food for human and animals (fodder).
Source of income from the sale of by-products of the trees or trees themselves.
They improve soil fertility by fixing nitrogen hence adding nitrates into the soil.
Source of nectar and pollen for honey production.
Trees help in soil and water conservation.
The trees provide raw materials to industries.
Trees on the farm saves on labour used by women and children in collecting firewood.
(8 marks)
(7 marks)
26. (a) Describe production of napier grass under the following subheadings.
(i)
Land preparation.
(3 marks)
- Practice early seedbed preparation/Done during dry season before the rains.
- Clear all the vegetation/remove stumps.
- Carry out primary tillage.
- Dig deeply to remove all perennial weeds.
- Carry out secondary tillage/Harrow to medium tilth.
(ii)
Planting.
(6 marks)
- Plant at the onset of rains/early planting.
- Select desirable napier grass variety for the ecological area.
- Use healthy planting material.
- Use stem cuttings/canes or splits for planting.
- Cuttings should have 3-5 nodes.
- Place cuttings at a slanting position/overlapping in furrows/Holes made 100cm and50cm between plants.
- Use appropriate fertilizers (20-20-0) at a rate of 200kg/ha.
- Apply about 7-10 tones of well decomposed organic manure.
- Cover the material with soil to appropriate depth.
(iii)
Utilisation.
(3 marks)
- Cut the stem at 2.5-5cm above the ground surface.
- Use a sharp panga for cutting.
- Conserve excess as silage.
- Chop napier grass into small pieces feeding to livestock.
- Napier grass can be dried and used as mulch.
- Cut at the right stage growth 13 - 5 months old..
-
(b) Importance of banking services to a Kenyan farmer.
(4 marks)
Safe keeping of farmer‘s money.
Provision of credit.
Provision of advice to farmers on how to use the offered credit.
Safe keeping of documents like log books and title deeds.
Acts as referee by providing bank statements when account holders requires credit from other institutions.
-
(c) State two effects of weeds on pastures.
They reduce the life span of the pastures.
Compete with forage crops for nutrients, sunlight and moisture.
Reduce quality and quantity of herbage yield.
Some weeds are poisonous to livestock.
Weeds interfere with pasture fertilisation.
(4 marks)
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KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION - 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1.
-
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Meat breeds of sheep.
Dorper.
Blackhead Persian.
Red Maasai Sheep.
2.
˗
˗
Two lubricants used in a tractor engine.
Oil
Grease
3.
Oestrus cycle and heat period.
(1 mark)
Oestrus cycle is the period between two successive heat periods in animals while heat period is the time when a female
animal is ready to accept mating to take place.
4.
-
Signs of heat in rabbits.
Restlessness.
Swollen vulva.
Frequent urination.
5.
-
Functions of harrows as farm implement.
Levelling the seedbed.
- Breaking large soil clods.
Mixing up soils.
- Covering broadcast seeds.
6.
-
Field conditions under which a fork jembe would be more suitable for use than a jembe.
A field with wet and sticky soil.
- A field with rhizomatous weeds.
A rocky field.
7.
(a) Reason why ruminant animals are able to digest napier grass.
They have micro-organisms/bacteria which help to breakdown cellulose.
(b) Four compartments of a ruminant stomach in an orderly sequence.
Rumen (Pauch)
- Reticulum (Honey comb)
Omasum (The book)
- Abomasum (True stomach)
-
(1½ marks)
(1 mark)
(1½ marks)
- The doe throws itself on its sides.
- The doe rubs herself against the walls.
- Tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
8.
(a) Quarantine.
(1 mark)
Laws by the government banning movement of livestock and their products into and out of an area during the period of an
outbreak of a notifiable or highly contagious and infectious disease.
(b) Isolation.
(1 mark)
Separating and confining a sick animal from the rest of the herd to prevent spread of a highly contagious disease.
(c) Zoonotic disease.
(1 mark)
A disease that can be transmitted from livestock to humans and vice versa.
9.
-
Why honey harvesting is discouraged at night.
To avoid damaging brood combs.
Can lead to crushing/destruction of bees for they cannot be seen properly.
Harvested honey can be contaminated.
To avoid accidental bush fires.
(2 marks)
10. Cropping and harvesting in fish keeping.
(1 mark)
Cropping is the removal of fish of marketable size from the pond while harvesting is the removal of all thefish from the pond .
11. Functions of the following farm tools and equipment.
(a) Center punch.
Used for marking points on the surface of metal sheets before drilling.
(b) Wire strainer.
Used for tightening barbed wire during fencing.
12.
-
(½ mark)
(½ mark)
Reasons why piglets should be weighed immediately after birth and weaning. (2 marks)
For selection purposes i.e. breeding and culling.
To know weight gain/food conversion/growth rate.
To determine the genetic potential of the sow.
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To determine the level of management of the sow during the gestation period.
To determine the sow‘s mothering ability.
13. (a) Categories of vaccines.
- Live virulent vaccines.
- Dead/killed vaccines
- Live attenuated vaccines.
- Toxoids.
(b) Ways of administering vaccines in livestock.
- Orally
- Inhalation.
- Injection.
- Through cloaca in poultry.
(1 mark)
14.
-
(2 marks)
Advantages of indigenous cattle over the exotic cattle breeds.
Highly tolerant to tropical diseases.
Tolerant to high temperatures.
Tolerant to parasites.
Can walk for long distances in search of water and pastures.
Have humps that store fats used in making metabolic water.
(1 mark)
15. How proper feeding contributes to disease control in livestock.
- It helps in preventing nutritional deficiency diseases.
- It imparts ability to resist diseases.
(1 mark)
16.
-
(2 marks)
-
(a) Farm operations that are powered by engines.
Ploughing and harrowing i.e. Land preparation. - Pumping water for irrigation.
Transporting farm produce.
- Harvesting farm products.
Spraying of herbicides/pesticides.
- Machine milking.
Mowing of grass.
(b) Two common types of mowers.
Reciprocating mower.
Rotary/gyro mower
(1 mark)
17. Sources of water in the animal’s body.
- From drinking (free water).
- From metabolism (metabolic water).
- From feed (bound water).
(1½ marks)
18. Camel breed has two humps?
(½ mark)
Bactrian.
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
19. (a) Identify:
(i) The disease.
Fowl pox/Avian pox.
(ii) The caused organism.
Virus/Avian fox.
(b) Symptoms of the disease apart from lesion.
- There is watery discharge through eyes and nose in early stage of infection.
- There is difficulty in breathing and swallowing.
- The bird is emaciated and this may cause death.
- The bird become dull.
- Loss of appetite.
(c) Control measures for the disease.
- Isolation of the affected birds.
- Removal and killing of all affected birds.
- The remaining healthy birds should be vaccinated.
- Observe hygiene in poultry house.
(½ mark)
(½ mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
20. (a) The practice is. Shearing.
(1 mark)
(b) The tool is.
Wool shears.
(1 mark)
(c) Two precautions.
(2 marks)
˗ Shearing should be done on clean floor free from grease and vegetable oils.
˗ Shearing should be done during a dry warm season to avoid cold shorn sheep suffering from exposure.
˗ Care should be taken not to cut the skin, testicles, udder, vulva and penis during shearing.
˗ Frequency of shearing should be carried out once per year,.
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21. (a) Part D is usually deeper than the rest of the pond.
(1 mark)
It provide a breeding place for the fish.
(b) Name the parts labelled.
(1½ marks)
A - Spillway.
B - Draining channel/pipes.
C - Inlet channel/inlet pipes
(c) Two reasons why a fence should be constructed around the fish pond. (1 mark)
- To control fish predators.
- To prevent theft of fish/unauthorized fishing.
(d) Three maintenance practices that should be carried out on this fish pond apart from fencing. (1½ marks)
- Seal the cracks on walls to prevent leakage.
- Maintain correct depth/prevent silting/remove silt.
- Plant grass on walls to avoid erosion.
- Drain and replace water as recommended.
- Clear off vegetation around the pond.
22. (a) Name the parts labelled.
(2 marks)
G - Fan.
H - Fin/radiator fin.
J - Head tank K - Thermostat
(b) Functions of the parts labelled G, J and K in the cooling system.
(3 marks)
G - Fan-blow air currents through the fins to cool the hot water coming from the engine block as it moves to the head
tank for further circulation.
J - Head tank - Holding/storing water for this cooling system.
K - Thermostat - Regulate water temperature in the engine.
23.
-
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
(a) Management of a sow during parturition.
(10 marks)
Deworm 7-10 days before parturition/spray the sow against external parasites/wash its body with soap and water.
Take the sow to the farrowing pen at least 5-7 days before the expected date of parturition.
Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen
Provide creep area.
Feed the sow entirely on bran.
Provide clean bedding materials in the farrowing pen.
Do not interfere but watch from a distance during farrowing.
Assist where necessary.
Ensure piglets are breathing.
Perform artificial respiration.
Ensure piglets are safe from being cannibalized by the sow.
Tie, cut and disinfect the navel cord of the piglet.
Weigh each piglet and record the birth weight.
Remove and dispose off the after birth/any piglet born dead (still births).
Put piglets in a warm place.
Ensure piglets suckle colostrum.
Get rid of excess piglets.
Provide plenty of clean water after parturition.
Feed the sow generously.
(Any 10 x 1 = 10 marks)
(b) Outline five control measures of cannibalism in poultry keeping.
Avoid bright light in the brooder e.g. by covering windows with gunny bags.
Avoid overcrowding i.e. have proper stocking rates.
Provide a balanced diet.
Keep birds according to age group.
Control external parasites.
Keep birds busy by hanging green leaves 60cm above the litter.
Debeak perpetual cannibals.
Cull perpetual cannibals.
Cull/isolate birds that take to long to develop feathers.
(Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
(5 marks)
-
(c) Explain the precautions observed in handling of bees.
Do not frighten bees. Bees hives should be approached from behind.
Move quietly towards the bee hive.
If stung, the bee keeper should not run or throw the combs down.
Scrap off a bee sting with a nail or a razor blade.
Always wear protective clothing.
Smoke all the hive with a smoker before opening the hive. (Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
(5 marks)
-
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24.
-
(a) Lifecycle of a three host tick.
(5 marks)
Adult tick lay eggs on the ground.
Eggs hatch into larvae on the ground.
Larvae mount onto the first host.
Larvae on host one feed to full engorgement and drop down.
Nymphs mount second host suck blood until engorges.
Nymphs drop down.
Nymphs moults into adults.
Adults mount third host, suck blood to full engorgement.
Adults drop down to repeat cycle.
(10 x ½ = 5 marks)
(b) Importance of keeping animals healthy.
(6 marks)
- To produce high quality products.
- Reduce medication costs through treatment.
- To promote high production.
- To enhance fast growth rate hence attaining maturing stage early.
- To ensure healthy and strong offspring are produced.
- Prevent transmission of diseases to human beings in the case of zoonotic diseases.
- To have a long productive life.
(Any 6 x 1 = 6 marks)
(c) Factors considered when selecting livestock for breeding.
(9 marks)
- Age - Select young animals as they have longer productive life.
- Level of production - Select animals with the highest level of production for they will give more products.
- Quality of products - Select animals with high quality products for they will attract consumers.
- Health - Select animals that are free from deformities.
- Body conformation - Select animals that are true to type/with body conformation typical of the type e.g. Wedge shape for
dairy cattle.
- Temperament/Behaviour - Select animals that are docile since they are easy to handle.
- Prolificacy - Select animals with a history of producing large litter.
- Mothering ability - Select animals that show natural instincts to take care of the young ones.
- Fertility - Select fertile, regularly breeding animals e.g. heifers that show definite heat signs.
- Adaptability - Select animals well adapted to the local conditions of temperature rainfall etc.
- Growth rate - Select animals with a faster growth rate i.e. early maturity.
25. (a) Procedures for establishing a barbed wire fence.
(7 marks)
- Clear fence line. This should be 2m wide.
- Measure and mark points on the fence line where holes are to be dug determining the positionof the gates (average spacing
should be 4-6m).
- Dig holes to a depth of 60cm for the main fence and 75-90cm for the corner and gate posts.
- Place treated posts in the holes in an upright position.
- Mix concrete of 1: 3: 5 ratio and place it in the hole. Alternatively put soil and stones in the hole and ram to firm the base.
- Nail barbed wire onto the posts with fencing staples u-nails while stretching using a wire strainer.
- Fix the lower strand of wire first, and use it as a guide to fix the next up to the required number.
(b) Advantages of a spray race.
(5 marks)
- Many animals are sprayed per unit time.
- Animals cannot swallow the acaricide solution.
- It is suitable for pregnant and sick animals.
- Suitable for young stock and small stock such as goats.
- Acaricide solution is not wasted since it is recycled.
- Less labour is required.
(Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
(c) (i) Maintenance practices of a trailer.
(5 marks)
- Check tyre pressure and adjust accordingly before each day‘s work.
- Avoid overload.
- Lubricate the wheel bearings regularly.
- Clean the trailer regularly.
- Keep under a shed for long storage.
- Check bolts and nuts; tighten loose nuts and bolts.
- Repair damaged parts.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
(ii) Advantages of natural calf rearing.
(3 marks)
- The calf gets milk at the right temperature.
- The calf takes milk at its own pace i.e. no gulping and incidence of bloat is minimized.
- Chance of milk contamination are reduced.
- Low labour requirements.
- It makes better use of difficult milkers.
(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided
Name any two main branches of Agriculture.
(1mk)
Outline four characteristics of shifting cultivation as a method of farming.
(2mks)
Outline four methods used to improve efficiency and productivity of farm labour.
(2mks)
State four advantages of using zero grazing unit.
(2mks)
Give two ways which a farmer can reduce grain losses in the farm.
(1mk)
Outline four examples of joint products in crop production.
(2mks)
Give two reasons for trimming / pruning roots of tree seedlings before planting.
(1mk)
Under which four circumstances would you use foliar spraying as a method of fertilizer application in a field of growing
crops?
(2mks)
Differentiate between Net Revenue and Marginal Revenue as used in production economies.
(2mks)
Outline three methods of breaking seed dormancy.
(1½mks)
List three signs shown by crops when attacked by Nematodes.
(1½mks)
List three advantages of raising seedlings using polythene sleeves.
(1½mks)
State three precautions taken while harvesting pyrethrum.
(1½mks)
List four effects of water shortage in crops.
(2mks)
State four factors that affect the depth of ploughing.
(2mks)
What are the advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil conditions?
(2mks)
Why is it necessary to apply a light mulch on nursery bed?
(1mk)
State four farming practices which help to achieve minimum tillage.
(2mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this section
19. The diagram below shows a pit method of compost manure preparation. Use it to answer the following questions.
(i) Name the parts labelled A and E on the diagram.
(2mks)
(ii) What is the function of the stick in the diagram?
(1mk)
(iii) Why is the compost manure not commonly used by farmers?
(2mks)
20. The following are illustrations of methods of vegetative crop propagation labeled D and E.
Use them to answer the questions that follow.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Identify methods of crop propagation labeled D and E.
Identify parts of D labeled 5 and 6 above.
When does method E become necessary in crop production?
Outline four characteristics that you would desire part 6 to have?
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
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21. Below are diagrams of weeds labeled 1, 2, 3, 4. Use them to answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify weeds 2 and 3.
(b) Why is it difficult to control weeds labeled I.
(c) State two economic importance of weed 4.
22. The following diagram is a method of draining waterlogged land for crop production.
Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow:-
(a) Identify the method of drainage illustrated above.
(b) Apart from the above method of drainage, name two other methods of draining farmland.
(c) Give two reasons for draining farmland.
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in the spaces provided
23. Describe the raising of maize crop for grains production under the following sub-headings:(i) Seedbed preparation.
(5mks)
(ii) Planting
(5mks)
(iii) Field management practices.
(6mks)
(iv) Harvesting
(4mks)
24. Study the information below concerning the financial position of Mr. Jacet‘s farm for the year ending 31 st December 2015.
Items
Costs
Milk sales
8,000
Purchase of farm tools
1,000
Sale of goats
500
Construction of zero grazing unit.
10,000
Closing valuation.
16,000
Depreciation of machinery.
800
Interest payable.
750
Veterinary bills.
400
Sale of cabbages.
750
Wages.
4,800
Sale of heifers
9,400
Opening valuation
12,000
Sale of tea
4,700
Purchase of pesticide.
300
(a)
(b)
(c)
25. (a)
(b)
(c)
Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Jacet‘s farm for the year ending 31 st December 2015.
Calculate percentage profit for the farm.
Give the benefits a farmer would derive from being a member of a dairy co-operative society.
Outline five ways of making land more productive.
Explain the effects of high temperature on Agricultural production.
Outline seven cultural practices which help in disease control in crops.
(13mks)
(2mks)
(7mks)
(5mks)
(8mks)
(7mks)
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7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided
State four characteristics of dairy breeds of livestock.
(2mks)
Name two notifiable diseases in cattle.
(1mk)
State four symptoms of attack on livestock by round worms.
(2mks)
State two importance of the creep area in a piggery.
(2mks)
Give two reasons of spreading a polythene paper on the slab of farm buildings.
(1mk)
Differentiate between an Essex Saddle back and Wessex saddle back.
(1mk)
State four management practices that should be carried out during the mating season in sheep.
(2mks)
Name four main causes of ill health in farm animals.
(2mks).
State the function of a carburetor in fuel system.
(1mk)
State two ways of controlling lice in poultry.
(2mks)
Give three methods of harnessing tractor power.
(1½mks)
Give four factors to consider when selecting goats for breeding.
(2mks)
List four predisposing factors of mastitis disease in cattle.
(2mks)
A dairy cow under zero grazing system weighs 700kg. Calculate how much of dry matter it takes given that it takes 2.5kg
for every 100kg live weight.
(2mks)
Outline four practices carried out to ensure clean milk production.
(2mks)
State three signs of broodiness in a hen.
(1½mks)
State three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough.
(1½mks)
Give three ways in which infectious diseases can spread from one livestock to another within a farm.
(1½mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this section
19. Study the diagram below showing an operation.
(a) Identify the operation.
(b) Outline the procedure for operation shown above.
20. Below are illustrations of farm tools and equipments.
(1mk)
(4mks)
(a) Identify the tool / equipment labeled X, Y, Z.
(b) Explain two maintenance practices for tool W.
21. The diagram below is part of a farm structure. Study it and then answer the questions that follow.
(1mk)
(1mk)
M
L
K
J
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(a)
(b)
(c)
22. (a)
Name part of the structure represented above.
Identify parts labeled L, M, K, J.
Give the functions of J and L.
Give the functions of the following parts of a reciprocating mower.
(i) Shoe
(ii) Swath board
(iii) Cutter bar
(b) Outline two maintenance practices on a disc plough.
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in the spaces provided
23. (a) Discuss the Management of day old chicks to the end of brooding.
(b) Describe the working of a four stroke petrol engine.
24. (a) Explain eight ways in which ticks can be controlled in a livestock farm.
(b) Discuss trypanosomiasis under the following:
(i) Animals affected.
(ii) Causal organism.
(iii) Symptoms
(iv) Control measures
25. (a) Outline five reasons for feeding livestock.
(b) Explain five functions of water in nutrition.
(c) Outline reasons for keeping livestock healthy.
(d) Outline five disadvantages of Embryo transplant.
(1mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(10mks)
(10mks)
(8mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(7mks)
(2mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
2.
˗
˗
˗
˗
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Agriculture Economics
Crop production / Arable farming.
Soil Science
Animal production.
Agricultural engineering.
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
Allows for soil to regain fertility.
Plenty of arable land is available.
Practicable with annual crops.
Crops are grown for subsistence farming systems are rarely used.
(4x½ = 2mks)
Training workers.
Mechanizing farm operations.
Providing incentives to workers.
Supervision and counseling workers.
Promotions.
Assigning specific work tasks/specialization.
(4 x½ = 2mks)
Requires small piece of land.
Reduces wastage of feeds.
Higher production.
Reduces destruction of properties by livestock.
Quick accumulation of manure.
Allows high stocking rate.
(4x½ = 2mks)
Proper drying of crops.
Dusting crops with appropriate pesticides.
Use of proper storage structure.
Clear the area around the store.
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
Wheat and straw
Sugar and molasses
Pyrethrum and pyrethrum marc
Cotton lint and cotton seeds.
Copra and coir.
(4x½ = 2mks)
For easy lifting.
Encourages development of short dense roots.
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
When crops are closely spaced.
During a long dry period.
When soil is very dry.
When a cop is heavily water logged.
(4x½ = 2mks)
Net revenue is the difference between total revenue and total costs while marginalrevenue is the extra revenue eared by
selling one more unit of output.
(2x1 = 2mks)
Hot water treatment.
Scarification
Partial burning
Soaking in water
Chemical method.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Stunted growth
Wilting
Discolouration of foliage
Gall formation/Root knots formation.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
-
Prevents root disturbance
Easy to transport and handle.
Transplanting can be delayed awaiting favourable conditions.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Do not compact.
Put flowers in woven basket but not in tins or polythene bags.
Do not pick wet flowers.
Pick when 2 - 3 rows of disc florets are open.
Intake sure no stems are attached to flowers.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Failure to germinate.
Stunted growth
Restricted root growth.
Poor quality yields.
Reduce yields
(4x½ = 2mks)
Soil moisture content/Type of the soil.
Type of implement available.
Rooting system of crop to be planted.
(4x½ = 2mks)
Lower acidity
Increase calcium content.
Hasten decomposition of organic matter.
Improves soil structure.
Encourages multiplication of micro organisms.
(4x½ = 2mks)
Prevent excessive evaporation of water.
Moderate soil temperatures.
Prevent splash erosion.
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
Mulching
Use of herbicides.
Uprooting or slashing weeds.
Establishing cover crops.
Use biological weed control.
Timing cultivation e.g. Late weeding in cotton produces a clean seedbed for finger millet without further cultivation.
Restricting cultivation to the area where seeds are to be planted only.
(4x½ = 2mks)
SECTION B:
19. (i) A - Top soil
B - Ash
(ii) The tester stick is used for checking the temperature within the compost and the decomposition.
(iii)
- Farmers lack technical knowledge on how to prepare.
- Scarcity of organic materials.
- Tedious to prepare.
- Bulky to transport.
- Takes long time to prepare.
20. (a) D - Whip / Tongue grafting.
E - Aerial layering.
(b) 5 - Scion
6 - Root stock
(c) When a large number of propagules are required when the stem cannot bend easily.
(d) Healthy/pest and disease free
˗ Resistant / Tolerant to soil borne diseases e.g. soil salinity and water logging.
˗ Adaptable to different soil conditions.
˗ Compatible with different scions.
21.
(a) Weeds
2 - Sorrel / Oxalis latifolia / Oxalis spp.
3 - Devils horsewhip / Achranthes aspera.
(b) Weed labeled 1 is difficult to control since its thorny and causes injury to workers. (1 x 1 = 1mk)
(1 x 2 = 2mks)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(4x ½ = 2mks)
(1 x 2 = 2mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
(c)
22.
(a)
(b)
(c)
-
Economic importance of weed 4
Reduces crop yields.
Reduces quality of pastures.
Acts as fodder for livestock.
Increases production cost.
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
Method of drainage - cambered beds / Raised beds.
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
Pumping water.
Planting appropriate trees.
Open ditches.
Underground drain pipes.
French drains.
Reasons for drainage
Raises soil temperature.
Increases soil volume.
Prevents soil erosion.
Improves aeration.
Improves microbial activities.
Reduce salt accumulation.
Control disease vectors.
(2x1 = 2mks)
(1x2 = 2mks)
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
23.
(a)
(b)
(c)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
(d)
24.
(a)
Seedbed preparation
Prepare early / in dry season.
Clear the land and remove any stumps.
Land is ploughed deeply.
Harrow the land to a moderate tilth.
Make planting drills at recommended spacing of 75 - 90cm by 23 - 30cm depending the variety.
Plant at the onset of the rains.
Select suitable maize variety for the area.
Plant seeds at a depth of 2.5 to 10cm depending on the moisture content of the soil.
Apply appropriate fertilizer or well rotten manure.
Plant healthy or certified seeds.
Plant one or two seeds per hole depending on the spacing chosen.
(5x1 = 5mks)
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
Thinning done at the height of 15cm. Grapping done as soon as possible after germination.
Keep the field weed free during early stage.
Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizers at 45cm to 60cm tall.
Control pests as maize stalk borer and army worms using appropriate insecticides.
Uproot and destroy diseased plants using appropriate fungicides.
Control diseases e.g. maize streak, rust, smut using appropriate method.
(1 x 6 = 6mks)
Harvesting done after 3 ½ - 9 months depending in variety.
Harvest when the whole plant turns yellow and ears are dry.
Harvest by hand by dehusking.
Cut and stook maize for further drying and then dehusk.
(1 x 4 = 4mks)
Profit and Loss Account for Mr. Jacet for the year ending December 31st 2015. ½
chase and Expenses ½
Shs.
Sales and Receipts ½
½ Opening valuation
12,000 00
k sales
½ Purchase of farm tools
1,000 00
e of goats
½ Zero grazing
10,000 00
e of cabbages
½ Machinery depreciation
800 00
es of heifers
½ Interest payable
750 00
e of tea
½ Pesticides
sing valuation
½ Veterinary bills
400 00
½ Wages
4,800 00
Total
30,050 00
Profit
9,300 00
½39,350 00
Total
Shs.
8,000
500
750
9,400
4,700
16,000
Cts
00 ½
00 ½
00 ½
00 ½
00 ½
00 ½
39,350 00 ½
(11 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
(b) Percentage profit
Profit x 100
=
9,300 x 100 
Total sales and receipts
39,350 =
23.6% (2mks)
(c)
˗ Members buy input at lower prices.
˗ Members have easy access to credit facilities from the society.
˗ Society can market milk for farmers.
˗ Provision of special services e.g. A.1
˗ Bargain for better prices on behalf of members e.g. milk.
˗ Members share overhead costs e.g. transportation costs.
˗ Society educate its members.
25.
(a) Five ways of making land more productive.
- Addition of organic matter / organic manure.
- Application of fertilizers.
- Irrigation during the dry period.
- Drainage of marshy land.
- Proper weed control.
- Timely control of pests and diseases.
- Soil and water conservation.
(b) Effects of high temperature on crop production.
- Increase incidences of some pest and diseases e.g. leaf rust and aphids.
- Improve quality of certain crops products e.g. fruits.
- Lowers quality of certain crops e.g. pyrethrum.
- Increase rate of evapotranspiration.
- Increase rate of growth for early maturing crops.
- Limits distribution of exotic livestock breeds.
- Lowers production in livestock.
- Influences design and farm buildings and structures.
- Lowers labour productivity.
(c) Disease control in crops
- Crop rotation
- Rogueing / destroy infected plants.
- Plant disease free seeds / certified seeds.
- Close season.
- Early planting / timely/planting.
- Proper spacing.
- Timely weed control.
- Use of clean equipment / implement.
- Use of resistant varieties.
- Impose quarantine.
- Heat treatment to kill pathogens.
- Proper nutrition to prevent deficiencies.
- Pruning to create unfavourable micro-climate for diseases.
(7 x 1 = 7mks)
(5x1 = 5mks)
(8x1 = 8mks)
(7x1 = 7mks)
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KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Wedge shaped/Triangular shaped.
Wide and well set hind quarters.
Thin body with little flesh.
Large udder.
Straight top line.
Prominent milk veins.
Large stomach capacity.
Docile with mild temperament.
(4x ½ = 2mks)
Foot and mouth disease.
New castles disease.
Anthrax
Contagious abortion
Pneumonia
Rindepest.
(2x½ = 1mk)
Reduced growth rate.
Anaemia
Blockage of intestines.
Diarrhoea
Loss of weight/emaciation
Presence of eggs and adults in faeces
Malnourishment.
Pot bellies.
Coughing as larvae migrate from the lungs to trachea.
(4 x½ = 2mks)
Provide room for brooding.
Prevent sow from eating the creep feed.
Enable piglets to escape crushing by the sow when she is lying down.
(2x½ = 1mk)
Prevent moisture from rising up the wall.
Prevent rising of termites.
Prevent coldness from ascending..
To prevent cracking of the slab / floor.
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
Essex saddle back has black body with shoulder and all four legs white while Wessex saddle back has a black body with the
shoulders and only the front legs white.
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
7.
-
Crutching of hoggets and ewes.
Ringing of the rams.
Raddling of the rams.
Flushing i.e. giving high quality nutritious food during mating.
8.
9.
10.
-
Causes of ill health.
Microorganisms.
Parasitic infection.
Nutritional causes.
Physical causes.
Chemical poisoning.
Mixes air and petrol for combustion chamber; Turns liquid petrol into vapour.
Ways of controlling lice
Dusting the birds with insecticides.
Observing good hygiene.
Fumigation / smearing the perches with volatile insecticide.
Picking and killing.
11.
-
Methods of harnessing tractor power.
Draw bar
Propeller shaft
Power take off shaft (PTO)
(4x ½ = 2mks)
(4x½ = 2mks)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(4x ½ = 2mks)
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
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12.
13.
-
Factors to consider when selecting goats for breeding.
Be of good size.
Should be hardy.
Should have high growth rate.
Be heat tolerant.
Body should conform to the purpose of the breed.
Be resistant to diseases.
Should have high feed conversion efficiency.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Injury of udder / teat.
Incomplete / partial milking.
Old age.
Dirty and filthy milking sheds.
Stage of lactation.
Udder attachment - animals with large pendulus or loosely hanging udders.
Poor milking technique.
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
14. Weight 700kg
100kg live weight - 2.5kg DM
700
700 x 2.5 = 17.5kg
100
15.
- Clean milkman
- Clean milk shed.
- Clean milking utensils.
- Straining the milk.
- Clean cows.
- Health milkman.
- Healthy milking herd.
16.
17.
18.
-
(2mks)
(4x½ = 2mks)
Signs of broodiness in a hen
Hen plucks off feathers to make a nest.
Characteristic crackling sound.
Hen are aggressive when approached / walks with wings spread.
Hen sits on eggs for long periods / continuously.
Hen stop laying.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Needs less power to pull it.
Tear and wear is less/has less maintenance cost.
Can ride over obstacles/suitable where land has obstacles.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Through vectors.
Through ingestion of contaminated food and water.
Through contact.
Through inhalation of contaminated air.
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
SECTION B:
19. (a) Bucket feeding.
(b) Procedure for calf training;
- Put clean milk in a clean bucket.
- Put two or three clean fingers into the mouth of the calf.
- Slowly lower the finger into the bucket containing the milk as the calf sucks.
- Withdraw the fingers as the calf continues sucking the milk.
- Repeat the procedure until the calf learns to feed on its own.
NB: Stop marking when procedure is broken.
20. (a) X - Hypodermic syringe and needle
Y - Soil auger
Z - plumb bob / line
(b)
˗ Clean after use to remove dirt.
˗ Grease / oil threads to reduce friction.
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(4x1 = 4mks)
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
˗
Apply oil / paint to prevent rusting.
(4x ½ = 2mks)
21. (a) Roof
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(b) L - Purlin
M - Rafter
K - Crosstie / beam
J - Gutter
(2x1 = 2mks)
(c) L - Support roofing materials / iron sheet.
J - Collect water and safely directs it away from the building.
(2x1= 2mks)
22.
(a) Parts of reciprocating mower (functions)
(i) Shoe - separates the grass to be cut from the rest.
(ii) Shaft board - separates the cut crop from the uncut crop.
(iii) Cutter bar - Forms the frame work on which all parts of the mower are mounted and hold grass cut.
(b)
˗ Lubricate the hub.
˗ Apply oil on metallic parts during long storage.
˗ Tighten loose nuts and bolts.
˗ Shorten blunt chics dry hammering.
(2x1 = 2mks)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
23. (a)
- On arrival if the chicks appear weak or suffering from stress they should be fed with water and glucose solution.
- Feed on chick mash for eight weeks.
- Keep the feed clean and fresh.
- Provide plenty of clean water.
- Vaccinate the chicks against prevalent diseases e.g. Newcastle and Fowl typhoid.
- Dust the chicks with recommended insecticide to control external parasite e.g. mites, lice.
- Provide coccidiostats through water or feed to control coccidiosis.
- Isolate and treat sick chicks.
- Dispose off dead chicks properly.
- Introduce roosts for chicks to perch on in the 6th week.
- Introduce grit (sand) to help in the digestion of feed.
- In the 7th week growers mash should be introduced.
- When chicks are eight weeks old remove them from the brooder.
- Debeak cannibals 8 - 10 days towards the end of brooding.
(1x10 = 10mks)
(b) Working of four stroke cycle in petrol engine.
(i) Induction stroke
˗ Piston moves downwards creating a partial vacuum on the upper part of the cylinder.
˗ The partial vacuum causes the inlet valve to open.
˗ The open inlet valve sucks in fuel and air into the cylinder.
˗ The exhaust valve remains closed.
(ii) Compression stroke
˗ The inlet and exhaust valve are closed.
˗ The piston moves up the cylinder.
˗ The air fuel mixture is compressed in the upper part of the cylinder.
(iii) Power stroke
˗ The piston reaches the upper most portion of the cylinder.
˗ At this point the air fuel mixture is fully compressed.
˗ The spark plug produces a spark igniting the fuel air mixture.
˗ The ignited mixture expands, generating pressure that forces the piston downwards thus generating power.
˗ The inlet and outlet valve remain closed.
(iv) Exhaust stroke
˗ The exhaust valve opens the inlet valve remains closed.
˗ The piston moves up the cylinder or forces out the exhaust gases.
(20x½=10mks)
24.
(a) Ways in which ticks can be controlled.
- Rotational grazing to starve and kill developmental stages.
- Burning infested pastures to kill developmental stages.
- Hand picking and killing the ticks.
- Double fencing off pasture land and farm to keep away infested animals.
- Ploughing pasture land to burry and kill developmental stages/
- Top dressing using lime to kill the ticks.
- Use natural enemies e.g. egrets etc for removing and killing the ticks.
- Self-licking to dislodge the tick from the body.
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
- Spray using acaricides / hand dressing / dipping.
(8x1 = 8mks)
(b) Trapanosomias
Animals attacked.
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Goat
- Pigs.
- Horses.
(2x1 = 2mks)
Causal organism
- Traypanesoma vivav / trypanosome congolense / trypanosome brucei / trypanosoma spp.
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
Symptoms
- Starting coat sometimes without hair or may be cracked.
- Swollen lymph nodes.
- There is Lachrimation / inflammation of cornea which may lead to blindness.
- Anaemic condition with a tendency of the animal to lick or eat soil.
- Swelling of parts of the belly.
- There is loss of hair at tail end.
- Abortion may occur in pregnant females due to high body temperature.
- Dullness.
- Fever.
- Milk production decreases.
- Anaemia.
- Loss of appetite.
- General weakness.
(7x1 = 7mks)
Control measures
- Treat animals with trypanocidal drugs.
- Control tsetseflies effectively through bush clearing or spraying of large area using aircraft.
- Confinement of game animals in game parks.
(2x1 = 2mks)
25. (a) Five reasons for feeding livestock.
- Good reproductive ability.
- Promote good growth.
- High production of products e.g. milks, eggs.
- For fattening.
- For good health.
- Source of energy.
(5x1 = 5mks)
(b) Five functions of water in nutrition.
- Components of body cells and many body fluids e.g. blood.
- Used in biochemical reactions in the body e.g. digestion.
- Regulate body temperature through sweating and evaporation.
- Excretion of metabolic wastes from the body.
- Formation of products e.g. milk, eggs etc.
- Makes cells turgid to maintain their shape.
- Transports nutrients from one point to another.
(5x1 = 5mks)
(c) Reasons for keeping livestock health.
- Healthy animals produce high quality products.
- Healthy animals have a long productive life.
- Healthy animals are economical to rear.
- Healthy animals do not spread diseases to other animals and to man.
- Healthy animals mature early.
- Healthy animals produce healthy offspring.
(5x1 = 5mks)
(d) Disadvantages of embryo transplant.
- It is very expensive.
- It requires trained personnel to handle and administer.
- It requires special equipment to fertilization and storage of embryos.
- It is laborious.
- There is high rate of transmission of undesirable characteristics.
(5x1 = 5mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION A (30 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
List three post-harvest practices carried out in the growing of maize.
State three particulars of the land owner which are included in the land title deed.
State four reasons for intercropping.
Give four advantages of intensive farming.
Name three ways of carrying out overhead irrigation in the farm.
Give two reasons for making a nursery bed.
State four reasons for practicing land consolidation.
State four general symptoms of viral diseases attacking plants.
Give four physical agents of weathering that bring about soil formation.
State three disadvantages of minimum tillage in land preparation.
Give two limitations of chemical weed control.
Briefly explain the following terms as used in preparation of crop planting materials.
i) Seed dressing
ii) Inoculation
iii) Chitting
Outline four indicators ofwell rotten compost manure.
State two advantages of cutting back in pyrethrum.
State four types of information contained in feeding records.
State two sub-surface drainage methods.
Describe two effects of good communication in Agriculture.
State two differences between fresh market varieties and canning varieties of tomatoes.
(1 ½ marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
( 1 mark)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks
SECTION B(20 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
19. The diagram labelled E and F below illustrates some types of soil structure. Study the diagram carefully and answer the
questions that follow.
a) Identify the type of the soil structure illustrated in the diagrams E and F above.
(1 mark)
b) Identify the parts (i) and (ii) in diagram F.
(2 marks)
c) Outline the influence of soil structure on soil production.
(2 marks)
20. Study the illustration of a soil and water conservation structure shown below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the method of soil and water conservation illustrated above.
b) State three practices undertaken to ensure the above structure remains stable.
c) List any two micro-catchments used in water conservation.
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
21. Study the crop pests illustrated below and answer the questions that follow.
a)
b)
c)
22. a)
Identify the crop pests labeled A and C.
State one effect of the pest labeled B.
State two cultural methods of controlling pest C in maize production.
Identify the diagram shown below.
b) List two factors that would influence the rooting of the structure shown above.
c) Identify the method of pegging tea shown in the diagrams below.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1mark)
(2 marks)
(i) The pegging method: ……………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The pegging method: ……………………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION C (40 Marks)
Answer two questions from this section.
23. (a)
(b)
(c)
24. (a)
(b)
25. (a)
(b)
Describe the procedure of plant tissue culture.
Describe the harvesting of pyrethrum flowers.
Explain the precautions taken in harvesting pyrethrum.
Explain various harmful effects of weeds to a crop farm.
Describe various methods of controlling weeds.
Describe the process involved in water treatment using a chemical treatment system.
Describe the production of carrots under the following sub-headings:
i) Ecological requirements
ii) Varieties
iii) Land preparation
(10 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(12 marks)
(8 marks)
(12 marks)
(3 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section
Name the causal agent of anaplasmosis disease in cattle,
List four materials that can be used in constructing a Kenya Top Bar Hive.
(a) Name two breeds of dairy cattle that originated from the Channel Islands.
(b) Give the distinguishing colour for each of the following breeds of livestock:
(i) Chinchilla rabbit;
(ii) Toggenburg goat.
State four reasons for castration in pig production.
State four characteristics of roughage livestock feeds.
State two functions of the crop in poultry digestive system.
State four roles of worker bees in a colony.
Give four reasons for controlling livestock diseases.
State two control measures for fowl pox disease in poultry.
State one function for each of the following:
(a)
Shovel
(b)
Strip cup
Give three reasons for carrying out maintenance practices on a mower.
Give three limitations of using solar power on the farm.
Why is it important to have a thermostat on a cooling system of a tractor engine?
Give two advantages of using a disc plough over a mould board plough in primary cultivation.
Name four tools that are used when laying concrete blocks during construction of a wall.
Why is it necessary to have guard rails in a farrowing pen?
Give two reasons for having a footbath in a cattle dip.
Distinguish between the following practices as used in livestock production:
(a) Crutching and ringing in sheep management
(b) Cropping and harvesting in fish farming.
Give three ways in which infectious diseases can spread from one livestock to another within a farm.
( mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
( mark)
( mark)
(2 marks)_
(2 marks)
(I mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1/2. mark)
(1/2mark)
(11/2 marks)
(11/2marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(11/2marks)
Section B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
20. The diagram below shows a livestock routine practice. The number on the right ear represents individual number
while on the left ear represents the litter number.
(a) Name the livestock routine practice shown above.
(b) What is the litter number of the animal above?
(c) Using the diagram above, draw a representation of a livestock whose individual number is 12.
(1mark)
(1mark)
(2 marks)
21. Below are diagrams labelled A and B. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Identify the parasites illustrated above.
Name the intermediate host of specimen A
Name the final host of specimen B.
State two control measures of the specimen A.
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
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22. The diagram below shows a chicken with symptoms of a certain disease.
(a) Identify the disease
(b) Give two reasons why the disease is of economic importance to the farmer.
(c) Outline any two methods of controlling the above disease.
23. Below are some farm tools
(1mark)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(a) Identify tools, P and R
(b) Name two other tools that have a similar function as tool P and R.
(c) Identify two sets of tools and equipment that are used as a pair.
24. The diagram below represents an implement.
(1mark)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(a) Identify the implement.
(b) Name the parts labeled A, B, C and D.
(c) State two adjustments that can be carried out to decrease the ploughing depth of the implement.
SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section
25. (a) Describe four physical characteristics of dairy cattle.
(b) Describe milk fever (parturientparresis) under the following sub-heading:
i)
Causes
ii) Symptoms
iii) Control measures
(c) State five control measures of Roundworms (Ascarislumbricoides) in livestock.
(d) State five signs of parturition in a cow.
26. (a) Describe the rearing of lambs from lambing up to weaning time.
(b) Explain five causes of livestock diseases.
(c) State five differences between Ruminants and non-Ruminants.
27. (a) Describe five factors affecting milk composition in livestock production.
(b) Describe five maintenance practices carried out on tractor drawn disc plough.
(c) State five characteristics used to cull out poor layers from the flock in poultry production.
(1mark)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(4marks)
(1mark)
(3marks)
(2marks)
(5marks)
(5marks)
(10marks)
(5marks)
(5marks)
(10marks)
(5marks)
(5marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
2.
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
Drying
Winnowing
Applying/adding chemicals
Packaging
Storing
Name;
National identification card number/registration certificate number
Signature/company seal
Condition of ownership e.g lien, mortgage for loan.
3.
4.
5.
Conserve soil water
To maximize production
Maximize utilization of nutrients in the soil
Control weeds
To control pests and diseases
To maximize labour utilization/save cost on labour.
To maximize utilization of land.
Improve soil fertility if legumes are included.
Advantages of intensive farming
Increase production fer unit area.
Farm supervision is easy/management is easy
Maximize utilization of available land
Ideal foe densely populated areas/small land holdings
Utilizes technology to increase production.
Use of sprinklers
Use of watering cans
Use of hose pipes
6. Reduce labour on the care of seedlings
Easy to select and plant healthy and vigorously growing seedlings.
Easy to manage seedlings
Facilitate lower seed rate
Make it possible for seeds which are too small to be nursed upto strong seedlings.
7. To save time and transport costs
To make supervision of land easier and more effective.
To facilitate mechanization of the land
To make it easier for long term investment in the farm
To have sound farm planning.
8. Chlorosis/chlorortic leaves
Stunted growth
Mosaic mottling
Necrosis
Leaf curls.
9. Moving ice
Moving wind
Moving water
Temperature
10. Disadvantages of minimum tillage in land preparation.
Poor soil aeration
Development of hardpan
Build-up of soil borne pest and diseases
Loss of leached nutrients
Partial weed control
Poor soil tilth for planting certain crops
Impedes water infiltration
11. Requires skills in mixing and applying of herbicides
May cause environmental pollution
Its expensive
12. i) Seed dressing - coating of seed with insecticides/fungicides to control soil borne pests and diseases.
ii) Seed inoculation - coating of leguminous seeds with the right strain of rhizobia species of bacteria to promote nitrogen
fixation.
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13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
iii) Chitting - is the sprouting of irish potato tubers by arranging them in layers of 2-3 tubers deep in partially darkened
room.
Light in weight
Brown in coplour
Has the smell of forest soil
Original nature of material not noticeable
Increaser flowering hence high yield in the following year
Reduces damage caused by bud diseases
Helps to stimulate fresh flower growth
It leads to an easier flower flush in the following rains
Type of feed
Amount of feeds used
Amount received
Balance in stock
Remarks.
French darins
Perforated pipes
Mote drains
Agricultural goods reach intended consumers in good time
Highly perishable goods reach the market quickly before going bad
Farmers pay less to transport their goods due to efficient communication system.
Farmers get market and research information in good time which improves production.
Fresh market varieties - canning varieties
Fleshy, round-shaped - elongated/oval inshape
Poor keeping quality - good keeping quality
a) E - single grained structure
F - Granular structure
b) i) - humus with clay
ii) - Air space
c)
Determine water holding capacity
influence soil aeration/ precents excessive accumulation of water
influence drainage/ infiltration/percolation of water
influence root penetration for nutrients and moisture uptake
influence root development and tuber expansion
a) Bench terrace
b) Reinforcing the walls with concrete
Planting of grass on walls
Regular removal of grass from water channels
c) Triangulat?V-shapped bunds
Semi - circular bunds
Trapo Zoidal bunds
Countour bunds/Furrows
Run-off strips
a) A - Army worm
b) Cut the stem of young seedlings at the base.
c) Timely planting
Timely harvesting
Close season
Crop rotation
Field hygine
Proper tillage
a) Tea cutting
b)
High relative humidity
Warm temperature
Oxygen supply
Presence of hormones
Leaf area
c)
i) Individual peg method
ii) Rings and peg method
procedure of plant tissue culture
Also called micro propagation - because of the small size of the material ( isolated cells or small pieces of plant tissue used.
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A stock plant with desirable features is selected, pieces/explants/propagules are taken from the stock plant; a mass of mature,
fully differentiated/totipotent meristem cells; from shoot tips/apical bud/axillary bud or roots are isolated/excised; this is
because active cell division occurs in these plant parts; the mother cells are surface sterilized in a dilute bleach solution( of
alcohol/calcium hypochlorite/mercury chloride; plant nutrients; N,P,K,S Na,Cl,Mg,Cu,Fe,Mn, Co,Cu,Zn,Mo,B,F,l, sucrose as
a source of energy and vitamins; and hormones/plants growth substances- auxins - to stimulate root growth and cell
elongation; cytoxinins - to stimulate shoots growth and cell division; are added; these materials are mixed with agar. The
tissue culture so obtained is then grown in flask/Petri-dishes; temperature, light intensity/quality; day length, and relative
humidity are all controlled;. The material is grown in filtered sterile air; the equipment used is also highly sterilized o exclude
bacterial, fungi, whose spores are abundant in the air and which would otherwise also grow in the culture medium and out
compete the intended plants ; the resulting plants are grown in soil in green house;
b) Harvesting of pyrethrum flowers.
The plant is ready, for harvesting 3-4 months after planting; and remains in production for 3 years; the flowers are ready for
harvesting when petals become horizontal; and 2 or 3 rows of disc florets open; harvesting involves picking individual
flowers with fore finger and thumb; rolling it over so that it breaks off with no adhering stem, and without pulling; stem part
has low pyrethrin content; and takes longer to dry; picking is done every 2 - 3 weeks during the month when a flush of
flowers is produced; every removal of flowers stimulates greater Production of new flowers; and thus gives greater yield of
flowers per acre of land.
c) Precautions taken while harvesting pyrethrum
Pick only dry flowers; wet flowers heat up and ferment before they dry; Fermentation causes rapid decline in pyrethrum
content; Any wet flowers must be allowed to dry up before shipment; Pick flowers into open weave baskets; to allow air to
circulate in between the flowers; and prevent fermentation; Do not use polythene bags; Spread out the flowers in a thin layer
to dry /after packing; Do not compact the flowers in the basket; Compacting leads to heating up and fermentation of the
flowers.
24. a) Harmful effects of weeds
Compete with crops for nutrients, space, and light and soil moisture and therefore reduce crop yield
Some weeds are parasitic to crops
Weeds lower the quality of agricultural produce
Some weeds act as alternate hosts for insects, pests and other diseases
Some weeds are allelopathic- produce poisonous substances that may suppress the growth and germination of cultivated
plants which may come into contact
Weeds block irrigation channels
Aquatic weeds, e.g. water hyacinth in Lake Victoria affect fishing
Weeds lower quality of pasture
Some weeds are difficult to handle, and cause irritation to workers
Some weeds are poisonous to man and livestock e.g. Sodom apple and thorn apple
b) Methods of controlling weeds
Chemical weed control method-involves use of herbicides which control weeds by killing the cell, causing abnormal tissue
development, inhibits photosynthesis, etc.
Mechanical weed control-tillage, slashing and uprooting
Cultural weed control- mulching, crop rotation, timely planting, etc
Biological weed control- use of living organisms to control weeds e.g. goats to graze
Legislative weed control- laws and cats which prevent the introduction of weeds in a country/ spread of foreign weeds from one part
of the country to the other
25
a) Process of chemical water treatment
i) Filtration of water intake
Water from the source passes through a series of sieves of different mesh sizes to trap large solid particles ii)
Softening of water
Soda ash is added to soften water while alum(aluminiumsulphate)is added to coagulate small particles so that they settle
at the bottom of the tank
iii) Coagulation and sedimentation
Water stays in the open tank where bad smell is removed and bilharzia worms are killed after 36 hours
Particles coagulated by alum settle here
iv) Filtration of the filter bed
This removes all remaining solids like sand and silt
v) Chlorination
Chlorine is added in varying amounts depending on the amount of water and outbreak of water borne diseases. vi)
Storage
Treated water is stored safely out of reach of unauthorized persons. It should be properly covered and the area fenced.
(2x6=12 marks)
(correct identity of stage and correct role)
b) Crop production
(i) Ecological requirements
Rainfall: 1,000mm per annum.
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Altitude: 1,500-2,900 metres above sea level.
Temperature: 16-18oC
Soils: deep, light, fertile and well drained soils.
(ii) Fresh market carrots varieties
Nantes
Touchdown
Goldpack
Trophy
Canning varieties
Red Coloured chantenery
Royal Chantenary
Imparator
(iii) Land Preparation
Clear the land
Dig deeply- 20cm depth of ploughing
Harrow to a fine tilth
(iv) Planting
Open shallow furrows (1 cm deep) and 20 cm -30cm apart. Drill
(plant) seeds directly on the furrows
Apply DSP fertilizer on the drills and mix thoroughly with the soil.
Cover the seeds lightly.
(Any 3 = 3 marks)
(2 marks)
(Any 2 = 2 marks)
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1.
RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
SECTION A (30 marks)
Causal agent of anaplasmosis disease in cattle
Protozoa/anaplasmamarginate/anaplasma spp.
(1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mark)
2.
Materials used in constructing a Kenya Top Bar Hive (K.T.B.H)
- Timber
- Nails
- Plain wire
- Iron sheets
(4 x 1/2 = 2 marks)
3. a) Breeds of dairy cattle that originated from the channel islands:
Guernsey
Jersey
(2 x 1/2 = 1 mark)
b) i) Chinchilla rabbit
Grey/silvery
(1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mark)
ii) Toggenburg
Brown with two white stripes running down the face
(1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mark)
4. Reasons for castration
Prevent uncontrolled mating/breeding
Improve the quality of meat
Promote faster growth/facilitate weigh gain
Make then docile
Control breeding diseases
Control inbreeding
(4 x 1/2 = 2 marks)
5. Characteristics of roughages
Bulky
High fibre content
Low nutrient content
Low digestibility
Mainly of plant origin
(4 x 1/2 = 2 marks)
6. Functions of the poultry digestive system.
Softening/moistening food
Temporary food storage
(2 x 1/2 = 1 mark)
7. Roles of worker bees kills.
Kills the drones after mating the queen
Scouting for a new home
collect nectar/water/gum/propolis/pollen
Make honey combs
Protect the colony
Clean the hive
Make honey and bees wax
Seal the stacks and services
(4 x 1/2 = 2 marks)
8. Reasons for controlling livestock diseases.
Reduces spread of livestock diseases/production of healthy young ones
Promote fast growth and early maturity - rej to maintain good health in livestock
Make them have long productive life.
Improve quality and safety of products
Improve quantity of products
Reduce cost of production.
(4 x 1/2 = 2 marks)
9. Control measures of fowl pox diseases in poultry.
Observe hygiene in poultry house
Regular vaccination
Slaughter and properly dispose carcass of affected birds - rej culling, killing atone
(2 x 1/2 = 1mark)
10. a) shovel
Mixing mortar/manure
Lifting soil/manure
(1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mark)
b) Strip cup
To detect mastitis infection in milk.
(1 x 1/2 = 1/2 mark)
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11. Reasons for maintenance practices.
For safety of the user/operator
Ensure efficiency of operations
Increases durability
Reduces costs on repairs and replacements
Avoid damage to the mower.
(3 x 1/2 = 11/2 marks)
12. Limitations of using solar power
Solar trapping devices are expensive
Power supply/trapping fluctuates depending on weather conditions
Solar trapping is limited to day light
Requires skilled labour to handle the devices
(3 x 1/2 = 11/2 mark)
13. Importance of thermostat
Prevents engine from over-heating
Maintains optimum engine temperature during operation (1 x 1 = 1 mark)
14. Advantages of disc plough over a mould board plough
Discs roll over obstacles
Requires less draught power
Requires less maintenance costs
Works better on dry, hard and sticky soils
(2 x 1/2 = 1mark)
15. Tools used when laying concrete blocks during construction of a wall.
Plumb bob/plumb line
Mason‘s trowel
Spirit level/pipe level
Wood float/steel float
Masons square
String/masons line/line
(4 x 1/2 = 2 marks)
16. Importance of guard rails in a farrowing pen.
Prevents sow from crushing piglets rej. trampling of piglets
Prevents sow from eating creep feeds
(1 x 1 = 1 mark)
17. Reasons for having foot bath in a cattle dip.
Clean the feet of animals
Control foot rot
(2 x 1/2 = 1 mark)
18. a) Crutching and ringing
Crutching is the cutting of wool around the external reproductive organs of a female sheep to facilitate mating
Ringing is the cutting of wool around the sheath of the penis in rams to facilitate mating.
(Mark as a whole 2 marks)
b) Cropping and harvesting
Cropping is the selective removal of fish of marketable size from the pond.
Harvesting is the removal of all the fish from the pond.
(Mark as a whole 2 marks)
19. Ways in which infectious diseases can spread
through vectors
through ingestion of contaminated food and water/through food and water
Through contact
Through inhalation of contaminated air/through air.
(3 x 1/2 = 11/2 marks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
20. (a) Ear notching
1 x 1 = 1mk
(b) 13
1 x 1 = 1mk
(c)
21. (a) A - Liver fluke (Fasciolaspp)
B - Tapeworm (Taeniaspp)
(b) mudsnail / watersnail
(c) Man
(d)
Burning pastures
Drenching
Draining swampy areas
Spraying with appropriate chemicals
Control intermediate hosts
Avoiding grazing in marshy areas.
2 x 1 = 2mk
1 x ½ = ½ mk
1 x ½ = ½ mk
1 x 1 = 1mk
1 x 1 = 1mk
2 x ½ = 1mk
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22. (a) Fowl pox
1 x 1 = 1mk
(b)
It causes death to the chicken
It lowers egg production
It increases the cost of production
2 x 1 = 2mks
(c)
Kill all affected birds
Vaccinate healthy birds
Practice strict hygiene in poultry houses
2 x ½ = 1mk
23. (a) P - Open ended fixed spanner
1 x ½ = ½ mk
R - Ring spanner
1 x ½ = ½ mk
(b)
Pipe wrench / monkey wrench / plumber spanner
2 x ½ = 1mk
Adjustable spanner
2 x ½ = 1mk
(c)
Trocar and canula
Elastrator and rubber ring
Syringe and hypodermic needle
2 x 1 = 2mks
24. (a) Disc plough
1 x 1 = 1mk
(b) A - Thrust wheel / furrow wheel / rear depth control wheel
B - Beam
C - Disc
D - Disc scrapper
4 x ½ = 2mks
(c) Increase the cutting angle of the discs
Adjust the hydraulic depth control
remove weight from beam if they were added.
2 x ½ = 1mk
SECTION C
25. (a)
Wedge / triangular shaped body.
Straight top line.
Well set apart hindquarters,
Prominent milk veins
Lean bodies carrying little flesh with visible pin bone.
Large stomach.
(first 4x1 = 4mks)
(b)
(i) Low level calcium in blood leading to an increase in magnesium and sugar level in the blood.
- Animal is deprived calcium through milk secretion than they get in blood.
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(ii) Dullness
Muscular twitching
Staggering
Animal fall and becomes unconscious.
Animal stops urination, defecation and milk secretion stops.
Animal lies down on its side and whole body stiffen.
Sudden death
Stomach contents are drawn into the mouth cause lung cancer.
Complete loss of appetite.
(first 3x1 = 3mks)
(iii)
Sick animal should be kept in a comfortable position i.e. resting on its sternum.
Mechanical removal of urine to speed up recovery.
Give fresh water.
Partial milking for the 1st 15 days.
Given high yielding cows rations containing phosphorus and calcium.
(any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
(c)
Control of roundworms
Rotational grazing
Feed should not be contaminated with faeces.
Proper sanitation.
Drenching with appropriate antihelminthes.
Proper use of latrines.
(5 x 1 = 5mk)
(d)
Restlessness
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Swollen vulva
Clear mucus discharge from the vulva.
Slackening of pelvic muscles
Distended udder
Colustrum from teats comes out.
Water bags appears and burst.
(5 x 1 = 5mk)
26. (a)
Supervise lambing incase of malpresentation call for veterinary officer to assist.
Allow mother to lick the lamb.
Incase of retained placenta give it physical exercise to activate expulsion of placenta.
Cut and disinfect umbilical cord.
Ensure the lamb is breathing well and if not apply artificial respiration.
Ensure the lamb sucks colostrums in the 1st 6 hours of life.
Give the lambs colostrums for the next 2 - 3 days.
Lambs should remain with their mothers for the last 2 days.
Give whole milk for 4 - 6 weeks.
Lambs which do not receive enough milk should be fed artificially of grain to foster mother‘s.
Give succulents / soft herbage / concentrates at 6 weeks old.
Gradual change of feed at weaning age 4 - 5 weeks.
Give plenty of clean water.
Deworm to control internal parasite.
Spray with recommended acaricide to control external parasites.
Treat lambs when sick.
Vaccinate lambs to control disease spread.
Hoof trim to control foot rot disease.
Keep records
Weigh lamb at birth and record the weight.
Carry out identification of lambs.
(10x1=10mks)
(b)
Nutritional - anaemia
Amount of food taken in by animal low food intake Physicals - injuries
Chemical - insecticide, acids, alkalis
Living organism - bacteria, virus protozoa and warms.
(5x1 = 5mks)
(c)
Ruminant
(i) Chew cud
(ii) Polygastric
iii) Regurgitate food
iv) Digest cellulose
(v) Have no ptyalin in saliva
vi) Digestion and absorption takes place in Rumen.
vii) Have alkaline saliva due to ammonia.
27. (a)
Physiological condition of the animal
Condition of the animal
Age of the animal
Stage of lactation.
Completeness of milking.
Breed differences.
Season of the year.
Type of food eaten by the animal.
Disease like mastitis. (stating - 1mk, description - 1mk)
(5 x 2 = 10mks)
(b)
Hubs and furrow wheel bearings should be lubricated.
Clean after day‘s work.
Non Ruminant
(i) Do not chew cud.
(ii) Monogastric.
(iii) Cannot regurgitate food.
(iv) Cannot digest cellulose.
(v) Have ptyalin in saliva.
(vi) Digestion and absorption
occur
in small
intestines.
(vii) Saliva is neutral.
(mark as a whole and well matched 5 x 1 = 5mks)
Broken discs should be repaired.
Painting and smearing with old engine for long storage.
Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened.
Blunt discs should be hammered.
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
(c)
Yellow pigment in vent, legs and beaks.
Combs, wattles and vent become shriveled.
1-2 fingers fitting in pelvic bones.
Dull eyes
Hard breast
(5 x 1 = 5mks)
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VIHIGA SUB - COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
1. (a) Give four practices carried out on farm practicing organic farming method.
(2mks)
(b) Explain why ranching is becoming more and more common in Kenya.
(1½mks)
(c) Explain why products of organic farming method are becoming more and more marketable.
(½mk)
2. List four ways through which soil PH influences crop production.
(2mks)
3. Give four types of farm records kept on a well established vegetable farm.
(2mks)
4. Give two reasons why farmers must make choice in the use of available resources.
(1mk)
5. Give three ways through which tenure security affects Agricultural production.
(1½mks)
6. Give three factors that influence the economic performance of tenancy or landlordism arrangement in crop production.
(1½mks)
7. (a) Name two means of applying water to crops by overhead irrigation
(1mk)
(b) Give two reasons explaining why Kenya should shift from rainfed agriculture to irrigation agriculture.
(1mk)
8. Name four statutory boards that are involved in the marketing of crop produce in Kenya.
(2mks)
9. Explain the benefits a dairy farmer would get by being a member of a dairy co-operative society.
(2mks)
10. Give two reasons for carrying out each of the following operations in land preparation.
(a) Rolling
(1mk)
(b) Levelling
(1mk)
11. Give four observations you make on visiting a well-prepared seedbed for planting beans.
(2mks)
12. Give four advantages of rotational grazing.
(2½mks)
13. State any five practices used to control maize streak in the field.
(2½mks)
14. State four effects of soil erosion.
(2mks)
15. At the price of 3000 Kenya shillings, 41 bags of irish potatoes were bought on the Chavakali market. At the price of 4000
Kenya shillings per bag 30 bags were bought. Calculate the elasticity of demand showing your work.
(1mk)
16. State two effects of weeds on a pasture stand.
(1mk)
SECTION B(20MKS)
Answer all the question in this section in the spaces provided.
17. The diagram below shows a field practice in the production of tea.
(a) Identify the practice illustrated above.
(1mk)
(b) Describe the procedure used to bring tea into production using this method.
(5mks)
(c) Name the practice that is carried out three months after the above illustrated practice.
(1mk)
18. A form one class went out to collect seed from trees suitable for agroforestry.
(a) Give four characteristics of trees suitable for agroforestry.
(4mks)
(b) Explain how the class prepared the seeds in readiness for planting after collection.
(3mks)
19. A farmer from Chambiti village purchased a bag of fertilizer labeled 18: 46:10.
(a) What do the figures 18:46:10 on the fertilizer bag represent?
(1½mks)
(b) Calculate the quantity of filler materials in the fertilizer in (a) above.
(1mk)
20. On 1st January 2016, Olendo farm started farm operations with Ksh.30,000 cash. During the month, the farm made the
following transactions. Study the transactions and prepare a cash analysis for Olendo farm for the month of January.
Date
05/01/2016
08/01/2016
15/01/2016
20/01/2016
25/01/2016
30/01/2016
31/01/2016
31/01/2016
Transaction
livestock sales
crop sales
bought seed for planting
paid Agrovet for fertilizer
bought livestock feeds
Paid wages for plating
Received cash from sosi hotel
For broiler chicken delivery
Paid Transport charges for
Broiler meat delivery
Amount(Kshs)
80,000
50,000
7,500
16,400
50,000
56,000
120,000
9,000
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SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 23.
21. (a) Outline the various methods used for soil and water conservation stating how each of them works.
(b) State five soil factors that should be considered when selecting a crop to grow in an area.
(c) Describe how you would prepare a rooting mixture for a vegetative propagation nursery.
22. (a) Give five reasons for seed selection in crop production.
(b) Give four qualities of selected seeds.
(c) Explain seven factors that influence seed rates in crop production.
(d) Explain four physical methods that can be used to control crop pests on the farm.
23. (a) Explain ten factors that should be considered when planning to set up a farm business.
(b) Describe the production of bulb onions under the following sub-headings.
i)
Field management
ii) Harvesting
(c) Describe the harvesting of sugar cane.
(10mks)
(6mks)
(4mks)
(5mks)
(4mks)
(7mks)
(4mks)
(10mks)
(4mks)
(4mks)
(3mks)
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VIHIGA SUB - COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A(30MKS)
Answer all the question in this section in the spaces provided.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
State four short term service practices carried out on a tractor.
Name the method used in the selection of breeding stock in each of the following circumstances.
(i) When the character or trait to be selected is of low heritability.
(ii) When the character or trait has high heritability.
(iii) When the character or trait is expressed or seen in males only.
State four advantages of using solar radiation as a source of power on the farm.
Name the cause of each of the following livestock diseases.
(a) Anaplasmosis___________________________________________________________
(b) East coast fever_________________________________________________________
(c) Gumboro disease_________________________________________________________
(d) Fawl typhoid____________________________________________________________
(a) List four harmful effects of internal parasites in livestock.
(a) Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock health.
(i) Vaccination
(ii) Notifiable disease
(b) Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock breeding.
(i) Epistasis
(ii) Prepotency
State four maintenance practices for a tractor battery.
What is the colour of each of the following breeds of livestock.
(a) Wessex saddlebacks
(b) Toggenburg
(c) Light Sussex
State four ways in which a production ration may be utilized by cattle.
List four categories of livestock diseases.
Define the following terms as used in livestock breeding.
(i) Inbreeding
(ii) Out crossing
Give two reasons for castration in lambs.
Give four desirable characteristics to be considered when selecting a heifer for milk production.
State four signs that indicate that a doe is about to kindle.
State two reasons for studying the life cycle of a parasite.
Give three uses of the differential in the tractors transmission system.
State four causes of egg eating in a flock of layers.
(2mks)
(1½mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(2mks)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1½mk)
(2mks)
SECTION B(20MKS)
Answer ALL question in this section in the spaces provided.
18. (a) After restraining a cow and supplying it with the feed, outline the procedure to be followed in preparing the cow before
milking.
(b) The diagrams labeled M and N below show two possible ways of drawing milk from the teat of a cow during milking
(c) Which diagram shows the proper way of drawing milk
(1mk)
(d) How long should it take to milk the cow from the start of milking to the end of milking?
(1mk)
(e) How would a milk man ensure that no milk remains in the udder after milking?
(1mk)
(f) Give any two practices carried out on milk immediately after milking.
(2mks)
(g) The illustration below shows a practice carried out on the udder to prevent mastitis infection
(2mks)
i) Identify the practice
ii) State 2 incidents when the above is carried out in dairy cattle iii)
Give 2 hygienic practices carried out to reduce the occurrence
of Mastitis in dairy cattle during milking
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19. Below is an illustration of part of a wooden post wire fence. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(i) Identify the type of wire in the illustration.
(ii) On the illustration, show by drawing how the corner posts should be supported. (iii)
On the illustration draw and label a dropper.
(iv) Name the correct tool for tightening the wire during construction of the fence.
(v) Name one practice done to improve durability of fencing posts.
20. Below are illustration of farm tools and equipment.
(a) Identify the tool/equipment labeled A and B. (2mks)
(b) State one appropriate use of the tool labeled C.
(c) Explain two maintenance practices for tool labeled D.
SECTION C(40MKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 23.
21. Describe artificial brooding of layer chicks from day old
22. (a) Describe the life cycle of a liver fluke.
(b) Explain various ways in which a tractor is used in the farm.
(c) Describe the digestion of grass in the rumen of an adult ruminant.
23. (a) Describe milk fever disease under the following sub-headings.
(i) Animals attached
(ii) Symptoms in an identified animal
(iii) Methods of controlling milk fever.
(b) Describe fish management under the following sub-headings.
(i) Harvesting
(ii) Maintenance of the pond
(1mk)
(2mks)
(20mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(10mks)
(1mk)
(6mks)
(3mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
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1.
VIHIGA SUB - COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
(a
Compost heaps and farm yard manure
Crops are mulched
Crops that repel pests are interplanted with crops
Plant extracts are used to control parasites.
Livestock are fed on pastures where inorganic fertilizers are not used.
(b) Due to high population pressure on high potential areas.
(c) They are free of inorganic chemical residues.
(½mk)
(½mk)
2.
pH influences the crop species/crops grown in a place/influences choice of crops to grow.
pH influences availability of nutrients
Low pH influences prevalence of certain diseases and pest e.g. nematodes due to ion pH and club root.
pH influence activities of micro-organisms in the soil e.g. low pH entrances dinitrification.
3.
inventory records
Field operations records
Marketing records
Labour records
4x½=2
4.
Farmers make choices because a given resource has many alternative uses.
The wants to satisfy are unlimited while resources are scarce.
(2 x ½ = 1
5.
6.
7.
Tenure security encourages land improvement and conservation.
Tenure securing encourages production of perennial crops such as tea, coffee, and permanent projects.
Tenure security facilitates acquisition of credit to improve production.
3 x ½ = 1½
The presence of a lease/a written agreement between the tenant and the land lord.
The length of the lease/the length of the time period a tenant has the right to use landlords land
The method of rent payment.
(3 x ½ = 1½)
(a)
Use of hose pipes
Use of watering cans
(b)
To reclaim dry land
To produce crops in special structure e.g green houses
To supplement rainfall to grow paddy
8.
Kenya Sugar Board Authority (KSB/KSA)
Kenya Tea Development Authority
National Cereals and Produce Board(NCPB)
Coffee Board of Kenya (CBK)
Pyrethrum Board of Kenya (PBK)
Cotton lint and seed marketing Board.
Horticultural Crop Development Authority
Kenya Sisal Board.
9.
Marketing and transport of farm produce/milk
Provision of credit facilities/get loans on easy terms
Negotiation of prices for farmers products
Training and education of members on modern techniques.
Cheap inputs
Nearness of inputs
Specialized services e.g. milk testing to members
4 x ½ = 2mks
10.
11.
Clods are broken to a suitable tilth.
Organic matter well incorporated in the soil.
The seed bed is clean free of pests.
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The seedbed is free from weed rhizomes
The bed is leveled.
4x½=2
12. Five advantages of rotational grazing.
Controls diseases/ parasites
Better utilization of pastures/excess forage is conserved/sold
Pasture is given time to regenerate
Allows various management practices to be carried out e.g. weeding and fertilizer application
Ensures even distribution of animals waste
5 x ½ = 2½
13. Practices that control maize streak in the field.
Timely planting/early planting
Crop rotation
Field hygiene/destroy crop residues
Having a closed season
Rogueing affected crops
Spray with appropriate insecticide to control the vector/leaf hopper
Use certified seeds/disease free seeds.
5 x ½ = 2½mks
14.
Soil erosion damages farm structure like fencing posts and water pipes
It destroys soil structure
It causes loss of plant nutrients
It pollutes water sources
It causes siltation of rivers causing floods
4 x ½ = 2mks
15. Elasticity of demand is
% demand change =
% price change =
Elasticity of demand = 0.80
16. Effects of weeds on a pasture stand
Lowers palatability/quality of pasture
Cause the pasture species to be eradicated
2x½=1
SECTION B
17.
(a) Use of a ring and pegs to bring tea into bearing/pruning tea to establish a convenient plucking height and a wide plucking
table using a ring and pegs.
(b)
Allow the tea plant to grow for one year/to a height of 25-30cm/to penal thick stem.
The cut back the plant to 15cm above the ground level.
Let the branches to grow to 60 -75 cm high
Force the branches to grow at an angle of 30o - 45o by use of pegs
Nip of the tips of the branches to stimulate dormant buds to grow into shoots.
(5 x 1 = 5)
(c) Tipping/cutting back shoots to the desired table height 20cm above the pegging height 1x1=1
18.
(a)
-eguminous to improve soil fertility
Open crown to avoid shading crops
Of fast growth for farmers to benefit in a short time.
Deep rooted to avoid competing with crops for nutrients
Good in production of by products like medicine, fruits and flowers for honey. 4 x 1 = 4
(b) Extraction to remove seeds from pods/fruits
Drying to reduce seed moisture content
testing to verify seed quality/germination percentage
Treatment to break dormancy
19. (a) 18% - nitrogen
46%
-phosphorous
10%
-potassium
4x1=4
Mark as a whole
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
(b) 18 + 46 + 10 = 74
100 - 74 = 26%
1 mk
20. OLENDO FARM CASH ANALYSIS FOR JANUARY
SECTION C
21. (a) Methods for soil and water conservation
Grass strips/filter strips - 1-2 meters wide along the contour at intervals of 30metre reduce the speed of flowing water and
filter out soil
Cover cropping - prevent movement of soil and impact of the rain drops.
Contour farming - created ridges of earth which hold up water reducing water-run-off.
Mulching - prevents splash erosion/reduces speed of surface run-off increasing infiltration/reduces evaporation/increases
water retention capacity
Cropping system/rotational grazing/crop rotation improve soil structure increasing water infiltration to reduce volume o f
surface run-off
Intercroping - provides adequate ground cover to reduce impact of rain drops
Strip cropping - different strips filter out soil particles and reduce surface run-off.
Grassed/vegetated water ways slow the speed of water and traps eroded soil particles.
Afforestation and reaforestation - protects soil from raindrops/provides shade reducing evaporation/act as wind breaks, binds
soil reducing erodability.
Agroforesty - provides wind breaks/improves infiltration/reduces speed of water/improves infiltration
Physical methods
Trash lines/stone lines - heaped along the contour to reduce surface run-off speed and trap soil particles.
Bunds - 1-2m wide trap soil particles and reduce speed of surface run-off.
Cut-off drains- direct surface run-off to natural water ways/holds excess water.
Terraces - reduce surface - runoff speed carrying water at non-erosive speed.
Gabions - trap eroded particles and reduce speed of water flow.
Check dams - retain eroded particles and reduce speed of surface run-off.
10 methods x ½ = 5mks
10 explanation = 5mks
(b) Soil factors considered when selecting a crop to grow in an area.
Soil drainage/rate of water infiltration and percolation through the soil.
Soil structure/arrangement of soil particles or aggregates
Soil nutrient content/variety and quality of mineral nutrients in the soil/soil fertility
Soil profile/soil depth/depth and arrangement of soil horizons in relation to the rooting system of the crop
Soil pH/chemical properties of the soil/degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution.
Soil borne pests and diseases/the prevalent pests/diseases in the soil.
Soil water holding capacity
(c)
To ensure metre cubic/1m3 of sub-soil.
Add 450 - 600gm of DSP)
Add 20gm of aldrin
Add mix thoroughly
1x4=4
22.
(a) Reasons for seed selection
To obtain high crop yields
To reduce chances of diseases and pest attack/avoid spread of weeds.
To obtain seeds with high germination percentage viable seeds.
To obtains seeds that can be grown in a given specific area.
To obtain high quality produce.
(b) Quality of selected seeds
They are of uniform size.
They are clean free of impurities and weeds.
They are not wrinkled/damaged by pests
They are free of pests, diseases
(c) Factors influencing seed rate.
Intended use of the crop e.g. fodder maize requires high seed rate than grain maize.
Germination percentage - high seed rate is required for seeds with low germination percentage.
Method of planting: Broadcasting requires high seed rate than row planting.
Number of seed per hole; TWO OR MORE SEED REQUIRE more seed rate than one seed per hole.
Soil fertility. Poor/infertile soils require low seed rate because crops are widely spread compared to fertile soils.
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Growth characteristics of the crop; tall/tillering/indeterminate varieties require low seed rate compared to short/less
tillering/determinate varieties.
Spacing: High seed rate is required in close. Spacing than wider spacing.
Seed purity: impure seed containing chaff and foreign materials will lead to high seed rate compared to pure seed.
Pure/mixed stand: high seed rate for pure stand and low seed rate for mixed stand.
½ mk for stated factors ½ x 7 = 3½
½mk for explanation ½ x 7 = 3½
(d) Physical methods of controlling pests
Trapping/picking and killing the pests.
Use of lethal temperatures to kill the pests.
Flooding to suffocate and kill the pests.
Use of physical barriers e.g. fumes, rat bafflers etc to keep pests away.
Proper drying of produce to make penetration difficult.
Use of explosives to destroy breeding grounds and kill pests.
Suffocating - carbon dioxide build up is used to suffocate pests in especially Cyprus bins
23. Factors to consider when planning to set up a farm business
Risk and uncertainties: enterprises should be analyzed to determine the risks and uncertainties.
Securing: enterprises which require more security should be sited near the farm house/provision for adequate security.
Land size: a large number of enterprises can be established on a large farm compared to a small scale farmer.
Current trends in labour market to determine the availability and cost of labour especially during peak period.
Farmers objectives and preferences: to ensure the farmer who is the operator has a sense of ownership of the plan and brings
about motivation.
Current market trends and prices of outputs: to ensure consideration of enterprises with high profit returns.
Availability and cost of farm inputs: to identify enterprises that are affordable and whose inputs are available.
Government policy/regulation: to seek permission for enterprises undertaken to quota system e.g. coffee growing and avoid
enterprises and farming system prohibited by the government.
Environment factors: soil, climate and topography should be analysed to determine livestock crop enterprises that are suitable
to the local ecological conditions.
Communication and transport facilities to facilitate movement of outputs to the market and supply of inputs. Also helps in
conveying improved methods of farming and market trends.
Availability of capital to require farm inputs.
Possible production enterprises: should be identified and analyzed to that suitable and profitable enterprises and selected.
(b) (i) Field management of bulb onions.
Weed control through shallow cultivation to avoid damage to shallow
Remove excess soil around the bulbs gradually to facilitate bulb expansion.
Water regularly at early stages to ensure adequate moisture supply.
Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizer ad appropriate rates.
Control pests e.g. trips using appropriate pesticides.
Control diseases e.g rust, mildews using appropriate methods.
Harvesting of bulb onions
Is done 4Break and bend the tops at the neck.
Harvesting is done by lifting/pulling/digging out the crop.
Leave the bulbs on the ground to dry for three days and turn frequently to ensure uniform drying.
(c) Sugar cane harvesting
Harvest at the correct size 13-33 months for the pant crop/ 12-13 months for ratoon crop.
Take sugarcane samples for testing to determine maturity.
Cut the mature cane at the base/near the ground.
Cut off the green top.
Strip off green leaves from the stem/burn the cane.
Deliver the cane to the factory within 48 hours/immediately after cutting.
Use a cane harvesting machete.
(6 x ½ = 3mks)
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VIHIGA SUB - COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
SECTION A
1.
2.
Engine oil should be checked daily
Water level in the radiator should be inspected and topped
up if possible
The level of electrolyte should be checked daily
The nuts bolts should be tightened very daily
Check fuel at the start of everyday‘s work
i) Progeny Testing
ii) Mass Selection
iii) Contemporary comparison
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plants use it to make their own food
Can be used for drying some farm produce
It is readily available
a) Anaplasma Marginale (Blue tick)(Protozoan)
b) Theirelia parva (Brown ear tick)(Protozoan )
c) Birna virus
d) Salmonella gallinarum (Bacterian)
a)
Retarded growth, emaciation or loss of weight
Reduced production
Damage to internal organs such as the liver
Blockage of internal organs such as the intestines
Irritation
Anaemia
Loss of appetite
(a)
This is the process of introducing dead or attenuated
pathogens into an animal body
This is a highly contagious disease that spreads very
fast whose outbreak must be reported to the relevant
authorities
b)
This is a situation where an allele prevents the
physical expression of all of the allelic gene
This is the characteristics ability of animal to pass its
characteristics to its off springs
7.
The battery should be fitted correctly on the tractor
The battery should be charged regularly & periodically
Corroded terminals should be scrapped clean & smeared
with grease
The level of electrolyte should be kept just above the plate
by topping with distilled water
8.
9.
a) Black body with the shoulders & only the front legs
white
b) Fawn of chocolate in colour with two white stripper
running down the eyes to the nose
c) Plumage is white in color. The neck hackles, ends of
wings & the tail have a few black feathers
Foetal development
For growth
To provide energy to do work
Formation of milk & meat
For repair worn out tissues
10.
Protozoan diseases
Bacterial diseases
Viral diseases
Nutritional diseases
11. i) This is the mating of closely - related animals
ii) This is the breeding of two unrelated animals within the
same breed
12.
For faster growth rates
To control breeding diseases
Increase quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell
To control breeding
13.
Have a straight top line
Well set part hind quarters to allow room for the big udder
Large & well developed udders with large teats that are
well spaced
Prominent milk veins
Have large stomach capacity
14.
The doe plucks off the fur from her body
Uses the fur to build a nest about 3-10 days earlier
Restlessness
Loss of appetite
15.
To know the control measures
To know / understand the effect on the host
16.
It changes the direction of the driver to right angles so that
power is transmitted to the wheels
It adjusts the speed of the driver
It enables each of the rear wheels to travel independently
at different speeds, a benefit when turning corners
17.
Bright light in the poultry house which makes the birds to
see eggs
Lack of minerals such as calcium in the diet
Presence of broken eggs or egg shells in the poultry house
Idleness
Lack of enough laying nest
SECTION B
18. (a)
Assemble milking materials & equipment before
milking
Check for the presence of Mastitis
c) N
d ) 7 minutes
d) Carry out hand stripping
f)
weighing
Recording
straining
Cooling and storing
cleaning the utensils
washing the parlour
g) (i) Dry cow therapy
(ii) When the cow‘s udder is infected by Mastitis
During the dry period of the cow
(iii)
Use separate udder cloths for each cow
Infected animals should be milked last
Use of teat dips on each teat after every milking
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Ensure milk persons‘ hands are clean/ Use
disinfectants
Barbed Wire
19. i)
ii)
iii)
iv) Wire strainer
v) Use of concrete
Use of droppers
Treatment of the post
20. a) A- Pipe range B-Ring spanner
b) This is used to close / open the jaws depending on the
size of the nut to be opened / tightened
c) Apply oil on the spanner to avoid rusting
Clean after using
SECTION C:
21.
Round off any corners in the brooder
Clean & disinfect the brooder prior to the chicks‘ arrival
Provide adequate floor space in the brooder
Provide appropriate & adequate litter on the brooder floor
Maintain appropriate temperature a per the age of the
chicks
Reduce brooder temperature gradually & accordingly
Spread absorbent paper on the litter & sprinkle chick mash
on it
Ensure the house has the right ventilation
Feed chicks on chick mash
Provide a fire guard around the heat source in case of
naked fire
Provide dim lighting in the brooder
Provide adequate clean drinking water
Remove & dispose off dead chicks properly
Provide adequate & appropriate drinkers & feeders
Clean & disinfect drinker & feeders regularly
Control disease appropriately
Control endoparasites through regular deworming of the
chicks
Control ectoparasites by dusting chicks/ floor with
pesticides
Isolate & treat sick chicks\
Debeak the chicks as recommended
Keep proper records
Introduce growers mash gradually in the 18th week
22. a)
The adult fluke that stays in the liver of the primary host
lays eggs
Eggs pass via the bile duct to the alimentary canal & then
out through the anus together with the droppings
Incase the eggs fall in warm stagnant water they hatch into
the first larvae / stage a ciliated motile embryo known as
miracidium
The miracidium bore into the body of fresh water snail
In
the snail the miracidium develops further to form
numerous larvae forms known as sporocytes
The sporoctes further develops to form redia
The redia develop further to form a larvae stage known as
cercarial
Cercarial bow out of the snails become encysted then
known as metacercariae & attaches itself on grass blades
near the water body
The metacercariae is swallowed by animals as they graze /
drink infested water
After ingestion the cyste dissolve & the larvae penetrates
the wall of the intestine into the liver where they develop
into adult flukes
Later the larvae enter the bile duct where they mature
sexually
b)
Helps the operator to select appropriate gears
Adjust the speed of drive from the engines crankshaft to
the drive shaft
Helps to alter the speed ratio
Enable Easy application of power to the work done by the
tractor
Enable the driver to stop the tractor movement without
stopping the engine
c)
Acts as a temporary storage of food providing room for
churning& mixing of the food with water
Microorganisms act on cellulose breaking it into simple
carbohydrates
Microorgansims Synthesize Vitamin B & K
Microorganisms synthesize Amino Acids from Ammonia
gas
Cellulose breaks down leads to formation of volatile fatty
acids bacteria proteins & ammonia gas
Some ammonia belched through the mouth making the
saliva alkaline
Feed materials that is not chewed properly is returned to
the mouth for further chewing- regurgitation
The further chewing of the food in the mouth brings about
the chewing of curd
23. (a)
i) Lactating cows
Ewes
She goats
Sows
ii) Complete anorexia
Dullness of pupils
Body extremities are cold to touch
Animals struggle as it walks
Animal Lies down with sternum & neck twisted on
one side to lie on the shoulder
Animal falls down & become unconscious
Stomach contents may be drawn into the mouth
iii)
Feed animal with diet rich in late pregnancy & early
lactation
Practice partial milking in cows that have a history of
the disease
Inject animals with Vitamin D & parathyroid
extractions during the gestation period
Inject animal with Calcium borogluconate solution
24. (i) (a)
Use of hook & line
Method is slow
Causes injury to the fish
Method is tedious
b) Use of nets
Does not cause injury to the fish & hence if
young ones are netted they can be returned into
the water
(ii) Carry out routine feeding
Fertilize the pond twice a week
Ensure continuous flow of water in the pond / change
pond water regularly
Carry out routine cropping
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NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided
Define the following economic concepts:
(i) Scarcity
(ii) Opportunity cost
State two types of organic manure.
(a) State four factors that will influence the classification of herbicides.
(b) Highlight two advantages of tillage in weed control.
Give four characteristics of variable inputs.
(a) Why should the following precautions be taken when transplanting vegetable crop seedling?
(i) Watering the nursery before transplanting.
(ii) Lifting the seedling with a garden trowel.
(iii) Application of a light mulch.
(iv) Transplanting when the weather is cool.
(b) State two causes of blossom-end rot disease in tomatoes.
What are the uses of the following financial documents on the farm?
(i) Invoice:……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Delivery note:……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(a) What is agroforestry?
(b) Identify three sites for agroforestry trees.
Give two contributions that agriculture make to boost industrial development in Kenya.
(a) What is a market?
(b) Distinguish between a perfect market and an imperfect market.
(a) State two reasons for processing agricultural products.
(b) Identify two storage pests in maize.
Give four roles of soil micro-organisms that are of economic importance to crops.
State two disadvantages of co-operate land tenure system.
Outline four importances of sub-soiling.
Explain how planting of trees helps in drainage.
(a) What is integrated pest management as used in crop production?
(b) What plant parts are used in the propagation of the following?
(i) Pyrethrum:………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Sweet potatoes:…………………………………………………………………………………..
Outline the effects of soil erosion in crop production.
(½mk)
(½mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(½mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(½mk)
(1½mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided in this section
17. The diagram below illustrates a method of irrigation. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(i) What is irrigation?
(ii) Identify the method of irrigation above.
(iii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of the above method of irrigation.
(iv) Other than the above type of irrigation, name two other types of surface irrigation.
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
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18. (a) What do you understand by the term noxious weed?
(b) The diagrams labeled A, B and C represents common weeds.
(1mk)
(i) Identify the weeds.
(ii) State one reason why it is difficult to eradicate the weed labeled C.
19. The diagram below shows a certain bird which is a field crop pest.
(3mks)
(1mk)
(a) Identify the bird.
(1mk)
(b) Name two other birds regarded as field pests.
(2mks)
(c) State four control measures for the pest.
(2mks)
20. Mr. Kiptoo is a mixed farmer. He has 16 hectares of land, of which 6 hectares are under permanent pasture. He plans to
grow 6 hectares of maize. In the previous season, he hired casual workers at the rate of 80 man days per hectare. The cost
was Kshs. 30 per man-day. This season, instead of employing casual workers, he intends to hire a tractor to open the land at a
cost of Ksh. 600 per hectare. Kiptoo thinks that using a tractor will increase maize production from 800 to 1,200kg/ha.
Harvesting will cost ksh. 6 per kg of maize seed and the price of maize will be 60ksh/kg. What advice can you give Mr.
Kiptoo?
(5mks)
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in the spaces provided
21. (a) Outline the characteristics of plants used as green manure.
(b) Discuss production of cabbage under the following sub-headings:(i) Ecological requirements
(ii) Transplanting
(iii) Diseases
(c) List the factors that determine the quality of Hay.
22. (a) (i) What is seed dormancy?
(ii) Discuss four methods of breaking seed dormancy.
(b) Outline the factors that determine the time of harvesting.
(c) (i) Explain three effects of river bank erosion.
(ii) Discuss the structural control measure of soil erosion.
23. (a) Explain the importance of primary cultivation.
(b) (i) Describe the precautions taken when harvesting pyrethrum.
(ii) Outline the advantages of mulching.
(c) Explain five reasons why agro-forestry is important.
(5mks)
(4mks)
(3mks)
(3mks)
(5mks)
(1mk)
(4mks)
(5mks)
(3mks)
(7mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
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NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in the Spaces Provided
1. Name two tools for cutting galvanized iron pipes.
(2mks)
2. Give two harmful effects of fleas in poultry.
(2mks)
3. State the difference between the large white and landrace breeds of pigs.
(2mks)
4. Define the following terms as used in poultry production.
(1mk)
(i) Capon
(ii) Hen
5. State two ways by which proper feeding contribute to disease control in livestock.
(2mks)
6. State the difference between a tenon and a cross-cut saw.
(1mk)
7. Give two control measures of Tapeworms in livestock.
(2mks)
8. Give three importance of additives to livestock feed.
(1½mks)
9. State two factors that determine maintenance requirements in livestock.
(1mk)
10. State one functional difference between the rumen and abomasums in ruminant digestion.
(1mk)
11. State four desirable characteristics to be considered when selecting heifer for milk production.
12. Give two advantages of embryo transplant technology.
(2mks)
13. State four advantages of using spray race over the plunge dip.
(2mks)
14. Give four structural requirements of a calf pen.
(2mks)
15. Name two common vectors of protozoan diseases in livestock.
(1mk)
16. State four factors that influence the quality of bricks.
(2mks)
17. Mention four factors that influence digestibility of food in livestock.
(2mks)
18. The recommended rations for mixing ingredients for making concrete is 1:3:4. Name the ingredients represented by the
numbers 1, 3 and 4.
(1½mks)
19. Name two types of chisels.
(1mk)
20. Give two reasons for laying soft shelled eggs by layers.
(2mks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
21. The illustration below represents an equipment used in poultry production. Study it carefully and answer the questions that
follow.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
22. (a)
Identify the equipment.
Name the parts A, B and C.
What is the function of the part labeled C?
Why is it important to turn the eggs around 1800 every 6 - 8 hours?
Identify each of the parasites of livestock shown below and answer the questions that follow.
(1mk)
(3mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
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(b) (i) What is the difference between parasite E and parasite G?
(ii) Suggest two effective methods of controlling the parasite labeled E.
(2mks)
(2mks)
23. Below is a diagram of a rabbit hutch with some parts labeled Q, R, S. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
(a) Give two factors to be considered when siting the rabbit hutch.
(b) How should the material used for constructing parts Q and S be treated so as to last long?
(c) Give two reasons for raising the rabbit hutch above the ground level.
24. The diagram below illustrates a calf rearing practice.
a) Identify the practice illustrated above.
b) Give one precaution taken while using the rearing practice stated in (a) above.
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in the spaces provided
25. (a) State and explain five factors affecting milk composition in cattle.
(b) Outline the procedure of processing honey using heat method.
(c) State four factors that determine the quality of honey.
26. (a) Discuss Rinderpest disease of livestock under the following sub-headings:(i) Causal organism
(ii) Symptoms
(iii) Control
(b) State and explain five preventive measures of livestock diseases.
27. (a) Explain five benefits of using biogas as a source of power.
(b) Outline ten daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a tractor.
(c) Outline five practices that are carried out on fish before preservation.
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(10mks)
(6mks)
(4mks)
(1mk)
(5mks)
(4mks)
(10mks)
(5mks)
(10mks)
(5mks)
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1.
2.
3.
NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
(i) Scarcity - limitedness of factors of production i.e. land, labour, capital and managements.(½ mark)
(ii) Opportunity cost - The cost of the foregone returns / Foregone returns from the best alternative. (½mk)
(a)
Green manure
Farmyard manure
Compost manure.
(mark the first two points)
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
(b)
PH affects availability of certain nutrients in the soil.
PH affects the activities of soil micro-organisms.
PH affects the type of plant species to grow in an area.
PH affects damage by crop pests.
PH affects attack by crop diseases.
(first four)
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
(a)
Formulation
Time of application
Selectivity
Mode of action.
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
(b)
Crop residue is incorporated into the soil.
Earthing up is done to crops.
Allows water infiltration.
It is cheap to small scale farmers.
(first two)
(1mk)
4.
They are added to fixed inputs during production.
Are allocated to specific enterprises.
Their cost depends on quality and quantity used.
They change in quantity with the level of production
Their cost value is used to calculate gross margin of farm enterprises.
5.
(a)
Ensures lifting the seedling with a ball of earth without damaging roots.
To prevent root damage
To prevent evaporation of water from the soil / conserve water for the plant.
Prevent excessive water loss from soil and crop.
(b)
Too much nitrogen
Infrequent / Irregular watering
Calcium deficiency
(any first two)
(any four)
(2mks)
(½mk) each
(1mk)
6.
(i) Inform the farmer of goods delivered on credit / debits the farmer.
(ii) Accompanies goods delivered. Evidence that goods have been delivered to the farmer.
( ½ mk)
( ½ mk)
7.
(a) Growing of crops, rearing of livestock and planting of trees in the same piece of land.
(b)
Boundaries
River banks
Homestead
(½mk)
(1½mks)
8.
Source of raw materials for industries.
Provision of market for industrial goods.
(1mk)
9. (a) A market is an institution for the exchange of goods and services.
(1mk)
(b) A perfect market is a situation where price of a commodity of same grade is same all over the market while an imperfect
market is where prices of some commodities vary with sellers.
(1mk)
10. (a)
Reduce bulkiness so as to lower transportation and storage costs.
Improve keeping quality.
Improve flavours.
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To change into usable form (final product)
(b)
Maize weevil
Red flour beetle
Rats
(first 2 x ½ = 1mk)
Burrow into the soil making it well aerated and loose.
Carry out decomposition boosting soil fertility.
Fixing free atmospheric nitrogen in the oil.
Cause damage to crops by causing diseases.
(any four)
(2mks)
Poor management and fund embezzlement lead to inefficiency in the system.
Its title deed cannot be used by individual member to obtain loans.
(any two)
(1mk)
11.
12.
13.
Breaking hard pans.
Facilitates adequate gaseous exchange in he soil.
Bringing leached minerals to the surface.
Encourage water infiltration into the soil.
Encourage root penetration into the soil.
(mark the first four)
(4x ½ = 2mks)
14. Plants absorb water from the soil and loose a lot of it through transpiration.
(1x1 = 1mk)
15. (a) A combination of both chemical and cultural pest control methods.
(1mk)
(b) (i) Splits
( ½ mark)
(ii)
- Vines
- Root tubers
(any one)
( ½ mark)
16.
Removes organic mater and soil nutrients leaving soil infertile.
Carries away soil micro-organisms useful in decomposition.
Exposes underground water pipes and roots.
Causes sedimentation and silting in water bodies.
(any four)
(2mks)
SECTION B
17. (i) Artificial application of water to crops.
(1x1 = 1mk)
(ii) Furrow irrigation.
(1x1 = 1mk)
(iii) Advantages
Reduces fungal diseases.
Cheap to establish.
(first 2 x ½ = 1mk)
Disadvantages
A lot of water is lost through evaporation and ground seepage.
Soil erosion occurs if not properly maintained.
(first 2 x ½ = 1mk)
(iv)
Flood irrigation ( ½ mark)
Basin irrigation ( ½ mark)
18. (a) Weed whose cultivation is prohibited by law e.g. bhang (cannabis sativa).
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(b) (i)
A - Double Thorn (Oxygonum sinuatum)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
B - Black Jack (Bidens pilosa)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
C - Couch grass (Digetaria scalarum)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(ii)
It has well developed rooting system / it propagates vegetatively by underground roots and stems.
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
19. (a) Mouse bird
(1x1 = 1mk)
(b) Sudan dioch (Quelea quelea aethiopica)
(1x1 = 1mk)
Common weaver bird
(1x1 = 1mk)
Domestic fowl.
(c)
Trapping
( ½ mark)
Scaring
( ½ mark)
Poisoning
( ½ mark)
(The first four points)
Destroying breeding pests
( ½ mark)
Bombing
( ½ mark)
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20. Mr. Kiptoo‘s partial budge.
Debit (-) (½ mark)
Extra costs
Kshs.
Tractor hire (600 x 6)
= 3,600 (½ mark)
Harvesting costs (1200x6) = 7,200 (½ mark)
Revenue foregone
(800 x 60) = 48,000 (½ mark)
58,500 (½ mark)
Credit (+) (½ mark)
Costs saved
Kshs.
Labour costs (80 x 30) = 2,400(½ mark)
Extra revenue
Sale of maize (1,200 x 60 = 72,000(½ mark)
74,400 (½ mark)
ADVICE: Mr. Kiptoo can make the proposed change because he stands to make a profit of Kshs.15,600. The change is
worthwhile.
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
21. (a)
Should be highly vegetative.
Should have a fast growth rate.
Should have a high nitrogen content / leguminous.
Must be capable of rotting quickly,
Should be hardy / capable of growing in poor conditions. (5 points x 1 mark = 5mks)
(b) (i)
High attitude between 1800 and 2900m above sea level.
Well distributed rainfall of about 750mm; large headed varieties 2000mm.
Irrigation where conditions are dried.
Deep, rich, well-drained soil.
Slightly acidic soils PH 6.5.
(Mark the first four points - 1 mark each)
(4mks)
(ii)
Ready for transplanting one month after sowing / 3 - 4 true leaves, 15cm high.
Healthy and vigorous growing seedlings should be selected.
Lift with a lump of soil around the roots / watering first.
Seedlings planted at same depth they were in the nursery and soil firmed.
Done late in the evening or during a cloudy day.
(mark the first 3 points x 1mk = 3mks)
(iii)
Damping off
Black rot
Downy mildew
(3x1 = 3mks)
(c)
Forage species used
Stage of harvesting / leaf : stem ratio
Length of the drying period
Weather conditions during the drying process
Condition of the storage structure
(5x1 = 5mks)
22. (a) (i) It is the period when a viable seed cannot germinate even under favourable climatic conditions / stage of inhibited
growth of a seed.
(ii)
Mechanical - scratching the seed coat to make it permeable to water / scarification / knicking.
Heat treatment; use of hot waer or burning the seeds lightly.
Chemical treatment; seeds are dipped in some specific chemicals e.g. concentrated sulphuric acid for 2 minutes and then
removed.
Soaking in water - seeds soaked for 24 - 48 hours until they swell then removed and planted immediately.
(the
first four, well explained x 1 mark)
(4 x 1 = 4mks)
(b)
Purpose of the crop / use
Market demand
Concentration of he required chemicals.
Weather conditions.
Prevailing market price and profit margins.
(5 x 1 = 5mks correctly explained)
(c) (i)
Materials carried by water damage the banks.
It widens the riverbed by constantly eroding the bank / reduce potential size of cultivated land.
Eroded soil is deposited downstream thereby causing sedimentation in dams and other bodies.
(first 3 points x 1 mark = 3mks)
(ii)
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Trash lines: crop residue such as maize stalk, grass etc are heaped along the contour.
Storeline; stones heaped along the slope to trap soil.
Bunds: heaps of soil along the contour.
Cut-off drains / diversion ditches; open trench with an embankment on the lower side.
Terraces; reduce the surface flow of water and carry away excess water.
Gabions / porous dams: Boxes of galvanized wire mesh filled with stones.
Dams and reservoirs.
(7 points x 1 mark = 7mks)
23. (a) - To remove weeds.
To bury organic matter for easy decomposition.
To facilitate water infiltration and aeration.
To destroy soil-borne pests by exposing them to predators and sun.
To make subsequent operations easy.
(5 points x 1 mark = 5mks)
(b) (i)
Picked flowers should be put into an open woven basket to allow ventilation.
Tins or polythene bags should not be used (leads to fermentation).
Wet flowers should not be picked because they may host up and ferment.
Don‘t compact flowers in the basket as this encourages heating up and fermentation lowering pyrethrin content.
(5 points x 1 mark = 5mks)
(ii)
Prevents water evaporation / maintains moisture in the soil.
Acts as an insulator / modifies / regulates soil temperature.
Control soil erosion by reducing the speed of running water.
Controls the weeds by suppressing their growth.
Organic materials decompose and improve soil structure.
Organic materials improves soil fertility by releasing nutrients after decomposition.
(5 points x 1 mark = 5mks)
(c)
Remedy to deforestation
Source of income
Environmental benefits / protect soil from strong rains, sun and wind.
Labour saving
Aesthetic value.
(5 points x 1 mark = 5mks)
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2.
3.
NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
SECTION A
Tools for cutting galvanized pipes.
Hack saw
Pipe cutter
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
Harmful effects of fleas
Cause wounds
Cause anaemia
Cause irritation
Cause cannibalism
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
Difference between large white and landrace breeds of pig.
Large white
Landrace
- Pink skin
- White skin
- Medium body
- Long body
- Arched back
- Less arched body
- Slightly dished snout
- Straight snout
- Ears upright
- Long dropping ears
- Produces lean pork
- Reared for bacon
(2x1 = 2mks)
4.
Definition of Capon and Hen
Capon - Male bird that has been rendered sterile.
Mature female bird.
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
5.
Ways proper feeding contribute to disease control.
Prevent deficiency diseases.
Improves animals ability to resist diseases.
6.
Tenon and cross cut saw
Tenon is shorter while cross cut saw is longer.
Tenon has more teeth (per unit length) while cross cut saw has less teeth per unit length.
Tenon is used for cutting small sections in woods while cross cut is used for cutting wood across grains.(2 x ½ = 1mk)
7.
Control measures of tapeworms.
Use of pit latrines by humans.
Eat well cooked beef / pork.
Practice rotational grazing.
Regular drenching of animals.
8.
9.
(first 2 points x 1mk = 2mks)
Importance of additives
Stimulate faster growth
Protect animal against diseases
Keeps animals calm during transit.
(3 x ½ = 1½ marks)
Factors that determine maintenance requirements in livestock.
Body size / weight.
Physiological status of the animal.
Health status of the animal.
10. Functional differences between the Rumen and Abomasum
Rumen
- Temporary store
- Has micro-organisms for fermentation
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
Abomasum
- True stomach
- Produces digestive enzymes
11. Desirable characteristics considered when selecting heifer for milk production.
Docile / mild temperament
High milk production records from ancestors.
Free from physical deformities
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Good health
Good size / weight for the breed.
True to type e.g. wedge shaped.
12. Advantages of Embryo transplant.
Possible to implant embryo from a high quality female.
Stimulates milk production.
Highly productive female can spread over and benefit many farmers.
Easier to transport.
Embryos can be stored for a long period.
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
13. Advantages of spray race over plunge dips.
Faster and can spray more animals per hour.
Small stock can be sprayed easily.
Suitable for pregnant and sick animals as they don‘t get shock.
Less labour requirement.
Animals cannot swallow acaricide.
(first 4 x ½ = 2mks)
14. Structural requirement of a calf pen.
Concrete flour
Adequate space
Single housing
Proper lighting
Proper drainage
Drought free
Leak proof roof
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
15. Common vectors of protozoan diseases
Ticks
Tsetse flies
16.
Curing method
Nature of clay
Preparation method
Ratio of clay to sand.
17.
Species of animals.
Quantity of food already in the digestive system.
The ratio of energy to protein.
Chemical composition of feed.
The form in which the feed is offered to the animals.
18.
Cement - 1 bag / wheelbarrow
Sand - 3 wheelbarrows
Aggregate - 4 wheelbarrows.
19.
Cold chisels
Wood chisels.
20. (i) Lack of phosphorous / calcium in feeds.
(ii) Newcastle infection.
SECTION B
21. (a) Artificial incubator.
(b) A - Source of heat
B - Thermometer
C - Warm water
(c) C - Maintain relative humidity.
(d) Ensure even distribution of warmth for even chick development.
(2 x ½ = 1mk)
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
(3 x ½ = 1½mks)
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(1x1 = 1mk)
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
22. (a) Parasites
E - Louse
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F - Flea
G - Liver fluke
(b) (i) The difference between parasite E and parasite G.
E is an external parasite while G is an internal parasite.
(ii) Effective method of controlling parasite labeled G.
Eradicating the water snail / intermediate host.
Deworming
Avoid grazing animals in marshy areas.
Drain stagnant water.
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
(mark as a whole) (1 x 1 = 1mk)
23. (a) Security
Drainage of the place
Direction of the prevailing wind.
Accessibility of the place.
Relationship with other farm buildings. (award 1 for each response)
(b)
Q - Should be painted.
S - should be treaded with wood preservatives e.g. old engine oil, creosote etc)
Should be charred.
(c) Reasons for raising rabbit hutch
To ensure security from attack by dogs, cats etc.
To hasten drying of beddings.
To avoid dampness from the ground.
24. (a) Feeding practice
Artificial rearing / bucket feeding.
(b) Precautions in rearing practice.
Right amount of milk should be given.
Regular interval of feeding.
Right temperature
Clean equipment
Observe personal hygiene.
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
SECTION C
25.
(a) Factors affecting milk composition.
(i) Age of the animal - young animals produce milk with a higher butter fat content than older animals.
(ii) Physiological condition of the animal - under extreme emaciation there is a drop in the butter fat content of the milk.
Animal at its late stages of pregnancy produces milk with low butter fat content.
(iii) Stage of lactation and pregnancy
Butter fat content is higher at middle phase of lactation period.
Protein and minerals increase in the second phase of lactation.
(iv) Completeness of milk.
(v) Breed differences - different breeds of animals produce milk with different percentage composition. (vi)
Season of the year - fat percentage increase during cold seasons of the year.
(vii) Type of food eaten by the animal
Volatile fatty acids produced in the rumen influence composition of milk.
Acetic acid influence the synthesis of milk with high fats protein and lactose. (viii)
Diseases like mastitis reduces lactose composition in milk.
(1 mark stating, 1 mark explaining) (mark the first five points) (5 x 2 = 10mks)
(b) Processing honey using heat method.
Heat some water in a sufuria.
Put honey combs in an enamel basin or any other container which is not made of iron.
Put the container with honey combs on the boiling water.
Heat until most of the honey melts.
Separate the melted honey from the combs by straining through a muslin cloth.
Keep honey in a container to cool down.
Remove the wax layer that may have formed on the surface of the honey.
(6 points x 1mk = 6mks)
(c) Factors determining the quality of honey.
Type of plants from which the nectar was obtained.
Maturity stage of honey at the time of harvesting.
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Method of harvesting
Method of processing honey.
(4 points x 1mk = 4mks)
26. (a) Rinder pest disease
(i) Causal organism
(i) Virus
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(ii) Symptoms
Animal develops high temperature
Animal has staring coat
Discharge in the mouth and nose
Watery eyes
Diarrhoea and dysentry
Emaciation
(any 5 x 1 = 5mks)
Animal grinds teeth.
(iii) Control
Vaccination every six months.
Quarantine be applied incase of an outbreak.
Affected animals must be killed and disposed off well.
Nurse animals with disinfectants on the wounds to prevent entry of other pathogens.
(b) Prevent measures of livestock disease.
Isolation of sick animals Imposition of quarantine - incase of an outbreak of a notifiable diseases in a given area.
Use of prophylactic drugs
Carrying out regular vaccinations.
Controlling of vectors.
Slaughtering the affected animals.
Use of antiseptic and disinfectants. (stating 1mk, explaining 1mk)
(5 x 2 = 10mks)
27. (a) Benefits of using biogas as a source of power.
It is a cheap source of energy.
Requires low running / maintenance cost.
It can be put to many uses.
Does not pollute the environment / environmentally friendly.
It is a suitable / renewable source of energy.
By-products / fermented slurry is used as manure.
(any 5x1 = 5mks)
(b) Daily maintenance practices carried out in a tractor.
Check fuel level before start of the day‘s work and top it up if necessary.
water in the radiator.
Check daily the level of electrolyte.
Tighten loose nuts and bolts daily.
Apply grease through nipples.
Remove large sediments from sediment bowl.
Inspect
Check
tension of fan belt (should deflect between 1.9cm to 2.5cm when pushed)
Grease
the break shaft bearing.
(c) Practice carried out on fish before preservation.
Cleaning the fish to remove mud and any worms.
Removing scales and slimes.
Opening the fish on the side to remove the gut and the intestines (gutting).
Cleaning the abdominal cavity.
Keeping fish in open containers.
(10 x 1 = 10mks)
(any 5x1 = 5mks)
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BURETI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION A : (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
State two characteristics of plantation farming.
State three ways by which plant nutrients may be lost from the soil.
State two feeding habits of field insect pests.
Give four ways in which land reform can be implemented in Kenya.
Give four reasons why most farmers don‘t use green manure in crop production.
Give two factors that would influence the time of planting beans.
Name two crop production practices carried out after planting to achieve optimum plant population.
State four practices which help in achieving minimum tillage.
Name two types of labour record.
List four ways of applying fertilizers in crop.
a) Define the term opportunity cost as used in economics.
b) What is working capital in a farming situation ?
c) Define the term utility of a commodity as used in agriculture economics.
Give a weed for each case which has the following effect on cattle.
a) Poisoning
b) Tainting milk when eaten before milking
Outline four effects of soil organisms which benefit crop growth.
Give two activities carried out during hardening off tomato seedlight.
Distinguish between intensive hedgerow and border planting forms of agroforestry.
State three practices that should be carried out to maintain grass pasture.
a) List four types of financial books farmers should keep.
b) State four ways of improving labour productivity.
SECTION B : (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
18. The diagram below illustrate a field management practice in tomatoes. Study it carefully and answer
follow.
(1 mark)
(1½ marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1½ marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
the questions that
practice
M
i) Identify the field practice.
ii) Identify the condition shown by letter M on the diagram.
iii) Give three causes of the condition indentified in (ii) above.
iv) State two reasons for carrying out the practice named in (i) above.
19. Diagram K1, K2, K3 and K4 below illustrate various stages of a method used in vegetative propagation.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
Y
X
K1
K2
K3
K4
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i) Identify the method of vegetative propagation illustrated in the diagrams above.
ii) Why is the tying necessary as illustrated in K3 ?
iii) Name the part of K4 marked Y.
iv) Name the crop plant in which the method of propagation illustrated above is recommended.
20. The diagram below illustrate common weeds in arable land. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
D
C
Ground
level
Bulbs
Roots
a)
b)
c)
21. a)
Identify the weeds labelled D and C.
(2 marks)
Classify the weed labelled C according to plant morphology. (1 mark)
Give one reason why it is difficult to control the weed labelled D.
(1 mark)
Using the information on the table below answer the questions that follow.
Fertilizer input (units)
Maize yield (bags)
Marginal products (bags)
0
50
-
1
62
12
2
66
4
3
68
2
4
69
1
5
69
0
The cost of fertilizer is sh.1500 per unit and the price of maize is sh.1200 per bag.
i) At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to
ii) Give reason for your answer in (b) above.
iii) Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production.
b) State the law of diminishing return in production function.
SECTION C :
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 24.
22. a) Describe five ways in which high temperature affects agricultural production in Kenya.
b) Explain five ways in which biotic factors influence crop production in agriculture.
c) Describe the establishment of Napier grass under the following sub-headings:
i) Seedbed preparation
ii) Planting
23. a) Explain the problems farmers face in marketing agricultural produce.
b) Explain how various practices carried out in the field help to control crop diseases.
24. a) Explain eight cultural methods of soil and water conservation.
b) State six disadvantages of communal land tenure system.
c) Describe precautions that should be observed when harvesting cotton.
the maize
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
?
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
(8 marks)
(6 marks)
(6 marks)
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BURETI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A : (30 MARKS)
1. State four maintenance practices for a disc plough.
(2 marks)
2. Name three methods that are used in selection of breeding stock in livestock production.
(1½ marks)
3. Name the pig breed which has the following characteristics: long, large and white body, broad and dished face, upright ears.
(1 mark)
4. Give two vices in poultry controlled by debeaking.
(1 mark)
5. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house.
(1 mark)
6. Name one livestock disease that is transmitted by each of the following parasites.
a) Blue ticks
(½ mark)
b) Brown ear ticks (½ mark)
c) Tsetseflies
(½ mark)
7. Give two ways in which proper nutrition helps to control livestock diseases.
(1 mark)
8. Name two developmental stages of a liverfluke (fasciola spp) which occur in the fresh water snail (limnae sp)
(1 mark)
9. Name two bloodless methods of castration in lambs.
(1 mark)
10. Name two breeding systems that can increase the frequency of high milk production genes in indigenous cattle. (1 mark)
11. State four signs that indicate that a doe is about to kindle.
(2 marks)
12. State four advantages of natural feeding in calf rearing.
(2 marks)
13. Name the strokes in a four stroke cycle engine.
(2 marks)
14. State four signs of mite attack in poultry.
(2 marks)
15. State two functions of the reticulum in the digestive system of a ruminant.
(1 mark)
16. Explain the following terms as used in agricultural engineering :
a) Top dead centre
(1 mark)
b) Bottom dead centre
(1 mark)
17. Give four uses of ox-drawn harrow.
(2 marks)
18. Name the complementary tool for each of the tools named below :
i) Trochar ...
(½ mark)
ii) Hand drill ...
(½ mark)
19. Name three tools used in handling cattle during an agricultural exhibition.
(1½ marks)
20. a) Define the term inbreeding.
(1 mark)
b) Give four disadvantages of inbreeding in livestock production. (2 marks)
SECTION B :
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
21. The diagrams below represent livestock parasites.
Parasite E
Parasite F
i) Identify parasite E.
ii) State three effects that may be observed in an animal that has been attacked by parasite F.
iii) Name the intermediate host for parasite F.
22. a) Below is a diagram of a farm structure.
U
T
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(1 mark)
S
6cm
J
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i) Identify the structure J.
ii) Identify the parts labelled S, T and U
iii) State the functions of the parts labelled T and U
b) L, M, N and O are diagrams of farm tools. Study them and answer the questions that follow.
(1mark)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
N
L
M
O
i) Identify the farm tools.
ii) State the use of each tool.
23. The diagram below are livestock farm structures. Study them and answer questions that follow.
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
C
D
i) Identify the structures.
ii) State three advantages of the structure labelled D.
SECTION C :
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 26.
24. a) Describe six structural requirements of a deep litter house.
b) Describe gumboro under the following sub-headings:
i) Animals affected
ii) Causal organism
iii) Incubation period
iv) Symptoms of attack
v) Control
c) Name two nutritional disorders of cattle.
25. a) Describe the five functions of a gear box in a tractor.
b) Describe the long term service carried out during tractor servicing.
26. a) Outline four functions of vitamins in livestock nutrition.
b) Explain six control measures of tapeworms in livestock.
c) Outline the factors to consider when selecting livestock for breeding.
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(6 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(7 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
(4 marks)
(6 marks)
(10 marks)
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BURETI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1.
2.
3.
4.
production of one crop
practised in large scale farming.
1 mark
leaching
plant uptake
volatilization / burning
1½ marks
Biting and chewing
Piercing and sucking.
1 mark
Land consolidation
land adjudication and registration
Land settlement and resettlement.
Tenancy reform
Redistribution of land/ land subdivision
Improved land legislation
2 marks
5.
Most of the crop used are food crops.
Green manure crops use most of the soil moisture leaving little for the next crop
Most nutrients are used by micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure.
It delays planting as it takes time for green manure crop to decompose.
2 marks
6.
Rainfall patter/ reliability
Variety of beans
Incidence of pest and diseases attack
Expected harvesting time
1 mark
7.
Thinning
Gapping
1 mark
Establishing cover crop.
Use of herbicides to control weeds.
Use of mulch on the surface.
Timing cultivation
Restricting cultivation to the area where seeds are to be planted.
Uprooting /slashing weeds.
2 marks
Muster rolL
Labour utilization analysis
1 mark
8.
9.
10.
Broadcasting
Foliar application
Side/ row / basal application
Fertigation
Hole placement / drilling
Drip
2 marks
11.
a) Is the value of foregone best alternative / revenue forgone because of choosing the best alternative.
b) Raw material used up in the process of production e.g. seeds, fuel, fertilizer feeds.
(OWTTE if examples are included)
1 mark
12.
Thorn apple / Datura stramonium
Sodium apple / Solanuminclanum
1 mark
b)
Mexican marigold / Tagetes minutta
1 mark
1 mark
13.
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Decompose organic matters
Help to aerate the soil
Convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate
Upon death and decay release plant nutrients.
2 marks
Removal of the shade.
Reduce the frequency of watering.
Reduce the amount of water.
1 mark
14.
15.
Intensive hedgerow trees or shrubs are planted between rows of crops while Border planting - trees or shrubs are planted on
the borders of the farm. (Mark as a whole)
2 marks
16.
Topdress / apply manure.
Control weed.
Practice controlled grazing to avoid denudation.
Cutting back dry and unpalatable ports.
Re-seeding when necessary.
Irrigation when necessary
Control pest and diseases.
17. a)
Journal
Cash book
Ledger
Inventory
b)
Training labour force.
Mechanizing operations.
Giving incentives e.g. housing.
Supervision of labour.
Assign specific tasks to workers.
1½ marks
2 marks
18.
i) staking
ii) Blossom end rot
iii)
Too much nitrogen in early stages of growth.
Irregular or infrequent watering.
Calcium deficiency in young fruits.
1 mark
1 mark
3 marks
iv)
Enhances production of clean fruits.
Helps in controlling diseases.
Facilities management practices (accept any specific practice (harvesting / weeding / prunning)
Prevent infestation by soil born pests.
2 marks
19.
i) T - budding / Budding.
ii)
Help to exclude water and air
To make tight contact between the bud and rootstock (accept any two correct answers)
iii) Rootstock
1 mark
iv) Citrus (accept specific crop e.g. oranges, lemons, tangerines)
2 marks
1 mark
20.
a) C - Black jack
D - oxalis
2 marks
b) Broad leaved weed.
1 mark
c) Presence of underground bulb.
1 mark
21. a)
i) At the end of the third unit fertilizer application / 3
1 mark
ii) This is the cost profitable unit of fertilizer application, beyond which there would be a loss.
1 mark
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iii) MR = Shs 1200 × 2 = 2400 /=
1 mark
b) States that if successive units of one input are added to fixed units of other inputs a point is eventually reached where
additional output per additional unit of input will decline.
1 mark
Section C
22. a)
Increase incidences of some pests/ parasites and diseases.
Improves quality of certain crops e.g. fruits.
Lower quality of certain crops e.g. pyrethrum.
Increase rate of evapotranspiration / causes wilting.
Increase rate of maturity / hasten maturity.
Limit distribution of exotic livestock breeds.
5 × 1 = 5 marks
b)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria - convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates for plant uptake.
Pollinators - transfer pollen grains from the another of a flower to stigma to bring variation.
Decomposers - breakdown organic plant and animal remains to release nutrient for plants.
Pests - attack crops by eating plant parts; / piercing and sucking sap and introducing spread disease causing micro -organisms
to crops.
Pathogens - they cause crop disease.
Predators - reduce pest population.
5 × 1 = 5 marks
c)
i) Seedbed preparation
(2 marks)
Land is prepared early during the dry season.
Vegetation is cleared and all stumps should be removed.
Primary cultivation is then carried out and all perennial weeds are removed.
It is followed by secondary cultivation Land.
Is harrowed to produce a medium tilth
Furrows are made at a spacing of 90 - 100cm
Alternatively, holes can be dug at a spacing of 90 - 100cm between the rows and 50cm between the plants.
any (5 × 1 ) = 5 marks
ii)
Stem cutting or splits are used.
Planting should be done at the onset of the rains.
Stem cutting should be placed in the furrows or planting holes in a slanting manner.
A compound fertilizer such as NPK 20 - 20 - 0 is applied.
Should be applied at a rate of 200kg /ha at a planting hole or furrow.
Two nodes should be covered underground and one node should remain above the ground.
Planting material should come from a healthy and mature plant
23.
Storage - lack of storage facilities to handle perishable / large quantities at harvesting time.
Seasonability Perishability Lack of
market information - lack technical knowledge accessing market information.
Poor infrastructure - face problem of delivering produce to the market because of poor roads in some areas. produce get spoilt
in transit before reaching the market.
Change in the market demand time between making decisions to produce and when products are realised is long and within
the period changes may occur in consumer's tastes and preference.
Bulkiness Competition from cheap imports - Similar produce imported into the country at cheaper prices can complete with locally
produced products hence market problem.
Delayed payments - This reduces the morale of farmers.
Fluctuation in prices - change in supply brought about by over production with cause price to fluctuate.
any (10 × 1 )=10 marks
b)
Control of pests - prevent spread of pathogen.
Destruction of crop residue - kill the pest and pathogens.
Pruning ; creates unfavourable microclimate for some pathogens/ prevent spread of the disease.
Heat treatment; kills the pathogen
Quarantine : prevent spread of the pathogen form one farm to the other.
Use of clean tools / equipment, pr
Use of resistant varieties ensure crops are not attacked by pathogens.
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Weed control : eliminate weeds that could be alternate hosts for particular pathogen.
Proper spacing - creates unfavourable conditions for some pathogens to multiply.
Timely / early planting help crop to establish early before attack.
Close season breaks the life cycle of pathogens
Use of clean planting materials - disease free prevents introduction of pathogens in the field.
Rogueing, prevent further spread of disease.
Crop rotation breaks life cycle of pathogens.
Proper plant nutrition, increase disease resistance / control deficiency diseases.
OWTTE (aNY 10 × 1 = 10 marks
24. a)
Contour farming - Cultivation and planting done across the slopes helps in holding water thereby increasing infiltration and
reducing runoff.
Mulching - covers the soil thereby reducing splash erosion / reduce speed of run off.
Strip cropping - give good soil cover with those that give soil cover controls movement of soil particles helping in soil
control.
Vegetated waterway - Slow down runoff / eroded soil preventing further erosion.
Afforestation / reafforestation trees protect soil from splash erosion by controlling the strength of raindrop.
Intercropping - cover the ground preventing splash erosion / surface runnoff.
Minimum tillage - so as to maintain good soil structure / have a seedbed which is not easily detached.
Cover cropping - protect soil from effect of raindrop.
Grass strip / filter strips - reduce speed of run-off and filter out eroded soil. any 8 × 1 = 8 marks
b)
Difficult to control pests and diseases / parasites spread faster.
Land disputes are common.
No motivation to conserve land.
No motivation to make long term investments.
An individual cannot use land as security to acquire loan.
difficult to control breeding in livestock.
6 × 1 = 6 marks
c)
Sisal / gunny bags should not be used to prevent mixing of lint with bag fibres.
Picking should he done when the lint is dry to prevent fibres from sticking together.
use different containers for AR (Safi) and Br (fifi) gardens of cotton to ensure quality.
Picking should be done immediately the balls open to avoid staining by dust.
Avoid picking leaves and twigs to avoid contamination.
Use clean containers for picking.
6 × 1 = 6 marks
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BURETI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1.
14.
Clean after use
Paining the frame
Greasing the moving parts / lubricating moving parts.
(Rej- Movable parts)
Repair / replace broken / worn out parts.
Apply oil on metal parts on long storage.
Proper storage
Tighten lose nuts / bolts.
2 marks
2
3.
4.
.Progeny testing.
Mass selection
Contemporary comparison
1½ marks
Large white
1 mark
Egg eating
Cannibalism
1 mark
5.
To absorb moisture from poultry droppings.
Keep birds busy scratching, thus reducing cannibalism.
Keep the house warm.
1 mark
6.
a) Blue ticks ; Gallsickness; red water. ½ mark
b) Brown ear ticks ;
ECF, Redwater, Nairobi sheep diseases / Theiliosis.
c) Tsetse flies
Trypanosomiasis (nagana)
½ mark
7.
Prevents nutrient deficiency diseases.
Ensures resistance against disease infections.1 mark
8.
Sporocyst
Cercaria
Redia
1 mark
9.
Use of rubber ring and elastrator.
Use of burdizzo.
10.
Upgrading / grading up.
Cross breeding.
1 mark
11.
Nest building.
Plucking of fur from the belly.
Loss of appetite
Restlessness 2 marks
12.
Calf takes milk at body temperature.
Milk is free from contamination.
It prevents scouring in calves.
Milk is provided adlibitum.
Low labour requirement.
2 marks
Induction
Compression
Power / ignition stroke
Exhaust.
2 marks
13.
Irritation / scratching of the body.
Anaemia
Presence of mites below the plumage in patches.
Falling off feathers.
Wounds / dematitis due to burrowing effects.
Formation of crusts.
15.
Sieve food /separating fine from coarse food.
Retain foreign and indigestible material like polythene
and nails.
1 mark
16. a) Top dead centre - This is the highest point the
piston reaches in the cylinder during compression and
exhaust stroke
during compression of fuel and air mixture.
1 mark
b) Bottom dead centre This is the lowest point; the
piston reaches in the cylinder during the intake and
power strokes.
17.
Incorporate manure into the soil / stirring the soil.
Breaking soil clods.
Levelling the seedbed.
Covering broadcasted seeds.
Gathering / removing trash.
2 marks
18.
i) Trachar; Canular
½ mark
ii) Hand drill - Drills bits / twist drill.
½ mark
19. - Halter
- Rope
- Nose ring and lead stick. 1½ marks
20.
a) It the mating of animals which are closely related.
b)
Inbreeding can bring loss of hybrid vigour.
May lead to decline in fertility leading to species
extinction.
Bring about reduction in performance.
Leads to high rate of pre-natal mortality.
SECTION B
21.
i) Tsetse fly (Glossina spp) 1 mark
ii)
Trypanosomiasis disease
Cause anaemia
Damaged skin and hides / causing wounds (which act as
routes for secondary infections by pathogenic
organisms).3 marks
iii) Water snail (Limnea species)
22.
i) Barbed wire fence
1 mark
ii) S - Barbed wire / barbs. (3 marks)
T - Drooper
U - Braces / wire braces / ties.
iii) T
Prevent bending of wires / maintain tension.
Stopwire from sagging.
2 marks
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Give support / make firmer / prevent loosening of wire
/ support post / prevent them from bending.
b)
i)
L - wire strainer / monkey strainer.
M - Clamp / sash clamp / T-clamp
N - Dibber
O - Spoke share
2 marks
ii) L - To tighten wires during fencing to correct
tension.
M - To hold pieces of work /holding for joinery
N - Making holes when planting.
O - For smoothening curved surfaces in woodwork.
23.
i)
C - battery cage
D - fold system
2 marks
ii)
There is even distribution of manure.
Birds can feed on grass hence reducing the cost of
feed used.
Fold can rotate to fresh area daily3 marks
24.
It should be properly ventilated.
It should be leak proof to avoid dampness in the house
which encourage disease infections.
Litter on the floor to the house to be warm / absorbing
moisture.
Draught free / This can be achieved by making
windward side wall solid top to bottom.
Enough space for birds to avoid overcrowding.
Proper drainage to avoid dampness and easy to clean.
1 × 6 = 6 marks
b) i) Chicken, turkeys, pigeons and ducks.
ii) Causal organism
1 mark
- Virus (accept)
- Birna virus
iii) Incubation period 1 mark
- 2 - 3 days
iv) Symptoms of attack
Glands above the vent become swollen.
Decrease in egg production.
Birds develop respiratory distress
There is loss of appetite.
Affected birds show low water intake.
Severe immuno-suppression / birds become
susceptable to other diseases.
In hot weather and high humidity conditions the
death rate (mortality rate) increases.
Control
(2 marks)
Vaccination
Use vitamins (especially B12)
2 marks
c) - Milk fever
2 marks
- Bloat
25. a)
Helps the driver to select any toward or reverse gear.
Adjust speed of the drive from the engine crankshaft to
the drive shaft.
Helps to alter the speed ratio
Enables the power from the engine to be more easily
applied to the work done by the tractor.
Enables the driver to stop the tractor movement without
stopping the engine or without foot pressing on the
clutch all the time.
5 × 2 = 10 marks
b)
Engine oil should be drained completely from the sump
and replaced with new oil.
The steering gear box oil should be inspected and
refilled if the level goes below the recommended level
The oil in the differential should be replaced as
recommended.
The linkage and the pulley attachment should be
greased.
Pulley oil level should be checked and added if need be.
The dirty oil should be removed and replaced with
clean one.
any 5 correct points.
5 × 2 = 10 marks
26. a)
Promote growth.
Help in blood clotting.
Help in bone formation
Help in muscular activity
Prevent diseases in animals
Act as organic catalyst in various metabolic and
physiological.
4 marks
b)
Use of prophylactic drugs such as antihelminthes or
dewormers to kill parasites in animals.
Keep animal houses clean and disinfected to kill eggs of
the warm.
Practise rotational grazing and rest pastures to starve
larvae to death
Keep the feeding and watering equipment clean to
control re infection
Use latrines by farm worker or proper disposal of
human excreta to destroy the eggs.
Proper meat inspection to avoid consuming of infected
beef / pork.
Proper cooking of meat to destroy the cysts of the
tapeworm in the meat. 6 well explained × 1 = 6 marks
c)
Body conformation
Fertility /breeding ability
Adaptability of breed to the area /hardiness
Mothering ability in case of females.
Production potential / yielding capacity / performance.
Temperament / behaviour e.g. cannibalism / egg eating.
Deformities / abnormalities e.g mono eyed.
Health
Offspring performance.
Age of the animal
Growth rate
Prolificacy
Quality product
10 × 1 = 10 marks
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MOKASA
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
[THEORY]
2 HOURS
INSTRUCTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
State two reasons why nitrogenous fertilizers are suitable for topdressing
Outline four factors that affect the effectiveness of pesticide
State six factors to be considered when selecting implements for primary cultivation
State two reasons that lead to subsistence farming in Kenya
State four factors that encourage rooting in tea stem cuttings
List two tertiary operations that may be carried out on a seedbed
State six advantages of mixed grass legume pasture over a pure grass pasture
Give four types of records a poultry farmer should keep
State four advantages of using organic manure over inorganic fertilizers in Kenya
Name four forms of livestock farming in Kenya
State four advantages of single stem pruning system in coffee production
Give four benefits of practicing agroforestry in crop farming
State four advantages of using polythene sleeves in the establishment of tree seedling
Give four conditions that favor the use of chemicals to control weeds
State four ways in which herbicides can be classified
(1mark)
(2marks)
(3marks)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(3marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
16. The diagram below shows a method of preparing compost manure
(a) Identify the method
(b) Identify the parts labelled A and B
(c) Give function for part labelled C
(d) Give the reason for inserting a long sharp pointed stick into the pile
17. The diagram below labelled G, H, J and K show different stages of cotton fruit development
(1mark)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(a) Re-arrange the labels G, H, J and K to show the correct sequence in which the cotton fruit develops
(1mark)
(b) What would be the effect of attack by cotton bollworms at the stage labelled K
(1mark)
(c) State two precautions that should be observed when harvesting to ensure that cotton picked is of high quality
(2marks)
(d) Name two products which are obtained after processing cotton in a ginnery
(1mark)
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18. (a) Identify the weeds below;
(b) Why is weed B difficult to control?
(c) Name two crops associated with weed A
(d) Other than use of herbicides, state two control measures of weed A
19. The table below shows a format of labour record
No. of hoursworked
Livestockproduction Crop
Machinery
production
maintenance
(1mark)
(1mark)
(2marks)
Date ofworking
Remarks
Cost/hour
Total cost
(a) Name the type of farm record illustrated above
(b) State four uses of the farm record shown above
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided.
20. (a) Outline five ways in which land fragmentation increases the cost of food production in Kenya
(b) Explain eight soil conservation measures that can be used to conserve soil on a sloping farmland
(c) Describe the procedure of silage making
21. (a) Describe the production of common beans under the following subheadings
(i) Planting
(ii) Pest control
(iii) Harvesting
(b) State and explain five methods of applying fertilizer in crop production
22. (a) Outline five benefits of timely planting in cereal production
(b) Describe five ways in which wind negatively affect agricultural production
(c) Describe ten factors that should be considered when deciding on the crop to grow
(1mark)
(4marks)
(5marks)
(8marks)
(7marks)
(5marks)
(3marks)
(2marks)
(10marks)
(5marks)
(5marks)
(10marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
MOKASA
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
[THEORY]
MARCH/APRIL 2016
2 HOURS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
SECTION A [30 MARKS]
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Name four dairy breeds of goats.
Give four characteristics of clean and high quality milk.
Name two classes of livestock feedstuff.
Give three systems of out breeding.
Give the pathogens that cause the following livestock diseases.
[a] Anthrax
[b] Gumboro
State two reasons for hoof trimming in livestock.
Give four symptoms of Newcastle disease.
State four management activities done to piglets immediately after parturition.
Give four pre disposing factors of mastitis in dairy cows.
State four routine management practices carried out on a replacement stock that is a heifer.
Outline two control measures of roundworms.
Give two maintenance practices carried out on a barbed wire fence.
[a] Name a pig breed that is purely black with a long back and drooping ears .
[b] Name fourmaterials collected by bees .
State four mechanical methods of controlling ticks.
Give two roles of ovaries in a cows reproductive system .
State four reasons that make keeping of rabbits popular.
Give two roles of a bee drone.
State four management practices carried out in a deep litter system of poultry keeping.
Name two functions of a clutch in the tractors transmission system.
[2marks]
[2marks]
[1mark]
[1.5marks]
[0.5marks]
[0.5marks]
[1mark]
[2marks]
[2marks]
[2marks]
[2marks]
[1mark]
[1mark]
[0.5mark]
[2marks]
[2marks]
[1mark]
[2marks]
[1 mark]
[2marks]
[1mark]
SECTION B [20MARKS]
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
20.The diagrams below represent some farm tools and equipment .Study them and answer the questions that follow .
[a] Identify the tools labeled A and B
[b] State one use of each of the tools labeled C and D
[c] Explain one maintenance practice carried out on tool D.
21.The diagram below represents a foundation of a farm structure .Study it and answer questions that follow .
[2mark]
[2mark]
[1mark.]
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
[a] Identify the parts labeled E and F .
[b] State two uses of part labeled F in a foundation structure.
[c] What ingredients are used to complete part G.
22. The diagram below illustrates an internal parasite of livestock.
(2 mark)
[2marks]
[1mark]
[a] Identify the parasite above .
[b] Name two common species of the parasite illustrated above.
[c] Give two control measures of the above parasite.
23. Study the diagram below and answer questions that follow .
[1mark.]
[2marks.]
[2marks.]
[a] Which of the above cows shows the signs of heat ?
[b] Give one reason to confirm your answer in [a] above.
[c] State two benefits of natural mating system.
[d] Name a disease that is easily spread by this method of mating.
SECTION C [40MARKS]
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided.
24. [a] Describe six signs of farrowing in a sow .
[b] Explain six benefits of the Kenya top bar hive.
[c] Explain eight factors considered when siting farm structures.
25. [a] Describe rinderpest disease under the following sub headings .
Animals affected.
Causal organism.
Symptoms of attack.
Control measures.
[1mark]
[b]
[c]
26. [a]
[b]
[c]
Describe the digestion of food in poultry from the beak to the duodenum.
Explain five uses of solar energy in a farm.
Describe the working of a two stroke cycle engine .
Explain five factors considered when siting a fish pond.
Explain five reasons for swarming of bees.
[2marks]
[1mark]
[6marks]
[6marks]
[8marks]
[2marks]
[1 mark]
[5 marks]
[2 marks ]
[5marks]
[5marks]
[10marks]
[5marks]
[5marks]
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MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION TEST - 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE PAPER 1
THEORY
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A:
1. (i) They are highly soluble
(ii) They are required by plants at a later stage of development
(iii) They are readily leached below root zone
2. (i) Concentration of the pesticide in relation to the stage of development
(ii) The weather conditions
(iii) Persistence of the pesticide
(iv) Formulation of the pesticide
(v) The mode of action of the pesticide
3. (i) Topography of the land
(ii) Condition of land e.g. presence of obstacles
(iii) Source of power
(iv) Scale of operation
(v) Availability of capital
(vi) Type of implements available
(vii) Types of crop to b grown
(viii) Skills of the operator
(ix) Types of soil
4. (i) Limited capital/high cost of inputs
(ii) Poor government policies
(iii) Small land sizes
(iv) Low market prices
5. (i) Applying rooting hormones e.g. 1AA, 1BA and NAA
(ii) Low light intensity encourages rooting in hardwood plants (iii)
Enough oxygen supply
(iv) Ample supply of moisture
(v) High relative humidity
(vi) Warm soil temperature
(vii) Presence of leaves for photosynthesis to quicken rooting
6. Ridging; rolling; levelling;
7. (i) More palatable than pure grass
(ii) Has security against total loss in case of pest and disease attack (iii)
Yields are higher per unit area of land than pure grass pasture (iv) It is
more nutritious
(v) Makes maximum use of soil nutrients because of different nutrients requirement (vi)
It has better weed control effect
(vii) Reduces soil erosion because of good soil cover
(viii) Economy in use of fertilizers in mixed pasture
(ix) It increases soil fertility because of nitrogen fixation
(x) There is better seasonal distribution of growth in a mixture of early and late maturing species
8. Marketing records; labour records; inventory records; production records; health records
9. (i) Increase microbial activities in the soil
(ii) Improve soil structure/aeration/water infiltration/water retention
(iii) Reduce effects of water and wind erosion
(iv) Less expensive per given unit of nutrient content
(v) Impart dark colour to the soil which improves ability of soil to absorb heat.
(vi) Buffers and moderates soil pH by preventing rapid chemical change
10. (i) Pastoralism (mammalian livestock farming)
(ii) Fish farming (aquaculture)
(iii) Bee keeping
(iv) Poultry keeping
11. (i) Easy to carry out routine practices such as spraying, harvesting
(ii) Minimises breakage of branches due to strong framework
(iii) Passage of machinery is easy
(iv) Less frequent change of the cycle.
12. (i) Helps in water and soil conservation
(ii) Soil fertility is improved through nitrogen fixation by leguminous plants and decaying plant matter.
(iii) Act as windbreakers
(iv) Moderate temperature/shade provision
(2 x ½ = 1 mark)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(6 x ½ = 3 marks)
(2 x ½ = 1 mark)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(2 x ½ = 1 mark)
(6 x ½ = 3 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
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13. (i) No disturbance of root system at transplanting
(ii) Can be transported for long distances without damage
(iii) Seedlings grow very fast
(iv) It is possible to plan when to transplant
(v) Problems of soil-borne pest and diseases can be avoided.
14. (i) Waterlogged soil conditions
(ii) Closely spaced crops
(iii) Irritating/thorny seeds
(iv) Unavailability of labour
(v) Sloping land
(vi) Large-scale farms
(vii) Weed with underground stems
15. (i) Selectivity
(ii) Mode of action
(iii) Time of application
(iv) Formulation
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
16.
a)
Four heap system/stack method
b)
A - manure
c)
B - wood ash
d)
Introduce micro-organism necessary for decomposition
e)
Checking the temperature of the heap
17.
18.
19.
20.
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(4 x ½ = 2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
H→ K→ G→ J
(1 mark)
Shedding off/fall off
(1 mark)
i)
During picking avoid foreign matter/leaves/twigs
ii)
Avoid picking when the coat is wet due to rain/morning dew
iii)
Pick fully opened bolls
iv)
Sort the cotton into two grades i.e. grade A(safi) and grade B(fifi)
v)
Do not put cotton in gunny/sisal bags/use basket
(3 x 1 = 3 marks)
a)
A - Witchweed (strigasp)
(½ mark)
B - Nutgrass (cyperusrotundus)
(½ mark)
b)
Have undergrounds structures/nuts/bulbs
(1 mark)
c)
Maize; sorghum; millet and sugarcane
(2 x ½ = 1 mark)
d)
i)
Use of trap crop and ploughing before flowering
ii)
Uprooting before flowering
iii)
Application of nitrogen fertilizer
iv)
Growing resistant varieties
(2 x 1 = 2 marks)
a)
Labour utilisation analysis record
(1 mark)
b)
i)
use to determine labour allocation
ii)
Use to determine labour requirements
iii)
Use for budgeting of their remunerations
iv)
Facilitate easier supervision
v)
Used to calculate profit/loss of each
(4 x 1 = 4 marks)
SECTION C:
a)
i)
Increased transport cost of moving from ne plot to another
ii)
Increase cost of extension advise visits
iii)
High cost of pests/weed/disease control
iv)
Supervision of various units of land is difficult
v)
Difficult for the farmer to follow a sound farm plan
vi)
Soil and water conservation is difficult to implement
vii)
Farm mechanization could be uneconomical in small holdings
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
b)
i)
Terracing; reduces the speed of surface flow of water
ii)
Cut-off drains divert water run-off from uncultivated slopes into channels
iii)
Trash lines/stone lines: Trash/stones are heaped along contours to trap eroded soil.
iv)
Gabions; they are built across a valley to trap soil and reduce speed of water
v)
Dams/reservoirs, built across a valley to hold/store water/reduce speed of water.
vi)
Contour farming; carried along the contour to reduce speed of runoff
vii)
Mulching; reduce speed of run-off; avoid splash erosion; reduce evaporation and increase the water
holding capacity of the soil.
viii)
Afforestation/forestation/agroforestry; Trees protect the soil from splash erosion by reducing the force
with which rain falls on the ground; act as windbreaks/roots bind soil particles.
ix)
Use of grass strips/filter - helps to slow the speed of water run-off and trap eroded soil.
x)
Cover cropping - protect against splash erosion
xi)
Use of grassed/vegetated waters ways trap eroded soil and slow speed of running water.
a)
b)
c)
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c)
21.
a)i)
ii)
iii)
b)
22.
a)
b)
c)
i)
Prepare silo before harvesting crops
ii)
Harvest crop at appropriate stage/flowering stage/silking stage
iii)
Wilt the crops for 6-12 hours
iv)
The crop is chopped up and put into the silo
v)
Compact it every 10 to 12 cm layer
vi)
Check the temperature regularly
vii)
Cover the ensiled material with polythene paper
viii)
Cover the silo with thick layer of soil
ix)
Dig a trench all around the silo to drain rain water away.
(7 x 1 = 7 marks)
Planting of beans
(i)
Planting at the onset of rain
(ii)
During long rain time the planting so as to mature during dry season
(iii)
Place 2-3 seeds per hole
(iv)
Spacing 30-45cm x 15cm
(v)
Apply diammonium phosphate at the rate of 200kg per hectare
(vi)
Avoid fertilizer contact with the seed/mix the fertilizer thorough with the soil.
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
Pest control
(i)
Seed dressing with appropriate insecticide
(ii)
Spraying the crop with appropriate pesticide
(iii)
Irrigation during dry spell to control aphids
(iv)
Early planting
(3 x 1 = 3 marks)
Harvesting
(i)
Uproot the plants when most of the pods begin to dry but before the seeds begin to shatter.
(ii)
Uprooted plants are dried in the sun
(iii)
Plants are beaten with sticks
(iv)
Remove the stems & pods by hand/winnowing.
(2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(i)
Broadcasting - involve random scattering of fertilizer and use for soluble fertilizers and when the soil
is moist.
(ii)
Placement method - this is application of the fertilizer in the planting holes/drills. It is recommended
why applying phosphatic fertilizers because it is less soluble.
(iii)
Side dressing/topdressing
Involve placing the fertilizer at the side of the crop by either band or ring application.
(iv)
Foliar spraying
This involve applying fertilizer solution onto the foliage of the crop. This is recommended during dry
season or when topdressing closely space crops.
(v)
Drip/fertigation
This involve application of fertilizer with irrigation water through perforated pipes or bottles.
i)
Benefit from nitrogen flush
(10 marks)
ii)
Maximum use of rain/moisture available
iii)
Establishes before weeds build up
iv)
Mature when market prices are high
v)
Escape from pests and diseases
vi)
Readily available labour for various field practices
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
i)
Increases the rate of evapotranspiration in crops
ii)
Strong wind can cause destruction and lodging of crops
iii)
It causes soil erosion
iv)
Windblow away rain forming clouds.
v)
It increases the spread of weeds/pests/diseases
vi)
Strong wind can cause destruction of farm structures
vii)
Drought and chilliness causes physiological stress to crops/livestock
(5 x 1 = 5 marks)
1.
Gross margin/profitability of the crop
2.
Market trend/price fluctuation
3.
Climatic factors
4.
Pests prevalence
5.
Disease prevalence
6.
Input availability
7.
Soil type
8.
Size of the land
9.
Government policy and regulations
10.
Capital requirements
11.
Means of communication
12.
Labour requirements
13.
Availability of technical services
14.
Maturity period of the crop
(10 x 1 = 10 marks)
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MOKASA
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME 2016
SECTION A [30 MARKS]
1. - Saanen;-Toggenburg ;-British alpine ;-Anglo-Nubian ;-Jamnapari .
[2mks.]
2. - Free from disease pathogens;-Free from hair,dirt, dust; - Good keeping quality; - Good flavor;-Free from adulteration
with water ;
[2mks.]
3. - Roughage; -Concentrates.
[1mk.]
4. - Out crossing;-Cross breeding; -Up grading / grading up .
[1.5 mks]
5. [a] Bacterium/Bacillus anthracis .
[0.5mk.]
[b] Virus / Birna virus
[0.5 mk.]
6. - Facilitate easy movement; -Control foot rot disease;-Prevent ram from injuring ewe during tupping .[1mk.]
7. - Difficulties in breathing;-Beaks remain wide open with strained necks; -Dullness of birds;
- Birds stand with eyes closed;-Loss of appetite;-Nasal discharge; -Walking with a staggering motion;
- Drooping wings and beaks;-Watery green diarrhea; -Soft shelled eggs.
8. - Piglets breath by removal of mucus;-Warmth provision by beddings provision;-weighing;
- Suckle colostrums; Naval cords disinfection;-After births disposal;-Iron injection administration. [2marks.]
9. - Age, old animals more prone;-Stage of lactation;-Udder attachment;-Incomplete milking;
- Wounds on teats;-Poor sanitation; poormilking.
[2marks.]
10. - Control internal and external parasites;-Control diseases;-Effect identification;-Remove extra teats;-Effect dehorning.
[2marks]
11 - Avoid contaminating livestock feeds with faeces;-Initiate rotational grazing to break the cycle ;-Improve sanitation by
removal of dung ; -Use appropriate antihelminths ;-Use latrines .
[1mark.]
12. - Straighten loose wires ;-Splice broken wires ;-Replace worn out posts;-Replace broken droppers and brace posts .[1mk]
13. [a] Duroc jersey [0.5mk.] [b] Nectar;-Pollen; -Propolis;-water.
[2marks.]
14. - Burning the infected pastures;-Altering the environment by ploughing or top dressing with lime;-Fencing off the pasture ;
-Starving the ticks to death by interrupting the lifecycle ;-Picking and killing
[2marks.]
15. - Produce female gametes;-Produce hormones that induce estrus.
[1mark.]
16. - Occupy little space;-Provide cheap source of protein;-Their food is cheap and plenty;-Fast growth rate;
- High prolificacy with good management.
[2marks]
17. Mates with the queen;-Flaps the wings controlling temperature.
[1mark.]
18. Turning litter;-Cleaning feed and water troughs;-Egg collection twice a day;-Food and water provision adlibitum;-Adequate
perches;-Adequate laying boxes ;-Hang green vegetables to avoid boredom .
[2marks]
19. Connection or disconnection of the driveshaft;-Take off smoothly without a jerk.
[1mark.]
SECTION B [20MARKS]
20. [a] A….stock and die [1mk.]
B…..plumb bob [1mk.]
[b] C…chops forage for livestock. [1mk.] D….cuts wool from a sheep‘s body
[1mark]
[c] Cleaning after use;-sharpening the blades. [1mk.]
21. [a] E…Hardcore [1mk.] F….Damp proof material /PVC [polyvinyl chloride]
[1mark]
[b] -Prevents water rising beyond the floor or wall.
-Prevents insects beyond the floor or wall.
[2marka]
[c] -sand; - cement
[1mark.]
22. [a] Tapeworm [1mk.]
[b] Taeniasolium/pig tapeworm ;Taeniasaginata/beef tapeworm
[2mark.]
[c] -Suitable antihelminths; Disinfect livestock houses;-Rotational grazing to break lifecycle;
-Feed troughs and water troughs kept clean;-Proper disposal of human faeces;-Meat inspection;-Proper meat cooking.
[2marks.]
23. [a] J [1Mk.] [b] J stands still when mounted by K .
[1mark.]
[c] -More accurate due to heat detection by males;-Less laborious;-Useful when heat signs cannot be detected. [2mks.]
[d] Brucellosis/contagious abortion;-Trichomonas spp.
[1mark.]
SECTION C 40 MARKS]
Answer any TWO questions from this section in the spaces provided.
24 . [a] -Restlessness of a sow ;-Enlarged vulva ; -Muscles slacken on either side of the tail ;
-Loss of appetite;-Enlarged udder and teats;-Making a nest at a corner;-Presence of milk in the teats. [6marks]
[b] -Bars can be removed for inspection ;-Honey combs can be removed without disturbing the brood ;-High quality honey is
achieved without combs ;-More wax is harvested ;-Easy to construct and repair ;-Queen excluder separates the brood
from honey;-Cheap to construct .
[6marks]
[c] -Location of the farmstead should be at the central position of the farm;
-All the farm structures should be accessible;-All structures should be well drained;
-Stenchy enterprises like piggery, compost pit, poultry unit, silo should be on the leeward of the homestead;-Structures that are
related should be close to one another for the efficiency of labour ;-Farmers tastes and preferences should be
considered like sheltering the homestead or improving the panorama;-Amenities like water and electricity should be close to the
homestead ;-All structures should be constructed on a gently sloping piece of land ;-Structures should be
constructed on infertile land so that crops are established on fertile ground .
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-Structures should be secure by being built close to the homestead.
[8marks]
25. [a] -Ruminants [cattle ,sheep ,goats ] , pigs ,wild animals that are cloven hooves.
[2marks.]
-Virus. [1mk.]
-Fever /high temperature;-staring coat;-Discharge from mouth and nose; -Watery eyes; -Diarrhea and dysentery;
-Mouth and nose mucous membranes are red;-Emaciation in animals;
-Grinding teeth;-Death in 2-10 days after incubation.
[5marks.]
-Vaccination every 6 months;-Quarantine after an outbreak;-Nurse Animals with a disinfectant on the wounds;-All affected
animals killed.
[2marks.]
[b] Food swallowed by the beak to the crop;--Crop stores food temporarily;--Food is moistened with water in the crop;--Food
proceeds to the proventriculus which is the true stomach that has pepsin which digests protein;--Food moves to the gizzard
that has tough muscles that slide and contain sand that crushes food;--Food proceeds to the duodenum which has enzymes
that digest starch, fats and oils and also protein.[5mks.]
[c] Drying of farm produce ;--Heating water for dairy and domestic use ;--Processing/distillation of clean drinking water ;-Generate electricity for lighting ;--Electricity to run milk coolants ,milking machines ,brooders ,incubators ;--Used for
cooking with special cookers .[5mks.]
26. [a]—Induction and compression stroke ;--Piston moves upwards to uncover the inlet port ;
--Fuel- air mixture is drawn into the crankcase;--Piston compresses fuel -air mixture in the engine block;--Power and exhaust stroke
follow; --Piston is pushed downwards after ignition;
- The inlet port is covered;--Piston moves further down to uncover the exhaust port for burnt gases emission;--Fuel-air
mixture is also led to the engine block from the crankcase;
- After the connecting rod rotates the crankshaft it moves up to block the exhaust port. [10mks.]
[b] - Source of water to be close ;--Soil type preferably clay soil to hold water ;--Liner in absence of clay soil ,heavy duty
polythene liner is spread on the bottom and sides of the pond ;--Locate the pond on a gently sloping area to allow flow of
water ;--Avoid a ground that has cracks or anthills to stop loss of water ;--Soil dag is used for the construction of dykes ;--The
floor of the pond is made smooth to ease harvesting using seine nets ;--Out let and spillway should be erected .[5mks.]
[c] -Shortage of food and water ;--Outbreak of diseases and parasites ;--Damage of brood and combs ;--Lack of adequate
ventilation in the hive ;--Dampness and bad smell ;--Sick and infertile queen ;--Overcrowding .[5mks.]
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a)
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATION
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Pre - mock 2016
2 HOURS.
SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer all questions in the section in the spaces provided
Give four effects of HIV/AIDs on agricultural production and development.
Give four roles of drainage as a method of land reclamation.
Give four benefits of organic mulch in a field of pineapples
a) Define the term opportunity cost.
b) Give two situations when opportunity cost equal to zero?
Give two factors which affects the quality of hay.
Write the following abbreviation as used in crop pests and diseases in full;
E.I.L
b) I.P.M
Mention two reasons for grafting.
Give four reasons for stalking tomatoes.
pH[H+]=10-4 represents pH of 4 of a soil sample. Study the pH of soil samples A to E as shown below.
A) pH [H+]=10-3
B) pH [H+]=10-2
C) pH [H+]=10-6
D) pH [H+]=10-11
E) pH [H+]=10-9
a) Arrange the pH samples A to E above from the lowest pH to the highest pH.
b) Which soil sample above is ideal for planting coffee?
Outline four functions of magnesium in crops
State four reasons why sub soiling should be done every fourth year of seedbed preparation
State two reasons of earthling up the maize field
Name the chemicals used to achieve the following during water treatment
a) Coagulation of solid particles
b) Softening of water
c) Killing of pathogens
State two reasons for drying grains before storage
Give four reasons why seeds may fail to germinate
State three conditions that have led to fragmentation and sub division of agricultural land in Kenya
Give two appropriate methods of control of couch grass in a maize field
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(½mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(2½mks)
(½mk)
(2 marks)
(2marks).
(1marks)
(1marks)
(1marks)
(1marks)
(1marks)
(2marks)
(1½ mark)
(1marks)
SECTION B (20MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided
18. Below is a list of compound fertilizers showing the proportions of N.P.K content.
A. 20:10:0
B. 17:17:17
C. 0:20:0
D. 21:0:0
a) Which of the above fertilizers are straight fertilizers?
(1mark)
b) Calculate the filler/carrier materials in fertilizer B
(2marks)
c) If the recommendation is to apply 42kg of N/ha and the farmer owns two hectares of land, how much would it cost him to
provide sulphate of ammonia (21%N) at a rate of Ksh 1,500 per 50kg bag.
(3marks)
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19. (a) The diagram below shows a method of forage preservation
Polythene sheet
Soil Layer
Forage material
Drainage
Ground
(a) Identify the structure illustrated above
(½ mark)
(b) State the form in which the forage is preserved as illustrated above.
(c) State three precautions taken when ensiling high quantity silage
(d) Name one other method of forage preservation.
20. Study the illustration below of farm records: - Use it to answer the questions that follow:
Enterprise
Name of cow
Month
DAYS IN MONTH
1
2
AM PM AM
3
PM
AM
PM
AM
4
PM
AM
PM
(½ mark)
(3marks)
(1mark)
5
AM
(a) Name the type of the farm record illustrated above
(b) Give three reasons for keeping health records in a livestock production
21. (a) The diagram below shows a tea shoot from which the cuttings are obtained for planting
i) From the diagram, which part would be used for planting as a good cutting?
ii) Give a reason why the other parts should be rejected
iii) Give any three factors that promote rooting of cuttings in crop propagation
6
PM
(1mark)
(3marks)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(3marks)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions in the section
22. Describe the field productions of cabbages under the following sub- headings.
i) Nursery management practices
(6marks)
ii) Transplanting
(4marks)
iii) Weed control
(3marks)
iv) Harvesting
(3marks)
v) Pest control
(4marks)
23. a) Describe the undesirable effects of weeds on crop production
(7marks)
b) State three cultural methods of pest control
(3marks)
c) Outline ten safety measures in the use of chemicals to minimize environmental pollution
(5marks)
d) State five reasons for land consolidation
(5marks)
24. a) Explain five factors that influence soil productivity.
(10marks)
b) Outline five factors that a farmer would consider before deciding on the type of irrigation in crop production.
(5marks)
c) Give ten reasons for keeping farm records
(5marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATIONS
(KESO)
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Pre - mock 2016
2 HOURS.
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided
Give the terms used to describe the young one of the following livestock
(i) Rabbit
(ii) Fish
(iii) Goat
(iv) Donkey
Listfour predisposing factors of livestock diseases
State four ways of controlling tsetse fly
State four characteristics of clean and high quality milk
State two causes of soft shells in eggs
Name the causal agent of black quarter disease in livestock
List four structural requirement of a deep litter house
State the uses of the following tools
(i) Stirrup pump
(ii) Coping saw
(iii) Claw hammer
(iv) Shovel
List four heavy breeds of poultry
State fourreasons for feeding bees
State four functions of water in an animal
Name the intermediate host of the following parasites
a) Tape worm
b) Liver fluke
Give two methods for selecting animals for breeding
State two factors that determine the type of a fence a farmer is to put up on the farm
Outline two maintenance practices of a sub-soiler
(1mark)
Differentiatebetweenheterosis and epistasis as used in livestock breeding.
a) What is a creep feed?
b) Give two qualities of a creep feed.
Name two implements that are connected to power takeoff shaft
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(2marks)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
19. Study the diagram of an artificial incubator below and answer questions that follow.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Identify the partslabelled P and Q
Why is water provided in the incubator?
What other factor not observed in the diagram have been provided?
State one advantage of an artificial incubator
(2marks)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
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20. The diagram below shows the foundation floor of a permanent building
a) Name the partslabelled A and B in the diagram above
b) Statethe cement , sand , and aggregate ratio for the part labeled B
c) Suggest the suitable material for the part labeled C
(1mark)
d) Statethe purpose of the part labeled A
(1mark)
21. The diagram below illustrate a workshop tool
(2marks)
(1mark)
a)
b)
c)
22. a)
Identify the tool
(1mark)
Name the parts labeled S,T and U
(3marks)
Statethe use of the tool
(1mark)
If maize meal contains 6% Digestible Grude Proteins(DGP) and Fish contains 64% DCP, calculate the amount of each
feed stuff in kilograms required to prepare 200kg of chick mash containing 18% DCP
(4marks)
b) Name two other feed ingredients which should be added to the chick mash to make it a balanced feed.
(1mark)
SECTION C (40MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in spaces provided
23. Describe the rearing of one day old chicks from the day they arrive on the farm to the point of lay
24. (a) Discuss anthrax a notifiable livestock disease under the following sub headings
i) Causal agent
ii) Symptoms
iii) Control measures
(b) What steps can a farmer take to improve the indigenous livestock breeds in Kenya
25. (a) Describe eight factors that should be considered when sitting a farm building
b) Mention five precautions taken when using workshop tools
c) Explainfive advantages of four -stroke engine over two -strokeengine
d) State four disadvantages of using animal power on the farm
(20marks)
(1mark)
(5marks)
(4marks)
(10marks)
(8marks)
(5marks)
(5marks)
(2marks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
-
2.
3.
4.
b)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATION
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME-2016
Effects of HIV/AIDS in agriculture production.
The infected die hence shortage of farm labour.
A lot of money is spent on drugs at the expense of farm
input.
Lack of time is spent caring for the sick at the expense
of farm work.
A lot of money is spent by the government to
sensitive/control the pandemic instead of using in
agricultural department.
The infected lack strength to work adequately on the
farm.
(any 4 x ½ = 2mks)
Roles of drainage as a method of land reclamation.
improves soil aeration
raises soil temperature
increases activities of micro - organisms
Increases soil volume.
Prevents accumulation of poisonous substances in the
soil.
(any 4 x ½ = 2mks)
Benefits of organic mulch
Maintains moisture
Modifies/regulate soil temperature
Control soil erosion
Controls weeds
Adds humus through decomposition
Improve soil fertility
a) The value of the best forgone alternative.
- When resources are not limited/are abundant / are
in plenty
- When commodity is free/ gifts;
- Where there is no choice / alternative (Where there
are no alternative choices in enterprises)
- Species of forage used.
Length of drying period.
Leaf; Stem ratio of forage material.
Weather conditions during drying process.
Stage of growth at which forage is cut.
Amount of foreign material in the hay.
a) Economic Injury Level-EIL
b) Integrated Pest Management-IPM
- Helps in perpetuating clones that cannot be
reproduces by cutting layering.
- Hasten growth of seedlings shortening maturity.
- Can be employed to utilize damaged trees.
- Benefits from the use of certain root stocks which
have desirable characteristics.
- Prevent attack by soil borne pests.
- Control soil borne disease.
- Facilitate spraying and harvesting.
- For production of clean fruits.
a) B-A-C-E-D
b) C
Outline four functions of magnesium in crops (2 mks)
- Necessary in chlorophyll formation.
- Promotes nitrogen fixation.
- Activates enzymes.
- Synthesis of oil in 0il crops. [2marks]
State four reasons why sub soiling should be done
every fourth year of seedbed preparation (2mks).
-
Improves water infiltration
Facilitate development of deep rooted crops
Facilitate drainage
Facilitate aeration
Breaks up the hardpan in the soil
Brings leached minerals to the surface
½x4=2marks
12. State two reasons of earthing up the maizefield
(1mks)
- Prevent lodging
- Improved drainage around root zone of the plant
- For development of prop roots for extra support
½x2=1mark
13. Name the chemicals used to achieve the following
during water treatment
a) Coagulation of solid particles-Alum/aluminium
sulphate
b) Softening of water -Soda ash /sodium bi carbonate 1
c) Killing of pathogens - Chlorine
1mk
14. State two reasons for drying grains before storage
- Prevent from sprouting
- Prevent damage by pests
- Prevent rotting
15. Give four reasons why seeds may fail to germinate
- Pest and disease attack
- Long storage of seeds
- Inadequate moisture in the soil
- deep placement/shallow placement in the soil.
½x4 =2marks
16. State three conditions that have led to fragmentation
and sub division of agricultural land in Kenya (1 ½
mks).
- Selling /buying a portion of one‘s land
- Subdividing to heirs
- Government settling the land less
-Shifting cultivation
½x3=11/2 marks
17. Give two appropriate methods of control of couch
grass in a maize field (1mks)
- Apply appropriate herbicides
- Deep cultivation
½x2 =1mark (any two methods)
Section B (20marks)
18. a) C and D
b) 17+17+17
=51kg
=100-51=49kg / 49%
c) If 1 ha require 42 kgN
21kgkgN is contained in 100kg SA
21kgN
50kg bag cost 1.500/=
400kg cost
50
12,000/=
19. (a) Trench silo(ry silo alone) (1mrk)
(b) Silage
1mrk
(c) - Compact the material after every 10 to 12cm
layer
- Fill the silo rapidly preferably in less than 2
days
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- The ensiled material should have a ―ridge‖ shape or
humped appearance when ensiling in complete.
- Check temperature if higher than 32.2 water should
be added and compaction reduced but if the temperature is
below 32.2 compaction should be increased and dry
material or molasses added.
- Ensiled material should be covered with a
polythene sheet or a layer of dry grass to protect it from
water and air.
- The silo is covered with a thick layer of soil
maintaining the ridge appearance
- Dig a trench all around the silo to drain off access
rain water
d) Hay making
Standing forage
20. (a) Milk production record
(1x1=1mk)
(b) Determine prevalent diseases;
- Establish treatment of diseases;
- Establish disease control method;
- Determine cost of medication/health care;
- Determine the health status of different animals;
(3mks)
21. i) Part II
ii) Part I is soft and tends to rot while Part III is hard and
takes a long time to root
iii) - temperature
- relative humidty
- light intensity
- oxygen supply
- chemical treatment
- leaf area
Section c (40 marks)
22 (i) Regular watering
- Weeding
- Pricking out
- Hardening off
- Removal of mulch
- Control of pests/ diseases.
- Shading.
(6 x 1 = 6mks)
(ii) - Done after 1 month (4 weeks)
- Done early or late in the evening/cloudy day.
- Water the nursery before transplanting.
- Uproot the seedling with a bell of soil.
- Transport to the seedbed using appropriate means.
- Plant the seedling at the same depth as they were in the
nursery.
- Plant at spacing of 60 x 90 cm
- Firm the base around the seedling.
- Apply teaspoonful of DAP per hole
- Mulch
- Water
- Shade.
(4x 1 = 4mks)
(iii)
- Use herbicides (chemicals)
- Uprooting
- Slashing
- Cultivation
(3 x1 = 3mks)
(iv)
- Harvest after 3-4 months.
- Heads are cut when they are solid and compact.
- Heads are cut at the base.
- Harvested cabbages should have 2-3 wrapper leaves
(v)
23.
b)
c)
-
Use appropriate chemicals.
Crop rotation
Use resistant varieties
Timely planting
Observing field hygiene.
(4 x 1 = 4mks)
a)
Some weeds are poisonous to livestock.
Water weeds block irrigation channels.
Some weeds are parasitic to crops.
Weeds compete with crops for nutrients, light and
water.
Some weeds lower the quality of agricultural products.
Some weeds are allelopathic.
Some weeds are alternate. Hosts for pests, insects etc.
Some weeds irritate workers reducing efficiency.
(7mks)
Timely planting:
Timely harvesting: Tillage:
Close season: Crop trapping:Crop rotation: Planting resistant varieties: Field hygiene Rogueing
Pruning: Mulching: Proper nutrition:Weeding:Use of clean planting materials: Proper spacing: Quarantine: Avoid herbicide drift to unintended crops.
Dispose off empty containers properly
Store chemicals in safe place.
Wash the spraying equipment thoroughly.
Read manufacturers instructions and follow them.
Avoid inhaling herbicides.
Do not suck/blow blocked nozzles.
Wear protective clothing.
Avoid herbicide drift to water and livestock feeds.
Avoid spraying against the direction of wind.
(5mks)
d.
-
Economic use of time
Saves transportation cost
Proper supervision of land
Sound farm planning and adoption of crop rotation
programmes
- Makes delivery of agricultural advice by extension
officers easy
- Easy to construct permanent structures like fencing and
building
- Easy to control pests, weeds and diseases
- Easy to conserve soil and water
24. a) Explain five factors that influence soil
productivity.(10mks) (well explained)
- Good supply of crop nutrients
- Well aerated
- Good drainage
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-
Abundance of useful soil micro-organism
Adequate water retention
Freedom from plant pests and diseases causing
organism
- Free from obnoxious weeds. e.g.witch weeds.
b) Outline five factors that a farmer would consider
before deciding on the type of irrigation in crop
production.
- Type of soil
- Types of crop to be grown
- Source of water/quality of water
- Size of land to be irrigated
- Capital available/topography of land
- Profitability/viability of enterprises
c)
- Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine
assets and liabilities.
- Provide history of the farm.
-
Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.
Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.
Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends) for
communal owned farms/ partnership.
Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.
Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and
theft.
Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF
due, Sacco dues for all employees.
Help to compare the performance of different
enterprises within a farm or other farms.
Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or
under taxation.
Records, helps to show whether the farm business is
making profit or losses. This information helps in
obtaining credit.
(5mks)
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KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMINATION
AGRICULTURE
PAPER2
MARKING SCHEME-2016
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
-
Kindling
Fingerling
Kid
Fowl
species
breed
Age
Sex
Skin colour
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
Bush clearing
Spraying with appropriate insecticide
Use of sterilizing agent
Using fly traps
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
Free from disease causing organism
No air ,dirt and dust
High keeping quality
Good flavor
Chemical composition within the expected range
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
Lack of calcium
New castle disease
2 x ½ = 1mk
Clostridium chauvei
Chauveisepticum
( 1 x 1 = 1mk)
Should be proper ventilated
Should be leak proof
Should have litter on the floor
Should have proper drainage
Should be drought free
(2mks)
Stirrup pump -Hand spraying animals
Coping saw - Cutting curves on thin wood
Claw hammer - driving and removing nails from wood
Shovel - lifting soil or manure
(4 x ½ = 2mks)
Rhodes island Red
Light Sussex
New Hamshire
Red australop
Black Australop
4 x ½ = 2mks
Maintain colony
Encourage multiplication
Supplement what bees get from foraging
Provide food to bees during dry season 4 x ½ = 2mks
Component of body cells
Transport nutrients
Make cell turgid
For biochemical reaction
For excretion
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Part of products e.g milk etc
4 x ½ = 2mks
Tape worm -cattle/pigs
Liverfluke - Fresh water snail
2 x ½ = 1mk
Mass selection
Progeny testing
Contemporary comparison
2 x ½ = 1mk
Taste and preference
Cost of the material
Availability of the material
Purpose for fencing
4 x ½ = 2mks
Clean after use
Oil and grease moving parts
Repair broken parts
Tighten loose nuts and bolts
Heterosis is the improved performance above the
parents by crossing the different animals
whereasepistasis is a combination of gases which
individually could have been undesirable or inferior
17.a) A creep feed is a high protein feed given to piglets
from 10days of age
(1x1=1mk)
(b) -Qualities of a creep feed
- Highly digestible
- High in energy value
- Highly palatable
- Have high digestible crude protein
- Rich in minerals e.g. Iron
- Able to supply Vitamin like Vitamin A, B complex and
D
(Any 2x ½ =1mk)
18. Fertilizer spreader
- Planters
- Boom sprayers
- Rotavators
- Mowers
(any 2 x ½ = 1mk)
19. (a) P- Thermometer
Q- Heat source
(2x1 = 2mks)
(b) To maintain relative humidity/Avoid the embryo
loosing moisture/keep incubator moist
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(c) Ventilation - provision of fresh air
- Turning of the egg
- Hygiene sanitation
(d) -Many chicks can be hatched at one time
- It is possible to plan when to hatch chick
(any 1 x 1 = 1mk)
19.
(a) A-Damp proof course DPC
B-Concrete floor
( 2 x1 = 2mks)
(b) 1; 2; 4 (1 part of cement : 2part sand :4parts aggregate)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(c) Hard core / stones / compacted full /quarry
chips/compacted fill
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(d) -A- DPC-Damp proof or termite proof
-Prevent water from entering the wall and also termite
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
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20.
-
(i) Auger bit
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
(ii) S - shank
T-Twist threads
U-Spur
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
(iii) Making holes (boring holes on the wood
(1mk)
21. A)
46 parts of maize
maize 6 %
18%
Fish meal 64%
12 parts of fish meal
58 total part
Maize meal=46x 200=158.6
58
Fish meal= 12x 200=41.4
58
b) - vitamins
- mineral elements/salts
22. - On arrival give chicks water mixed with glucose
- Provide a source of heat
- Maintain temperature within the required levels
- Provide dim light
- Provide adequate chick mash
- Provide clean and adequate water
- Check and treat sick birds
- Debeak on the tenth day
- Vaccinate against common disease
- Withdraws the heat source after 4th week
- Remove dead chicks and dispose them properly
- Control external parasite
- Introduce sand and grit in the sixth week
- Introduce growers mash in the 7th week
- From the 8th week reduce chick mash gradually
- From 9th week put chicks in the main house
- Feed them with growers mash only
- Hang some green vegetables in the poultry house
- Provide soluble grit /oyster shells towards and growers
stage
- Introduce layers mash during 16th -19th week
- Ensure litter is kept dry
- Provide plenty of clean water all times
- Vaccinate every six months
- Provide adequate laying nest (Award any 1 x 20 points
in a chronological order)
23. (a)Anthrax
i)Bacillusanthracis
ii)-High temperature
- Sudden death post mortem signs includes
- Bloated stomach,
- Non clotting of blood,
- Tar like blood from the body orifices (openings) and
absence of vigor mortis
- In pigs the throat swells and this may cause death due to
suffocation
-
-
Blood stains in milk and in faeces
(5 x 1= 5mks)
(iii)Control
Large doses anti anthrax serum
Treatment of wounds
Proper disposal of carcass
Carcass must not be opened
Animals should be vaccinated using blanthax
Quarantine is imposed in case of an outbreak
(4 x 1= 4mks)
(b)
Selection of best animals in the herd
Breed using AI or high quality bulls
Serve at the correct age and weight
Feed animals with balanced diet
Provide animals with adequate or enough food
Give plenty of mineral licks or salts
Give plenty of clean water (adlib)
Provide proper housing and protect from weather
element
1 internal parasites deworm or drench
Co4x
ntrol
/2=2mks)
Control external parasite dip or spray
(any 10 x 1 = 10mks) OWTTEE
24.
-
Location-sited where a farmer will have good view
Accessibility -Where it is easily to reached
Security - Placed in a secure place
Drainage - should be well drained site
Wind direction -in leeward side to avoid
Soil -sited on firm soil
Proximity-to other social amenities eg power lines
water line etc
(Any 6 x 1 = 6mks)
(b) Precautions in workshop tools
- Tools should be put in a safer place
- Use correct tool for the correct job
- Tools should be maintained in correct working
conditions
- Tools should be handled correctly
- Use safety devices like fire extinguishers
(c) Advantages of four -stroke engine over two -stroke
- The engine produces more power and can do heavier
work
- Have efficient fuel and oil utilization
- Perform a wide range of farm operations
- The engine is efficiently cooled by water.
- Exhaust gases are effectively expelled from the cylinder
- They have heavy crankcase enabling them to withstand
vibrations
- Make less noise than 2- stroke engines.
- Engine have oil in the sump to lubricate the crankshaft
bearings
(d) Disadvantages of using animals power on the farm.
- Extra land is required for grazing draught animals.
- Require extra cost in case of sickness
- Animals can only work on small scale farms
- Animals can damage crops
- Animals power is affected by weather and reducing
their efficiency
- Animals are fully maintained even when not in use.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
NANDI EAST/ TINDERET SECONDARY SCHOOL EXAMINATION (NETSSE) 2016.
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Pre - mock
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL Questions in the spaces provided
Differentiate between the soil texture and soil structure.
Name any two methods that can be used to detect mineral nutrient deficiency in crops.
State the benefits of rogueing in crop production.
Outline two benefits of row planting.
Outline four ways in which nitrogen is lost from the soil.
State four advantages of mixed farming.
Give four advantages of inorganic fertilizers over organic manure.
Outline four reasons why a farmer should keep labor records.
Give three instances when opportunity cost is equal to zero.
Outline four effects of soil erosion.
Outline four field conditions that favour the use of chemicals to control weeds.
State five factors affecting the effectiveness of a pesticide
Outline four factors that affect the quality of silage.
Outline two factors which determine the carrying capacity of pastures
State the four factors that contribute to the competitive ability of the weeds.
Give two materials other than plant materials required in budding.
State two advantages of using polythene sleeves to raising seedlings.
Give three reasons why seed selection is important in the establishment of crops.
List four characteristics of a high potential zone.
Distinguish between pinching out and coppicing as used in crop production.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2marks)
(1½ marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2½ marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section
21. The diagram below shows a cabbage seedling attacked by a certain pest
a) Identify the pest.
b) What damage does the pest cause to the crop?
c) State the methods of controlling of the above pest.
d) Name another pest that mainly attack seedlings during dry seasons
22. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
a) Identify the propagation method illustrated above
(1 mark)
b) State two ways of initiating faster root development in the propagation method illustrated.
(3 marks)
c) Explain how the above method of propagating crops can be carried.
(2 marks)
23. Students were to apply a compound fertilizer 5:20:10 on their agriculture project measuring 3 meters by 4 meters at the rate of
200kg per hectare.
a) Calculate the amount of fertilizer they would require for the plot (show your work).
(2 marks)
b) What do the figures 20 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for?
(1 mark)
c) Give two methods of determining soil pH
(1 mark)
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d)
24. Diagram A and B below shows some weeds.
a)
b)
c)
d)
identify the weeds
State one economic importance of the weed B.
Why is it difficult to control weed A.
Name two examples of systemic herbicides which can be used to control weed labeled B
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer ANY two questions from this section
25. (a)State and explain the factors considered when determining spacing of crops in the field.
(b) State and explain the different method of farming
26. Explain three importance of each soil constituent in crop production.
27. (a)Describe the practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure inform germination of seeds.
(b)State and explain the cultural methods of controlling weeds.
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(8 marks)
(20 marks)
(8 marks)
(12marks)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
NANDI EAST/TINDERET JOINT EVALUATION
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Pre - mock
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section
Outline two reasons why the floor of a calf pen should be slanted.
(1 mark)
List four features of an ideal dairy goat.
(2 marks)
State four advantageous characteristics of hybrid breeds of poultry
(2 marks)
State two reasons for giving female livestock extra high quality feed two to three weeks before and after mating.
(1 mark)
Give the meaning of the term digestibility as used in livestock production.
(1 mark)
State four demerits of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle.
(2 marks)
Name four routine livestock rearing practices used to control parasites and disease.
(2 marks)
Name two vices in poultry that can be controlled through debeaking.
(1 mark)
Give three reasons for trimming the hooves of sheep.
(1½ marks)
List four reasons why tilapia fish is commonly reared in Kenyan farm ponds.
(2 marks)
Name four livestock diseases that are caused by bacteria.
(2 marks)
State three reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling intestinal parasites in livestock.
(1½ marks)
Name two farm machinery that derive power from a tractor PTO shaft.
(2 marks)
State four factors that lower the quality of concrete.
(2 marks)
State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on a reciprocating mower.
(1 mark)
State four factors a farmer should consider when selecting a gilt for breeding.
(2 marks)
Outline four factors that determine the nutritional requirements of an animal.
(2 marks)
Outline four factors that influence the stocking rate in fish pond.
(2 marks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section.
19. The diagram below shows a hen with symptoms of a certain disease,.
a) Identify the disease.
b) Give two reasons why the disease is of economic importance to the farmer
c) Outline any two methods of controlling the above disease.
20. The illustration below shows two different livestock families. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
a) Identify the breeding system between
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
i) C and A
(1mark)
ii) Dand T
(1 mark)
b) State two disadvantages of the breeding system identified in(a) (ii) above.
(2 marks)
c) Why is the breeding system identified in 1(i) above not recommended in dairy cattle
(1 mark)
21. Illustration C and D are external parasites of livestock. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the parasites C and D
b) Give three signs of attack by parasites C in livestock.
22. The graph below shows the relationship in milk yield and foetal growth against time.
a) Name the stage between the months in respect to lactation and gestation
i) 2nd to 12th month
ii) 10th to 12th month
iii) 1st to 10th month
b) Give two practices carried out on the in-calf cow within the period from the 10th to the 12th month.
Section c
Answer any two questions from this section
23. (a) State and explain the components of a zero grazing unit.
(b) Outline six advantages of raising dairy cattle in a zero grazing unit.
24. (a) Discuss bee management under the following sub-headings:i) Location of the bee hive
ii) Disease of bees
iii) Factors determining the quality of honey.
(b) Describe the practices that a dairy farmer must carry out to achieve clean milk production.
25. (a) Explain the factors that should be considered when planting the lay-out of mixed farm.
(b) State and explain reason why fences are important to a farmer.
(2 marks)
(5 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(40 marks)
(14 marks)
(6 marks)
(5 marks)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
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1.
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
NANDI EAST AND TINDERET EVALUATION TEST
AGR PP1 FORM 4
Pre - mock
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
Soil texture refers to the fineness or coarseness of soil mineral particles while soil texture refers to the arrangement of soil
particles into groups or aggregates and shapes.
(Mark as a whole 1mk)
Through soil testing
Observation of deficiency symptoms in plants
Benefits of rogueing
Prevents spread of disease/ pests
Control pests e.g. maize stalk borer
Mechanization is easy.
Easy to establish correct plant population
Lower seedrate is used than in broadcasting
Easy to carry out cultural practices
Leaching
Velatisation
Denifrification
Utilized by plants
Advantages of mixed farming
Diversification is observed in case of failure in one sector
Labour is well utilized
Mutual benefit between crops and livestock
Results in maximum utilization of resources to high yields
(2× ½ =1mk)
(any 2× ½ =1mk)
(4× ½ =2mks)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
They readily release nutrients
Give more nutrients per unit volume
The amount of nutrients in each type of fertilizer is known
Are less bulky and convenient to handle and apply
i)
ii)
iii)
i)
ii)
iii)
Help in calculating wages of walkers
Provide information when paying terminal benefits and pension dues
Help in planting and management of labour
When there is no alternative
When goods are unlimited in supply
When a factor of production is free
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Leads to loss of nutrients
Causes silting on various rivers/ dams/ reservoirs
Can wash away crops
Destroy infrastructure e.g. roads
Removes or disturbs microbes in the soil.
(any 4× ½ =2mks)
-
Closely spaced crops
Irritating thorny weeds
Unavailability of labourSloping land
Weeds with underground stems
(any 4× ½ =2mks)
8.
9.
(4× ½ =2mks)
(3× ½ = 1 ½ mks)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
-
The concentration of pesticides in relation to the stage of development of the pest
Weather conditions
Persistence of the pesticides
Formulation of pesticides
Pesticides mode of action
( 5× ½ = 2 ½ mks)
Type of forage used
The stage of harvesting the forage
Moisture content of forage
The leaf-stem ratio of forage
Speed of ensiling
Degree of compaction
(4× ½ =2marks)
Soil fertility
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- Pasture persistence to grazing pressure
- Amount of rainfall
- Foliage productivity
- Type of pasture ; either mixed or pure stand
(2× ½ = 1mark)
15. They produced many seeds
- Their seeds have long dormancy period
- Are fast growers
- Are hardy
- Most weeds have a short life cycle
- Most weeds have efficient means of vegetative propagation
- Their seeds are easily dispersed
16.
- Budding knife
- Atape
17.
- Root system not disturbed during transplanting
- Sleeved seedlings grow very fast and take a shorter time in the nursery
- Transplanting may be delayed after seedling have been collected from the nursery
18.
- It helps to obtain seeds with a high germination potential
- Reduces the chances of disease pest attack
- Helps to obtain high quality yields
- Make it easy to identify seeds that are suited to a given ecological zone.
(4× ½ =2marks)
19.
- High soil fertility
- Relatively high humility
- Shallow water table
- High rainfall that is well distributed
- Moderate to low temperatures with low diurnal range.
(4× ½ = 2mks)
20. Pinching out is the removal of the terminal bud of a shoot while copping is the cutting back of young plants at certain point to
stimulate.
(1mark
SECTION B: (20MKS)
21.
a) Cutworm
b) It eats/ cuts the base of the stem
c) Physical killing of the pest
Using appropriate pestcides
d) Aphids
(1mark)
22.
a) Marcoting/ aerial layering
(1mark)
b) i) Debarking/ slitting the parts where the marcot is to be initiated
ii) Applying moist rooting medium
iii) Applying moist soil and wrapping the area with a polythene
(2×1=2marks)
c) A portion of the branch is scraped in such a way that the cambium is not injured
- Damp soil is pasted around it and covered with a water proof material e.g. polythene paper.
- After a few weeks, roots at the separate region develop
(2×1=2marks)
23. a) 1 ha (10,000m2) requires 200kg of the fertilisers therefore (3×4)m2 would require
=0.24kg/240g
b) i) 20 - ratio of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)
ii) 10- ratio of potassium oxide (K2O)
c) i) Use of litmus paper
ii) Use of universal indicator papers and printed charts
iii) Use of PH meters
24. a) G- oxalis / sorrel
(Oxalis latifolia)
H - Mexican Marigold (Tagetesminuta)
b) i) It taints milk if consumed by lactating cow.
ii) It competes with crops for water and nutrients thus reducing their yield
iii) It increases the cost of production
c) It has underground bulbs / tubers which make it survive adverse conditions
d) i) 2,4-D
ii) MCP
SECTION C (40MKS)
25. a) Factors considered when spacing crops
(1×1=1mk)
(2× ½ = 1mk)
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i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Soil fertility : closer spacing is possible in fertility soil
Soil moisture content
Machinery to be used in subsequent farm - operation
Cropping system : Wider spacing is required in interplanted crops than in pure stands
Height : shorter crops require narrower spacing than taller crops
Number of seeds per hole: wider spacing is used if more seeds are planted per hole.
(any 6 stating 1, explaining 1 2×6=12mks)
b) Method of farming
i) Mixed farming - crops grown and livestock kept on the same farm
ii) Nomadic pastoralism - moving of animals from one place to another place in search of water freak pastures
iii) Shifting cultivation - involves farming a piece of land continuously until it is exhausted after which the farmer moves to
more fertile land.
iv) Organic farming - is growing crop and rearing of animals without using agricultural chemicals
v) Agro forestry - Growing of crops, trees and keeping of livestock on the same piece of land.
(any 4×2=8mks)
26. Importance of constituents in crop production
a) Soil water
- Act as a solvent for plant nutrients
- Serves as raw material for photosynthesis
- Regulate soil temperature
- Is necessary for germination
- Medium of transport in plants
b) Soil mineral matters
- Forms the framework for soil formation
- Is a source of nutrients to the plants
- Offers surface area for water adherence
c) Soil organic matter
- Improve soil structure by binding soil particles
- Improves soil fertility
- Improve water holding capacity
- Improves soil temperature
- Improves aeration
- Reduces toxicity of plant poisons that have accumulated in the soil
- Provide food and shelter for useful soil microbes.
d) Soil air
- Oxygen is essential for respiration of plant roots and living organisms in the soil
- Oxygen is necessary for germination of seeds
- Nitrogen in soil; air is converted to nitrates for plant use.
e) Soil living organism
- Decompose organic matter in the soil to form humus
- Help aerate the soil
- Upon death and decay they supply nutrients to plants
- Some fix nitrogen
(stating 1mk, giving importance 3mks
4×5 = 20mks)
27. a) Practices that ensure uniform germination of seeds
i) Selecting seeds of the same size, age, variety
ii) Seeds should be free from diseases and pests
iii) Planting the seeds at the same time.
iv) Preparing the whole field to the required uniform tilth
v) Planting at the right moisture content of the soil or irrigating uniformly vi)
Treating the seeds against soil borne pests and diseases
vii) Breaking seed dormancy before planting
viii) Planting at the correct depth.
(8×1=8mks)
b) Cultural methods of controlling weeds.
i) Correct spacing - deny space for active weed growth
ii) Mulching - smothers the weeds
iii) Flooding - used to control non - aquatic weeds in rice fields
iv) Early planting- gives crops able time to establish early and smothers the weeds
v) Application of manure and fertilizer - encourages faster plant growth which helps to smoother the weeds. vi)
Crop rotation - discourages establishment of parasitic weeds
vii) Clean seed bed- minimizes growth of weeds
viii) Cover cropping- smother weeds
(stating 1, explaining 1
2×6=12mks)
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1.
NANDI EAST TINDERET EVALUATION TEST
AGRICULTURE
PP2 FORM 4
Pre - mock
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A:
i) To allow urine to drain easily
ii) To allow dung to drop
(any 2× ½ =1mk)
Large udder with large milk veins and big teats
Well- spaced legs with straight hocks
Long, lean head and strong muscular back
Fast growth rate and early maturity
Good mothering ability
Ability to resist disease and pest attack
(Any 4× ½ = 2mks)
2.
3.
They have high egg output
They have a better food conversion efficiency
Have a lower mortality rate
They have uniformity in appearance especially in colour
(Any 4× ½ )
4.
5.
To increase the chances of conception
To facilitate implantation of the zygote
To increase lambing, percentage/twining
(Any 2× ½ =1mk)
It refers to portion of food retained in an animal body after taking care of losses through urine, faeces and gases.
(1mark)
6.
There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases
It is expensive/ uneconomical to keep a bull
Aggressive and heavy bulls may cause physical injury to a cow or to the handler
May lead to inbreeding
Difficult to control breeding
A limited number of cows can be mated by one bull within a given period of time.
(Any 4× ½ mks)
Vaccination
Deworming
Docking
Hoof trimming
Dipping and spraying
Dusting
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
Egg eating
Cannibalism
(2× ½ =1mrk)
7.
8.
i)
ii)
9.
i)
ii)
10.
To reduce incidents of foot rot
To enable the sheep to walk properly/ to avoid lameness
It is readily adaptable
It grows faster
It breeds faster
It is cheap to rear
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
Mastitis
Foot rot
Bouncellosis
Scours
Black quarter
Anthrax
Pneumonia
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
11.
12.
It does not eradicate other stages of development of parasites
It does not destroy intermediate host
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It does not destroy parasite in pasture, water and forage
(Any 3× ½ =1 ½ mks)
Mowers
Water pumps
Maize shellers
Grinding machines
(Any 2×1=2mks)
Impurities/foreign materials
Inappropriate mixing ratio/wrong ratio
Quick drying/premature drying
Poor mixing
Large sizes of individuals aggregate
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
Blades of the cutting knives should be sharpened
Worn out blades should be replaced
Blots and nuts should be checked and tightened regularly
Lubricate the moving parts
(any 3× ½ =1 ½ mks)
13.
14.
15.
16.
Should be prolific - as deduced from parent‘s records
Maturity - should be appropriate age and weight i.e. 6 to 12 months or 90 to 100kg live weight
Good mothering ability as determined from history
Fast growth rate and early maturity
Good body conformation
Should be healthy, without a history of diseases.
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
17.
Age of animal
Size and live weight
Palatability of the feed
Production levels of animals
Environmental conditions within which the animal lives
Physiological conditions of the animal
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
Fertility of the pond
Type of fish in pond
Frequency of harvesting
The method of harvesting
Addition of artificial feeds
(Any 4× ½ =2mks)
18.
SECTION B (20MKS)
19.
a) Fowl pox
b) i) It causes death to chicken
ii) It lowers egg production
iii) It increases cost of production
c) All affected birds should be removed and killed
Health birds should be vaccinated
20.
a) i) Close breeding
iii) Cross breeding
b) Advantages of cross breeding
i) Offspring exhibit hybrid vigour
ii) Introduces new genes in the herd
c) i) Lead to loss of vigour
ii) May lead to decline in offspring fertility
iii) Leads to high rates of offspring fertility
21.
a) C-Chicken mite/mite
D-Louce
b) Sign of attack by parasite C
Weight loss
Loss of feathers
Reduce egg production
Restlessness of the birds
(Any 2× mks)
(2mks)
(Any 1×1=1mks)
(Any 3×1=3mks)
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22.
Gestation period
Dry period
Lactation period
b) Dry cow therapy
Steaming up
SECTION C (40MKS)
(3marks)
23.
a) i) Cubicles: Are units where animals rest
Are roofed and raised above the ground and contain litter to keep them warm.
ii) Loofing area - an open area where animals feed from usually fitted with water and feet through it also used for dunging iii)
Water and feed troughs - Used for watering and feeding animals respectively
iv) Milking stall - Where animal are confined during milking
v) Store: For storing equipment
vi) Feed preparation place - where feed is prepared
vii) Manure pit or sludge tank - where dung is drained into
(stating 1, explaining 1 2×7=14mks)
b)
It is efficient in herbage utilization
It ensures faster accumulation of manure
It facilitates biogas processing
It leads to high production of milk
It has a high stocking rate per unit area
Chances of diseases spread are low.
(6×1=6mks)
23. a)
i. Location of the beehive
The beehive should be located:
- Away from the homestead, pastures and roads
- In a sheltered place away from direct sunlight
- Near flowering plants
- Near a water source
- In an area with no bad odours
(Any 5×1=5mks)
ii. Disease of bees
A carive
American foulbrood disease
(2×1=2mks)
iii. Factors determining the quality of honey
- Type of plant from which nector was obtained
- The maturity stage of honey at the time of harvesting
- Methods of processing honey
- Time of harvesting honey
- Method of harvesting used.
(any 3×1=3mks)
b) Practises carried out to ensure clean milk production
Maintain healthy milking herd
Dairy cows should be free from zoonotic disease
Cows should be tested for mastitis and other milk-borne diseases regularly
Healthy animals should be milked first
Clean and dairy cow
The cow‘s flanks and udder should be thoroughly cleaned using warm water.
The hair around the udder and flanks should be dipped
Clean the milking shed
Milking shed should be kept clean
It should be disinfected to avoid flies
It should be free from dust and bad odours
Clean milk utensils
Milking utensils should be washed using hot water with detergents
They should be subsequently sterilized
Milk filtration
Strain milk using sieve to remove dirt, hair and any other foreign materials Milk
cooling
Milk should be cooled to temperature below 150 c immediately after milking to slow down bacterial multiplication and
improve the keeping quality.
Avoiding flavours in milk
- Feeds that give bad flavor to milk should be fed to animals after milking
- Milking equipment made of cooper and iron should be avoided.
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Clean person
- Milk person should be free from zoonotic diseases
- Should wear clean clothes
- The finger nails should be short.
(Stating 1, Explaining 1 2×5= 10mks)
24 a) Factors considered when planning a layout of a mixed farm.
- Wind direction - structure producing bad smell should be sited at the leeward side of the farm house open sides of livestock
structures should face away from the direction of prevailing winds.
- Topography / drainage - The site should be gently sloping to facilitate easy drainage
- Acceptability - The place should be easily reached from most parts of the farm to avoid time wastage.
- Soil type - Should be fairly drained, stable and fairly deep to support the farm structures and any crop grown.
- Security - The farm should be located in a safe environment away from risks such as theft
- Existing amenities - The structures should be located near to existing amenities such as electricity, water supply to save costs
- Farmers taste and preferences
(stating 1, explaining 1
2×5=10)
b) Importance of fences
- To mark boundaries - Permanent fences help to demarcate farms, establishing farm boundaries.
- For security - Fences keep out intruders and unwanted animals from the firm
- To control parasites and diseases - Rotational grazing minimize parasites and disease build-up because paddocks undergo
resting periods
- To separate crop land farm pastures and ensure diversified production - Fences help farmers to effectively practice mixed
farming
- Live fences act as windbreaks - this help to reduce the destructive effects of strong winds on farm structures.
- To control soil erosion - live fence acts as barriers to run - off
- To prevent formation of unnecessary paths
(stating 1, explaining 1 2×5=10mks)
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION
443/
1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
Name a vitamin deficiency that is responsible for curled toes paralysis in chicks.
List down four behavioristic activities which would indicate that the chicks in a brooder are under stress
State two advantages of timber as a construction material of farm buildings.
List down two appropriate hand tools needed to finish off the handle of a fork jembe.
Put down four qualities of good beef.
State one way by which balanced feed ration contributes to diseases control in livestock.
Give one reason why a cow suffering from milk fever should never be given medicine ovally.
Outline four factors that would accelerate depreciation of farm tools.
a) What is notifiable disease?
b) List four notifibledisease in Kenya.
Outline three factors that lower the quality of concrete.
When is it recommended to carry out the following livestock feeding practices?
a) Flushing
b) Steaming up
Name two dual-purpose breeds of cattle.
Give the meaning of the following terms as used in livestock production.
a) Pullet
b) Gilt
c) Steer
Give the use of each of the following equipment used by dairy farmers.
a) Milk strainer
b) Milk churn
c) Strip cup
State four signs of broodiness in a hen.
Name the livestock disease/disease condition caused by each of the following organisms;
a) Salmonella gallinarum
b) Ascarislubricoids
Explain the following as applied in tractor engines.
a) Firing order
b) Compression ratio
c) Compression ignition engine
State two human factors that influence the quality of honey.
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1 ½ marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section
19. The diagram below shows a type of livestock identification method.
Diagram
a)
b)
c)
d)
Give the method of identification indicated by the diagram above.
Which is the most appropriate method of identification for animals with light skins.
State the tool used in method in the diagram shown above.
Write down three importances of livestock identifications.
( ½ mark)
( ½ mark)
( ½ mark)
(1 ½ marks)
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e) Give one reason why programmed administration of antihelminitics in cattle is vital.
(1 mark)
f) Other than a dosing gun name two other tools used to administer antihelminitics.
(1 mark)
20. The diagrams below show a variety of garden tools used for nursery bed preparation.
a) Identify the tools labelled A, B, C and D.
(2 marks)
b) Name another tool that can be used in place of tool B.
( ½ mark)
c) State three maintenance practices on tool C.
(1 ½ marks)
d) Give the best ratio of cement, sand and gravel for making deep foundations of farm buildings.
(2 marks)
21. A student is in the process of determining qualities of ingredients to make a livestock ration using the feed computation
method illustrated below.
a) Name the feed computation method illustrated above.
(1 mark)
b) Determine the values of E and F.
(2 marks)
c) What will be the percentage of digestible crude protein (DCP) in the feed that the student intends to make? (1 mark)
d) Except the method of feed computation illustrated above name one other feed computation method.
(1 mark)
22. The illustration below shows an ox-drawn mouldboard plough. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the parts labelled G, H, J and K.
b) State the use of the parts labeled L and M.
c) Give two uses of the plough illustrated above.
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from the section.
23. Explain the management of broilers in a deep litter system.
24. a) Describe the importance of keeping farmj animals healthy.
b) How does the digestion of food in pigs differ from that of ruminants.
25. a) Explain five care and maintenance practices carried out on a tractor battery.
b) Name five components/parts of a plunge dip and state the use of each.
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(20 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided
State two ways in which agriculture contributes directly to the development of industries.
State three reasons for processing farm produce before selling.
State four disadvantages of using organic manure in crop production.
State four ways in which land reform is being implemented in Kenya.
Name six agricultural statutory boards in Kenya.
State three features considered when choosing water pipes.
State four methods used for harvesting water in farm.
State four reasons for controlling weeds in pasture.
List three characteristics of intensive farming system.
Give two roles of microorganisms in the soil that are beneficial to crops.
State two factors that favor surface irrigation.
Explain how each of the following leads to loss of soil fertility.
a) Leaching
b) Monocroping.
For each of the following micro-element stated below,give one function in plant.
a) Zinc
b) Boron
State any four problems a dairy farmer may face in marketing of milk.
State three functions of 4-K clubs in Kenya.
Name two types of labour records.
Name four methods of drainage that can be used to reclaim a marshy area.
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
18. a) Identify the methods of tree harvesting illustrated above.
A
B
b) Name three products the farmer can get after carrying out the practice illustrated above.
19. The diagram below show an important operation carried out during land preparation.
(1 mark)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
a) Identify the field operation illustrated above.
(1 mark)
b) State four reasons for carrying out the practice named in (a) above.
(4 marks)
20. The diagram below shows a set up of an experiment to study an aspect of soil. the set up was left undisturbed for five hours.
Study it and answer the questions that follows
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i)
ii)
iii)
21. a)
What was the aim of the experiment.
(1 mark)
State one observation that was made in each of the flasks labelled C and D.
(2 marks)
Give reasons for each of your observation in (ii) above.
(2 marks)
The following information was extracted from Mr. Mambo‘s farm records for the year ending 30 th June 2015. Study it
and prepare a profit and loss account for the farm.
(4 marks)
Rent received
10,000
egg sales
60,000
Repair of tractor
30,000
Interest on bank loan
20,000
Opening valuation
80,000
Tax paid
40,000
Closing valuation
90,000
Purchases of farm inputs
90,000
Debts received from farmer‘s
Cooperative society
100,000
Maize sale
55,000
b) Did the farm make a profit or loss?
(1 mark)
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section.
22. a) Explain the factors that should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise.
b) Explain five roles of farm manager in agricultural production.
23. describe the establishment of kales under the following subheadings;
a) Nursery establishment
b) Nursery management
c) Transporting of seedlings
24. a) Explain five factors that determine the correct spacing of crops.
b) Discuss cultural methods of controlling crop diseases.
c) Explain the role of trees in soil and water conservation.
(15 marks)
(5 marks)
(7 marks)
(5 marks)
(8 marks)
(10 marks)
(5 marks)
(5 marks)
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KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section.
State four characteristics of large scale farming system.
State four pieces of information contained in an invoice.
Name two types of credits available to farmers for agricultural use.
Differentiate between a balance sheet and a profit and loss account.
Give four benefits of rotational grazing.
State four factors that influence the extent of soil erosion in an area.
Give four functions of calcium in plants.
Give two disadvantages of landlordism and tenancy tenure system as practiced in Kenya.
Give two reasons for adding well rotten organic manure to a compost heap.
Mention four advantages of using polythene sleeves in the establishment of seedlings.
State two reasons why subsoiling is important as an operation of land
preparation.
Give two reasons for proper drying of grains before storage.
State two effects of siltation in dams.
Give any three functions of pyrethrum board of Kenya.
Outline three benefits of bolder planting in agroforestry.
State four factors one should consider when designing a crop rotation programme.
List three importance of tissue culture in crop propagation.
State three reasons why a farmer should diversify his farm enterprises.
Give four conditions of the land which make it necessary to carry out reclamation practices.
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1mark)
(1 ½ marks)
(2marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2 marks)
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
20. Study the diagram of the silo below and answer the questions that follow.
DIAGRAM
(a) Identify the method of ensiling in the diagram above.
(1mark)
(b) State three precautions taken when ensiling to ensure high quality silage.
(3marks)
(c) Give two advantages of this method of forage conservation over other methods.
(2marks)
21. Below are diagrams of common weeds found in the farm. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Diagrams
(a) Identify the weeds.
(b) Mention one harmful effect of each of the wood Q and R
(c) Give a reason why weed S is referred as a parasitic weed.
22. The diagram below illustrates an experiment on soil. Study it carefully and answer the
(3 mks)
(1 mark)
(1 mk)
questions that follow.
Diagram
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a) State the aim of the experiment.
(1mk)
b) If the volume of water illustrated in them measuring cylinders was observed after one hour, identify the soil samples
labelled A and B.
A
(½ mk)
B
(½ mk)
c) State two ways in which the soil structure of the soil sample labelled C above can be improved.
(2 marks)
23. The diagrams below illustrates common pests in crop production. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(1 mark)
DIAGRAMS
(1 ½ mk)
(1 ½ mk)
(1mark)
a. Identify the pest labeled A, B and C
b. Classify the pests using scientific classification
c. State any type of damage caused by the pest labelled A in maize.
SECTION C : (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section.
24. The table below shows the production of maize at various levels of NPK fertilizer application. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.
Land (ha) Variable input NPKTotal product maizeMarginal
productAverage
product
(50kg bags)
(90kg bags)
maize 90kg bags
maize 90kg bags
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
27
42
56
63
65
65
60
52
42
10
A
15
B
7
C
D
-5
E
-10
10
F
14
14
12.6
G
9.3
7.5
H
4.2
a) Complete the above table A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
(4marks)
b) Using the graph paper provided draw a graph of total product, marginal product and average product against variable
input on the same axis and mark the zones of production.
(7 marks)
c) With a reason identify the best zone of production.
(2 marks)
d) Discuss the various ways in which farmers minimize risks in potato production.
(7 marks)
25. a) Describe the methods used in preparing materials in readiness for planting.
(8 marks)
b) Explain the factors that may determine spacing of crop in the farm.
(8 marks)
c) Explain briefly the factors that influence timely planting.
(4 marks)
26. a) List seven benefits of using organic matter for mulching.
b) Describe the field production of nappier grass under the following sub-headings
(i) Planting
(ii) Fertilizer and manure
(iii) Utilization
c) Describe the procedure followed when transplanting tree seedlings from a bare root nursery bed.
(7 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(4 marks)
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KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
Give two notifiable diseases of cattle.
(1 mark)
Give two functions of reticulum in the process of food digestion.
(1 mark)
State the function of a carburetor in the fuel system.
(1 mark)
Name the structure that is used to ensure that the honey comb and brood combs are found in different chambers in the hive.
(½ mark)
Differentiate between inbreeding and outbreeding.
(2 marks)
Give three methods of harnessing tractor power.
(½ marks)
Give three reasons why ewes disown lambs.
(1 ½ marks)
Give four factors to consider when selecting goats for breeding.
(2 marks)
State four conditions that can make a cow to withhold milk during milking.
(2marks)
Give four predisposing factors of mastitis in cattle.
(2 marks)
A dairy cow under zero grazing system weighs 700kg. Calculate how much dry matter it takes given that it takes 2.5kg for
every 100kg live weight (show your working)
(2 marks)
State two advantages of using wood in the construction of a farm building.
(1mark)
Give two reasons why the walls of the dairy shed should be white washed instead of painting with oil paints.
(1 mark)
Outline three reasons why claves should be fed on colostrums.
(1 ½ marks)
List two groups of vitamins as applies to livestock nutrition.
(1 mark)
Give three importance of flushing in sheep management.
(½ marks)
State three factors that dictate livestock distribution in Kenya.
(1/4 marks)
Give three conditions under which a farmer prefers to use an ox-cart instead of a tractor drawn trailer.
(½ marks)
List two tools used in closed castration.
(1 mark)
State four qualities of good creep feed.
(2 marks)
Name three mechanical methods of controlling ticks.
(1 ½ marks)
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
22. A farmer in Makueni County owns 16 million cows. In addition to feeding these animals with napier grass, the farmer
prepares home mixed ratio in them. During this dry season, the farmer has decided to mix 600kg of the ratio using oats DCP
40% and simsim cake DCP 60% using the Pearsons square method.
i) Determine the quantities of each feed the farmer will need to make a ratio containing 20% DCP tor the animals.
(4 marks)
ii) State one factor affecting feed digestibility.
(1 mark)
23. Below are illustrations of animal hooves and activity being done.
Diagrams;
i)
a)
b)
c)
d)
D
E
F
What activity is going on in diagram F.
Which of the above hooves is likely to predispose foot rot infection?
Name one appropriate tool for carrying out the above activity.
i) Other than protecting animals from foot rot give another one reason for carrying out the activity.
ii) give three reasons for seasoning timber before use.
24. Study the structure and answer the questions.
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
Diagram
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(a) Name the structure above.
(b) Name the parts labeled S & T
25. Below is a diagram of a farm equipment. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
Diagram
a)
b)
c)
d)
Identify the equipment.
(1/2 mark)
State the use of the equipment
(1 mark)
Name the parts labelled G, E and F
(1marks)
Identify two drawbacks in using this equipment compared to others that may be used for the same purpose. (2 marks)
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section.
26. a) Give the differences between petrol and diesel engine.
b) Outline five advantages of farm mechanization.
c) Explain factors considered in selection of construction materials.
27. a) Discuss coccidiosis disease under the following headings :
i) Causal organism
ii) Livestock species attacked
iii) Symptoms of attack
iv) Control measures
b) Describe the essentials of obtaining clean milk from a cow.
28. a) Describe the management of layers in deep litter system from the point of lay.
b) Describe the lifecycle of a two host tick.
c) Name four sources of power in the farm.
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(4 marks)
(3 marks)
(10 marks)
(10 marks)
(6 marks)
(4 marks)
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KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1. For characteristics of large scale farming?.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
requires large tracts of land.
Requires high capital investment.
Skilled labour is used.
Processing of products on the farm.
Provides more employment.
(2 marks)
4 x ½ = 2 marks
2. Pieces of information in an invoice Date of transaction.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
People involved in the transaction.
Invoice number.
Type of goods.
Amount of money involved.
Notice of payment /when due
4 x ½ = 2 marks
3. Types of credits (1 mark)
˗
˗
˗
Short term
Medium term.
Long term.
2 x ½ = 1 mark
4. Balance sheet: Shows the financial position solvency / assets and liabilities of a business Profit and loss
whether the business /form made a profit or loss. mark as a whole 2 x 1 =2 marks
5. Benefits of rotational grazing
˗ Animals manure is evenly distributed in paddocks.
˗ Pasture is given time to regenerate before its is grazed on again.
˗ Excess pasture can be sold.
˗ Excess pasture can be harvested for conservation.
˗ It is possible to re-seed empty spaces /over sowing possible for improvement.
˗ Top-dressing and weed control possible.
account shows
4 x ½ = 2 marks
6. Extent of soil erosion.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Slope of the land.
Bareness of land / vegetative cover.
Amount of rainfall.
Type of soil.
Rainfall intensity
4 x ½ = 2 marks
7.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Four functions of calcium
Strength cell wall / used in formation of middle lamella.
Takes part in protein synthesis.
Takes part in cell division.
Necessary for elongation of stems and roots tips / apical growth.
4 x ½ = 2 marks
7. Two disadvantages of landlordism tenancy
˗
˗
˗
˗
Poor land use and low production if the tenants do not have enough funds to improve land.
Tenants cant produce long term crops.
Landless can exploit two tenants by overcharging.
Lack of incentives to improve land by tenants since its does not belong to them 2 x ½ = 1 mark
8. Two reasons for adding rotten manure
˗
˗
Inject micro-organism to assist in decomposition.
to increase the nutrient content.
2 x ½ = 1 mark
9. Four advantages of polythene sleeves
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
No disturbance or roof system at transplanting.
Can be transported for long distances without damage.
Seedlings grow fast.
Possible to plan when to transplant.
Problems of soil born pest and disease can be avoided.
4 x 2 x ½ = 2 marks
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10. Two reasons for subsoiling
˗
˗
˗
˗
To facilitate drainage.
Bring up leached nutrients to the surface.
Increase aeration of the soil.
To improve root penetration.
2 x '/2 = I mark
11. Two reasons for proper drying of grains
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Reduce moisture content hence preventing rotting.
Harder seed coat minimize pest/ disease damage.
prevent growth of fungus / aflotoxin poisoning.
Increase keeping quality.
Prevent sprouting while in the store.
2 x ½ = 1 mark
12. Two effects of siltation
˗
˗
˗
˗
Causes water pollution.
Interferes with hydroelectric power reneration.
leads to decline in fish production in dams.
Reduces water volume.
2x x/2= 1 mark
13. Three functions of pvrethrum board of Kenya.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Offering advisory services to the farmers.
Managing pyrethrum nurseries which produce planting materials for farmers.
Processing pyrethrum in the factory.
Marketing the processed pyrethrum products.
Buying pyrethrum from the farmers.
Carrying out research to obtain the best cultivars through selection of breeding. 3 x ½ mark
14. Benefits of borders planting.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Acts as windbreak to control soil erosion.
Marks the boundaries in firms.
May act as live fence.
May provide, wood fuel, fodder, composting materials and fruits.
For beauty/ aesthetic value.
Adds resale value of farm.
3 x l/2 = 1 ½ marks
15. Four factors-to consider in crop rotation p r o g r a m m e " ?˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Altemate deep rooted crops with shallow rooted.
Include a legume to improve soil fertility.
Include grass ley to improve soil structure.
Alternate crops which are associated with certain weeds with those that are not.
Crops of same family should not following one another in a rotation programme.
Crops with high requirement of nutrients should came first in newly opened area. 4x ½ = 2 marks
16. Three importance of tissue culture
˗
˗
˗
˗
Establish pathogen free plants.
Used in mass production of propasules.
It is fast
Require less space than cuttings.
3 x ½ = 2 marks
17. Three reasons for diversification
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Spread income throughout the year.
To guard against total loss due to failure of one enterprise.
Complimentarily of enterprise e.g. manure for crops from animals.
To guard against risk total loss due to drop in prices of one commodity.
Maximization of labour use.
3 x 1 ½ marks
18. Four reasons for land reclamation
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Swampy /'water logged areas / marshy / poorly drained.
Stony ground / rocky areas.
Steep areas.
Aridity / dryness.
Aroded / bareland / denuaded.
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˗
˗
Tsetse fly infested areas.
Bush land.
4 x ½ = 2 marks
SECTION B (20 marks)
19.
a) Trench silo 1 x 1 = 1
mark
b) i) Fast filling of the materials into the silo.
ii) Compacting / pressing.
iii) Last layer covered with a polythene sheet to prevent entry of water and air.
iv) Make drainage channel to keep away runoff.
3 x 1 = 3 marks
c)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
More nutrients are preserved.
Its less dependent on weather.
There are no storage problems.
Silage can be fed directly without liquid additives.
Can be preserved for long with minimum losses.
21.
a) Q - Double thorn / oxygonum stinuatum
R - Thorn apple / Datura stramonium
S Striga weed / witch weed /
Striga haemontheca
Striga asiatica
b) Q - irritate workers reducing their efficiency.
1 x 1 = 1 mark
R - poisonous to man and livestock.
1 x 1 - 1 mark
c) Because it relies heavily on the host crop for nourishment.
1x1 = 1 mark
22.
a ) To compare porosity / drainage / infiltration and water holding capacity of different soils. 1 x 1 = 1 mark
b ) A - Sandy soil
1 x ½ = ½ mark
c ) B - Loamy soil 1 x ½ = ½ mark
d ) i) Add organic matter / manure.
ii) Liming
iii) Subsoiling / proper drainage.
iv) Draining away excess water.
2 x 1 = 2 mark
23.
a)
A - Weaver bird
1 x ½ = ½ mark
B - squirrel
1 x ½ = ½ mark
C - Weevil / maize weevil /' bean weevil / grain weevil 1 x ½ = ½ mark
b) A - birds / Aves
1 x ½ = ½ mark
B - Rodents
1 x ½ = ½ mark
C - Insects
1 x ½ = ½ mark
c) i) Fee on green / milky grains leading to losses / reduced yield.
ii) Open up green cobs leading to entry of water causing rotting of the grains. 2 x 1 = 2 marks
SECTION C
24. a)
A -17
B - 14
C-2 D-0
E--8
F - 13.5
G- 10.5
H - 5.8
c)
d)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
8x1/2 = 4marks
Zone II
1x1
= 1 mark
Reason - Its where output is at the maximum 1x1 = 1 mark
Use of modem technology / irrigation / pest and disease control / improved varieties / application of fertilizers.
Flexibility in production methods.
Contract farming.
Input rationing
Insurance
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˗
˗
25 a)
i)
ii)
iii)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
26.
(a)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
b)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Diversification
Mechanization.
7x1
= 7 marks
Breaking seed dormancy.
Burning the seeds.
Scarification /' physical breaking of seed coat. Seeds subjected to heat to destroy hard coat. Soaking in acid and washing
in running water.
Stating 1 mark explanation - 1 mark any 4 = 8 marks
b)
Purpose of the crop
Soil moisture content.
Fertility status of the soil
Growth of the crops.
Type of machine used.
Number of seeds per hole.
Disease / pest / weed control method.
c)
Purpose of the crop.
Market method.
Concentration of chemical required e.g. tea
Weather conditions.
Naming 8x ½ = 4 marks
Explaining 8x ½ = 4 marks
Total = 8 marks
4 x 1 = 4 marks
Benefits of using organic matter of mulching.
Improves soil aeration upon decomposition.
Reduced toxicity of plant poisons upon decompositions.
Reduces soil erosion.
Improves soil structure on decomposition.
Modifies the soil temperature.
Add nutrients on decomposition.
Improves water infiltration.
Increases microbial activity.
Control weeds.
Reduces evaporation of water.
Buffers soil pH upon decomposition.
7 x 1 = 7 marks
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
i) Production of napier grass.
Plant at the onset of the rains / early planting.
Select desirable napier grass variety for the ecological area.
Use healthy planting materials.
Use cuttings / canes of splits of planting.
Cuttings / canes should have 3-5 nodes.
Select cutting from mature canes / stems.
Place planting materials in the furrows / holes.
Cover the materials with soil to appropriate depth.
any 3 x1 = 3 marks
ii) Fertilizer application
Apply phosphate fertilizer at planting time.
Apply farm yard. Manure / compost manure before planting.
Rate of organic manure should be 7 - 10 tons / ha.
Apply organic manure after harvest and dig it into the soil every year.
Top dress with nitrogen and potassium 6-8 weeks after planting. any 3 x1 = 3 marks
iii) Utilization
Cut and feed to ruminated.
Defoliate / cut at the right stage of growth 3 - 5 months old when stems 1 - 1 . 5 m high.
Cut the stems at 2.5 - 5cm above the ground surface.
Use a sharp panga for cutting.
Conserve excess as silage.
Chop napier grass into small pieces.
It can be dried and used as mulch.
any 3 x1 = 3 marks
d)
˗
˗
˗
Procedure for transplanting seedling from a bare roof nursery bed.
Prepare plating holes prior to transplanting.
Separate top soil from sub-soil as you dig the hole.
Mix the top soil with manure and refill the hole half-way
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
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˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Water the seedlings properly a day before transplanting.
Carefully lift the seedling using a garden trowel and place it at the centre of the plating hole.
Re-fill the hole with the soil.
Firm gently around the seedling until the hole is completely filed.
Wafer the seedling.
4 x1 - 4
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KIMA JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
1.
˗
˗
Two notifiable diseases.
foot and mouth disease,
anthrax Rinderpest
2 x ½ - 1 mark
2.
˗
˗
Two functions of reticulum
It sieves and separate fine food from coarse materials.
it retains foreign and indigestible materials.
1 mark
3.
Functions of carburetor.
Mixes air and petrol for combustion chamber.
1 mark
4.
5.
Queen excluder
½ Mark
Inbreeding - mating of closely serated individuals e.g. sire and daughter. Outbreeding - mating of unrelated animals count of
the same breed.
1 mark
Mark as whole
6.
˗
˗
˗
Three methods of harnessing animal power.
PTO (Power take off shaft) •
Use of drawbar.
Use of hitchrnast
7.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Three reasons why ewes disown lambs
Painful udder and heats.
Case of malnutrition of ewe.
Weak lamb and unable to keep up with the ewe.
Sick ewe
Still birth
8.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Four factors considered when selecting goats for breeding.
Should have high conversion efficiency.
Be a good size
Should be hardy
Should have a high growth rate
Be resistance to diseases.
Body should conform to the purpose of the breed.
4 x ½ = 3 marks
9.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Four conditions that make a cow to withhold milk.
Washing cow with hot water.
Beating the cow (mistreatment daring milking / inching pain.
Change of milk man Unfamiliar noise.
Absence of food during milking.
4 x ½ = 2 marks
10.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Four predisposing factors of mastitis.
Dirty and filthy milling sheds that encourage breeding of bacteria.
Enlarged pendulum udder hanging below hock ! genetic factor.
Incomplete / partial milking.
Old age / old animals.
High yields cows.
Stress.
Injury of udder / teat.
11. Dry matter,
wt = 700kg
100kg live wt - 2.5 DM
700kg wt = ?
x 25
= 17.5
4 x ½ marks
1 x 2 = 2 marks
12. Available easy
Easy to work with
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
Cheap
13.
˗ Avoid poisoning in milk.
˗ To discourage insect e.g. flies, to avoid milking tainting
14.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Three reasons why calves should be fed on colostrum.
Highly digestible.
Highly nutritious.
High in antibodies.
Has laxative effects.
2 x ½ = 1 mark
3 x ½ = 1 ½ marks
15. Fat soluble vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins
2 x ½= 1 mark
16.
˗
˗
˗
Importance of flushing.
Increase conception rate
Facilities implantation of zygote
Increase chances of multiple births.
3 x ½ = 1 ½ marks
17.
˗
˗
˗
18.
˗
˗
˗
19.
Factors that dictate livestock distribution
Hair on body.
Climate conditions.
Place / origin
3 x ½ = 1 ½ marks
20.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
If a farmer has little capital
Land is too steep.
Farmer has little load to carry.
Burdizo
Rubber ring and elastrator
Highly digestive.
High in energy content.
Highly palatable.
Rich in minerals and vitamins.
High in digestive crude protein.
3 x ½ = 1 ½ marks
2 x ½= 1 mark
4 x ½= 2 marks
21. Mechanical methods of tick control.
˗ Binning infested pastures.
˗ Fencing off pasture land and farm.
˗ Starving ticks by keeping animals away from infested pastures.
˗ Hand picking ticks from animals and killing them.
˗ Change ticks environment e.g. by ploughing pasture land. 3 x ½ = 1 ½ marks
SECTION B
22. diagram
˗
˗
˗
˗
23.
˗
˗
b)
Feed chemical composition
Feed formulation Animal species
Protein energy ratio
Feed quantity previously fed.
a) Hoof cuting
b) D
c) Hoof cutter
˗ Hoof trimming knife
d) Proper walking
Easy mating
ii)
to prevent warping / bending
to prevent rotting /damage by fungi
Any 2 x ½ = 1
any 1x1 = 1 mark
any
1x1=1
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˗ To reduce by insects /'vermin.
˗ To make the timber durable.
1 x 3 = 3 marks
24. a) Barbed wire fence
1 x 1 = 1 mark
b) S barbed wire
T Dropper
T Stops wire from sagging / reinforce wire / strain.
S Strengthen the fence.
2 x 1 = 2 marks
25. a) Stir-up pump √½
b) Spraying livestock
c) G - Trigger √½
E - nozzle √½
F - (brass) lance √½
1 x ½ mark
d) Need two people to operate √1
Not easy to carry about during operation √1 1
1 x 2 = 2 marks
26. a) Differences between petrol and diesel engine.
Diesel Engine
Petrol Engine
Uses diesel as fuel.
- Uses petrol as fuel
Has an injector pump
- Has a carburettor.
Has no spark plug
- Has a spark plug
Fuel is ignited by
- Fuel is ignited by an compression electric spark
Air and fuel mixes in
cylinder before
- Air and fuel mixes in the carburettor, ignition
Specific fuel
- Specific fuel consumption is high
consumption is low
Has a higher air
- has a lower air compression ratio of between 4 ; 5 to 8
compression ratio
between 14 : 1 to
20: 1
Has a sediment bowl.
- Has no sediment bowl
Produces a lot of
- Produce less smoke
smoke.
Relatively heavy in
- Relatively light in weight and suited to weight and suited to weight and
suited to heavy light duty machinery
duties
Operation cost is
- Operational cost is high
lower.
Air is taken in during
-NO extra addition of air or fuel during
induction stroke
induction thus-air ratio is constant.
10 marks
b) Advantages of farm mechanisation Faster in farm operation.
˗ It is more efficient
˗ It is less laborious.
˗ Makes work more enjoyable.
˗ Ensures timely operations therefore high yields.
˗ Benefits from economies of large scale farming.
5 x 1 = marks
c)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Factors considered in selection of construction material
Availability of materials - the materials that are easily available are selected for construction.
Durability of materials - materials which may last long are selected.
Cost of the materials - materials which cost less are preferred.
Suitability of each type of material to he prevailing weather conditions.
Strength of each type of materials to the prevailing weather conditions.
Strength of materials depending on the type of structure being put up.
Workability of the materials - the ease with which to use materials.
Select non-toxic materials.
5 x1 = 5 marks
27.
i)
ii)
iii)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Coccidia/ plotozoan
Poultry, calves, young rabbits, kids, lambs.
Diarrhoea.
Dysentery in the dung.
Euraciation
Ruffled feathers
Birds become dull with dropping wings.
Sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids.
(1 mark)
1x4 = 4 marks
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iv)
˗ Drugs such as coccidiostats mixed with food or water.
˗ Isolation of infected animals.
˗ Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings.
˗ Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms.
˗ Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses.
˗ Healthy milking herd
˗ Clean milking shed.
˗ Clean milking cow
˗ Health and clean milkman.
˗ Avoid flavours in milk.
˗ Clean milking utensils.
˗ milk filtration.
˗ Cooling and storage
˗ Correct milking procedure.
˗ Clean milking material and equipment.
1 x 10 = 10 marks
28. a)
- Ensure enough space in the house.
- The space should be between (0.3 - .05m2 per bird.
- The litter should be kept dry by regularly raking.
- Provide enough perches which should be well spaced in the house.
- provide adequate waterers, feeders and well- distributed.
- provide clean and adequate water, keep waterers and all equipment clean. Replace soft litter in the nest to prevent egg eating.
- Ensure the nest is dark enough to avoid cannibalism.
- Collect eggs at least twice a day.
- Provide adequate layer marsh.
- Supply some grit to help in digestion.
- Ensure adequate supply of greens for vitamins.
- Hand the greens to help them exercise.
- Cull poor lavers or diseased birds.
- Debeak birds to prevent cannibalism and egg- eating.
- Vaccinate against prevailing diseases.
- Check birds for disease symptom.
- Check for pests occurrence and apply appropriate pesticides.
- Avoid stress factors like noise.
- Discourage broodiness among layers.
- Provide grains on the litter to avoid cannibalism.
- Isolate and treat sick birds.
- Keep records
10 x 1 = 10 marks
b)
i) Eggs are laid on the ground.
ii) Eggs hatch to larvae.
iii) Larvae climbs on the first host feeds on blood and become engorged.
iv) The engorged larvae mouths into nymph while on the first host.
v) Nymph sucks blood and become engorged and drops to the ground and mouths into adult.
vi) Adults climbs unto the second host where it feeds and male before the female drops to the ground to lay eggs.
6x1 = 6 marks
c)
˗ Animal power.
- Wind
- Electricity
- Water
- Tractor
- Solar
- Biomass / charcoal / fossil fuels / Biogas ix) Human / power
4x 1 = 4 marks
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Give four reasons that make ranching to be regarded as a form of advanced pastoral nomadism
State four practices that can facilitate achievement of organic farming
List four factors that increase seed rate in crop production
Give the meaning of the following terms;
˗ Nitrogen fixation into the soil
˗ Phosphorous fixation in loss of soil fertility
Give four advantages of individual owner operator tenure system as practised in Kenya.
Give four features that should be considered when choosing water pipes for use on the farm
List the four aspects of rainfall that affect agriculture
Give four reasons why a well drained soil is suitable for crop production
State two indicators of well rotten compost manure
Distinguish between contact herbicide and a systemic herbicide
Name four variable costs in the production of maize
What is meant by working capital
State four advantages of tractor hire services
Give four advantages of intensive fanning system.
Give four reasons for deep ploughing during primary cultivation
Give four characteristics of a good vegetable seedling for transplanting
State two benefits of Agroforestry to a maize crop
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
(2mks)
(2 mks)
( 2 mks)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
SECTION B : (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
18. The diagram below shows an experiment set up using soil type G, H and J, and the observations made after 24 hours. Study
the diagram and answer the questions that follow
(1 mk)
Diagram
i) State the aim of the experiment above
(1mk)
ii) Name the three soil types G, H and J
(1 ½ mk)
iii) What is the characteristic texture of soil types G and J
(1 mk)
iv) State one way of improving the structure of soil type G
(1 mk)
19. The diagram below illustrates a nursery practice carried out on tree seedlings before transplanting. Study it carefully then
answer the questions below
Diagram
a) Identify the practice being carried out on the diagram
b) Give three reasons why the practice is encouraged when raising seedlings
c) Give two reasons why the polythene sleeves are used in the nursery bed as shown in the diagram
20. Study the illustration below of a tomato fruit as observed in field production.
(1 mk)
(3 mks)
(2mks)
Diagram
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
i) Identify the condition illustrated above.
ii) State two conditions that predispose a tomato plant to the conditions stated in (a) above
iii) Suggest four possible ways of controlling the condition stated in (a) above
iv) Name two categories of tomato varieties
21. The diagram below shows a method of forage preservation
a)
b)
c)
Identify the structure above
State the form in which the forage is preserved as illustrated above
Give the role played by each of the following in the structure above
i)
Polythene sheet
ii) Drainage
d) Name two other methods of forage conservation
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
(1mk)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions in the spaces provided below.
22. a) Explain five morphological features of weeds that influence selectively of herbicides
(5 mks)
b) State five factors that contribute to competitive ability of weeds
(5 mks)
c) Explain physical methods used in control of pests in crop production
(10 mks)
23. a)
i) What is a partial budget
(1/2 mk)
ii) Mr, Owino has 4 hectares of arable land, 1.5 hectare of which is under wheat, 0.5 hectare under maize, 0.3 hectare under
fodder crops and the rest is under either improved grass ley or natural grass. He wishes to know whether replacing 0.3 ha
of maize with potatoes the following season would be worthwhile. The fertilizer rate would have increased from 2 bags
per hectare for maize to 2.5 bags per hectare for potatoes, an extra 40 days of casual labour per hectare would be
necessary as a result of the change. Average yields of maize and potatoes are 56 and 90 bags per hectare respectively.
The prices are Kshs 1200 per bag of maize and Kshs 300 per bag of potatoes, seed costs are Kshs 1350 per 10 kg of
maize and Kshs 200 per 50 kg of potatoes. DAP fertilizer costs Kshs. 1400 per 50 kg bag. Labour is paid at Kshs 150 per
man day. he would require 10 bags of potatoes seed and 1 bag of maize seed to cover 0 3 of a hectare. Draw up a partial
budget and indicate the effect of the change
(7 mks)
iii) What advise would you give this farmer
(1/2 mk)
b) State different ways through which farmers may adjust to
risks
and uncertainties
(5 mk)
c) Explain seven biological and cultural measures used in control of soil erosion
(7mks)
24. a) Describe the procedure of seed innoculation
(5 mks)
b) Discuss five negative effects of wind to crops
(5 mks)
c) Describe the production of Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) under the following sub headings
i)
Varieties
(3 mks)
ii) Land preparation
(3 mks)
iii) Harvesting
(4 mks)
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KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
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SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided
Give the term used to describe the following livestock
i) Mature Female Rabbit
ii) Mature Male Goat
iii) Castrated Male Bird
iv) Young one of fish
Give one reason why concrete floors are recommended for dairy shed
Give three reasons for flushing ewes before tupping is done
State two functions of feed additives
Define heterosis in livestock production
State four characteristics of clean and high quality milk
Give two reasons why young rams should be docked?
State four factors influencing the market quality of eggs demanded by consumers
Anthrax and rinderpest are two notifiable diseases in livestock
i) Give the meaning of the term notifiable diseases
ii) How is anthrax contracted ?
iii) How is rinderpest controlled
Give four types of machinery that obtain power from power take off (P.T.O) shaft
Name the deficiency disorder experienced by livestock when they lack the following mineral elements'
a) Copper
b) Zinc
c) Magnesium
State four ways of controlling tsetse flies
State four reasons for feeding bees
State the uses of the following tools
i) Stir up Pump
ii) Coping saw
iii) Claw hammer
iv) Shovel
State four factors that determines the type of fence a farmer is to put up on the farm
List three maintenance practices carried out in a fish pond
State two reasons for feeding a dairy cow with roughage
Name the method of castration used in castrating young male piglets
(2mks)
(1/2 mk)
(1/2 mk)
(1 mk)
(1/2 mk)
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
(2mks)
(½ mk)
(1 mk)
(2 mks)
(2mks)
(1 ½ mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(1 ½ mks )
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided.
19. Study the diagram of the digestive system of a farm animal shown below and answer the questions that follow
Diagram
a)
b)
c)
d)
Name the parts labelled P,Q,R and S
(2 mks)
State the function of the part labelled R
(1 mk)
Give two reasons why livestock with the above parts are able to ‗digest cellulose in food material
(1 mk)
In which of the parts labelled P,Q,R,S would a nylon paper be found if fed on by an animal with the above digestive
system
(1 mk)
20. Examine the diagram of parasite in livestock illustrated below
i) Name the parasite above
ii) Give the intermediate host of the parasite
(1/2 mk)
iii) Where is the parasite found in the body of the livestock
(1 mk)
iv) Give three control measures of the parasite
(3 mks)
21. The diagram below shows a livestock production equipment. Study it and answer the questions that follow
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Diagram
a. Identify the equipment
b. What is the importance of warm water in the equipment
c. Describe the procedure followed when using the equipment in collecting semen
22. Below is an illustration of a brooder used in rearing chicks
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
(3 mks)
Diagram
a) Why should the structure above be round in shape instead of rectangular/square shaped
b) For how long should chicks stay in the above structure
c) i. Give the temperature position inside the brooder above
ii. Give a reason for your observation in c (i) above
d) i. List the heat sources that can be used
ii. Why should a wire guard be placed round the heat source
SECTION C: 40 MARKS
Answer any TWO questions from this scction
23. a) Describe the principle of operation of a four stroke (four-cycle) petrol engine
b) Explain the functions of water in livestocks body
c) Discuss the predisposing factors of livestock diseases
24. a) Describe the lifecycle of roundworm (Ascaris sp)
b) Describe the process of egg formation in poultry
25. a) Discuss parts of a spray race
b) Explain limitations of animal drawn implement
c) Discuss Newcastle disease under the following sub-headings
i) Causal agent
ii) Symptoms of the disease
iii) Control measures
(1 mk)
(1/2 mk)
(1/2 mark)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(10mks)
(5mks)
(5mks)
(10mks)
(10mks)
(10mks)
(5mks)
(1/2 mk)
(3mks)
(1 ½ mk)
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KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
Reasons that make ranching to be regarded as a form of advanced pastoralism
Water is provided as specific watering points
Animals are confined through fencing
Mating is controlled
There is supplementary feeding
Control of parasites and diseases is done
There is controlled grazing thus minimizing erosion
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Practices that facilitate achievement of organic farming
Crop rotation
Mulching
Cover cropping
Observing a closed season
Crop trapping / growing trap crops
Double digging
Biological pest control/' use of medicinal plants
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Factors that increase seed rate
Number of seeds per hole
Germination percentage
Seed purity
Purpose for which crop is planted
Spacing used
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
a) Nitrogen fixation
Conversion of Nitrogen gas into nitrates and ammonium compounds which enables it to be utilised by plants
( l x l — 1 mrk)
b) Phosphorous fixation
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Conversion of phosphorous into a form that makes it unavailable to plants especially at low pH
1x1-1mk
Advantages of individual owner operator
There is incentive to apply soil and water conservation measures
Long term plans and investments can be made on the farm
With a title deed, the owner can access credit and loans
Farmer can subdivide the land among heirs
Farmer can sell part of the land
System minimises land disputes
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Factors considered when choosing water pipes
Durability/materials used to make pipes
Size/diameter and length
Thickness
Colour of pipes
Amount of water to be conveyed
Cost of pipes
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Aspects of rainfall that influence Agriculture
Rainfall intensity
Reliability
Distribution
Amount
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Reasons why well drained soil is suitable for crop production
Well aerated /ensures a good balance between soil water and air
Ensures good water retention
Prevents build up of C02 to toxic levels due to micro-organisms in the soil
Improves microbial activities
Increases soil volume around the root zone
Reduces accumulation of salts
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Indicators of well rotten compost manure
Dark colour acc. black
Absence of materials used to decompose
Smell of forest soil
Odourless
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light in weight
(2 x ½ =lmrk)
Contact herbicide
Destroy weeds once they get into contact with them
while systemic are herbicides which are translocated through the plant system after being applied on the leaves
( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk)
Variable costs in production of maize
Cost of fertilizers
Cost of herbicides
Cost of casual labour
Cost of seeds
Cost of pesticides
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Working capital
This is capital that gets used up completely during production process
( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk)
Advantages of tractor hire services
Eliminates risks of owning a tractor
It is cheaper
No maintenance costs are incurred
One can hire several tractors depending on amount of work
Enables farmers who cannot afford a tractor to acquire the service
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Advantages of intensive farming
High yield due to application of high level of managerial skills and modem skills and modem techniques of framing
Enables production of high quality products
Land is maximumly utilised
Small scale intensive farming can be carried out where land size is small and population density is high,
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Reasons for deep ploughing during primary cultivation
Improve water infiltration/drainage
Uproot deep rooted weeds
Facilitate better root penetration into the soil
Break hard pans
Expose soil borne pests and diseases to agents
Facilitate aeration
Bring up leached nutrients
Expose lower soil layers to weathering
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Characteristics of a good vegetable seedling for transplanting
Healthy / disease/ pest free
Vigorous growth
Have 4-6 true leaves
Pencil thickness
Free from physical deformities
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Benefits of Aero forestry to a maize crop
Reduces erosion by minimising
impact of rain drops
Leguminous trees when used help fix nitrogen for the maize crop
Act as wind breaker for maize crop
Leaves of trees act as manure when they drop and decompose
(2 x ½ = 1 mrk)
SECTION B
18 i) Aim of the experiment
˗ Compare capillarity action in different soils
( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk)
ii) G -Sandy soil
½ mrk
H -Loamy soil
½ mrk
J -Clay soil
½ mrk
iii) Characteristics texture of G and J
G -Rough / large sized
J - Smooth / small sized
2x ½ = 1 mk
iv. Improving structure of G
Addition of organic manure
½ mk
19. a) Practice -Root trimming/pruning
1x1 = lmrk)
i) Reasons why practice is encouraged
˗ Make lifting of seedlings easy
˗ Minimise damage to seedlings when lifting
˗ Encourage development of a short dense and strong rooting system
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˗ Ensure faster establishment of trees
ii) Reasons for use of polythene sleeves in nursery bed
˗ Easy transportation of seedlings
˗ Conservation of moisture
˗ Seedlings can stay in the nursery for long awaiting transplanting
20. a) Condition illustrated
˗ Blossom end rot in tomatoes
b) Conditions that predispose tomatoes to the condition
˗ Irregular application of water
˗ Excess application of Nitrogen in the early stages
˗ Deficiency of calcium in young fruits
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21.
a)
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b)
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c)
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c) Possible wavs of controlling the condition stated in above
Regular watering
Liming the soil/addition of calcium
Mulching to avoid moisture stress
Topdressing with enough nitrogen
d) Two categories of tomato varieties
Fresh market varieties
Processing varieties
( 3 x 1 = 3 mrks)
2 x 1 = 2mks
1 x 1 = lmk
(2x ½ = 1 mk)
(2X1/2 = 2 mrks))
2 x ½ = 2 mks
Identification of structure
Trench silo
( 1 x 1 = 1mrk)
Form in which forage is presented as illustrated above
Silage 1x1 = lmk
Role played bv:i) Polythene -keep the structure air-tight/
Prevents rainfall from getting in ( l x l = l mrk)
ii) Drainage -Drain off rain water/prevents entry of water into the silage ( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk)
ii) Two other methods of forage conservation
Hay
Standing forage / hay
(2 x 14 = 1 mrk)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
22
a) Morphoiogieai features of weeds that influence selectivity of herbicides
i) Leaf angle/ inclination - determines the ability of weeds to retain herbicides.
More
ii) Nature of leafy surface - presence/absence of a waxy cuticle
Waxy cuticle retain less herbicides than non waxy
Herbicides effective in leaves with less waxy cuticle and vice versa
iii) Presence /absence of underground special structures and rooting system - herbicides more effective in weeds without
special underground structures than those that have.
iv) Crop differential heights - herbicides are more effective on crops with the same height and vice versa
v) Location of growing points/location of terminal bud
Terminal buds/growing points which are exposed are more susceptible to herbicides than those which are hidden or not
exposed
vi) Whether deep or shallow rooted
Herbicides more effective in shallow rooted weeds than deep rooted ones.
5 x 1 = 5mks
b) Factors that contribute to competitive ability of weeds
i) Having efficient dispersal mechanism which makes them to spread very fast e.g. blackjack.
ii) Ability to survive in soils with low nutrient supply e.g. couch grass
iii) Ability of some to propagate through various vegetative parts e.g. wondering
iv) Jew
v) Production
of large quantities of viable seeds hence dominating a given habitat.
vi) Some have a short life cycle hence reaching maturity early
vii) Ability to remain viable under unfavourable condition until conducive conditions for germination occur.
viii) Presence of underground structures which makes it difficult to control
(5 x 1 = 5 mrks)
c) Physical methods used in control of pests in crop production
i) Use of physical barriers e.g. Rat guards to keep off the pest
ii) Explosives to scare away birds
iii) Introduction of extreme temperatures/
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iv) lethal temperatures to pests to interfere with their development e.g. use of hot water to control pink boll worm in cotton/
kill the pest
v) Proper drying of cereals before storage to control weevils to make penetration difficult vi)
Flooding to suffocate pests like aphids
vii) Use of scare crows to keep off birds/scare birds
viii) Use of carbon (IV) oxide/suffocation/kill pests
ix) Trapping and killing of Rodents like rats
x) E3ectromagnetic radiation to trap and kill moths
(10 x 1 = 10 mrks)
23 a i) a budget drawn when minor changes are to be made in an enterprise or in a farm organization (14 mrk)
PARTIAL BUDGET FOR MR OWINO
shs
Debit (-) ✓Vi
cts
Credit (-) ✓1/2
shs
cts
Extra revenue potatoes
Extra cost
(i) fertilizer 2.5 x0.3
xl400
1050
0
90x0.3x300
8100
0
40x0.3x150
1800
0
subtotal
8100
0
(iii)Seeds 200x10
2000
0
cost saved
Subtotal
4850
0
maize
1350
0
(ii) Labour
Revenue forgone
i)seeds
Maize yield
1 xl350
50x0.3x120
13,440
0
Fertilizers
Total
18,290
0
2x14000x0.3
840
0
Total
10,290
0
ii)
Extra Revenue + Cost saved ~ extra cost + revenue forgone
10,290 - 18,290 = - sh,8000
iii) Not to replace maize with potatoes because of a loss of - sh.8000
loss of - sh.8000
Allocation of marks
Title
½ mk
Debit
½ mk mark Credit
½ mk
Entries ½ mk
each x 7 = 3 ½ mk
Totals
½ x 2 =1 mk
Calculation
=1 mk
Total
7 mks
b.
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Ways of adjusting to risks and uncertainties
Input rationing
Flexibility in production
Diversification
Taking Insurance
Contracting / contract farming
Adopting modem farming methods
Selection of more certain enterprises
( 5 x 1 = 5 mrks)
c)
i)
Biological and cultural measures of controlling erosion
Use of grass strips/filter strips
Minimise speed of run-off water
Trap soil contained in run off hence reducing erosive power.
ii) Cover crops-reduce impact of rain drops/ splash erosion
reduce velocity of runoff
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iii) .Contour farming
creates ridges of earth which hold water thus reducing run off and prevent rill erosion
iv). Grassed
waterways
Reduces speed of running water
trap eroded soil
v). Mulching - Reduces speed of run off
Reduces impact of raindrops
vi). Afforestation or reafforestation
˗ Trees act as wind breakers
˗ Controls wind erosion
˗ Reduce impact of raindrops
vii). Strip cropping
˗ Reduces speed of run off
˗ Traps soil particles from run off
( 7 x 1 = 7 mrks)
24.
a) Procedure of seed inoculation
˗ Add gum Arabic or sugar to clean water and mix well to dissolve
˗ Put the legume seeds in a clean basin
˗ Add the liquid mixture (gum Arabic or sugar and clean water) to the basin containing the legume seed and mix them all.
˗ Add the appropriate Rhizobium spp strain to the seed and mix
˗ Spread the inoculated seeds in a shade for a while allowing the water to partially evaporate
˗ Plant all innoculated seeds on the same day
( 5 x 1 = 5 mrks)
b). Negative effects of wind to crops
˗ Increase rate of disease spread
˗ Contributes to lodging of crops/cereals
˗ Can cause damage to farm structures
˗ Carries away rain bearing clouds
˗ Acts as an agent of soil erosion
( 5 x 1 = 5 mrks)
c) Production of dry beans
i. Varieties
Canadian wonder/GLP 24
Mwitemania Wairimu/Red Haricot
Rosecoco/GLP 2 Mexican 142
Mwezi Moja/GLP 1004
(3x1=3 mrks)
ii. Land preparation
˗ Clear land
˗ Plough the land deeply to control perennial weeds / carry primary cultivation
˗ Harrow the land to a moderate/medium tilth
( 3 x 1 = 3 mrks)
iii). Harvesting
˗ Uproot dry plants
˗ Uprooting the plants should be done in the
˗ morning when the weather is cool to
˗ prevent shattering of pods
˗ Spread on tarpaulin to dry
˗ Thresh by beating with sticks
˗ Remove chaff through winnowing
˗ Dress the beans before packing in bags with suitable dust based pesticides
˗ Dry to the correct moisture content/12% MC
˗ Sort out to remove damaged bean seeds
( 4 x 1 = 4 mrks)
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KERICHO SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
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14.
Doe
Billy i buck
Capon
Fingerling
For easy cleaning
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
(1/2 mark)
Increase conception rate
Facilities implantation of zygote
Increases lambing percentage
(1/2 x 3=1 ½ mks)
They stimulate growth
Improve food conversion efficiency
They protect livestock against disease and parasite attack
(1/4 x 2 =1 mk)
This is the good characteristics that results from crossing or mating two superior breeds
(1x1 = 1 mk)
Free from disease causing organism / pathogens
No hair, dirt and dust
High keeping quality
Good flavor
Chemical composition within the expected range
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
Give good fat distribution throughout the body prevent blowfly infestation
Cleanliness
Size of egg
Candling quality
Egg shell colour
4 x ½ = 2mks
a) One whose outbreak must be reported to a government authority like veterinary officer/ police
(1/2 x 1=1/2 mk)
b)
˗ Grazing on infected pastures
˗ Bites from insects
˗ Through open wounds
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
c)
˗ Vaccination every six months
˗ Quarantine
˗ Treating wounds with antibiotics
˗ Killing all infected animals
2 x 1 = 2mks
Mowers
Rotavators (rotary tillers)
Sprayers
Forage harvesters
Shellers
4 x ½ = 2mks
i) Enzootic neonatal ataxia/sway back
ii) Parakeratosis
iii) Grass staggers
3x1/2 = 2 mks
Bush cleaning
Spraying with appropriate insecticide
Use of sterilizing agent
Using fly traps
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
Maintain colony
Encourage multiplication
Supplement what bees get from forage/ nectar
Provide food to bees during dry season
i)
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
Hand spraying animals
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ii) Cutting curves on thin wood
iii) Driving and removing nails from wood
iv) Lifting soil/manure
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
Taste and preference
Cost of the material
Availability of the material
Purpose for fencing
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
16.
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17.
18.
19.
Repairing the dyke
Cleaning the pond/remove foreign materials
Planting grass
Removing silt
Removing weeds
(1/2 x 4 = 2 mks)
Form the bulk of the ruminants diet it fills the stomach prevent bloat help in digestion
2 x 1 = 2mks
Open method / use of scapel
1x1 = 1mk
a) Q - Rumen
P - Reticulum
R - Omasum
S - Abomasum
4 x ½ = 2 mks
b) Absorption of water
1x1 = Imk
c) i) Their rumens contain micro-orgainiurns that assist in the digestion of cellulose
ii) They can regurgitate food back to the mouth for further chewing 2 x 1 = 2mks
d) Q 1 x 1 = 1mk
20. i) Liverfluke ½ mk
ii) Water snails
½ mk
iii Liver
1 mk
iv)
˗ Deworming animals regularly
˗ Control water snail by destroying their habitat
˗ Avoid grazing animals in swampy areas
3 x 1 = 3mks
21.
a) Artificial vagina
1 x 1 = Imk
b) It provides suitable temperatures for ejaculation
1x1= 1mk
c)
i. Restrain the cow in a crush
ii. Grab the penis of the bull when it m 0 u n t s the cow
iii. Direct the penis into the artificial vagina
iv. Due to the warm temperature provided by the warm water, the bull ejaculates and the semen is collected
v. Release the cow and the bull
3 x 1 = 3mks
22.
a) To avoid overcrowding in comers which may result in suffocation
(1x 1 = 1 mk)
b) 6-8 weeks
1 x ½ = ½ mk
c. i) Too high
1 x ½ = ½ mk
ii) The chicks moved away from the heat source
1 x ½ = ½ mk
d. i) Electric bulbs
˗ Kerosene lamp /' lantern
˗ Gas burners
˗ Charcoal burners
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
ii) Prevent chicks from being burnt when they crowd round it
1x1 = 1 mk
23.
a) i) Induction stroke
˗ The piston moves downwards in cylinder
˗ This causes a partial vacuum on the upper part of the cylinder
˗ The partial vacuum causes the inlet valve to open
˗ The open inlet valve sucks in fuel and air mixture into the cylinder
˗ The exhaust valve remain closed
ii) Compression stroke
˗ The inlet and outlet valves remain closed
˗ The piston moves up the cylinder
˗ The air-fuel mixture is compressed in the cylinder
iii) Power/ignition stroke
˗ The piston reaches the uppermost portion of the cylinder (top dead centre)
˗ The air-fuel mixture is fully compressed.
˗ The spark plug produces a spark
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c.
The spark ignites the air-fuel mixture
The ignited mixture expands, the expansion creates pressure that forces the piston downward thus generating power
iv) Exhaust stroke
The piston moves up the cylinder
The exhaust valve opens
Exhaust gases are forced out
Inlet valve remains closed 20 x Vz = 1 Omks
Component of body cells and body fmed
Transportation of nutrients
Makes cells turgid maintaining shape of body ceils
Used in biochemical reaction in body
Regulate body temperature through sweating
Help in excretion of waste product
Forms part of animal products
5 x 1 = 5mks
species of animal
breed of animal
-
sex of animal
clour of animal
-
determines the type of diseases contracted e.g. newcastle - poultry only
Influence kind of disease that affects animals e,g. eye cancer affect Hereford age of animal piglet anaemia affect piglets
certain diseases affects certain sex e.g. vaginitis only female
black in colour suffer heat stress
(5 x 1 = 5 mks)
24.
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b)
a)
The adults lay eggs in the alimentary canal of the host animal
Egg are passed out together with faeces
Egg hatch into larvae while outside the host
The larvae climb onto vegetation and moult about four times in a process called ecdysis to form cysts
The larvae (cysts) are swallowed by a host animal as it feeds
The encysted larvae shed their cysts in the small intestine to become juvenile worms.
The young worms penetrate through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
Through blood, they migrate to the heart, then liver and lungs
When moving from one part of the body to other, the worms continue changing
While in the lungs, the larvae move up the trachea where they are coughed out and swallowed with sputum into the intestine
They then grow and develop into adults while in the intestine
max. l0mks
Ova(eggs) formed in ovary, released and moves to funnel/infundibulum
In the funnel
fertilization takes place addition of chalazae stores sperms
Magnum
Addition of albumen
Isthmus
Addition of shell membranes Addition of water, mineral, salts and vitamins
Uterus/shell gland
Addition of shell Stores calcuim Addition of albumen
Vagina
stores egg temporarily
Cloaca
extends to protect egg from breaking
Receives sperms during mating
max. l0mks
25. a) Parts of a spray race
Side walls
Provide support to piping system directs spray wash back to pump
Pipe system
directs and atomise chemicals into spray form
Drainage pipe
conducts used chemicals back to pump
Pump/reseirvior
mixes and pumps spray wash
Pressure gauge
used to check the working pressure of pump
5 x 2 = 10mks
b). Limitations of animals drawn implements
˗ More tedious
˗ Requires more than one person
˗ Its slow hence takes a long period of time
˗ Animals gets tired slowing down the work
˗ Animals falls sick hence cannot be used.
˗ Extra pastures required for growing fodder for animals
5 x 1 = 5mks
c. i) Virus
½ mk
ii) Symptoms
˗ Loss of appetite
˗ Difficulty in breathing
˗ Beaks remain wide open and neck strained
˗ Dullness
˗ Birds walk with staggering motion
˗ Passes out watery, greenish diarrhoea.
˗ Birds lay soft shelled eggs.
3 x 1 = 3mks
iii) Control
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Vaccination
Quarantine
General hygiene
Killing and burning of infected birds
3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks
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LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer All the questions in the spaces provided.
What is a micro catchment ?
Give any four methods of draining excess water in the farm
Name two diseases of cabbages
Give four reasons for earthing up some crops.
Give four reasons for pruning crops.
Give four factors affecting the quality of farmyard manure.
Give four factors that determine the quality of silage.
Give four advantages of owning a title deed.
How can a farmer increase light intensity in the field of crops.
Outline four edaphic factors which influence agriculture.
Give three advantages of timely land preparation.
Differentiate between thinning and pricking out.
Give two sources of sulphur element in soil.
State any four factors which may lead to change in demand of a given commodity.
State any three details contained in a delivery note.
Outline any four problems farmers face when marketing their products.
Name three sites for agro forestry trees.
Give any two sources of credit to farmers
Give two reasons for testing soil in the farm.
(½ mk)
(2mks)
(l mk)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(2mks)
(1 ½ Mks)
(1 mk)
(1 rnks)
(2mks)
(1 ½ mks)
(2mks)
(1 ½ Mks)
(l mk)
(l mk)
SECTION B (20marks)
Answer All the questions in this section.
20 Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.
Diagram
a) Identify the above practice used in tomato production.
b) Give any four reasons for carrying out the above practice.
c) Name any other two methods of training crops in crop production.
21. Below are photographs of some common weeds. Use them to answer the questions that follow.
(lmk)
Diagram
a) Identify weeds labeled.
K
L
b) Give problems associated with the weeds above.
K
L
(l mk)
(l mk)
(l mk)
(l mk)
22. The diagrams below show different types of soil structures. Use them to answer questions that follow.
Diagram
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
a) Identify soil structures.
K
L
b) In which position in the soil profile is structure K found.
c) Give reason why the above soil structure Kis not good for crop production.
23. Below is an illustration showing a method of layering. Use it to answer questions that follow.
(l mk)
(l mk)
(l mk)
(2mks)
Diagram
a) Identify the method of layering above.
b) Give the procedure for carrying out the above practice.
c) Name two other methods of layering.
SECTION C (40 marks)
Answer any two questions.
24. a. Explain the terms risks and uncertainties in farming
b. State the various risks and uncertainties farmers face in fanning
c. Explain various ways in which farmers adjust to risks and uncertainties in farming
25. a) Discuss production of maize under the following sub headings.
i) Land preparation.
ii) Field practices.
iii) Harvesting
b) State
any five post harvest practices done on maize after harvesting.
26. a) Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields
b) Discuss the benefits a farmer is likely to get by using vegetative propagation in production of Oranges
c) Describe the procedure for harvesting coffee
(l mk)
(3mks)
(2mks)
(2 mks)
(12 mks)
(6mks)
(5mks)
(7mks)
(3mks)
(5mks)
(8mks)
(l0mks)
(2mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
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LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
SECTION A (30 MARKS
Name four light breeds of poultry.
State three ways used to improve production of indigenous cattle.
Name five systems of a tractor engine.
State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle.
State three factors affecting maintenance requirements of a livestock
Give two signs that indicate a cow has died of anthrax.
Differentiate between ―Flushing‖ and ―Steaming up‖ in livestock management.
Give four characteristics of a good vaccine.
List three uses of green house in the farm.
Give two livestock diseases controlled through artificial insemination.
State two reasons why walls of a dairy shed should be white washed instead of painting.
Give two reasons why the afterbirth is removed immediately the sow farrows.
Give four characteristics of clean milk.
a) Name two common diseases that attack bees in a colony.
b) Name the equipment used to make the bees less aggressive during harvesting of honey.
Differentiate between contemporary and progeny testing.
List four functions of the rumen in the digestion of feed in ruminants.
List any four farm structures that are necessary for holding dairy animals.
Outline three causes of infertility in dairy cattle.
(2marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(2½ marks)
(2marks)
(1 ½ marks)
(l mark)
(2marks)
(2mark)
(1½ mark)
(1 mark)
(1 mark)
(1mark)
(2marks)
(1 mark)
( ½ marks )
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(1½ marks)
SECTION B: (20 marks)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
19. Study the illustration below and answer questions that follow
(i) Identify the implement illustrated above.
(ii) Name the parts labeled E, F, G and H.
(iii) State two ways in which the depth of ploughing can be increased when using the implement above.
20. Study the diagram below then answer the questions that follow.
(1mark)
(2marks
(2marks)
Diagram
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
i) Label the following parts.
ii) Give the functions of each of the parts named: C & D
(2marks)
(2 marks)
21. The illustration N and P below shows two different ways of holding a hammer when driving a nail in wood.
(i) Which illustration shows the incorrect way of holding a hammer?
(ii) Name the type of hammer in the illustration above.
b) Below is an illustration of farm equipment.
( ½ mark)
(½ mark)
( ½ mark)
i) State the use of the equipment.
ii) State any two methods used to sterilize the equipment.
(c) Below are illustrations of garden tools labeled R and S.
(i) State two field conditions under which tool R would be more suitable for use than tool S.
(ii) How would the handle of tool S be tightened incase it gets loose?
( ½ mark)
(1mark)
(1 mark)
(1mark)
22. a) The diagram below illustrates a method of identification in livestock production. Study the diagram and answer the
Questions that follow.
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
(i) Name the type of identification above.
(ii) Give the identification number of the animal illustrated in the diagram above.
(iii) Using diagrams illustrate how you can identify animals Nos24 and 36 using the above method.
(1 mark)
(l mark)
(2marks)
Animal No. 24
Animal No. 36
b) If a sow was successfully served on 27thSeptember, 2006, state the date she is likely to have farrowed.
(l mark)
Page | 169
SECTION O (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section.
23. a) State and explain the control measures of livestock diseases.
b) Give six harmful effects of liver flukes in cattle rearing.
24. a) Describe the procedure of constructing a barbed wire fence.
b) Describe factors considered when siting a rabbit hutch.
c) Describe the management of sow during farrowing.
25. a) Outline ten daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor
b) Describe the body conformation features of beef cattle
c) Outline six causes of stress to a flock of layers.
(14marks)
(6marks)
(5marks)
(5marks)
(l0marks)
(10marks)
(4marks)
(6marks)
age | 170
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LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
A Micro catchment is a structure constructed in the farm to collect and trap run-off water for productive use.
( ½ mks)
Methods of draining excess water in the farm
(2mks)
Cumbered beds
Open ditch
French ditches
Piping
Diseases of cabbages
(1 mk)
Black rot
Dry rot canker
Ring spot
Downy mildew
Reasons for earthing up some crops.
(2mks)
Promote tuber development in root crops.
Provide anchorage to crops e.g cereals.
Conserve moisture
Control soil erosion
Improve drainage in poorly drained soils
Reasons for pruning crops
(2mks)
Remove unwanted parts of a plant
Improve quality of crop products
Control pests and diseases
Facilitate penetration of light into the bush
Facilitate easy penetration of chemical sprays in the bush.
Factors effecting quality of farmyard manure.
(2mks)
The food given to the animal
The type of animal kept
Storage period of the farm yard manure
Age of the animal
The type of beddings used in the animals‘ shelter
Method of storage
7.
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Factors that determine quality of silage
(2mks)
Type of forage/crop used Stage of harvesting
Presence of air during ensiling/presence of moulds/bad smell.
Texture
Advantages of owing a title deed
(2mks)
Reduces land disputes.
It is an official prove of land ownership.
Can be used as security for loans
Confers full rights of ownership hence act as incentive to invest on long term projects.
How to increase light intensity in
the field crops.
(2mks)
Wider spacing
Pruning
Edaphic factors which influence agriculture.
(2mks)
Soil temperature
Soil texture
Soil PH
Soil profile
Soil structure
Advantages of timely Sand preparation.
(1 ½ mks)
There is timely planting/Early planting
Other subsequent operations are earned out on time.
Proper control of weeds
Proper control of pests an d diseases
The organic matter takes time to decompose.
Difference between thinning and pricking out.
(1mk)
Thinning means excess seedlings are discarded while pricking out they are transplanted in another nursery.
Sources of sulphur elements in soil.
(1mk)
Commercial fertilizers
Atmospheric sulphur
1.
Page | 171
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15.
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16.
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Soil minerals containing sulphur
Organic manures.
Factors which may lead to change in demand of a given commodity.
(2mks)
Income of the population which determine the purchasing power
Tastes and preferences of a consumer.
The price of the substitute goods.
Population of a given area.
Advertisement
Cultural beliefs
Speculation of increase in price with time.
Government policy on prices of a certain goods of taxation of certain products.
Details contained in a delivery note.
(1 ½mk)
Date of delivery of goods
Means of delivery
The quantity of goods delivered.
The recipient of the goods are received
Problems farmers face when marketing their agricultural products. 2mks
Most agricultural products are bulky. The bulkiness reduce the quantity that can be transported.
Agricultural products are seasonal in nature and are abundant only during harvest time and scarce when out of season. This
result to many produce going to waste.
Most agricultural products require to be stored in well designed and constructed structures. Most of the product go to waste
due to poor storage facilities.
Poor road / transport system.
17.
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18.
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19.
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Sites for agroforestry trees.
Boundary/Borders
Homesteads
River banks
Terraces
Slopes
Sources of credit to farmers.
Co-operatives
Commercial banks
Crop boards
Settlement and trustees
AFC
Reasons for testing soil in the farm.
To establish the nutrients those are deficient in the soil.
To determine the soil pH and hence correct it in case it is too high or too low.
To establish a suitable crop that can be grown in a given area.
To determine the type of the soil of a given area
˗
SECTION B (20 MKS )
20. a) Staking
b) Reasons for staking
˗ Improve quality produce
˗ Allows for easy management practices such as weeding and pruning.
˗ Enable crops to escape attack by certain pests and diseases.
˗ Allow for easy penetration of light and sprays.
c) Threshing/e.g. in passion fruits.
(i) Propping/e.g. in bananas
K black jack.
L nut grass
b) Problems associated with
K...Reduce quality of wool.
L.. .Difficult to control because of underground structures
(1 ½mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(4mks)
(Imk)
21. a)
(1/2 mks)
(1/2 mks)
(Imk)
(Imk)
(1 mk)
22. a) K - Platy
L - Granular
b) Horizon A
c) Has a tendency of becoming water logged during a rainy season.
(i) Poor infiltration
(Imk)
(Imk)
(Imk)
(2mks)
23. a) Marcotting
b) Procedure
(Imk)
(3mks)
Page | 172
(i) Strip the bark of a selected branch
(ii) Apply rooting medium at the point
(iii) Tie with a tape.
c) Tip layering
Compound layering/serpentive
(2mks)
SECTION C (40mks)
24.
a) risks and uncertainities
(2mks)
(i) Risk is the divergence between expectations and the actual outcome / difference between what a farmer could predict and
the actual outcome
(ii) Uncertainity is a state of imperfect knowledge about future events or outcome / a state of not knowing about the future
events
b) Types of risks
(12mks)
(i) Weather changes eg drought
(ii) Fire or arson on farm produce
(iii) Theft of crops or livestock
(iv) Accident to employer or employees
(v) Outbreak of pests and diseases
(vi) Health of the farmer
c) Types of uncertainities
i) price fluctuations
ii) uncertainity of physical yields
iii) uncertaimty of new production techniques
iv) breach of contract
v) obsolescence eg of machinery
vi) ownership uncertainties eg about security of tenure
vii) government policy
viii) transport reliabilities
ix) unavailable labour or inputs
d) Ways in which farmers adjust to risks and uncertainities
(6mks)
˗ decreasing inputs applied so that incase of failure it will be less than if maximum amount was used / input rationing
˗ diversification so that incase of failure of an enterprise the
farmer will be
supported by others
˗ flexibilities in farm organization and production methods ,that is the ability of the farmer to change from
˗ producing one product to another
˗ adopting modem methods of production /mechanization
˗ insuring production
˗ contracting production
25.
a)
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Production of maize
(5mks)
i) Land preparation
Prepare land during a dry period
Clear vegetation
Carrying primary cultivation
Carry out secondary cultivation to achieve medium tilth.
Eradicate perennial weeds
ii) Field practices
(7mks)
˗ Weeding - keep the field weed free. Weed when dry if manual weeding.
˗ Earthing up should be done during weeding to improve anchorage and assist in moisture conservation.
˗ Grapping if seedlings fail to come up, should be done immediately.
˗ Thinning of seedling more than two to avoid competition for space and nutrients,
˗ Top dressing when about 45cm high/knee height at rate of 50-60kg at nitrogen per hectare.
˗ Pests control-control pest such as maize stalk bower, maize aphids, armyworm, filed birds. Control pests by early planting,
field sanitation, crop rotation, application of pesticides or scaring birds.
˗ Disease control - common diseases are head smut, maize rust and maize streak. Control diseases by planting resistant
varieties, use of certified seeds, crop rotation, field hygiene, rouging.
iii) Harvesting
(3mks)
˗ Can be done manually or by use of a machine.
˗ Harvest maize when leaves are dry/when moisture content is about 35%.
˗ Remove the combs from the stalk directly.
˗ Maize can be stoked for further drying them dehusked directly.
b) Post harvest practices done on maize
(5mks)
˗ Drying - maize should be dried to a moisture content of 12 - 13% to reduce chances of rotting.
˗ Threshing/shelling- separating the grains from the cobs.
˗ Cleaning/winnowing-involves removing of foreign materials, damaged grains should be removed.
˗ Dusting - application of chemical powders on grains to prevent damage by storage pets.
Page | 173
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26.
a)
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b)
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c)
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Packaging- putting processed grains in to containers to necessitate handling during transportation and storage.
Environmental factors leading to low crop yields
(8mks)
poor soil fertility due to lack of application of fertilizers
damage by hail stones
less rainfall unreliable rainfall /drought /aridity
poor soil type resulting to water logging or leaching
inappropriate soil ph
inappropriate soil temperature either too low or too high
excessive wind leading leading to water loss in soil
extreme relative humidity
extremes of light intensity
topography /some attitudes e,g very high may limit crop growth
benefits of using vegetative propagation
(l0mks)
production or development of early maturing crop
development of high yielding crop
makes the plant to assume the desired shape
/size
e.g buds spread sideways /easy to manage eg spraying with
chemicals and harvesting
can obtain two or more orange varieties on the same rootstock
ensure maintenance of genetic /clonal characteristics to ensure uniformity
facilitates development of drought resistant crop
it facilitates propagation of seedless orange varieties
facilitates fast multiplication of the desired crop /varieties of oranges
used to develop less thorny tree plants
it is utilized to develop orange crop that is resistant to diseases
it is utilized to repair /treatment of damaged parts of orange trees
procedure for harvesting coffee
(2mks)
pick cherries /orange berries by use of hand
place picked cherries in clean container
pick at 7 -14 days interval
Page | 174
LONDIANI SUB - COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking scheme
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9.
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10.
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11.
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12.
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13.
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SykesWhite leghorn.
Minorca.
Ancona.
(½ x 4 =2 mks)
Selection and breeding.
Pasture improvement.
Control of parasites.
Provision of clean water.
Proper housing.
Restrict long distance movement.
(½ x 4 =2mks)
Fuel system, lubrication system, ignition system, cooling system, electrical system, hydraulic system and transmission system
(½ x 3= 1 ½ marks)
Natural mating cause inbreeding if the bull is not controlled / premature mating /uncontrolled breeding.
It is expensive to keep a bull.
There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases.
Bull may cause injury to a cow / handler.
Only a limited number / few cows can be mated by one bull within a period of time. (4 x ½ =2mks)
Body weight.
Availability of feeds.
Nutrient composition of feedstuff.
Ingredients required.
Level of production of the animal.
Age / stage of growth.
Type of production e.g. dairy cows.
(4x ½ = 2mks)
Absence of rigor-mortis / no stiffness.
Dark watery blood oozing from natural body opening.
Excessively blown stomach / underside bloating.
Blood does not clot.
(2x ½ = 1 mk)
a) Flushing is the giving of highly nutritious feed/ high plane of nutrition to female animals 3-4 weeks to and after mating
while steaming up is giving of extra nutrients feed to an animal 4-8 weeks to parturition 2mks ( MAW)
Immunity it produces should be as good as natural immunity.
should have a long keeping live that is its shelf life should be longer.
should be easy to administer
should have no side effect when inoculated
should be compatible with the other vaccines given to the animal
(½ x 4 =2mks)
allow growth of crops out of season.
Protect crops against adverse wreather conditions .
For research work.
Easy control of pest and diseases.
(½ x3=1 ½ mks)
Brucellosis/contagious abortion,
trichomoniasis,
vaginitis.
(½ x 2= mks)
Avoid chemical poisoning.
Discourage insects from inhabiting the shed.
To discourage / avoid turning of milking if shed is used immediately after painting. ( ½ x 2 =1 mk)
Prevent the sow from eating the placenta because it will encourage the sow eat the piglets often.
If left it will decompose and become source of infection.
Free from physical materials,
Has normal taste -Free from pathogens -Free from foul smell.
Meets chemical standards
(½ x 4=2mks)
Page | 175
14. a) A carive
American foul food
b) Smoker
(½ x2=1 mk
(½ mk)
15. Contemporary comparison involves comparison of performance of daughters from different bulls
involves selecting a male animal based on performance of its daughters.
mks (MAW)
16.
˗ Fermentation of feed.
˗ Synthesis of vitamin B complex (B1, B2, B6 and Vit K)
˗ Temporary storage of feed.
˗ Actions of microbial activities
(½ x4=2marks)
17.
˗ Crush
˗ Fence
˗ Milking shed
˗ Calf pen
(½ x 4=2mks)
18.
˗ Damaged uterus,
˗ retained placenta,
˗ blocked fallopian tubes,
˗ disease infection.
(½ x3=1 ½ mks)
19. i) Disc plough
ii) E-Beam
F- Depth/furrow wheat
G - Disk blade
H - Scrapper
iii) Adjusting by raising the depth wheel
˗ Adjusting the angle of the discs.
˗ Lengthening the Top link
˗ Adding weight to the plough beam.
20.
i) Rabbit
ii) A- Oesophagus
B- Pancreas
iii) C- Produces intestinal juice/digestive juice/absorption of digested food
D- Digestion of cellulose
- Absorbs carbohydrates
21. a) i)
ii)
b) i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
c) i)
˗
˗
˗
ii)
while progeny testing
2
(½ x4=2mks)
(1x3 = 3marks)
(1 x2=2mks)
(1 x 2 = 2 mks)
N
(½ mk)
Claw hammer
(½ mk)
milk can / chum (Vimk)
keeping / holding / carrying milk
Cleaning with hot water then sun-dry
Clean with a dis-infectant
a field with sticky soils
field with rhizomes / stolons / roots
hard ground
stony field
(4 x ½ =2mks)
Drive a wedge in the space between the handle and the eye of the jembe blade, ( lmk)
22. i) Ear Notching
(ii) 40
NO. 24.
NO.36
Page | 176
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a)
Prophylactic drugs - give drugs routinely to control diseases e.g. coccidiostat to control coccidiosis.
Use of antiseptics and disinfectants - antiseptics and disinfectants contain chemicals that kill germs,
cleaning calf-pens and poultry houses with disinfectants controls coccidiosis, scours.
quarantine - during outbreak of disease like foot and mouth disease, movement of animals is restricted.
Isolation - animals suffering from infectious diseases like brucellosis, scours, coccidiosis should be kept away from healthy
ones.
Mass slaughter I culling - animals suffering from zoonotic diseases like anthrax should be killed to prevent further spread.
Vaccination is done to prevent animals from infection of diseases like lumpy skin disease, blackquater.
Control of vectors can be done to prevent spread of disease, tsetse flies are controlled to prevent spread of nagana.
Proper nutrition should be practiced to prevent disease like anaemia in piglets.
Keeping resistant breeds like the zebu which are resistant to ECF.
control of internal parasites, this helps to control round worms that cause ascariasis.
Use of healthy breeding stock or A.I controls spread of Brucellosis and trichomoniasis.
Proper housing provide sufficient warm to avoid pneumonia.
Foot trimming prevents foot rot.
(14mks)
b)
Digestive upset due to blocking of bile duct / indigestion.
emaciation / recumbency / lie down leading to death
Anaemia due to sucking of blood.
Swollen low jaws/' oedema in jaws.
Swollen abdomen.
Destruction of liver tissue / cirrhosis.
(6x1= 6mks)
24. a) procedure of constructing a barbed wire fence.
Clear 2m wide of the fence line off the vegetation, use a string to lay out the fence line.
Use of tape measure to measure determine and mark inter post distances with pegs,
determine position of gates, dig holes for the posts 4-6m apart and 60cm deep for standard post/ intermediate posts and 7590cm/for comer posts and gate posts using a soil auger.
˗ Put concrete at the bottom of the dug hole and place the posts vertically upright.
˗ Fill the hole whit a mixture of concrete at a ratio of 1:3:5, put soil and stones into the hole and ram to firm the base using a
ramming rode.
˗ Fix the lowest strand of wire about 25cm from the ground level using fencing staples, stretch the wire with the wire strainer
and then nail it with fencing stable.
˗ Use the first strand of wire to guide in fixing the rest of the wires until four of the strands are fixed. Reinforce wire strand
with dropper/ strainer between any two post then fix the gate
(steps must be followed 5xl=5marks)
b) Should be near to the homestead
˗ Properly secured / safe from predators and thieves.
˗ Should be properly drained area/ gently slope.
˗ Should be easy to reach.
˗ Facing away from direction of prevailing wind.
(5xl=5marks)
c) The management of sow during farrowing.
˗ Clean/disinfect the furrowing pen before furrowing to control parasites
˗ Provide clean bedding materials
˗ wash the sow,
˗ Treat the sow against external parasites.
˗ Separate the sow from the rest / move the sow to a furrowing pen,
˗ Reduce the ratio a day before furrowing, give a bran as a laxative.
˗ Keep watch over the furrowing process and help if necessary.
˗ Remove mucus and foreign material around the piglet nostrils,
˗
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˗
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
˗
˗
˗
˗
put the piglet a safe warm place,
cut and disinfect the umbilical cord,
Dispose off after birth/still born.
Ensure piglets suckle colostrum immediately.
25.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
a) Daily maintenance practices carried out on a farm tractor
Tighten loose bolts, nuts and pins
Replace lost bolts, nuts and pins
Open and remove the dirt from sediment bowl.
Check tyre pressure before work and adjust accordingly
Check air cleaner to ensure that there is no dirt/check level of oil
Check the level of water in radiator and top-up if necessary.
Check fan belt tension and condition and adjust accordingly
Grease/oil moving parts
Check the level of the electrolyte in the battery and adjust accordingly
Check the fuel tank to ensure there is adequate fuel for the day‘s job.
Check the level oil in the sump using a dipstick and add if low
Repair the broken parts if necessary.
(10x1 =10 marks)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
b) Body conformation features of beef cattle
Blocky/squared/rectangular in shape
Low set/have short legs
Have a fleshy body
Have short thick necks
Have small/under developed udders.
(4x1 =4marks)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
c) Causes of stress
Overcrowding
Pest/parasite infection
Noise/strangers
Lack of food and water
Sudden change in routine
Unbalanced diet
Fluctuation in temperature
Introducing new birds in the flock
Handing e.g. when debeaking, dusting vaccination
(6 x 1=6 mks)
(10xl=10marks)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
SECTION 30 MARKS
(ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS)
State two ways by which Agriculture contributes to Employment
Name two methods of farming considered outdated
State three benefits of good soil structure in crop production
State two effects of HIV/AIDS on Agricultural Production
State the conditions under which the opportunity cost is zero in a farming enterprise
Name two types of labour records
State four ways of improving farm labour productivity
Name four types of financial documents.
Distinguish between oversowing and undersowing as used in pasture establishment
Give four government policies that influence agricultural production
State two advantages of tenancy system in farming
Explain two advantages of biological control of pests in crops
Name two categories of tomato varieties grown in Kenya
a) Define the term elasticity of demand as used in agricultural economics
b) State four factors that affect elasticity of demand
Name the form of soil water that is available to crops
State three factors that have direct influence on soil formation
List four characteristics of crops grown for green manure
List four advantages of timely harvesting of crops
State two advantages of intercropping
State two deficiency symptoms of potassium in crops
(1 mk)
(1mk)
(1 ½ mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2 mks)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(2mks)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(1mk)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
(1 ½ mks)
(2 mks)
(2 mks)
(1 mk)
(1 mk)
SECTION B (20 MKS)
Answer all the questions in this space provided
21. The diagram below shoes a Kale seedling attacked by a pest
Diagram
(a) Identify the pest
(b) What damage does the pest cause to the crops?
(c) State one method of controlling the pest
(d) Name two insect pests other than the one identified in (a) above that attack kale in the field
22. The diagram below shows a banana tissue culture. Study it and answer the questions that follow
Diagram
Page | 179
(1mk)
(1 mk)
(1mk)
(2mks)
443/1,443/2 agriculture
a) Name two ways of inducing the rooting of plantlets
(2mks)
b) Outline three steps followed in the development of tissue culture
(3mks)
c) State one advantage of propagating crops by use of tissue culture technique
(1mk)
23. The diagram below illustrates a physical method that is used to control soil erosion. Study it carefully and answer the
questions that follow
Diagram
a) Name the physical soil erosion control method illustrated by the diagram above
(1 mk)
b) Name the part labelled D on the diagram
(1mk)
c) State four places where water from the structure named in (a) above is discharged
(2 mks)
24. A farmer has 16 hectares of land. About 6 ha are under permanent pasture. He plans to grow 6, ha of beans. In the previous
seasons, he hired casual workers at the rate of 80 man days per hectare. The cost was Kshs. 30 per man day. This season he
intends to hire a tractor to open the land at a cost of kshs. 600 per hectare. He thinks that using a tractor will increase bean
production from 800 to 1200 kg/ha. Harvesting will cost Kshs. 6 per kg of bean & seeds and the price of beans will be
Kshs.60/kg Draw up a partial budget to show whether the change would be worthwhile
(5 mks)
SECTION C (40 MKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided
25. a) Outline five activities that may be undertaken in minimum tillage
b) State the qualities of a good farm manager
c) Explain five ways in which farmers may overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business
26. a) Explain five ways through which soil loses fertility
b) Explain five factors that determine the quality of farm yard manure
c) Describe the field production of sorghum under the following sub-headings
(i) Seedbed preparation
(ii) Planting
27. a) Describe the problems facing Agricultural co-operative societies in Kenya
b) Discuss the classification of pesticides according to their mode of action
Page | 180
(5 mks)
(5 mks)
(10 mks)
(5 mks)
(5 mks)
(5mks)
(5 mks)
(10 mks)
(10 mks)
443/1,443/2 agriculture
NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided
List four factors that may dispose an animal to a certain disease
(2 mks)
Give four reasons why dehorning is done in livestock
(2 mks)
Give the distinguishing colour for each of the following breeds of livestock
(a) Chinchilla
(1 mk)
(b) Toggenburg goat
(1 mk)
Differentiate between the following tools
(a) Bastard file and rasp file
(2 mks)
(b) Copying saw and hacksaw
(2 mks)
State four factors that would contribute to the depreciation of a farm equipment
(2mks)
Name the intermediate host of liver fluke
(1 mk)
State two methods of lambing management
(2 mks)
State four parts on the chicken which are frequently attacked by fleas
(2 mks)
What are the functions of a clutch in a tractor ?
(2 mks)
Name two intensive rearing systems of poultry
(1 mk)
Name two methods commonly used in identifying sheep
(2 mks)
State two characteristics of the African wild bee which makes it better in bee keeping than the European bee type
(2mks)
Give three reasons why harvesting honey at night is discouraged
(3mks)
Name four components of power transmission system in a tractor
(2mks)
Give two examples Gf feed additives in livestock nutrition
(1mk)
SECTION C: (20 MARKS)
16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
Diagram
(a) Identify the implement
(1mk)
(b) What is the function of the depth rod
(1mk)
(c) What are the disadvantages of using the implement
(3mks)
17. i) Using the Pearson‘s square method compute a 2000 kg ration with 20% DCP from maize which contains 10% DCP and
cotton seed cake containing 45% DCP Show your working
(4mks)
ii) A boar gained 70 kg of live weight after eating 280 kg of pig finisher meal over a period of time. Calculate the feed
conversion ratio
(2mks)
18. Study the ground plan of the zero grazing unit shown in the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
Diagram
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
(a) Indicate the location of the following parts of a zero grazing unit using roman numbers on the diagram.
(i) Store
(ii) Calf pen
(iii) Walking area
(iv) Food
and water trough area
(b) What type of a calf pen is in the zero grazing
(c) State two structural requirements of a calf pen
19. Study the table below and fill in the missing words
Description
Cattle Pigs
Poultry
Sheep
(i)
Young from birth or hatching
to weaning
(a)
(b)
Chick
Lamb
(ii)
Young female before
first parturition /laying
(c)
Gilt
(d)
(e)
(iii)
Mature male for breeding
Bull
(f)
(g)
(h)
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions in the spaces provided
20. a) Describe concisely the life cycle of a three-host tick
b) Discuss tick control methods
c) State four characteristics of effective acaricides
d) Give three methods of applying acaricides on livestock
21. a) Describe hand milking of a dairy cow
b) Explain the practices observed in clean milk production
c) Name two milking equipments.
22. a) Describe the stocking of fish into a fish pond
b) Describe the feeding of fish in a fish pond
c) Give five practices carried out on fish before preservation
d) State six management practices in fish rearing
(2mks)
(1 mk)
(2mks)
(4mks)
(7mks)
(6mks)
(4mks)
(3mks)
(10 mks)
(8 mks)
(2 mks)
(3mks)
(6 mks)
(5mks)
(6mks)
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
1.
˗
˗
NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/1
AGRICULTURE
Marking schemes
Agriculture contribution to employment
Direct employment as full time farmers
Indirect employment in extension services, transport industry and research stations
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
2.
˗
˗
3.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
4.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Outdated farming methods
Shifting cultivation method
Nomadic pastoralism
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
Benefits of good soil structure
Improves soil aeration
Improve soil water infiltration
Facilitates good soil water drainage
Allows proper root penetration
Improves good water holding capacity
Not easily eroded
(3 x ½ = 1½ mks)
Effects of HIV/AIDS in agricultural production
Shortage of farm labour due to ill health/ deaths
Low supply of farm produce due to loss of market
Low purchasing power of agricultural inputs
Lack of motivation to i nvest in agriculture
Less time spent on farming activities
The NGO's and government use a lot of money managing pandemic which would be used to provide credit to farmers
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
5. Opportunity cost is zero
˗ Where there are no alternative enterprises to choose from
˗ When resources are free/unlimited
( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
6. Types of labour records
˗ Muster roll
˗ Labour utilisation analysis
(2 x½=1 mk)
7. Labour productivity improved by
˗ Training
˗ Farm mechanisation
˗ Giving incentives and improving terms and conditions of service
˗ Assign specific task to labour force
˗ labour supervision
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
8. Financial documents
˗ Invoice
˗ Statements
˗ Receipts
˗ Delivery note
˗ Purchase order
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
9. Oversowing
˗ Introduction of a pasture legume e.g. desmodium, in an existing grass pasture
˗ Undersowing
˗ Establishment of pasture under a cover crop e.g. maize
(1 mk)
Mark as a whole.(If one is wrong cancels the next if right)
10. Government policies
˗ Subsidy of agricultural inputs
˗ Heavy taxation of imports to protect local industries.
˗ Quality control of goods for export & imports.
˗ Conservation of natural resources
˗ Stepping up the control of diseases and parasites
(4 x ½ - 2 mks)
11. Advantages of tenancy
˗ The landless can rent land from landlords
˗ Idle land is put in production by renting to tenants thus high production
˗ Equitable distribution of land as a natural resource
˗ The system reduces land disputes as landlords control its allocation
˗ Landlords gets income from their tenants if they are not able to use land
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
12. Advantages of biological pest control
˗ Environmental friendly
˗ Saves on labour
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
˗
13.
˗
˗
14.
Cheap to use once established
Categories of tomatoe varieties
Fresh market varieties Processing
Processing varieties
a) Elasticity
is the degree of responsiveness of demand to change in price
b) Factors affecting elasticity of demand
˗ Availability of substitute
˗ Degree of necessity
˗ Number of uses a product can be put to
˗ Time lag
˗ Time span
˗ Proportion of a .commodity
˗ Supply
15. Available water to crops is:
˗ Capillary water
16. Factors influencing soil formation
˗ Parent rock material
˗ Climate
˗ Topography
˗ Biotic /organic
˗ Time
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
(2 x ½= 1 mk)
(2 mks)
(4 x ½= 2 mks)
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
(3 x ½ = 1 ½ mks)
17.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Characteristics of crops grown for green manure
Should be highly vegetative
Should have fast growth rate
Have high nitrogen content
Be capable of quick rotting
Are hardy and grow in poor conditions
18.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Advantages of timely harvesting crops
Early harvesting reduces crop loss by poor weather condition and pests
Early harvesting meet high market demand
crop harvested at correct stage growth ensures good quality of the produce
Crop harvested at correct stage of growth ensure product put in its right usage
Theft cases are reduced
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
(4 x ½=2 mks)
19. Disadvantages of intercropping
Yield decreases as the crops differ in their competitive abilities.
˗ Difficult to manage different crop types
˗ Mechanization is difficult and if not efficient
˗ Harvesting of crops is difficult
˗ Higher amount of fertilizer or irrigation water cannot be utilized properly as the component crops vary in. their response of
these resources
˗ There is high competition of soil nutrients which makes the soil infertile
(2 x ½= 1 mk)
20. Deficiency symptoms of potassium
˗ Leaf curling
˗ Leaf chlorosis
˗ Premature leaf fall
˗ Scorched leaf edges and central pans remain green
˗ Stunted growth
(2 x ½= 1 mk)
SECTION B: 20 MKS
21.
a) Identity of the pest
˗ A cut worm
( 1 x 1 = 1 mk)
b) Damage caused by e cutworm on crops .
˗ Cutworm damages crop by cutting the stem at the base of seedling after transplanting (1 x 1 = 1 mk)
c) Method of controlling the cut worms
˗ Chemical method - mixing appropriate insecticide powder with soil in each hole during transplanting( l x l = l mk)
d) Other insect pests that attack Kales other than cutworm
Aphids
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
Sawfly
Armyworm
22.
a)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
Ways of including the rooting of plantlets
Use of growth regulators
Use of culture medium with correct nutrients
Correct light intensity
Correct temperature
Ensuring correct relative humidity
( 2 x 1 = 2 mks)
Page 3 not clear
iii. Monocropping
Leads to accumulation of crop pests/ diseases
Leads to exhaustion of nutrients needed by the particular crop. iv)
SaIinisation
May cause death of useful soil microorganisms
Cause an osmotic imbalance between the plant cells and soil solution making the plant unable to absorb water
v) Change of soil PH
May inhibit activity of useful microorganisms
May not support growth of some crops
May make some nutrients unavailable for plant use
vi) Uptake by plants
vii) Use of micro-organisms
viii) Formation of hood pans
ix) Burning of vegetation /volatilization
b) Factors that determine the quality of farmyard manure
˗ Method of storage
˗ Type of litter used
˗ Degree of decomposition/age of manure
˗ Age of the animal
˗ Quality of food given to the animal
˗ Species of the animal
c) Production of sorghum Seedbed preparation
˗ Clearing of the land early
˗ Deep ploughing of the land to resolve perrenial weeds
˗ Harrowing to obtain fine tilth
˗ Firm the seedbed before planting
e) Planting
Early planting at the onset of rains
Use certified seeds
Broadcasting of seeds or in rows
Spacing if rows planted is 60 cm x 15 cm
Depth of planting 2.5 - 5.0 cm
Seedrate 2 - 1 5 kg/ha depending on variety and method of planting
27.
a) Problems facing agricultural co-operative societies
Corruption in day to day activities
Embezzlement of funds
Lack of qualified management staff
Improper keeping of records
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
Mistrust by members
Lack of funds to finance its functions
Difficulties in collection, transportation, storage, processing of members farm products
Difficulties in marketing agricultural products for members due to price fluctuations, dictations, quota systems.
Stiff competition from other similar cooperative dealing with the same farm products
Government policies, regulations that frustrate efforts of members.
Lack of repayment of loans given to members due to crop failures
Currency devaluations leading to difficulties in paying of dividends, importing of farm inputs
(any 1 0 x 1 = 10 mks)
b) Classification of pesticides according to their mode of action
i) Stomach poisons
Kill in being ingested leather
Used in seed dressing against soil pests
Kills biting insects and rodents
ii) Systematic pesticides
Sprayed on plant leaves/stems then translocated to all parts of the plant
Kills insects with sucking mouth parts
iii) Contact pesticides
Applied as fire sprays on pests body/' foliage
Absorbed by skin of pest
Selective in action
iv) Suffocation
Applied in store or injected into soil
v) Antifeedants
Inhibit feeding in insects and other pests thus starving them to death
v) Repellants
Keep pests away from plant
(any 5x2 = 10 mks) well discussed
Page | 186
443/1,443/2 agriculture
NTIMA COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Marking schemes
1.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
(SECTION A 30 MKS)
Disease predisposing factors
Skin colour of the animal.
Species of the animal.
Breed of the animal
Age of the animal
Sex of the animal
Poor housing conditions
Stocking rate
Environmental factors
2.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Reasons for dehorning
To reduce the spaces occupied by animals in the shed and during transportation.
To ease the handling of animals
To reduce destruction of structures
To make the animals docile.
To reduce injuring of the farmer and other animals
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
3.
5.
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
6.
˗
Distinguishing colour for the following animals
(a) Chindilia Rabbit - grey
(b) Toggenburg
goat- brown with two white stripes running from eyes to nose (2x1=2 mks)
Differences of the following tools
(a) Bastard file - is used for smoothing metal while wood rasp is used from smoothing surfaces of wood
(2x1=2 mks)
(b) Coping saw - is used for cutting curves in wood while hacksaw is used for cutting metal
(2x1=2 mks)
Factors that contribute to depreciation of farm equipments
Age of the equipment
Wear and tear/use
Lack of maintenance practices
Exposure to weather/improper storage
Wrong use of the equipment
Obsolescence /change in technology
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
Intermediate host of liverfluke
Water snail/mud snail or lymnea spp.
(1x1 = 1 mk)
7.
˗
˗
Methods of lambing management
Drift lambing - ewes isolation following lambing
Pen lambing - ewes isolation following appearance of lambing signs(2x1=2 mks)
8.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Parts of the hen frequently attacked bv fleas
Around the eyes
On the ear lobes
On the combs
On the wattles
9.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Functions of clutch in a tractor
Allows gradual engagement of the engine power to the drive wheel
Enables the driver to shift from one gear to another
Allows breaking the drive from the engine in order to stop the tractor
Transfers power from the engine to the power take off shaft
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
4.
(4 x ½ =2mks)
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
10. Intensive rearing systems of poultry
˗ Deep litter system
˗ Battery cage system
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
11. Methods commonly used in identifying sheep
˗ Ear tagging
˗ Ear notching
(2x1=2 mks)
12. Characteristics of the African wild bee
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443/1,443/2 agriculture
˗
˗
˗
˗
Well adapted to high temperatures
High flying power
More active in search of food and water
Fairly resistant to the diseases that attack bees
13.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Reasons why harvesting honey at night is discouraged
It is difficult to distinguish between white combs and dark combs
Contamination of harvested honey with brood.
Bees can be crushed because they are not properly seen.
In order to avoid accidental bush fires
14.
˗
˗
˗
˗
Components of a transmission system in a tractor
Gearbox
Clutch
Differential
Final drive
15.
˗
˗
˗
Feed additives in livestock nutrition
Hormones such as stilboestrol
Antibiotics such as tetramycine
Medicants such as coccidiostat
(2x1=2 mks)
(3 mks)
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
(2 x ½ = 1 mk)
SECTION B (20 MKS)
16.
a)
˗
b)
˗
c)
˗
˗
˗
17.
Name of implement
An ox-mould plough
Function of depth rod
Used for adjusting the width and depth of ploughing
Disadvantages of using OX -mould plough
It is slower because it is drawn by animals
Shallow cultivation is achieved
it has a short use life
i)
(1x1 = 1 mk)
(1x1 = 1 mk)
(3x1=3 mks)
Computation of 2000 kg ration with 20% DCP from 10% DCP maize and 45% DCP cotton seed using Pearson‘s square
method
diagram
10/35 x 2000 kg = 571.4 kg 1 of cotton seed cake
25/35 x 2000 kg = 1428.6 kg 1 of maize
(Total = 4 mks)
ii) Feed conversion ratio for a boar
Amount of feed consumed: weight gained
280 kg
:
70 kg
4
:
1
Ratio =
4: 1
(method = 1 mk, answer = 1 mk) = (2 mks)
18.
a) Locations of store, calf pen, walking area and food and water trough area using roman numbers
diagram
(4 x ½ =2mks)
Page | 188
443/1,443/2 agriculture
b)
˗
c)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Type of calf pen in the zero grazing unit
Communal calf pen
Structural requirements of a calf pen
Easy to clean.
Properly lit.
Properly drained.
Draught free.
Leak proof roof
Allow space for exercise, water and feed troughs
19. Missing words from the table
i) a) Calf (b)
Piglet
ii) c)Heifer (d)
Pullet
iii f) Boar (g)
Cock
(e)
(h)
Hogget
Ram
(1 x 1 = 1 mk)
(4 x ½ = 2 mks)
(8 x ½ = 4 mks)
SECTION C (40 MKS)
20.
a)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Life cycle of a three host tick
Eggs on the ground hatch into larvae
Larvae climb onto the 1st host and suck blood, become engorged and drop to the ground
The nymph seek and climbs on to the second host and their feeds
The engorged larvae drop on the ground and moults into adults
The emerged adults find and climbs on third host and feed, they mate on the host and females drop off to the ground to lay
eggs after which they die.
(7x1=7 mks)
b)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
c)
˗
˗
˗
˗
d)
˗
˗
˗
Tick control methods
Natural or biological method
Burning infected pasture
Ploughing the pasture
Fencing
Rotational grazing
Hand picking and picking
Chemical control
Characteristics of effective acaricides
Are able to kill ticks
Are safe to use
Are stable or have a long storage life
Effective after mixing with drug, mud or hair
Methods of applying acaricides
Spraying
Dipping
Hand dressing
21.
a)
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
˗
Hand milking
Assemble all milking equipment
Put the cow in a milking shed and restrain it appropriately
Wash the udder and teats with warm water mixed with suitable sanitising agent
Dry the udder with a clean towel
Use strip cup to check for mastitis
Carry out milking by squeezing the milk out
Strip the udder dry
Dip the teats in anti-mastitis solution after milking
Applying milking jelly (milk salve) on the teats
Release the cow.
(10 x 1 = 10 mks)
(6x1=6 mks)
(4x1=4 mks)
(3x1=3 mks)
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b)
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Clean milk production practices
Keep cows healthy/free from diseases.
Ensure cows flanks and udder region is clean.
Milkman should be clean, short nails and hair covered.
Ensure milking shed is clean.
Clean and sterilize milking utensils
Filter and cool the milk
Cover and keep milk in a cool dust free room.
Avoid feeding cows with feed which can taint milk just before milking.
Don‘t expose milk to direct sun.
(8x1=8 mks)
c)
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22.
a)
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Milking equipment
Milking bucket/pail
Udder drying towel
Milking stool
Milking churn
Strip cup
Milk strainer
(2x1=2 mks)
c)
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Practices carried out on fish before preservation
Clean the fish
Remove scales and slime.
Open fish on side to remove gut and intestines
Clean abdominal cavity thoroughly
Keep fish in open containers before preserving
Stocking of fish in a fish pond
Obtain fmgerlings from reputable hatcharies
Transport fmgerlings in oxygenated containers with clean water
Introduce the fmgerlings into the pond by lowering the container into the pond water to allow them swim away
(3x1= 3mks)
b) Feeding fish
˗ Use kitchen waste, rice bran, groundnut cakes
˗ Feed at regular intervals
˗ Feed just adequate feeds to avoid remnants in the pond
˗ Change feeds from time to time
˗ Feeding should be done at specific times of the day
(6x1=6 mks)
(5x1=5 mks)
d) Management practices in fish rearing
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Feeding
Control of predators
Manuring /fertilizing the pond
Control vegetation in the pond
Change water regularly /ensure continuous flow of water in the pond.
Protect pond from pollution
(6x1=6 mks)
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Y
X
K1
K2
K3
K4
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