PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
MAIN TOPIC
123, 38, 42
SUB TOPIC
150, 63, 51
SUB TOPIC
223, 126, 108
QUESTIONS
255, 218, 185
1
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION is about writing, speaking
and presenting to different audiences and for various
purposes.
MESSAGE
• topic/
information
NOISE
• disturbing factor
CHANNEL
• medium/ tool
SETTING
• time/ place
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
 A process of exchanging ideas between two or more
persons.
 The act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information or to
express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
 A process by which information is exchanged between
individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or
behavior.
COMMUNICATION
 RECIPROCAL because we cannot separate communicators
into sender and receiver.
 PROCESS because it keeps on “evolving and changing”.
 involves creating and sharing of meaning.
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Effect
OCCASION
Speech
Audience
BERLOS’S SMCR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Source
Message
Channel
Receiver
DECODES
ENCODES
COMMUNICA
-TION
SKILLS
CONTENT
HEARING
COMMUNICA
-TION
SKILLS
ATTITUDE
ELEMENTS
TOUCHING
ATTITUDE
KNOWLEDGE
TREATMENT
SEEING
KNOWLEDGE
SOCIAL
SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
SMELL
-ING
SOCIAL
SYSTEM
CULTURE
CODE
TASTING
CULTURE
SIX BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SENDER / RECEIVER
• persons
 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION is a form of sharing
insights and ideas, information, experiences etc. without
the use of words.
 Most of the time verbal communication is supported by
non-verbal communication to better portray the meanings
a speaker would like to share.
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
BODY MOVEMENTS / BODY KINETICS
 they come in the following categories:
a. Emblems – these are body movements which have
direct translation into words.
o Ex. Thumbs up
b. Illustrators – these are used to accent, emphasize or
reinforce words.
o Ex. Pointing fingers when giving direction
VARIOUS MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Speaker
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
FEEDBACK
• reaction/ response
c. Regulators – these are signs showing control at the
back and forth natures of speaking and listening.
o Ex. head nods, hand gestures, shifts in posture
during interaction
d. Display of Feelings – a person’s face or body
movements may convey how intense his emotions are.
o Ex. Tight hug signify an intimate relationship
e. Adaptors – these are non-verbal ways used in
adapting to the communication situation.
o Ex. A woman visited a friend’s house and when she
was there, she started picking up scattered things
on the floor. She implied that her friend could
hardly clean her house
PARALANGUAGE

refers to the ways of saying something. It includes
the characteristics as:
a. Rate – speed of
speaking
c. Volume – loudness
b. Pitch – highness/
lowness of tone
d. Quality – pleasing/
unpleasing sound
BODY TYPES
 can also communicate a message
a. Ectomorphs (thin people)
b. Endomorphs (fat people)
c. Mesomorphs (athletic people)
ATTRACTIVENESS
 can get positive response than those who are
perceived not to be attractive. Physical attributes of a
person may mean something to the people around her.
BODY ADORNMENT
 involves form of clothing, make up, jewelry and
hairstyle
o Ex. An applicant who is dressed appropriately might
likewise be hired than those who are not.
SPACE AND DISTANCE/ PROXEMICS
 It concerns the way a person uses the space around
him as well as the distance where he stands. It may be
explained through the following:
a. Intimate Distance
b. Personal Distance
c. Social Distance
d. Public Distance
TOUCH
 the kind of touch used in communication reflects
meaning about the relationship between the sender
and the receiver.
 The more intense the relationship, the more frequent and
more intimate the touch
CHRONEMICS
 Role pf time in communication. There are two kinds of
people based on time;
a. Punctual
b. Late
2
PRINCIPLES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF
COMMUNICATION
1. COMMUNICATION IS SCHEMATA-DRIVEN
 It begins with yourself, you begin with what you have
already stocked in your brain or with what you have
already known or understood about the subject matter of
the communication act.
 Transmitted messages become understandable or
meaningful because of your innate or old knowledge about
the messages.
2. COMMUNICATION IS AN INTERPRETATIVE ACT
 It was called interpretative act because the role of the
receiver or listener is just to interpret, infer, or guess the
meaning of things appealing to his sense of hearing.
3. COMMUNICATION DOES NOT GUARANTEE A DIRECT OR
AUTOMATIC LINK BETWEEN TWO MINDS
of the communication setting like time, place, topic,
occasion, purpose, and manner of communication.
9. COMMUNICATION
PROGRESSIVE
IS
DEVELOPMENTAL
OR
 To communicate ideas is to go through the different stages
of language learning that begins from birth to elementary,
high school, and college levels.
 It is not a one-time learning towards communicative
competence.
10. COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS
 Several stages of communication take place when people
exchange or share ideas with one another.
11. COMMUNICATION IS ETHICAL
 Any communication event is expected to apply rules,
values, and beliefs agreed upon by societal members.
 These forms of knowledge become meaningful only to
others when you initiate communication with them.
12. COMMUNICATION IS INFLUENCED BY MEDIA AND
TECHNOLOGY
4. COMMUNICATION IS ACITIVE, POWERFUL OR FORCEFUL
 This period is characterized by an instant global exchange
of knowledge, services and technology.
 Communication is said to be active because messages
have varied effects on all participants in any
communicative event, it engaged speakers and listeners in
action of giving and receiving information.
 Communication is powerful and forceful for it elicit
different meanings or reactions, these messages are prone
to changes.
 Nothing remains permanent or fixed in the world of
communication.
5. COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC
 Symbols, signs, or marks like letters, words, sentences,
graphs, pictures and other concrete objects represent or
stand for ideas that you intend to convey verbally.
6. COMMUNICATION ALWAYS RESULTS IN SOMETHING
 It refers to two or more persons participate in any
communicative act.
 The first, expresses or sends a message; the second,
responds or reacts to the message.
7. COMMUNICATION IS IRREVERSIBLE
 You are free to talk and talk about anything under the
sun. But once you utter something, the things you have
said remains as it is –susceptible to different
interpretations or meanings.
8. COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL
 An exchange of views, ideas, or feelings doesn’t only
involve the sender and the receiver, but also other aspects
1
o Americans
o Japanese
PREPARING TO COMMUNICATE ACROSS
CULTURES
PRE-ASSESMENT: TRUE OR FALSE
1. I enjoy communicating with persons who don’t like me as
much as with persons who do.
2. I am equally sensitive to the concerns of all groups in our
multicultural society.
 Too much eye contact is deemed intrusive among Asian
cultures.
 Arabs maintain direct eye contact with those they
interact with for prolonged periods.
5. Individualism/ Group Cohesion
o Americans
3. I can tell when persons from other cultures do not
understand me or are confused by my actions.
4. I do not fear interacting with persons from minority groups
any more than I fear interacting with persons from the
dominant culture.
o Asian/Native
Americans

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
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







6. Persons from other cultures who don’t actively participate
in a conversation, dialogue, or debate with others may act
that way because of their culture’s rules.
7. How I handle disagreements with persons from other
cultures depends on the situation and the culture (s) they are
from.
8. My culture is not superior to other cultures.
9. I am knowledgeable of how to behave with persons of
different cultures.
Accommodation
Assimilation
Co-cultures
Collectivistic Culture
Cultural Imperialism
Cultural Pluralism
Cultural Relativism
Culturally confused
Culture
Diversity
Ethnocentrism
Globalization
High-context
Communication
10. I respect the communication rules of cultures other than
my own.
3
THE COST OF CULTURAL IGNORANCE
HOW DOES IT AFFECT COMMUNICATION?
1. Showing the sole of a shoe/ Crossing of legs
o United State / Europe
o Muslim culture / Korea
OK
NOT OK
2. Eye blink rate
o North Americans
o Taiwanese
OK
NOT OK
3. Business Card
o Japanese
o Americans
4. Eye contact
extension of a person
business formality/
convenience
personal achievement and
individualism
emphasis on group
KEY TERMS:
5. Persons from other cultures have a right to be angry at
members of my culture.
2
OK
NOT OK
 Individualistic Cultures
 Intercultural
Communication
 Interethnic
Communication
 International
Communication
 Intracultural
Communication
 Interracial
Communication
 Low-context
Communication
 Multiculturalism
WRITING A REFLECTION PAPER
REACTION OR REFLECTION OR CRITQUE PAPER
 An analysis and an evaluation of the material presented
 More than a simple summary
 Includes opinion or reaction to the material
THIS MAY TAKE VARIETY OF FORMS:
•
•
•
•
You may compare work to other related material
You may come up with ways to improve the work
You may express what you learned
You may concur with the work or argue against the work
GUIDELINES IN WIRITNG A REACTION PAPER
 Pull yourself together on what you have just experienced.
 Come up with a thesis statement.
 Come up with what reaction you want to put down on
paper
 Decide on your organization and draft your reaction
paper.
PARTS OF A REACTION PAPER
INTRODUCTION
o EX.
(1) In an article written on April 21, 2012 entitled “The
Flight from Conversation” by Sherry Turkle, she noted that
people nowadays are dominated by one of the most used
channels in communication-technology. The text was
extracted from her talk in TED, a YouTube channel that
showcases educational and substantial insights on various
topics or issues that concern each one of us. She has cited
numerous valid points and examples to strengthen her
claims. And, I was convinced. How does this really impact
communication? Let me discuss my insights further.
BODY
o EX.
(2) With technology and various inventions in it, we
become the targets of everything it can offer. One is the
different social networking sites that can be downloaded
in play stores of your mobile phones. Mobile
communications app was designed to make us more
connected to other people such as our family, relatives,
loved ones, friends, classmates, acquaintances or even
strangers. However, on the flip side, they also detach us
from them. Yes, we may FEEL connected but the real
essence of conversation eventually becomes absent. Our
seemingly little devices become bigger as they are
dominating our values, our decisions, our ways of life. They
control us. No, we let them control us. How is it possible?
Simply because we, humans, have become so dependent on
technology because of convenience.
(3) It seems to be difficult for people nowadays to get
away from that attachment to technology. A group of
teenagers sharing thoughts about K-dramas during a
reunion, few members of Faculty texting, chatting, or
posting stuffs in social networking sites during a meeting,
and a friend who multitasks during a casual conversation
for instance are only some of many prevalent existing
indications of my claim. I don’t say these must not be done
because it’s inevitable. We cannot deny that. Hence, in
achieving an effective communication, eye contact is
essential as it makes the process more personal, realistic,
intentional, and convincing. Hence, one must always
observe and practice this in any communicative situation
regardless of his disinterest. That is why your friend looks
at you while listening when he is obviously busy texting
someone else. That is also why some maintain eye contact
to a speaker while hiding their gadgets on their laps
during a corporate meeting. On a positive note, it signifies
respect.
(4) Indeed, the more we desire to be connected with
other people, the more that we get separated from them,
or worse, from those people whom we value most.
Nowadays, children are left home by their parents who
have to work away to give them better future. It is
through mobile communication apps that they see and
talk to each other virtually. But for those children who are
fortunate to have their parents with them at home before
or after work, they could also be recipients of such
implication. Seeing them hold their phones while having a
breakfast or dinner makes or triggers them to be rather
ALONE or ISOLATED. It is the same on being on a date or a
relationship with someone who spends most of his time on
his phone than focusing on you. You’d rather be SINGLE
and alone, right?
(5) I have come to the point of secluding myself from
thousands of friends online. Just so you know, I used to be
the type of person who preferred to be alone, in solitude.
Then I felt the need of companionship from other people
through online, and eventually make friends in person.
Initially, it went well and felt great. But as time went on, I
began to experience that sense of being alone together
until it became unrealistic, odd, and time-wasting for me.
I had to unfriend almost 90% of them, leaving my family,
relatives, and few friends on the list. There I saw and
realized that I missed these people, these important
persons whom I didn’t pay attention to when I had
thousand “online” friends on my feeds.
(6) Now that younger generations are exposed to
technology; they are most likely to adapt to this trend.
Instead of making friends with neighborhood, they would
rather sit; play on their computers or phones while
establishing connection with bigger community outside.
They are deprived from making real conversations. They
do not develop actual communication skills. They are
masked, hidden, and are unknown. Well some of you might
prefer that because it is much safer and convenient. You
have the power to edit or remove your posts, organize
your message before it is sent. Ultimately, you present the
ideal you, the kind of person you want to be perceived by
other people. Isn’t that becoming untrue to yourself? Isn’t
it becoming not you anymore? You can think of what you
will say thoroughly unlike with actual conversation. You
have no control. You may commit mistakes and realize
eventually that you must have not said that.
(7) “I’d rather text than talk.” We hear this often. In
fact, most of us are guilty on this. Why? It saves time and
money. “I can just text him or her anyway.” What matters
is my message being delivered. But for some, effort
matters. Our effort of personally seeing or reaching them
and make a conversation is preferable. They value
personal-human relationship. And I must agree on this. I
don’t wish to see humankind being replaced by technology
in the future as companions. But again, with the advent of
technology and innovative minds of humans themselves, it
is possible. When a person starts to feel he doesn’t have
someone to talk to anymore because everyone is busy
attaching themselves online, he will be tempted by
machines that offer companionship. “People will expect
more technology, less from one another.” And so everyone
is totally engaged, active, and becomes “onliners”. What’s
left in reality? NONE. And this, I find, is disturbing.
CONCLUSION
o EX.
(8) I mentioned solitude in the beginning of my paper.
Maybe, this word offers you negative impression. But let
me tell you that it can be a good thing. It can be a good,
or maybe the best resort to avoid the negative
implications discussed here. It is not too late. When we
want to refresh everything in our life and start anew, we
leave. When one’s heart gets broken, he leaves. He finds
himself ALONE. Each of us has the capacity for solitude.
This is when one decides to separate and gather himself.
This is when we can find ourselves, reach out to other
people and begin to establish real attachments again.
HOW IS IT DONE?
I.
PREWRITING





Read the article and jot down ideas.
How do you feel about what was said?
Do you agree or disagree with the author?
Have you had any applicable experience?
Have you read or heard anything that applies to what
the writer said in the article?
 Does the evidence in the article support the
statements the writer made?
II.
ORGANIZING
 Write the thesis statement first.
 Decide on the key points. These can be your topic
sentences.
 Develop your ideas by adding examples, quotations,
and details to your paragraphs.
 Make sure the last sentence of each paragraph leads
to the next paragraph.
 Check your thesis, and make sure the topic sentence of
each paragraph supports it.
1
Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we
wear it, our language, marriage, music, what we believe is
right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors,
how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things.
-DE ROSSI, 2017
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
 Group dates (Goukon)
 New year: go to shrines
with girls wearing their
kimonos
 Usually at amusement
parks
 Couples split the bill
 refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values
around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify
social relations.
IMPORTANCE OF HAVING ONE’S CULTURE
A. INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS OF CULTURE
1. Intrinsic benefits (entertainment, museums, theaters,
dance studio, public libraries)
2. Improved learning and valuable skills for the future
(better understanding of history)
SOCIAL BENEFITS OF CULTURE
CULTURAL SENSITIVITY
 Begins with recognition that there are differences
between cultures. These differences are reflected in the
ways that different groups communicate and relate to
one another.
SENSITIVITY TO GENDER
 Is being aware that there are differences between male
and female, but those differences are not universal.
ASPECTS OF GENDER
1. Better health and wellbeing (participation in the arts
can relieve isolation and promote identity formation
and intercultural understanding)
2. Vibrant communities (make a society as a whole,
cultural activities)
ASSIGNMENT
 This is the gender from birth, either being male or
female, it is also the gender prescribed by the society.
ROLE
 This is the set of behaviors, mannerisms and other
traits that society use to express as part of the
assigned gender.
B. ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CULTURE
1.
2.
3.
Contribution to Job creation
Contribution to Tourism
Cultural Planning
IDENTITY
 This is what we think the gender should be at any given
time.
 Cultural planning is led by local governments and involves
broad community’s cultural resources.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
ATTRIBUTION
 This is the gender assigned to people when we first
meet them and is based on a set of cues that
differentiate from culture to culture.
o EX.
JAPANESE
Greetings:
 Usually bows to elders
 Call others with their
last name
Celebration:
 Valentine’s Day and
White day
 Double date or
gathering
 New year: couple visits
each other’s families
and eat with them
 Usually at the mall,
watch a movie
 Guy would pay for the
date
FILIPINO
 Close female friends
may hug and kiss
(beso-beso); close male
friends may hug, tap
their backs or
handshake
 Smile at other people
when greeting them
 Used Mr., Ms., or Mrs.,
+ name or surname
until allowed to call
other by name or
nickname
 Valentine’s day
2
CULTURAL APPROPRIATION AND CULTURAL
APPRECIATION
APPROPRIATION is the action of taking something for one’s
own use, typically without the owner’s permission.
APPRECIATION on the other hand is the recognition and
enjoyment of the good qualities of someone or something.
CULTURAL APPRECIATION
 Is when elements of a culture are used while honoring the
source they came from. It is important to note that
appreciation involves respect and value.
o EX.
 Research the Culture
 Avoid the Sacred
 Don’t Stereotype
 Promote Diversity
 Engage, Promote and Share Benefits
CULTURAL APPROPRIATION
 Is taking intellectual property, traditional knowledge,
cultural expressions, or artifacts from someone else’s
culture without permission.
 This can include unauthorized use of another culture’s
dance, dress, music, language, folklore etc.
o EX.
Nike caused so much anger when they ‘borrowed’
some Samoan Tattoo for their Pro Tattoo Tech
collection that it actually led to a petition calling on
the company to stop sales.
The High Street fashion retailer, Top Shop caused
consternation for using Palestinian black and white
scarf design for a summer dress