LE XUAN TRONG (Chu bien)
TCr NGOC ANH - LE KIM LONG
I
I
i
N A N G CAO
NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Lfi XUAN TRQNG (Chu bien)
TU NGOC ANH - Lfi KIM LONG
Bai tap
HOA HOC
10
NANG CAO
(Tdi bdn ldn thd tu)
N H A X U A T BAN GIAO DUC VI^T NAM
Chu thich cac tir viet tat
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dung dich
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xiic tac
H2S04d
H2SO4 dac
dktc
dieu kien ti6u chudn
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long
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khf
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dd
rdn
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hoc sinh
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c6ng hoa tri
Ban quyen thuoc Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam
01-2010/CXB/640-1485/GD
Ma s6: NBOO8T0
PHAN M 6 T : CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
ChKcfng 1
NGUYEN TLf
BAI ON TAP
1.1. Ne'u chia d6i lien tiep m6t vien bi sSt de'n khi co duoc phan tit nho nha't
con mang tinh chat hoa hoc dac trung cua sat, phdn tit nho nha't nay duoc
goilagi?
1.2. Cho mot mdu nudc da, ne'u cii chia dOi mdu nu6c da lien tie'p den khi thu
duoc phdn tit nho nha't con mang tinh chdt hoa hoc dac trung ciia nudc.
Phdn tit nho nhdt nay duoc goi la gi ?
1.3. Trong 0,1 mol mu6'i an co bao nhieu phan tit NaCl ? Mot luong sdt kim
loai nguyen chdt chiJa 3,01.10 nguyen tit sat tuong duong vdi bao nhieu
mol nguyen tit sdt ?
1.4. d didu kien tieu chudn (dktc) m6t mol khi chie'm m6t thi tich bdng
A. 22,4 m l
B. 22,4dml
Hay chon dap an diing.
C. 22,4 c m ^
D. 2,24 cml
1.5. a) M6t nguyen tit cacbon co kh6'i lucmg bdng 1,99.10"^^ kg. Hoi m6t mol
nguyen tit cacbon co kh6'i luong bdng bao nhieu gam ?
b) M6t mol phan tif C2H5OH co khdi lugfng bdng 46 g. Hoi mot phan tu
C2H5OH CO khdi luong bdng bao nhieu gam ?
1.6. Hay xac dinh s6' mol chat co trong :
a) 14,2 g khf clo ;
b) 10 g canxi cacbonat;
c) 16 g Imi huynh ;
d) 34 g amoniac.
1.7. Tinh s6 mol HCI cdn thie't d^ phan iing viita dii vdi:
a) 20 ml dung dich NaOH 0,1 M ;
b) 5,6 g sdt;
c) 16 g sdt(III) oxit;
d) 9,8 g d6ng(II) hidroxit.
1.8. Cho bie't 6 dilu kien tieu chudn (1 atm va 0°C), kh^i luong rieng cua nito
bdng 1,25 g/dm^. Xac dinh phan tif khO'i cua nito.
1.9. Cho khdi luong rieng cua ancol etylic (C2HgOH) long la 0,80 g/cml Thi
tich mol cua ancol etylic bdng
A. 57,5 c m l
B. 5,75 c m l
C. 36,80 c m l
D. 3,68 c m l
Hay chon dap an diing.
1.10. Cho dong khf CO du di qua 7,2 g d6ng(II) oxit nung nong or nhiet dd thfch
hop cho de'n phan iing hoan toan thi thu duoc CO2 va d6ng kim loai. Hay :
a) Tfnh khdi lugng d6ng thu dugc sau phan iing.
b) Tfnh the tfch khf CO (of dktc) da tham gia phan iing.
1.11. Nhiet phan hoan toan 18,8 g mu6'i d6ng(II) nitrat thi thu dugc d6ng(II)
oxit, khf NO2 va khf oxi. Tfnh khdi lugng ddng(II) oxit thu dugc.
1.12. Chgn cau diing trong cac cau sau :
A. Trong phan ihig hoa hgc sd mol nguyen tit cac nguyen td co mat trong
phan ling khdng thay ddi do cac nguyen td dugc bao toan.
B. Trong phan iing hoa hgc sd mol nguyen tit cac nguyen td co mat trong
phan ling thay doi do cac nguyen td khdng dugc bao toan.
C. Khdi lugng cac nguyen td cd mat trong phan iing thay ddi do cac
nguyen td khdng dugc bao toan.
D. Sd nguyen tif cac nguyen td cd mat trong phan iing thay ddi do cdc
nguyen td' khdng dugc bao toan.
Bail
T H A N H PHAN
NGUYEN iCf
1.13. Sir dung sd lieu cho trong (bang 1.1) SGK, hay tfnh va tra ldi cac cau
hoi sau :
a) Khdi lugng cua mdt proton bang bao nhieu ldn khdi lugng cua electron ?
b) Khdi lugng cua electron bdng bao nhidu phdn khdi lugng cua natron ?
c) Nguyen tir heli cd 2 proton, 2 natron va 2 electron. Hoi khdi lugng ciia
cac electron chidm bao nhieu % khd'i lugng nguyen tit ?
1.14. Trong 1 kg sdt cd bao nhieu gam electron ? Cho bidt mdt mol nguyen t i
sdt CO khdi lugng bdng 55,85 g, mdt nguydn tit sdt cd 26 electron.
1.15. Cho rdng hat nhan nguydn tit va chfnh nguyen tit H cd dang hinh cdu. Hat
nhan nguyen tit hidro cd ban kfnh gdn diing bdng 10 nm, ban kfnh
nguyen tit H bdng 0,053 nm.
a) Hay tfnh va so sanh th^ tfch cua nguyen tit hidro vdi Xhi tfch cua hat
nhan nguyen tit hidro.
b) Hay tfnh va so sanh khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhan va cua nguyen tit
hidro.
Cho bie't cdng thiic tfnh thi tfch hinh cdu Id V = ——- trong dd r la ban
kfnh hinh cdu.
1.16. Cho bie't lu = 1,6605.10"^'' kg, nguyen tit khdi cua oxi bdng 15,999. Hay
tfnh khd'i lugng cua mdt nguydn tii oxi ra kilogam.
1.17. Cho bie't khdi lugng nguydn tit cua C gdp 11,905 ldn khdi lugng nguyen
tif cua hidro. Hay tfnh khd'i lugng nguyen tii cua hidro ra u va gam, khi
coi khd'i lugng nguyen tit ciia C bdng 12.
Bai 2
HAT NHAN NGUYEN T(S
NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
1.18. Nguyen td hoa hgc la
A. nhiing nguyen tii cd ciing dien tich hat nhan.
B. nhiing nguydn tif cd cung sd khd'i.
C. nhiing nguyen tif cd ciing sd natron.
D. nhihig phan tit cd ciing phan tft khdi.
Hay chgn cau dung.
1.19. Chi la mdt nguydn td hod hgc dac bidt cd Z = 82, thudng dugc sit dung di
lam tdm chdn phdng xa. Ti le sd ncrtron/sd proton trong nguydn tit chi
dugc coi la gidi han bin cua hat nhan. Hay xac dinh ti Id nay trong
nguyen tit cua nguyen td chi ddng vi ^°^Pb va suy ra dilu kien bin cua
cac hat nhan.
1.20. Tdng sd p, n, e trong nguydn tut cua nguydn td X la 10. Sd khd'i ciia
nguyen tit nguyen td X bdng
A. 3
B. 4
C. 6
D. 7.
Hay chgn gia tri diing.
1.21. Nguydn tft ciia nguyen td X cd tdng sd hat p, n va e bdng 58, s6 hat
proton gdn bdng sd hat natron. Tfnh Z va A cua nguydn td X.
1.22. Nguyen tft cfta nguyen td X cd tdng sd hat p, n va e bdng 82, tdng sd hat
mang dien nhilu han tdng sd hat khdng mang dien la 22 hat. Xac dinh Z,
A va vie't kf hieu nguyen tft cua nguyen td X.
1.23. Cho cac nguyen td X, Y, Z. Tdng sd hat p, n va e trong cac nguyen tft
ldn lugt la 16, 58 va 78. Sd natron trong hat nhan va sd hieu nguyen tft
cua mdi nguyen td khac nhau khdng qua 1 dan vi. Hay xac dinh cdc
nguyen td va vidt kf hieu cua cac nguyen td.
1.24. Trong day kf hieu cac nguyen tft sau :
14 »
7A;
16t)
gtJ;
15p,
7*^;
18pj
56x3
56p
gU; 36^; 27^;
17^
20TT
23T
8*-'; l O " ; 111;
IITJT
IQK
Cac kf hieu nao chi cung mdt nguyen td hoa hgc. Sft dung bang tudn hoan
cac nguyen td hod hgc hay xac dinh cac nguyen td da cho. Cho bilt ten
ggi cua nguyen td, sd hat n, p, e cdu tao ndn 1 nguyen tft cua cac nguySn
td vfta xac dinh.
Bai 3
NGUYEN TCT KHOI
VA NGUYEN T Q KHOI TRUNG BINH
0 6 N G VI,
1.25. Ddng vi la nhiing
A. hgp chdt cd cung dien tfch hat nhan.
B. nguyen td cd ciing didn tfch hat nhan.
C. nguyen td cd cung sd khd'i A.
D. nguyen tft cd ciing dien tfch hat nhan va khac nhau vl sd khd'i.
Hay chgn cau dting.
1.26. Trong tu nhien brom cd hai ddng vi bin : 35 Br chidm 50,69% sd nguyen tft
81
va jgBr chidm 49,31% sd' nguyen tft. Hay tim nguyen tft khd'i trung binh
cua brom.
1.27. Tfnh nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua Ni theo sd khd'i cua cac ddng vi trong
tu nhien cua Ni theo sd lieu sau :
iNi;
> i ;
fgNi;
^Ni;
f^Ni.
68,27%
26,10%
1,13%
3,59%
0,91%
27
1.28. Mdt nguydn td X cd hai ddng vi vdi ti le sd nguydn tft la —• Hat nhan
nguyen tft X cd 35 proton. Trong nguyen tft cua ddng vi thft nhdt cd
44 natron. Sd natron trong nguyen tft cua ddng vi thft hai nhilu hon trong
ddng vi thft nhdt la 2 natron. Tfnh nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cfta nguyen
tdX(Ax).
1.29. Nguydn td X cd 3 ddng vila Xj chie'm 92,23%, Xj chidm 4,67% va X3
chie'm 3,10%. Tdng sd khd'i cua ba ddng vi bdng 87. Sd natron trong X2
nhilu hon trong Xj mdt hat. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua X la
Ax = 28,0855.
a) Hay tim Xj, X2 va X3.
b) Ndu trong X, cd sd natron bdng sd proton. Hay tim sd natron trong
nguyen tft cua mdi ddng vi.
1.30. Cho mdt dung dich chfta 8,19 g mudi NaX tac dung vdi mdt lugng du
dung dich AgNOj thu dugc 20,09 g kd't tua.
a) Tim nguyen tft khdi va ggi tdn X.
b) X cd hai ddng vi, gia sft sd nguyen tft cfta ddng vi thft nha't nhilu gdp 3
ldn sd nguyen tft cua ddng vi thft hai. Hat nhan ddng vi thft nha't c6 it hon
hat nhan ddng vi thft hai 2 natron. Tim sd khdi cfta mdi ddng vi.
1.31. Cho bidt nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua iridi la 192,22. Iridi trong tu
nhidn cd hai ddng vi la ^77 Ir va ^77 Ir. Hay tfnh phdn tram sd nguydn tft
va phdn tram sd mol gdn dung cho hai ddng vi cua iridi.
1.32. Trong tu nhien agon cd 3 loai ddng vi bin vdi ti le % nguydn tft la :
?g^Ar
JgAr
^Ar
0,337%
0,063%
99,6%
Cho rdng nguydn tft khd'i cua cac ddng vi trung vdi sd' khd'i cua chiing.
The tfch cua 20 g agon (d dktc) bdng
A. 1,121 d m l
B. 1,120 d m l
C. 11,2146 d m l
D. 11,200 dml
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
1.33. Trong tu nhien oxi cd ba ddng v i : ^ | o ; ^gO ; ^gO; Cacbon cd hai ddng vi
la: gC ; gC. Hoi cd thd cd bao nhidu loai phan tft khf cacbonic hgp thanh
tft cac ddng vi trdn ? Vid't cdng thftc phan tft va tfnh phan tft khdi cfta chiing.
1.34. Trong tu nhidn ddng vi j^Cl chidm 24,23 % sd nguydn tft clo. Tinh thdnh
phdn phdn tram vl khd'i lugng 17 Cl cd trong HCIO4 (vdi H la ddng vi
j H, O la ddng vi ^g O) ? Cho nguyen tft khdi trung binh cua clo bdng 35,5.
Bai 4
SL; C H U Y E N
DONG COA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN TCT.
OBITAN NGUYEN TCT
1.35. Hay neu su khdc biet chfnh trong vide md ta chuydn ddng cua cdc
electron theo md hinh nguydn tft cu va md hinh hidn dai.
8
1.36. Cac chdm trong hinh anh dam may electron hinh cdu trong nguydn tft
hidro (hinh 1.7 SGK) cd phai la hinh anh cfta mdt electron khdng ?
Giai thfch.
1.37. Chuydn ddng cfta electron trong nguydn tft hidro cd thd tao ra cdc obitan s
vd p trong dilu kidn nao ? Giai thich.
1.38. Phan biet hinh dang va su dinh hudng cfta cac obitan s va p.
1.39. Ban kfnh nguydn tft cfta hidro (0,0529 nm) ldn hon ban kfnh nguyen tft
cua heli (0,0128nm) do nguyen nhan gi ? Giai thfch bdng khai niem
obitan nguydn tft.
1.40*. Obitan nguydn tft la gi ? Obitan nguyen tft cd gidi han hay khdng ?
Bai 5
LUYEN TAP V^ : T H A N H PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN TCT.
KHOI LLTONG CClA NGUYEN TCT.
OBITAN NGUYEN TCT
1.41. Tdng sd nguydn tft trong 0,01 mol phan tft mudi amoni nitrat bdng
A. 5,418.10^1
B. 5,418.10^\
C. 6,02.10^1
D. 3,01.10^1
Hay chgn dap an dung.
1.42. Nguydn tft la phdn tft nho nhdt cua chdt
A. khdng mang didn.
B. mang didn tfch duang.
C. mang dien tfch am.
D. cd thi mang didn hoac khdng mang dien.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
1.43. Sd hidu nguyen tft cho bidt
A. sd proton trong hat nhan nguyen tft hay sd don vi dien tfch hat nhan
nguyen tft.
B. sd electron trong v6 nguyen tft.
C. sd thft tu cua nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan.
D. tat ca A, B va C.
Hay chgn phuang an dung nhdt.
1.44. Cac nguyen td hoa hgc cd ti le sd notron/sd proton ldn han 1,5244 (trong
nguydn tft cfta ddng vi ^°^Pb) thudng khdng bin va tu phan huy thanh cac
nguyen td khdc.
a) Dua vao bang tudn hoan hay xac dinh ti Id sd natron/sd proton cua cac
nguyen td cd sd hidu nguyen tft bdng 90, 91, 92.
b) Cac nguyen td nay cd bin khdng ?
1.45. Coi nguyen tft flo (^gF) nhu la mdt khd'i cdu cd dudng kfnh bdng
1,00.10"^ nm va hat nhan cd dudng kfnh bdng 1,00.10
nm. Hay tfnh :
a) Khd'i lugng hat nhan nguyen tft flo (kg) dua vao bang 1.1 trong SGK.
b) Ti le thi tfch cua nguyen tft flo va thi tfch cfta hat nhan.
c) Tfnh khd'i lugng rieng cfta hat nhan nguyen tft flo.
1.46. Trong tu nhien silic tdn tai vdi ham lugng cac ddng vi : j4Si la 92,23%,
f^Si la 4,67% va Jjsila 3,10%. Tfnh nguydn tft khd'i trung binh
cfta silic.
Bai 6
LdP VA PHAN L 6 P ELECTRON
1.47. Trong mdt ldp electron cd bao nhidu phan ldp electron ? Hay cho bilt cac
kf hidu chi phan ldp electron.
1.48. Cac obitan trong mdt phan ldp khac nhau nhu thd nao ?
1.49. Hay xac dinh sd obitan cfta ldp M.
1.50. Hay xac dinh sd obitan cd trong phan ldp p va phan ldp d.
1.51. Electron 2p thudc vl ldp va phan ldp nao ? Ve hinh dang cua obitan m6
ta electron nay.
10
Bai 7
NANG
LapNG C O A CAC ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN TCT
CAU HlNH ELECTRON NGUYEN T Q
1.52. Hay vidt kf hieu dl chi phan ldp electron vdi electron cud'i ciing d :
a) Ldp thft 2, phan ldp s va electron la ddc than.
b) Ldp thft 2, phan ldp p, d lugng tft thft 2 (tft trai sang) va electron la
ddc than.
c) Ldp thft 3, phan ldp p, d lugng tft thft 2 (tft trai sang) va electron la cap ddi.
1.53. Hay giai thfch su sdp xdp cdc electron vao cac obitan trong nguyen tft nito
(Z = 7) di minh hoa cho cac nguyen If viing bin, nguyen If Pau-li va quy
tdc Hun.
1.54. Hay giai thich va so sdnh viec sdp xdp electron vao cac d lugng tft va vao
cac obitan theo mftc nang lugng.
1.55. Thd nao la cdu hinh electron ? Phan biet cdu hinh electron va thft tu sdp
xdp electron theo mftc nang lugng. Ldy thf du minh hoa.
1.56. Vie't cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua cac nguyen td sau :
gC;
gO ;
iiNa;
13AI;
17CI;
20^3-
1.57. Sft dung bang tudn hoan, hay xac dinh cac nguyen td va vidt cdu hinh
electron nguydn tft dudi dang d lugng tft ndu cho bidt sd electron cfta cac
nguyen tft tren tftng ldp nhu sau :
a) 2, 2 ;
b) 2, 5 ;
c) 2, 8, 5 ;
d)2, 8, 3 ;
d)2, 8 , 7 ;
e) 2, 8, 8, 2.
1.58. a) Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung cfta nguyen tft nguyen td' X dugc
phan bd nhu sau :
n
2s^
1111 f
2p^
Sd hieu nguyen tft va kf hieu cfta nguyen td X la
A. 5, B
B.7,N
C. 8, O
Chgn ddp an dung.
D. 9, F.
11
b) Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung cua nguydn tft nguydn td Y dugc
phan bd nhu sau :
I I !
3s"
, 3p*
Sd hidu nguydn tft va kf hidu cua nguydn td' Y la
A. 4, Be
B. 6, C
C. 7, N
Chgn dap an dung.
D. 16, S.
1.59. Neu khuynh hudng bidn ddi sd electron d ldp ngoai cung cua nguydn tft
cac nguyen td hod hgc khi sd hidu nguydn tft tang ddn ?
1.60. Cho cac nguydn td' cd sd hidu nguydn tft tft 1 ddn 36, nguydn tft cua cac
nguydn td cd :
a) 8 electron d ldp ngoai cung la :
A. Ne, Ar, Kr ;
B. Ne, Ar, Fe ; C. Ne, Ar, Fe, Kr ;
D. Ar, Fe, Kr.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
b) 2 electron d ldp ngoai cung la :
A. He, Be, Mg.
B. He, Be, Mg vd 8 nguydn td nhdm B tft Sc ddn Zn (trft Cr va Cu).
C. 8 nguydn td nhdm B tft Sc ddn Zn (trft Cr va Cu).
D. He, Be, Mg va 10 nguydn td nhdm B tft Sc ddn Zn.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
1.61. Hay vid't cdu hinh electron nguydn tft ddy du va cho bidt sd hidu nguyfin
tft cfta cac nguydn td cd ldp electron ngoai cung nhu sau :
a) 2s' ;
b) 2s^ 2p^
c) 2s^ 2p^ ;
d) 3s^ 3p*
e) 3s^ 3p'^
f) 3s^ 3p^
d)3s'
Bai 8
LUY$N TAP CHUONG 1
1.62. Vidt cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cua magie (Z = 12), photpho (Z = 15) vd
cho bidt nguydn td nao la kim loai, nguydn td nao la phi kim ?
12
1.63. Trong sd cdc cdu hinh electron nguyen tft sau, cdu hinh electron nao la
cfta nguyen tft oxi (Z = 8).
A. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ ;
B. Is^ 2s^ 2p'^;
C. Is^ 2s^ 2p'^;
D. Is^ 2s^ 2p^
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
1.64. Nguyen tft cfta nguyen td P (Z = 15) cd sd electron ddc than bdng
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
1.65. Nguyen tft R mdt di 1 electron tao ra cation R"^ cd cdu hinh electron
nguyen tft d phan ldp ngoai cung la 2p . Vidt cdu hinh electron nguyen
tft va su phan bd electron theo obitan cfta nguydn tft R.
1.66. Chi dua vdo cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta cdc nguyen td cd Z bdng 9,
11, 16 va 20 hay xdc dinh nguyen td nao la kim loai, nguyen td nao la
phi kim.
1.67*. Trong phan tft MjX cd tdng sd hat (p, n, e) la 140 hat, trong dd sd hat
mang dien nhilu han sd hat khdng mang didn la 44 hat. Sd khd'i cfta
nguyen tft M ldn hon sd khd'i cfta nguyen tft X la 23. Tdng sd hat (p, n, e)
trong nguyen tft M nhilu hon trong nguyen tft X la 34 hat. Vidt cdu hinh
electron cua cac nguyen tft M va X. Vidt cdng thftc phan tft cfta hgp chdt.
1.68*. Hgp chdt Y cd cdng thftc MX2 trong dd M chidm 46,67% vl khd'i lugng.
Trong hat nhan M cd sd natron nhilu hon sd proton la 4 hat. Trong hat
' nhan X sd natron bdng sd proton. Tdng sd proton trong MX2 la 58.
a) Tim Aj^ va Axb) Xac dinh cdng thftc phan tft cua MX2.
13
Chuang 2
•
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
VA DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
Bai 9
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.1. Hay cho bidt y nghia cua mdt d nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan ?
2.2. Cac nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan dugc xdp theo chiiu tang ddn sd dofn
vi didn tfch hat nhan. Thdng thudng nguyen tft khd'i trung binh ciing tang
ddn. Tuy nhien cd mdt sd ngoai le : Nguyen td diing trudc cd nguyen tft
khd'i trung binh ldn hon nguyen td diing sau. Sft dung bang tudn hoan,
hay tim mdt sd nguyen td dac bidt nay.
2.3. Cd thi dinh nghia chu ki theo su thay ddi sd electron dugc khdng ? Giai thfch.
2.4. Sd nguyen td trong cac chu ki cfta bang tudn hoan cd gid'ng nhau khdng ?
Ddu hieu nao cho bidt mdt chu ki kdt thuc ?
2.5.' Dua vao cdu hinh electron hay giai thfch vi sao chu ki 3 chi cd 8 nguyen td.
2.6. Khdi cac nguyen td gdm cac nhdm nao ? Khd'i nguyen td cdn cd the dugc
ggi la cac nhdm gi ?
2.7. Su phan bd electron theo ldp trong nguyen tft cfta ba nguyen td nhu sau :
X : 2 , 8, 1 ;
Y : 2, 8, 7 ;
Z : 2, 8, 8, 2.
Hay xac dinh vi trf cac nguyen td nay trong bang tudn hodn.
Bai 10
SL; BIEN
001 TUAN HOAN CAU HINH ELECTRON NGUYEN l(S
COA CAC NGUYEN l6 HOA HOC
2.8. Ldm thd nao dl phan bidt cac nguydn td nhdm A va nguydn td nhdm B
theo cdu tao ldp vd nguydn tft ?
14
2.9. Cac nguyen td nhdm A va nhdm B cd cung sd thft tu nhdm cd dac diem gi
gid'ng va khac nhau ? Ldy thf du nguyen td C va Ti dl minh hoa.
2.10. Vi trf cua nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan cd lien he gi vdi cdu tao ldp vd
nguyen tft cfta nguyen td dd. Giai thfch va neu thf du minh hoa.
2.11. Cho hai nguyen td X va Y d hai d lien tidp trong mdt chu ki cua bang
tudn hoan va cd tdng sd proton bdng 27. Hay viet cdu hinh electron
nguyen tft va xac dinh vi trf cua chung trong bang tudn hoan.
2.12. Oxit cao nhdt cfta mdt nguydn td nhdm VIA chfta 60 % oxi vl khd'i lugng.
Hay xac dinh nguyen td va vidt cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguyen td dd.
2.13. Trong chu ki 2 sd electron ldp ngoai cung thay ddi nhu thd nao ?
2.14. Hay ndu su bidn ddi tudn hoan cdu hinh electron nguyen tft trong bang
tudn hoan.
2.15. Cho hai nguyen td hoa hgc cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft la :
-1- Nguyen tft X : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^
+ Nguyen tft Y : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^
a) Hdi chung cd d trong cung mdt nhdm nguyen td khdng ? Hay giai thfch.
b) Hai nguyen td nay each nhau bao nhieu nguyen td hoa hgc ? Cd ciing
chu ki khdng ?
Bai 11
SU BIEN 001 MOT SO OAI LUONG V A T LI
C O A C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.16. Hay cho bidt dai lugng nao dudi day cfta cac nguyen td bidn ddi tudn
hoan theo chiiu tang cfta didn tfch hat nhan :
A. Sd ldp electron.
B. Sd electron d ldp ngodi cung.
C. Nguydn tft khdi.
D. Sd electron trong nguydn tft .
15
2.17. Dua trdn cac dft kidn cho dudi day :
Nguyen td
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
TnguyentftCnm)
0,157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104
Hay giai thfch su bidn ddi ban kfnh nguydn tft cua cdc nguydn td.
Cl
0,099
2.18. Bdn kfnh nguyen tft cua cac nguydn td Be, F, Li va Q tang ddn theo thft tu sau:
A. Li < Be < F < Cl;
B. F < Be < Cl < L i ;
C. Be < Li < F < Cl;
D. Cl < F < Li < Be.
Dua vao sd lidu cho d hinh 2.1 SGK, hay chgn phuang an dung.
2.19. Ban kfnh cac ion cd cung cdu hinh electron ti Id nghich vdi didn tich hat
nhan cfta nguydn tft. Cac ion Na , Mg , F , O
'y
'y
diu cd cung cdu hinh
A
electron Is 2s 2p . Sft dung bang tudn hoan xac dinh sd hidu nguydn tft
va chgn day cdc ion cd ban kfnh giam ddn :
A. Na^ > Mg^"" > F~ > 0^~.
B. Mg^^ > Na"" > F" > O^'.
C. F" > Na* > Mg^"" > O^".
D. 0^~ > F~ > Na"^ > Mg^^
Hay chgn dap an dung.
2.20. Cac nguyen td Na, Mg, Si, C dugc sdp xdp theo chiiu giam ddn nang
lugng ion hoa thft nhdt:
A. C > S i > M g > N a ;
B. Si > C > Mg > Na ;
C. C > M g > S i > N a ;
D. Si > C > Na> Mg.
Dua vao sd lieu cho d bang 2.2 SGK, hay chgn dap an dung.
2.21. Cac nguyen td Mg, Al, B va C dugc sdp xdp theo thft tu tang ddn dd am dien:
A. M g < B < A l < C ;
B. Mg < Al < B < C ;
C. B < Mg < Al < C ;
D. Al < B < Mg < C.
Dua vao sd lieu cho d bang 2.3 SGK, hay chgn dap an dung.
2.22. Hai nguyen td X va Y d hai nhdm A lien tidp trong bang tudn hodn,
X thudc nhdm V. 6 trang thai don chdt X va Y khdng phan ting vdi nhau.
Tdng sd proton trong hat nhan X va Y bdng 23. Xdc dinh hai nguydn td
va vidt cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cfta chung.
16
Bai 12
s a BI^N 061 TINH KIM LOAI
TiNH PHI KIM COA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC.
DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
2.23. So sdnh tfnh kim loai cfta cdc cap nguydn td sau vd giai thfch ngdn ggn :
a) Kali va natri;
b) Natri va nhdm ;
c) Nhdm vd kali.
2.24. So sanh tfnh phi kim trong tftng cap nguyen td sau va giai thfch ngdn ggn :
a) Cacbon va silic ;
b) Clo vd liru huynh ;
c) Nita va silic.
2.25. Hoa tri cfta nguydn td' hod hgc la gi ? Hay ndu su bidn ddi hoa tri cfta cac
nguydn td hod hgc trong chu ki 2.
2.26. Hay neu su bidn ddi tfnh chdt axit - bazo cua cdc oxit va hidroxit cfta cac
nguyen td trong chu ki 3 khi di tft trai sang phai.
2.27. So sdnh tfnh baza cfta cac hidroxit trong mdi day sau va cd giai thfch
ngdn ggn :
a) Canxi hidroxit, stronti hidroxit, bari hidroxit;
b) Natri hidroxit va nhdm hidroxit;
c) Canxi hidroxit va xesi hidroxit.
2.28. Hay so sdnh tfnh axit cfta cdc chdt trong mdi day sau va giai thfch ngdn ggn :
a) Axit cacbonic va axit silixic ;
b) Axit silixic, axit photphoric, axit sunfuric.
2.29. Hay vidt cdc phuang trinh hod hgc cua cdc phan ftng gifta cdc oxit sau vdi
nudc (ndu cd) : NajO, SO3, CI2O7, COj, CaO, N2O5 va nhan xet vl tfnh
chdt axit - bazo cua san phdm.
2.BT H6AHOCIO.NC-A
17
Bai 13
y NGHTA COA B A N G T U A N HOAN C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.30. Cac nguyen td thudc chu ki 2 cd thd tao thanh cation dan nguydn tft :
A. Li, Be, B, C va N ;
B. Li, Be, C, N va O ;
C. Li, B e v a B ;
Hay chgn dap an dung.
D. N, O, F va Ne.
2.31. Cdc nguydn td thudc chu ki 3 cd thi tao thanh anion don nguyen tft :
A. Al, Si, P, S, Cl;
B. Si, P, S, Cl;
C. P, S,C1;
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
D. Mg, Si, P, S, CL
2.32. Nguyen td Si cd Z = 14. Cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cua silic la :
A. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ ;
B. Is^ 2s^ 2p'' 3s^ 3p^
C. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ ;
D. Is^ 2s2 2p^ 3s^ 3p^
Hay chgn dap an dung.
2.33. ca'u hinh electron nguydn tft cfta sdt: Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^. Sdt d
A. d 26, chu ki 4, nhdm VIIIA.
C. d 26, chu ki 4, nhdm IIA.
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
B. d 26, chu ki 4, nhdm VIIIB.
D. d 26, chu ki 4, nhdm IIB.
2.34. Nguyen td photpho d d sd 15, chu ki 3, nhdm VA trong bang tudn hoan.
Hay neu tdm tdt tfnh chdt hod hgc cua photpho.
2.35. Hay cho bidt y nghia cfta do dm dien va su bidn ddi cfta dd dm didn cac
nguyen td trong chu ki 3 va nhdm VIIA.
Bai 14
LUYEN TAP CHLTONG 2
2.36. Mdt nguyen td X cd Z = 20. Hay vidt cdu hinh electron cfta X, X^"*". X Id
nguyen td gi, thudc chu ki nao, nhdm ndo, la kim loai hay phi kim ?
18
2.BT HOAHOCIO.NC-B
2.37. Cho nguydn td sdt d d thft 26, cdu hinh electron cfta ion Fe "^ la :
A. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ ;
B. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s'
C. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ ;
D. Is^' 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^
Hay chgn ddp an dung.
2.38. Cho nguyen td' luu huynh d d thft 16, cd'u hinh electron cua ion S la :
A. ls^2s^2p^;
B. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^
C. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ Sp"*;
D. Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^
Hay chgn phuong an dung.
2.39. A va B la hai nguyen td trong cung mdt nhdm va d hai chu ki lien tidp
cfta bang tudn hoan. Tdng sd proton trong hat nhdn cua hai nguyen tft A
va B bdng 32. Hai nguyen td dd la :
A. Mg va Ca ;
B. O va S ;
C. N va Si;
D. C va Si.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
2.40. Nguyen td X cd Z = 22. Vidt cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft cfta X, xdc dinh
vi trf cua X trong bang tudn hoan, cho bidt loai nguydn td vd vidt cd'u hinh
electron cfta cdc ion X "^ va X '*'.
2.41. Nguyen td Y cd Z = 18. Vidt cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft cfta Y, xdc dinh
vi trf cua Y trong bang tudn hoan. Cd thi cd hgp chd't cfta Y trong dd Y d
dang ion dugc khdng ?
2.42. Cation R"*" cd cd'u hinh electron d phdn ldp ngoai cung la 3p .
a) Viet cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguyen td R.
b) Xdc dinh vi trf cfta nguydn td R trong bang tudn hoan.
c) Tfnh chd't hod hgc dac trung nhd't cua R Id gi ? Ldy 2 phan ftng dl
minh hoa.
d) Anion X~ cd cdu hinh electron gid'ng cdu hinh electron cua cation R"*".
Hay cho bidt ten vd vidt cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguyen td X.
2.43. Cho 4,4 g mdt hdn hgp hai kim loai nam d hai chu ki lien tidp va diu
thudc nhdm IIA cua bang tudn hoan tdc dung vdi axit HCI du thi thu dugc
3,36 dm^ khi hidro d dktc. Hay xdc dinh hai kim loai.
19
Chucmg 3
•
—
LIEN KET HOA HOC
Bai 16
KHAI
NIEM VE LIEN KET HOA HOC. LIEN KET ION
3.1. Trong tu nhidn, cdc khf hidm tdn tai dudi dang nguydn tft tu do. Cdc nguyen
tft cfta khf hidm khdng lidn kdt vdi nhau tao thanh phdn tft va khd lidn kdt
vdi cdc nguydn tft cua cdc nguyen td khdc. Ngugc lai cdc nguyen tft cdc
nguydn td khac lai lidn kd't vdi nhau tao thanh phdn tft hay tinh thi. Hay
giai thfch nguyen nhdn cfta hien tugng nay.
3.2. Cdu hinh electron ldp ngodi cung cua nguydn tft kali la 4s
2
cdu hinh
5
electron ldp ngodi cung cua nguyen tft brom la 4s 4p
a) Lam thd nao cdc nguydn tft kali va brom cd dugc cdu hinh electron cfta
nguyen tft khf hidm ?
b) Lien kdt cfta nguydn tft kali va nguydn tft brom thudc kilu lien kdt gi ?
Phdn tft tao thanh cd bin han tiing nguydn tft ridng re khdng ?
3.3. Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung cua nguydn tft flo la 2s 2p Trong cdc
phan ftng hod hgc nguydn tft flo thudng nhdn 1 electron dl tao ion florua.
Hay vidt cd'u hinh electron cua ion florua va cho du doan vl kilu lien kit
gifia flo vdi kali ?
3.4. Cdu hinh electron ldp ngodi cung cfta nguydn tft canxi la 4s Trong cdc
phan ftng hod hgc nguydn tft canxi thudng cho 2 electron dl tao ion canxi.
Hay vidt cdu hinh electron cua cation canxi va cho du doan vl kilu liin
kd't gifta canxi vdi flo trong mudi canxi florua ?
3.5. Cation R^ cd cdu hinh electron phdn ldp ngoai cung la 2p^ Vidt cdu
hinh electron va su phdn bd electron theo obitan nguyen tft cua nguyin tft
R. Cho bidt ban chdt lidn kdt gifta R vdi flo.
3.6. Anion X~ cd cdu hinh electron phdn ldp ngodi cung la 3p^ Hoi X Id
nguydn td gi ? Vidt cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft cfta nguydn td X. Giai
thfch ban chdt lidn kit gifta X vdi bari kim loai.
20
3.7. Trong phdn tft Na20, cdu hinh electron cfta cdc nguyen tft cd tudn theo
quy tdc bat tft khdng ? Cho bid't nguyen tft natri cd Z = 11, oxi cd Z = 8.
3.8*. Hinh 3.1 SGK ve mdt d mang tinh thi mudi NaCl. Mang tinh thi mudi
NaCl dugc xdy dung bdng cdch xdp lien tidp cdc d mang vdi nhau. Sd
phdn tft NaCl nguyen ven cd trong mdt d mang tren hinh 3.1 bang :
A. 4 ;
B. 14;
C. 5 ;
D. 6.
Hay chgn dap sd dung.
Bai 17
LIEN KET CONG HOA TRj
3.9. Thd nao la lien kdt cdng hod tri ? Neu mdt sd thf du vl lien kit cdng
hod tri.
3.10. Hay giai thfch nguyen nhdn tao thanh lien kdt cdng hod tri.
3.11. Phdn tft cfta mdt chd't dugc dac trung bdi
A. khoang cdch trung binh gifta cdc nguyen tft.
B. gid tri trung binh cfta gdc tao bdi cdc lien kdt.
C. dd bin cua lien kit va dd bin cfta phdn tft.
D. tdt ca cdc ydu td kl tren.
Hay chgn phuong dn dung.
3.12. Hay giai thich su tao thanh lien kit trong phdn tft flo.
3.13. Md ta su tao thanh lien kdt trong phdn tft HBr theo quan dilm dung chung
electron.
3.14. Trong phdn tft N2 va NO, nguyen tft nita cd dugc thoa man quy tdc bdt tft
khdng ? Giai thfch. Cho nguyen tft nito cd Z = 7, oxi cd Z = 8.
3.15. Lidn kdt cdng hod tri phdn cue la gi ? Ld'y mdt sd thf du vl loai lidn
kdt nay.
3.16. Thd nao la lidn kd't cho - nhdn. Hay xdc dinh kilu lien kdt cd trong phdn
tftNOj.
21
Bai 18
SL; LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN lO.
SU HINH T H A N H L I E N KET DON,
LIEN KET 001 VA LIEN KET BA
3.17. Tai sao gdc lidn kd't trong phdn tft CH4 cd gia tri bdng 109''28' ?
3.18. Thd ndo la lidn kd'tCT,lidn kdt 71 ? Neu thf du.
3.19. Hay giai thfch nguyen nhdn lam cho cac phdn tft BeH2 cd dang thang ?
3.20. Cdc lien kdt trong phdn tft nito dugc tao thanh la do su xen phu cua
A. cac obitan s vdi nhau vd cac obitan p vdi nhau.
B. 3 obitan p vdi nhau.
C. 1 obitan s vd 2 obitan p vdi nhau.
D. 3 obitan p gid'ng nhau vl hinh dang vd kfch thudc nhung khdc nhau vl
dinh hudng khdng gian vdi nhau.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
3.21. Hinh dang cua phdn tft CH4, BF3, H2O, BeH2 tuong ftng la
A. tft dien, tam giac, gdp khuc, thang.
B. tam gidc, tft dien, gd'p khuc, thang.
C. gdp khuc, tam gidc, tft dien, thang.
D. thang, tam gidc, tft dien, gdp khuc.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
*
3.22. Phdn tft H2O cd gdc lien kdt bdng 104,5° do nguyen tft oxi d trang thai
lai hod
A. sp;
B. sp ;
C. sp^ ;
D. khdng xdc dinh dugc.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
3.23. Hay md ta su lai hod cdc obitan cua nguyen tft nita trong phdn tft NH3.
3.24. Hay md ta su tao thanh cdc lien kdt trong phdn tft C2H2.
22
Bai 19
LUYfN T A P V ^ : LIEN KET ION. LIEN KET CONG HOA TRL
SLT LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN j(j
3.25. Lidn kdt trong phdn tft KF thudc vl lidn kdt
A. cdng hod tri.
B. cdng hod tri phdn cue.
C. ion.
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
D. cho - nhan.
3.26. Lien kdt don trong phdn tft Br2 dugc hinh thanh nhu thd nao ?
3.27. a) Trong cdc hgp chdt sau ddy : LiCl, NaF, CCI4 va KBr. Hgp chd't cd lien
kdt cdng hod tri la
A. LiCl.
B.NaF.
C. CCI4.
D. KBr.
Chgn dap an dung.
b) Cho cdc hgp chd't sau ddy : HCI, CsF, H2O va NH3. Hgp chd't cd lien
kit ion la
A. HCL
B. CsF.
C. H2O.
D. NH3.
Chgn ddp dn dung.
3.28. Cdc lien kdt trong phdn tft NH3 thudc lien kit
A. cdng hod tri.
B. cdng hod tri phdn cue.
C. ion.
D. cho - nhan.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
3.29. Nguyen tft photpho trong PH3 d trang thai lai hod
A. sp.
B. sp .
3
C. sp .
D. khdng xac dinh dugc.
Hay chgn ddp dn dung.
3.30. Hay md ta su tao thdnh cdc lien kdt trong phdn tft C2H5.
3.31. Hay trinh bay ddc dilm cd'u tao khdng gian cfta phdn tft metan.
3.32. Tai sao nita la mdt khi tuang dd'i tro d nhiet dd thudng ?
23
Bai 20
TINH THE NGUYEN TQ. TINH THE PHAN T Q
3.33. Tinh thi nguyen tft va tinh thi phdn tft khdc nhau d nhung dilm gi ?
3.34. Trong mang tinh thi kim cuong, mdi nguydn tft C cd sd nguydn tft ldn cdn
gdn nhd't (d khoang each 0,154 nm) la
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
3.35. Trong mang tinh thi kim cuong, gdc lien kd't tao bdi cdc nguydn tft C bdng
A. 120°.
B. 90°.
C. 104,5°.
D. 109°28'.
Hay chgn cdu dung.
3.36. Giai thfch tai sao iot lai dd thdng hoa, trdi lai NaCl lai rd't khd ndng chay
va khd bay hoi.
3.37. Hay giai thfch hien tugng tang khdi lugng ridng cfta nudc khi dun chay
nudc dd tft 0°C den 4°C.
3.38. Cho tinh thi cac chd't sau : iot, than chi, nudc da vd mudi an.
a) Tinh thi nguyen tft la tinh thi
A. iot.
B. than chi.
Chgn dap dn dung,
b) Tinh thi ion la tinh thi
A. iot.
B. than chi.
Chgn ddp an dung.
C. nudc da.
D. mudi an.
C. nudc da.
D. mudi dn.
3.39. Cho cdc chd't vd nhidt dd ndng chay cfta chung :
Chat
Cdng thftc phan tft
Nhiet do ndng chay (°C)
24
Nudc
Mudi dn
Bdng phidn
Butan
H2O
NaCl
CioHe
C4H10
0
801
80
-138
Cdc chdt trdn d dang tinh thi tuang ftng la
A. phdn tft, ion, phdn tft va phdn tft.
B. ion, ion, phdn tft va phdn tft.
C. phdn tft, ion, nguydn tft vd phdn tft.
D. phdn tft, ion, ion va phdn tft.
Hay chgn ddp dn dung.
Bai 21
Hieu DO AM DIEN VA LIEN KET HOA HOC
3.40. So sdnh lidn kdt cdng hod tri khdng cue vdi lidn kdt cdng hod tri cd cue va
lidn kdt cho - nhdn.
3.41. Lien kdt trong phdn tft LiF la lidn kdt
A. ion.
C. cdng hod tri phdn cue.
B. cdng hod tri khdng phdn cue.
D. cho - nhdn.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
3.42. Lien kdt trong phdn tft HBr la lien kdt
A. cdng hoa tri khdng phdn cue.
C. cho - nhan.
Hay chgn ddp dn dung.
B. cdng hod tri phdn cue.
D. ion.
3.43. Sft dung gid tri dd dm dien cfta cac nguyen td cho trong bang tudn hoan
cdc nguydn td, xac dinh kilu lien kdt trong phdn tft cac chd't : N2, AgCl,
HBr, NH3, H2O2.
3.44. Sft dung gid tri dd dm dien cua cac nguyen td cho trong bang tudn hoan
cdc nguydn td, xac dinh kilu lidn kdt trong cdc ion : CIO , HS , HCO3.
3.45. Sdp xdp cdc phdn tft theo chiiu tang ddn dd phdn cue cfta lien kdt trong
phdn tft cdc chd't sau (sft dung gid tri dd dm didn trong bang tudn hoan):
NH3 ; H2S ; H2O ; H2Te ; CsCl; CaS ; BaF2.
25
Bai 22
HOA TR! VA SO OXI HOA
3.46. Hay phdn bidt khdi niem sd oxi hod va hod tri cfta nguydn td trong hop
chd't hod hgc.
3.47. Didn hod tri cfta cac nguyen td O, S (thudc nhdm VIA) trong cdc hgp chdt
vdi cdc nguydn td nhdm IA diu Id
A. 2 - .
B.2+.
C. 6+.
D. 4+.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
3.48. Hay giai thfch dien hod tri bdng 2 - cfta oxi va luu huynh trdng cdc hgp
chd't vdi natri vd vidt cdng thftc cd'u tao cfta phdn tft.
3.49. Hay cho bidt sd oxi hod va cdng hod tri cfta cac nguydn td Si, P, S, Q
trong cdc oxit cao nhd't va trong hgp chd't khf vdi hidro.
3.50. Tai sao mdt nguydn td cd thi cd mdt sd gid tri sd oxi hod ? Giai thfch
bdng cac gia tri sd oxi hod cua S.
3.51. Nguyen tft cfta nguyen td photpho cd Z = 15. Dua vao cd'u hinh electron
nguyen tft ; hay giai thfch cdc sd oxi hod cua photpho ?
3.52. Cho cac nguyen td : Sn, Si, S, Sb, Sc, Se. Hay sft dung bang tudn hoan di
xac dinh sd oxi hod cao nhd't va cho bidt nhiing nguydn td nao cd cung sd
oxi hod cao nhdt.
3.53. Cho cdc nguyen td : Na, N, P, S, F, Si, As, Cl. Sft dung bang tudn hoan d^
xdc dinh cdc nguyen td cd cung sd oxi hod trong hgp chdt vdi hidro.
3.54. Sd oxi hod cua nguydn td N trong HNO3 bdng
A.+3.
B.+4.
Hay chgn ddp dn dung.
C.+5.
D.+6.
3.55. Sd oxi hod cua nguyen td S trong Na2S03 bdng
A. +3.
B. +4.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
26
C. +5.
D. +6.
Bai 23
LIEN KET KIM LOAI
3.56. Hay giai thfch dien hod tri cfta cdc nguyen td nhdm IA, IIA, IIIA trong
cdc hgp chdt vdi clo.
3.57. Didn hod tri cua cdc nguyen td nhdm VIA, VIIA trong cdc hgp chd't vdi
natri cd gid tri:
A. - 2 va - 1 ;
B. 2 - va 1- ;
C. 6+ va 7 + ;
D. +6 va +7.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
3.58. Ydu td quydt dinh tfnh chd't co ban cfta tinh thi kim loai la
A. sii tdn tai mang tinh thi kim loai.
B. tfnh dnh kim.
C. tfnh ddn dien va ddn nhiet tdt.
D. su chuyin ddng tu do cfta cac electron chung trong toan mang tinh thi ?
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
3.59. Trong mdt d mang co sd cfta tinh thi ldp phuang tdm khd'i (hinh 3.15a SGK),
sd dan vi thi tfch nguyen tft kim loai bdng
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Hay chgn ddp dn dung.
3.60. Trong mdt d mang ca sd cua tinh thi ldp phuang tdm dien (hinh 3.15b SGK),
sd dofn vi thi tfch nguydn tft kim loai bdng
A. 1.
B. 2 .
C. 3.
D. 4.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
3.61. Hay giai thfch nguyen nhdn lam cho tinh thi kim loai ddn nhiet, ddn dien
tdt vd cd tfnh deo.
3.62. Tfnh ban kfnh nguyen tft gdn dung cfta Fe d 20°C, bidt rdng tai nhiet dd:
do khd'i lugng ridng cfta Fe la 7,87 g/cm . Gia thidt rdng trong tinh thi
cdc nguyen tft Fe la nhiing hinh cdu chiim 74% thi tfch tinh thi, phdn cdn
lai la khe rdng gifta cdc qua cdu. Cho bidt nguyen tft khdi cfta Fe la 55,85.
3.63*. Trong mang tinh thi ldp phuang tdm didn, cdc nguyen tft tidp xuc nhau d
mat bdn. Dudng cheo cfta mat cd dd dai bdng 4 ldn ban kfnh cua nguyen
tft. Hay xdc dinh % chidm chd cfta nguydn tft kim loai trong loai mang nay.
27
Bai 24
LUYEN TAP CnaONG 3
3.64. Lien kdt ion khdc vdi lidn kd't cdng hod tri d
A. tfnh dinh hudng va tfnh bao hoa.
B. vide tudn theo quy tdc bat tft.
C. vide tudn theo nguyen tdc xen phu ddm mdy electron nhilu nhdt.
D. tfnh dinh hudng.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
3.65. Cho bidt tdng sd electron trong anion AB3~la 42. Trong cac hat nhdn A
cung nhu B cd sd proton bdng sd natron.
a) Tinh sd khdi cfta A, B.
b) Vid't cd'u hinh electron vd su phdn bd electron trong cdc obitan cua
nguyen tft cdc nguyen td A, B.
3.66. Hay giai thfch vi sao do dm didn cua nito bdng 3,04 va clo bdng 3,16
khdng khac nhau dang kl nhung d dilu kidn thudng kha nang phan ftng
cfta N2 kem hon so vdi CI2 ?
3.67. Cho 3 nguydn td A, M, X cd cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft d ldp ngoai
1
cung tuong ftng la 3s 1 ; 3s 2 3p
; 3s 23p5 . Hay xdc dinh vi trf (sd chu ki,
sd nhdm, loai nhdm va sd thft tu) cfta A, M, X trong bang tudn hoan.
3.68. Neu ndi dung cfta quy tdc bat tft. Cho 2 trudng hgp cu thi dp dung dung
vd 2 trudng hgp khdng dp dung dugc quy tdc bdt tft.
3.69. Nguydn tft cfta nguyen td X cd Z = 20, nguydn tft cfta nguydn td Y co
Z = 17. Viet cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X va Y va hay cho bilt
loai lidn kdt gi tao thanh trong phdn tft hgp chd't cua X vd Y ? Vilt
phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng dl minh hoa.
3.70*. Cho 3 gam hdn hgp X gdm mdt kim loai kilm A va natri tdc dung vdi
nudc du thu dugc dung dich Y va khf Z. Dl trung hod dung dich Y cdn
0,2 mol axit HCI. Dua vdo bang tudn hoan, hay xdc dinh nguydn tft khdi
va tdn nguyen td A.
28
Chucmg 4 ^
'. .
.
PHAN QNG HOA HOC
•
Bai 25
PHAN QNG 0X1 HOA - K H Q
4.1. Khi tham gia vdo phan ftng hod hgc, nguydn tft kim loai
A. bi khft.
B. bi oxi hod.
C. cho proton.
D. dat tdi sd oxi hod dm.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
4.2. Nguyen tft brom chuyin thanh ion bromua bang cdch
A. nhdn mdt electron.
B. nhudng mdt electron.
C. nhdn mdt proton.
D. nhudng mdt proton.
Hay chgn phuong dn dung.
4.3. Trong phan ftng : AgNOj + NaCl -^ NaN03 + AgCl>l'
Ion bac
A. chi bi oxi hod.
C. khdng bi oxi hod, khdng bi khft.
Hay chgn phuong an dung.
B. chi bi khft.
D. vfta bi oxi hod, vfta bi khft.
4.4. Trong phan ftng : Zn + CUCI2 -> ZnCl2 + Cu
Ion ddng
A. chi bi oxi hod.
C. khdng bi oxi hod, Ichdng bi khft.
Hay chgn phuang dn dung.
B. chi bi khft.
D. vfta bi oxi hod, vfta bi khft.
4.5. Trong phan ftng : CI2 + 2NaOH -> NaCl + NaClO + HjO
Nguydn td clo
A. chi bi oxi hod.
C. khdng bi oxi hod, khdng bi khft.
Hay chgn phuong an dung.
B. chi bi khft.,
D. vfta bi oxi hod, vfta bi khft.
29
4.6. Trong cdc phan ftng dudi ddy, phan ftng nao la phan ftng oxi hod - khft ?
A. 4Na + 0 2 ^ 2Na20
B. 2Fe(OH)3 -> Fe203 + 3H2O
C. Na2C03 + H2SO4 ^ Na2S04 + H2O + C02t
D. NH3 + HCI -^ NH4CI
4.7. Trong phan ftng gifta kim loai kem va ddng clorua :
Zn + CUCI2 -> ZnCl2 + Cu
Mdt mol ion Cu "^ da
A. nhudng 1 mol electron.
C. nhudng 2 mol electron.
Phuang an nao la dung ?
B. nhdn 1 mol electron.
D. nhdn 2 mol electron.
4.8. Sd mol electron cdn dung dl khft 1,5 mol Al^"^ thanh Alia :
A. 0,5.
B. 1,5.
Hay chgn ddp sd dung.
C. 3,0.
D. 4,5.
4.9. Khi ddt chay H2S trong lugng du oxi, nudc va luu huynh dioxit dugc
tao thanh.
a) Vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng.
b) Trong phan ftng dd, nguydn td nao bi oxi hod, nguydn td ndo bi khft ?
4.10. Phan ftng nao trong cdc phan ftng dudi ddy axit sunfuric ddng vai trd chdt
oxi hod ?
a) 2NaI + 2H2SO4 -> Na2S04 + I2 + SOj + 2H2O
b) BaF2 + H2S04^ BaS04 + 2HF
4.11. Tfnh sd oxi hod cua :
1. Cacbon trong:
a) CF2CI2 ;
b) Na2C204 ; c) HCO^;
2. Brom trong :
a) KBr ;
b) BrF3 ;
3. Nita trong :
a) NH2OH ; b) N2H4 ;
4. Luu huynh trong : a) SOCI2 ;
5. Photpho trong :
30
b) H2S2 ;
a) H2P2O7'; b) PHj;
d)C2H6
c) HBrOg ; d) CBr4
c) NHj ;
d) HNO2
c) H2SO3 ; d) NazS
c) PCI5
4.12. Xac dinh chd't oxi hod vd chd't khft trong mdi phan ling dudi ddy :
1. 5H2C2O4 + 2KMn04 + 3H2SO4 -^ 2MnS04 + K2SO4 +IOCO2 +8H2O
2. 3Cu + 8HNO3 -> 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N 0 + 4H2O
3. 3Na2S03 + K2Cr207 + 4H2SO4 -> 3Na2S04 + K2SO4 + Cr2(S04)3 + 4H2O
4.13. Ldp cdc phuang trinh cfta phan ftng oxi hod - khft theo cac so dd dudi ddy
vd xdc dinh vai trd cfta tiifng chdt trong mdi phan ftng :
1. KCIO3 + HBr - » Br2 +.KC1 + H2O
2. FeCl2 + H2O2 + HCI -> FeCl3 + HjO
3.12 + Na2S203 -^ Na2S406 + Nal
4. KI + HNO3 ^ I2 + KNO3 + NO + H2O
5. PbO +NH3 -> Pb + N2 + H2O
6. K2Cr207 + HCI -^ Clj + KCl + CrCl3 + H2O
7. KMn04 + SnS04 + H2SO4 -> Sn(S04)2 + MnS04 + K2SO4 + H2O
8. NaCIO + KI + H2SO4 -> I2 + NaCl + K2SO4 + H2O
9. Cr203 + KNO3 + KOH -^ K2Cr04 + KNO2 + H2O
10. H2S + HNO3 -^ H2SO4 + NO + H2O
4.14. Hay neu mdt thf du vl phan ftng oxi hod - khft gifta hai oxit.
4.15. Hay ndu hai thf du vl phan ftng trong dd nguydn td ddng vai trd chd't oxi
hod va nguyen td ddng vai tro chd't khft d trong thanh phdn cfta cung mdt
phdn tft.
4.16. Hay neu hai phan ftng cua cung mdt don chd't : Trong mdt phan ftng don
chd't dd tdc dung vdi chd't oxi hod va trong phan ftng kia dan chd't dd tdc
dung vdi chd't khft.
4.17. Hay neu hai phan ftng cfta cung mdt hgp chd't : Mdt phan ftng cfta hgp
chd't dd tdc dung vdi chd't oxi hod va mdt phan ftng cfta hgp chd't dd tac
dung vdi chdt khft.
4.18. Hoat chd't trong nhilu loai thudc lam nhat mau tdc la hidro peoxit
(H2O2). Ham lugng hidro peoxit dugc xdc dinh bang dung dich chudn
kali pemanganat theo so dd phan ftng sau :
H2O2 + KMn04 + H2SO4 - ^ 0 2 + K2SO4 + MnS04 + H2O
31
a) Lua chgn he sd thfch hgp cho phuang trinh. Cho bidt chdt nao bi oxi
hod, chd't ndo bi khft.
b) Dl tdc dung hdt vdi H2O2 trong 25 g mdt loai thudc lam nhat mau tdc
phai dung vfta hdt 80 ml dung dich KMn04 0,1 OM. Tfnh ndng dd phdn
tram cua H2O2 trong loai thudc ndi trdn.
4.19. Lugng cdn (C2H5OH) trong mau ngudi dugc xdc dinh bdng each cho huylt
thanh tdc dung vdi dung dich kali dicromat. Sa dd phan ftng nhu sau :
C2H5OH + K2Cr207 + H2SO4 -> CO2 + Cr2(S04)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
a) Hoan thdnh phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng vd cho bid't ten nguyen
td bi khft va nguydn td bi oxi hod trong phan ftng dd.
b) 28,00 g huydt thanh cua mdt ngudi lai xe tdc dung vfta hdt vdi 35,00 ml
dung dich K2Cr207 0,06M. Hdi ngudi ldi xe dd cd pham ludt khdng, bidt rdng
theo ludt thi ham lugng cdn khdng dugc vugt qua 0,02% theo khdi lugng.
4.20*. Hoan thanh cdc phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng sau ddy :
a) FeS04 + HNO3 + H2SO4-^ Fe2(S04)3 + NO + ...
b) Mn(OH)2 + CI2 + KOH -^ Mn02 + KCl + ...
c) Mn02 + O2 + KOH -^ K2Mn04 + ...
d) NH3 + Br2 ^ N2 + ...
d) Mn02 + KBr + H2SO4 -> Br2 + ...
Bai 26
PHAN LOAI PHAN Q N G TRONG HOA HOC VO CO
4.21. Cac phan ftng hod hgp
A. diu la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
B. diu khdng phai la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
C. cd thi la phan ftng oxi hod - khft, cd thi khdng la phan ftng oxi hoa - khft.
Hay chgn phuang dn dung.
32
4.22. Cdc phan ftng phdn huy
A. diu Id phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
B. diu khdng phai la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
C. cd thi Id phanftngoxi hod - khft, cd thi khdng la phanftngoxi hod - khft.
Hay chgn phuong dn dung.
4.23. Cdc phan ftng thd
A. diu la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
B. diu khdng phai la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
C. cd thi la phan ftng oxi hod - khft, cd thi khdng la phanftngoxi hod - khft.
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
4.24. Cdc phan ftng trao ddi
A. diu la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
B. diu khdng phai la phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
C. cd thi la phan ftng oxi hod - khft ; cd thi khdng phai la phan ftng oxi
hod - khft.
Hay chgn cdu dung.
4.25. Ngudi ta cd thi dilu chd MgCl2 bdng :
a) Mdt phan ftng hod hgp.
b) Mdt phan ftng thi.
c) Mdt phan ftng trao ddi.
1. Hay ddn ra phan ftng cho mdi trudng hgp tren.
2. Hay cho bidt su thay ddi sd oxi hod cfta cac nguyen td trong mdi phan
ling dd.
4.26. Hay neu cdch dilu chd CuO bdng :
a) Mdt phan ftng hoa hgp.
b) Mdt phdn ftng phdn huy.
Cho bidt su thay ddi sd oxi hod cfta cdc nguyen td trong mdi phan ftng dd.
4.27. Hay neu ra mdt phan ftng hod hgp gifta ba hgp chd't diu chfta oxi.
3.BT H6AHgClO.NC-A
4.28. Hay neu ra mdt phan ftng phdn huy tao ra ba chd't diu chfta oxi.
4.29. Hay neu thf du vl phan ftng phan huy tao ra :
a) Hai hgp chd't.
b) Hai dan chdt.
c) Mdt don chd't va mdt hgp chd't.
4.30. Hay neu thi du vl phan ftng hod hgp vd phan ftng phdn huy khi phan ftng
xay ra :
a) Khdng cd su thay ddi sd oxi hod cfta cdc nguydn td.
b) Cd su thay ddi sd oxi hod cua cdc nguydn td.
4.31. Phuang tnnh nhiet hod hgc cfta phan ftng ddt chay hidro trong oxi nhu sau :
2H2 (k) + ©2 (k)-> 2H2O (1);
Hay tfnh lugng nhiet thu dugc khi:
a) Ddt chay 112 1ft khf hidro d dktc.
AH =-571,66 kJ.
y
b) Tao ra 450 g H2O (1) tft H2 (k) vd O2 (k).
4.32. Viec san xudt canxi oxit (vdi) tft canxi cacbonat (dd vdi) la mdt thf du vl
qua trinh thu nhiet:
CaC03(r) — ^
CaO (r) + CO2 (k);
AH = +176 kJ
Hay tfnh lugng nhiet theo kcal can cung cdp dl phdn huy 520 g CaC03 (r).
Bid't rdng 1 kcal bdng 4,18 kJ.
4.33. Hay so sanh hai phuong trinh nhiet hod hgc dudi ddy :
H2 (k) + I O 2 (k) ^ H2O (k) ;
AH = -241,83 kJ
H2 (k) + ^ 0 2 (k) ^ H2O (1) ;
AH = -285,83 kJ
Hay giai thfch vi sao gid tri AH d hai phuang trinh trdn khdc nhau.
4.34. Dl tao ra Imol khf NO tft cac dan chd't cdn tidu hao mdt lugng nhidt la
90,29 kJ.
.
1) Vidt phuang trinh nhidt hod hgc cua phan ftng.
2) Ndu 1,5 g khf NO phdn huy thanh cdc dan chd't thi lugng nhidt kim
theo qua trinh dd la bao nhidu ?
34
3.BT HdAHOCIO.NC-B
Bai 27
LUYEN TAPCHaaNG4
4.35. Diln tft thfch hgp vao chd trdng trong cac cdu sau ddy :
a) Phan ftng hod hgc trong dd cd su thay ddi sd oxi hod cua mdt sd
nguydn td, dugc ggi la
,
•.
b) Nguydn td' cd sd oxi hod giam trong phan ftng hod hgc la nguyen td bi
, nd la chdt
c) Nguydn td cd sd oxi hod tang trong phan ftng hod hgc la nguyen td bi
, nd la chd't
d) Trong mdt phan ftng oxi hod - khft, tdng sd sd electron do
nhudng dung bdng tdng sd electron do
nhdn.
4.36. Hay cho bidt ten cua qua trinh gdy ra :
a) Su giam sd oxi hod cua mdt nguyen td.
b) Su tang sd oxi hod cfta mdt nguyen td.
4.37. Trong sd' cac phdn tft (nguyen tft hoac ion) dudi ddy, phdn tft nao cd thi
ddng vai trd chd't khft ? Vi sao ? (1) Mg^^ ; (2) Na^ ; (3) Al; (4) Al^^.
Ddn ra phan ftng dl minh hoa.
4.38. Trong sd cac phdn tft dudi ddy, phdn tft nao cd thi ddng vai trd chd't oxi
hod ? Vi sao ? (1) Mg ; (2) Cu^^ ; (3) Cf ; (4) S^".
Ddn ra phan ftng dl minh hoa.
4.39. Trong sd cac phdn tft dudi ddy, phdn tft nao vfta cd thi la chd't khft, vfta cd
thi Id chd't oxi hod ? Vi sao ? (1) Cu ; (2) Ca^""; (3) O^" ; (4) Fe^"".
Ddn ra phan ftng dl minh hoa.
4.40. Hay ddn ra phan ftng oxi hod - khft trong dd :
a) Nguydn tft kim loai Id chdt khft.
b) Ion kim loai la chdt khft.
c) Ion kim loai Id chd't oxi hod.
35
4.41. Hay ddn ra phan ftng oxi hod - khft trong dd :
a) Nguyen tft phi kim la chd't oxi hod.
b) Nguyen tft phi kim la chd't khft.
c) Nguyen tft phi kim vfta la chd't oxi hod vfta la chdt khft.
4.42. Ion canxi (Ca^"^) cdn thidt cho mau ngudi hoat ddng binh thudng. Ndng
dd Ca^"^ khdng binh thudng Id ddu hidu cua benh. Di xdc dinh ndng dd
Ca^"^, ngudi ta lay mdu mdu, lam kit tfta ion Ca "^ dudi dang canxi oxalat
(CaC204) rdi cho canxi oxalat tdc dung vdi dung dich KMn04 trong mdi
trudng axit. So dd phan ftng nhu sau :
KMn04 + CaC204 + H2SO4 -> MnS04 + CaS04 + K2SO4 + CO2 + HjO
a) Hoan thdnh phuang tnnh hod hgc p^ian ftng dd.
b) Gia sft canxi oxalat kdt tua tft 1,00 ml mdu ng\x6i tdc dung vfta hdt vdfi
2,05 ml dung dich KMn04 4,88.10~V. Hay bilu didn ndng dd Ca^*
trong mdu ngudi dd ra don vi mg Ca /100 ml mdu.
4.43. Ham lugng cho phep cua luu huynh trong nhien lieu la 0,30 % vl khdi
lugng. Dl xdc dinh ham lugng luu huynh trong mdt loai nhien lieu
ngudi ta ldy 100,0 g nhien lieu dd va ddt chay hodn toan. Khf tao thanh,
chi chfta cacbon dioxit, luu huynh dioxit va hai nudc dugc ddn vdo nudc
tao ra 500,0 ml dung dich. Bidt rdng tdt ca luu huynh dioxit da tan vao
dung dich. Ld'y 10,0 ml dung dich nay cho tdc dung vdi dung dich
KMn04 ndng dd 5,00.10~^mol/l. Khi dd SO2 bi oxi hod thdnh H2SO4 va
KMn04 bi khft thanh MnS04. Thi tfch dung dich KMn04 cdn dung la
12,5 ml.
a) Vidt phuang tnnh hod hgc.
b) Tfnh ham lugng phdn tram (vl khd'i lugng) cua luu huynh trong loai
nhien lieu ndi tren. Nhien lieu dd cd dugc phep sft dung khdng ?
4.44. C) nhiet dd thudng, hidro hdu nhu khdng cd phan ftng vdi oxi. Mudn c6
phan ftng xay ra phai ddt ndng ddn khoang 550°C. Dua vao dilu ndi trSn,
mdt hgc sinh da cho rdng phan ftng giua hidro va oxi la phdn icng thu
nhiet. Kdt ludn nhu vdy la dung hay sai ? Vi sao ?
36
4.45. Saccaroza (C12H22O11 : dudng kfnh) bi oxi hod bdi O2 (k) trong co thi
ngudi qua mdt loat phan ftng phftc tap, cud'i cung tao ra CO2 (k) vd H2O (k)
•J
giai phdng 5,64.10 kJ/mol saccaroza.
a) Vidt phuang trinh nhidt hod hgc cfta phdn ftng.
b) Tfnh lugng nhiet giai phdng khi 171 g saccaroza bi oxi hod.
4.46*. Hay neu ra phan ftng oxi hod - khft trong dd cd mdt chd't phan ftng la
axit va axit dd ddng vai trd :
a) Chi la chdt tao mdi trudng.
b) Chi la chd't oxi hod.
c) Chi la chd't khft.
d) Vfta la chdt oxi hod, vfta la chd't tao mdi trudng.
d) Vfta la chd't khft, vfta la chdt tao mdi trudng.
e) Vfta la chdt oxi hod, vfta la chd't khft.
37
Chucmg 5 —-
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•—
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NHOM HALOGEN
Bai 29
KHAI Q U A T V E
NHOM HALOGEN
5.1. Hay cho bidt ten, vi tri trong bang tudn hodn cua nguydn td cd cdu hinh
electron nguyen tft nhu sau :
a) [He] 2s^2p^
b) [Ne] 3s^3p^
c) [Ar] 3d^°4s^4p^
d) [Kr] 4d^'^5s^5p^
5.2. Hay so sanh cd'u hinh electron cfta cdc nguyen tft halogen.
5.3. Hay vidt cd'u hinh electron cua cdc ion F , Cl , Br vd I . Cho bidt cdu
hinh electron cua mdi ion dd trung vdi cd'u hinh electron cfta nguyen tit
nao. Tft dd cd thi nit ra nhdn xet gi ?
5.4. Trong 4 don chdt: F2, CI2, Br2,12, chdt ndo cd nhiet dd ndng chay va nhiet
dd sdi cao nhdt ? Giai thfch.
5.5. Cdc halogen cd thi tao nen mdt sd hgp chdt giiia cac halogen nhu sau :
a) CIF ; b) BrF ; c) BrCl ; d) ICI ; d) IBr ; e) CIF3 ; f) BrF3 ; g) ICI3;
h) BrFj ; i) IF5 ; k) IF7.
Hay cho bidt sd oxi hod cua tftng nguydn td trong mdi hgp chd't tren va
cho bidt dua trdn co sd nao dl xdc dinh dugc sd oxi hod nhu trdn.
5.6. Cho mdt lugng halogen tdc dung hdt vdi magie ta thu dugc 19 g magie
halogenua. Cung lugng halogen dd tac dung hdt vdi nhdm tao ra 17,8 g
nhdm halogenua. Hay xdc dinh tdn va khd'i lugng halogen ndi tren.
5.7. Cho mdt lugng halogen X2 tac dung vdi mdt lugng vfta du kim loai M cd hod
tri I, ngudi ta dugc 4,12 g hgp chdt A. Cung lugng halogen dd tac dung hit
vdi nhdm tao ra 3,56 g hgp chat B. Cdn nd'u cho lugng kim loai M ndi trtn
tac dung het vdi luu huynh thi thu dugc 1,56 g hgp chd't C. Hay xac dinh tin
cac nguyen td X va M, tft dd vidt cdng thftc cdc chdt A, B vd C.
38
Bai 30
CLO
5.8. Khi hod tan clo vdo nudc ta thu dugc nudc clo cd mau vang nhat. Khi dd
mdt phdn clo tac dung vdi nudc. Vdy nudc clo cd chfta nhiing chd't gi ?
5.9. Trong mdt loai nudc clo d 25°C, ngudi ta thd'y ndng dd cua CI2 la
0,061 mol/1 cdn ndng dd HCI va HCIO diu la 0,030 mol/1.
Hdi phai hod tan bao nhieu lit khi clo (ld'y d dktc) vao nudc dl thu dugc
5 lit'nudc clo nhu tren ?
5.10. Cd 5 binh mdi binh chfta mdt trong cac chd't khf clo, hidro, nito, oxi, khf
cacbonic. Khdng dung ddn phan ftng hod hgc, lam thd ndo nhdn ra dugc
binh chfta clo trong trudng hgp :
a) Cac binh diu dugc lam bdng thuy tinh khdng mau ?
b) Cdc binh diu dugc lam bdng thuy tinh sdm mau ?
5.11. Di diet chudt d ngodi ddng, ngudi ta cd thi cho khf clo qua nhung dng mim
vdo hang chudt. Hai tfnh chd't nao cfta clo cho phep sft dung clo nhu vdy.
5.12. Trong thf nghiem d hinh 5.1,
ngudi ta ddn khf clo mdi dilu
chd tft Mn02 (r) va dung dich
HCI vdo dng hinh tru A cd dat
mdt midng gidy mdu, khd. Ndu
ddng khod K thi midng gidy
khdng mdt mdu. Ndu md khod
K thi gidy mdt mau. Giai thfch
hien tugng.
5.13. Ld'y 3 1ft clo, cho tdc dung vdi
2 1ft hidro. Hieu sudt phan ftng
ydo khoang 90%. Hdi thi tfch
hdn hgp thu dugc la bao nhieu ?
(Cdc thi tfch diu do d cung nhiet
dd vd dp sudt).
Bong tam
dd NaOH
Hinh 5.1
5.14. Neu cdc phan ftng chftng minh rdng tfnh oxi hod cfta clo manh hon brom
vd iot.
39
5.15. Thdi khf clo di qua dung dich natri cacbonat, ngudi ta thd'y cd khf cacbonic
thoat ra. Hay giai thfch hidn tugng bdng cac phuang trinh hoa hgc.
5.16. Ddt chay nhdm trong khf clo, ngudi ta thu dugc 26,7 g nhdm clorua. Tfnh
khdi lugng nhdm va thi tfch clo (d dktc) da tham gia phan ftng.
5.17. Ngudi ta cd thi dilu chd dugc clo bdng cdch dun ndng hdn hgp cdc chdt
cd cdng thftc : KHSO4, KCl, Mn02. Hay vid't phuang trinh hod hgc cua
phan ftng dilu chd clo bdng phuong phdp ndy va phdn tfch vai trd cua
tftng chd't trong phan ftng.
5.18. Mangan dioxit (Mn02) dugc dung khi dilu chd oxi tft kali clorat (KCIO3)
va dugc dung khi dilu chd clo tft dung dich axit clohidric (HCI). Hay cho
bie't vai trd cua Mn02 trong mdi qua trinh dd.
5.19. Cho 25 g nudc clo vao mdt dung dich cd chfta 2,5 g KBr ta thdy dung
dich chuyin sang mau vang va KBr vdn cdn du.
a) Giai thfch hidn tugng.
b) Sau thf nghidm, ndu ta cd can dung dich thi cdn lai 1,61 g chdt rdn
khan. Gia sft todn bd clo trong nudc clo da du phan ftng, hay tfnh ndng dd
phdn tram cua clo trong nudc clo.
c) Tfnh khdi lugng tftng chd't trong chd't rdn khan thu dugc.
5.20. Cd mdt dng hinh tru chfta ddy khf clo. Ngudi ta ldm thf nghidm ddt chay
hidro d phdn tren cfta d'ng. Sau dd ngudi ta dua mdt nggn ndn dang chay
vdo dng. Ndu dua nggn ndn tft tft vao d'ng thi ndn tdt ngay d phdn trdn cua
dng. Ndu dua thdt nhanh nggn ndn xudng day dng thi ndn tid'p tuc chdy.
Hay giai thfch cdc hien tugng xay ra trong thf nghiem neu tren va vilt
phuang trinh hod hgc cfta cdc phan ftng. Cho bidt chd't lam ndn la parafin,
cd cdng thftc C20H42.
5.21. Ngudi ta lam nd hdn hgp khf chfta :
a) 54% hidro vd 46% clo (vl thi tfch); b) 54% clo vd 46% hidro (vl thi tich).
Hdn hgp khf thu dugc trong tiing trudng hgp dugc ddn vao binh chfta
nudc cd pha thdm dung dich quy xanh.
Hdi se quan sat thdy hien tugng gi ? Giai thfch.
40
Bai 31
HIDRO CLORUA - AXIT CLOHIDRIC
5.22. Cd 4 binh, mdi binh dung mdt trong cdc khf: a) Hidro clorua ; b) Khdng
khf; c) Cacbon dioxit; d) Clo.
Khdng dung ddn phan ftng hod hgc, lam thd ndo nhdn ra dugc binh chfta
hidro clorua ?
5.23. Hdi ddu thd ki XIX, ngudi ta san xud't natri sunfat bdng each cho axit
sunfuric dac tdc dung vdi mudi an. Khi dd, xung quanh cac nhd may san
xudt bang each nay, dung cu cfta thg thft cdng rdt chdng hdng vd cdy cdi
bi chd't rdt nhilu. Ngudi ta da cd gdng cho khf thai thodt ra bdng nhiing
dng cao tdi 300 m nhung tac hai cfta khi thai vdn tid'p didn, ddc bidt Id khi
khf hdu dm.
Hay giai thfch nhiing hien tugng neu tren.
5.24. Cd 185,40 g dung dich axit clohidric 10,00%. Cdn hod tan them vao dung
dich dd bao nhieu lit khf hidro clorua (d dktc) dl thu dugc dung dich axit
clohidric 16,57%.
5.25. Cdng sudt cua mdt thdp tdng hgp hidro clorua la 25,00 tdn hidro clorua
trong mdt ngay dem. Tfnh khd'i lugng clo vd hidro cdn dung dl thu dugc
khd'i lugng HCI ndi tren bidt rdng khd'i lugng hidro cdn dung ldn hon 3 %
so vdi khd'i lugng tfnh theo If thuydt.
5.26. A va B la hai dung dich axit clohidric cd ndng dd khac nhau. Trdn ldn
11ft A vdi 3 1ft B, ta dugc 41ft dung dich D. Dl trung hoa 10 ml dung dich D
cdn 15 ml dung dich NaOH 0,1 M. Trdn ldn 3 Ift A vdi 1 1ft B, ta dugc
4 1ft dung dich E. Cho 80 ml dung dich E tdc dung vdi dung dich AgN03
(ldy du) thu dugc 2,87 g kdt tua. Tinh ndng dd mol cfta cdc dung dich
A, B, D, E.
5.27. Cd 4 binh khdng ghi nhan, mdi binh chfta mdt trong cdc dung dich sau :
Natri clorua, natri nitrat, bari clorua vd bari nitrat.
Trinh bay phuang phdp hod hgc dl nhdn bidt tftng dung dich chfta trong
mdi binh.
41
Bai 32
HOP CHAT C6 OXI COA CLO
5.28. Dgc ten cac hgp chd't dudi day va cho bidt sd oxi hod cfta clo trong mdi
hgp chd't : CI2O ; HCIO2 ; CI2O7 ; HCIO ; CI2O3, HCIO4, HCIO3, KQ,
NaCIO, Ca(C10)2, KCIO3, CaOCl2.
5.29. Ddn khf clo vao :
a) Dung dich KOH d nhidt dd thudng ;
b) Dung dich KOH dun ndng ddn gdn 100°C.
Hay vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng xay ra trong mdi trudng hgp.
Cho bidt vai trd cua clo trong mdi phan ftng oxi hod - khft dd.
5.30. Hay cho bidt su bidn ddi trong day HCIO -> HCIO2 -^ HCIO3 -^ HCIO4
vl tfnh axit, tinh oxi hod.
5.31. Vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng thuc hien day bidn hod :
NaCl -^ HCI ^ 0 2 -> KCIO3 -^ KCl -^ CI2 -^ CaOCl2
5.32. Nhien lieu rdn dung cho ten Ifta tang tdc cua tdu vu tru con thoi la mdt
hdn hgp amoni peclorat (NH4CIO4) vd bdt nhdm. Khi dugc ddt ddn tren
200°C, amoni peclorat nd :
. 2NH4CIO4 -^ N2 + CI2 + 2O2 + 4H2O
Mdi mdt ldn phdng tdu con thoi tieu tdn 750 tdn amoni peclorat.
Gia sft tdt ca oxi sinh ra tac dung vdi bdt nhdm, hay tfnh khdi lugng nhim
du phan ung vdi oxi va khdi lugng nhdm oxit sinh ra.
5.33. Cho 17,4 g Mn02 tac dung hdt vdi dung dich HCI ldy du. Toan bd khf clo
sinh ra dugc hdp thu hdt vdo 145,8 g dung dich NaOH 20% (d nhilt d6
thudng) tao ra dung dich A.
Hdi dung dich A cd chfta nhiing chdt tan ndo ? Tfnh ndng dd phdn tram
cfta tftng chd't tan dd.
42
Bai 33
LUY|N TAP VE CLO VA HOP CHAT C O A CLO
5.34. Trong cdc halogen, clo la nguydn td
A. cd dd dm dien ldn nhd't.
B. cd tfnh phi kim manh nhd't.
C. tdn tai trong vd Trai Ddt (dudi dang hgp chdt) vdi tru lugng ldn nhd't.
D. cd sd oxi hod - 1 trong mgi hgp chdt.
Hay tim cdu dung.
5.35. Trong cac nguyen td dudi ddy, nguydn tft cfta nguyen td nao cd xu hudng
kdt hgp vdi electron manh nhd't ?
A. Photpho.
B. Cacbon.
C. Clo.
D. Bo.
5.36. Hod tan 11,20 1ft (dktc) khf HCI vdo m gam dung dich axit clohidric 16%,
ngudi ta thu dugc dung dich axit clohidric 21,11%. Hay tfnh khd'i lugng m.
5.37. 11,2 1ft (dktc) hdn hgp khf A gdm clo va oxi tdc dung vfta hit vdi 16,98 g
hdn hgp B gdm magie va nhdm tao ra 42,34 g hdn hgp clorua vd oxit cfta
hai kim loai.
a) Tfnh thdnh phdn phdn tram vl thi tfch cua tiing chd't trong hdn hgp A.
b) Tfnh thdnh phdn phdn tram vl khd'i lugng cfta tftng chdt trong hdn hgp B.
Bai 34
FLO
5.38. Vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng ddt chdy photpho trong khf flo
bidt rdng photpho thi hien hod tri nhu khi chay trong oxi. Ghi ten san
phdm cfta phan ftng.
5.39. Di dilu chi flo, ngudi ta phai didn phdn dung dich kali florua trong hidro
florua long da dugc ldm sach nudc. Vi sao phai trdnh su cd mat cfta nudc ?
43
5.40. Tfnh khd'i lugng canxi florua cdn dung dl dilu chd 2,5 kg dung dich axit
flohidric 40%. Bid't rdng hidu sudt phan ftng la 80%.
5.41. Nhiing phan ftng hod hgc ndo cd thi xay ra khi cho khf flo di qua dung
dich kali bromua trong nudc ?
5.42. Lam thd ndo dl phdn bidt dung dich natri florua va dung dich natri clorua ?
5.43. Silic dioxit la mdt chd't rdt "tro" vl mat hod hgc nhung nd cd phan ftng
vdi HF va vdi F2. Hay vidt cdc phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ling.
5.44. Khi hidro florua thudng khdng d dang HF md cd su trung hgp phdn tft :
nHF -> (HF)„ trong dd n tft 2 den 6. Lien kdt gifta cdc phdn tft HF thudc
loai lidn kdt hidro. Ddn trdn 90°C, khi hidro florua mdi hodn toan gdm
cac phan tft dan HF.
a) 6 30°C, ti khd'i cfta hidro florua vdi hidro la 19,99. Xac dinh cdng thftc
cua hidro florua d dilu kien dd.
b) Sau day la nhiet do sdi cua cac hidro halogenua :
Chdt
HF
HCI
HBr
HI
Nhiet dd sdi (°C)
+19,5
-84,9
-66,7
-35,8
Nhan xet vl su bdt thudng trong bidn ddi nhidt do sdi cfta day hgp chdt
ndi trdn va giai thfch vi sao.
Bai 35
BROM
5.45. Mdt d'ng thi nghiem hinh tru cd mdt ft hai brom. Mudn hai thoat ra nhanh
cdn dat d'ng diing thang hay up ngugc dng va treo tren gia ? Vi sao.
5.46. Cho khf clo di qua dung dich natri bromua, ta- thdy dung dich cd mau
vang. Tie'p tuc cho khf clo di qua, ta thdy dung dich mdt mau. Ldy vdi
gigt dung dich sau thf nghiem nhd len gidy quy tfm thi gidy quy hod dd.
Hay giai thfch cdc hien tugng vd vidt cdc phuang trinh hod hgc.
44
5.47. Binh A chfta ddy khf hidro bromua. Binh B chi chfta khdng khf. Dl
chuyin hidro bromua tft binh A sang binh B cd thi lam nhu thd nao ? Vi
sao cd thi ldm dugc nhu vdy ?
5.48. Ndu mdt 1ft nudc hod tan 350 1ft khf hidro bromua (d dktc) thi ndng dd
phdn trdm cfta dung dich axit bromhidric thu dugc la bao nhieu ?
5.49. Dl dilu chi HCI ngudi ta cho NaCl tdc dung vdi axit sunfuric ddc. Tai
sao khdng dung phuang phap tuong tu dl dilu chd HBr ? Ngudi ta dilu
chd HBr bdng each ndo ?
5.50. Cho 6 g brom cd ldn tap chd't la clo vao mdt dung dich cd chfta 1,6 g kali
bromua vd Idc diu thi toan bd clo du phan ftng hit. Sau dd lam bay hai
hdn hgp sau thf nghiem vd sdy khd chdt rdn thu dugc. Khd'i lugng chdt rdn
sau khi sdy la 1,36 g. Tfnh ham lugng phdn trdm cfta d o trong loai brom
ndi tren.
5.51. Hdn hgp rdn A chfta kali bromua vd kali iotua. Cho hdn hgp A vao nudc
brom (ldy du). Sau khi phan ftng xong, lam bay hoi dung dich va nung
ndng ta dugc san phdm rdn khan B. Khdi lugng cfta B nhd hon khd'i lugng
A m gam. Cho san phdm B vao nudc clo (ld'y du). Sau khi phan ftng xong,
lam bay hoi dung dich va sd'y khd ta dugc san phdm rdn khan C. Khdi
lugng cfta C nhd hon khd'i lugng cua B m gam. Tfnh phdn tram khd'i lugng
tftng chd't trong A.
Bai 36
IOT
5.52. lot dugc bdn tren thi trudng thudng cd chfta cdc tap chdt la clo, brom va
nudc. Di tinh che loai iot dd ngudi ta nghiln nd vdi kali iotua va vdi sdng
rdi nung hdn hgp trong cdc dugc ddy bdng mdt binh cd chfta nudc lanh.
Khi dd iot se bdm vao day binh.
Hay giai thfch each lam ndi tren. Vidt cac phuang trinh hoa hgc ciia
phan ling.
5.53. Ndu cho NaCl rdn tdc dung vdi H2SO4 dac, ta thu dugc khf HCI. Neu
thay NaCl bdng Nal, ta khdng thu dugc HI ma thu dugc I2 rdn cung vdi
khf H2S. Hay vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng gifia Nal va
H2SO4 ddc. Dd la loai phan ftng gi ? Vi sao Nal tham gia loai phan ftng
nay ma NaCl lai khdng ?
45
5.54. Dl dilu chd hidro iotua, ngudi ta thuy phdn photpho triiotua (PI3). Hay vilt
phuang trinh hod hgc, bid't rdng dd khdng phai Id phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
5.55. Lam the nao dl chftng minh rdng trong natri clorua cd tap chdt la natri
iotua ? Lam thd ndo loai bd tap chdt dd ?
5.56. Cho khf clo sue qua dung dich kali iotua, mdt thdi gian ddi sau dd ngudi
ta dung hd tinh bdt di xdc nhdn su cd mat cua iot tu do nhung khdng thdy
mau xanh.
Hay giai thfch hien tugng vfta neu, vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng.
5.57. Tfnh khd'i lugng hidro clorua bi oxi hod bdi mangan dioxit, bidt rdng khf
clo tao thanh trong phan iing dd cd thi ddy dugc 12,7 g iot tft dung dich
natri iotua.
5.58. Cho 78 ml dung dich AgNO3l0% (khdi lugng ridng 1,09 g/ml) vao mdt
dung dich cd chfta 3,88 g hdn hgp KBr va Nal. Lgc bd kd't tua tao thdnh.
Nudc lgc ed thi tdc dung vfta hdt vdi 13,3 ml dung dich HCI 1,5 mol/1.
Hay xac dinh thdnh phdn phdn tram khd'i lugng tiing mudi trong hdn hgp
ban ddu va thi tfch hidro clorua (d dktc) cdn dung dl tao ra dung dich
axit clohidric ndu trdn.
Bai 37
LUYEN TAP CnaONG 5
5.59. Trong cac tinh chd't sau, nhiing tfnh chdt nao la chung cho cac don chdt
halogen ?
A. Phdn tft gdm hai nguyen tft ;
B. CJ nhiet do thudng, chd't d thi rdn ;
C. Cd tfnh oxi hod ;
D. Tdc dung manh vdi nudc.
Hay chgn tfnh chd't dung.
5.60. Trong cac tfnh chdt sau, tfnh chdt nao khong phdi la chung cho cdc halogen ?
A. Nguydn tft chi cd kha nang kdt hgp vdi mdt electron ;
B. Tao ra vdi hidro hgp chdt cd lidn kdt phdn cue ;
C. Cd sd oxi hod - 1 trong mgi hgp chdt;
D. Ldp electron ngoai cung cua nguydn tft cd 7 electron.
Hay chgn tfnh chd't dung.
46
5.61. Khf oxi dilu c h i bdng each nung kali clorat vdi xuc tac Mn02 thudng
chfta tap chd't clo (tdi 3%). Theo em cd thi dung cdch nao d l thu dugc oxi
khdng ldn khf clo. Giai thfch.
5.62. Ndu cd iot ldn tap chd't la natri iotua thi each dan gian nhd't d l cd iot tinh
khidt la gi ?
5.63. Cd hai hidro halogenua dd tan trong nudc, dung dich thu dugc tdc dung
vdi dung dich bac nitrat tao ra kdt tua mau vang.
Em hay cho bidt tdn hai chd't khf dd ?
Dung phuang phdp hod hgc nao cd thi phdn biet hai khf dd.
5.64. Trong sd cdc axit cd oxi ciia halogen, cd cac hgp chdt HCIO4, HBr04 va
HIO4.
a) Hay cho bid't ten cua cac hgp chd't tren.
b) Vdn dung quy ludt da hgc d chuong 2, hay sdp xdp cac hgp chd't tren
theo tfnh axit tang ddn.
5.65. Vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng thuc hien cdc bidn ddi dudi ddy
va ghi rd dilu kien phan ftng (ndu cd) :
a) HCI -^ CI2 -^ FeClj ^ NaCl -^ HCI -^ CUCI2 -> AgCl
KCIO ^ H C I O ^ CI2
b) K C l - ^ 0 1 2 / ^
N , . KCIO3 ^ K C l ^ A g C l
c) CaF2 ^ HF ^ F2 ^ OF2 ^ CuFj -> HF ^ SiF4
d) Br2 -)• PBr3 -» HBr -^ BT2 -^ HBrOj -^ KBrOj
d) HI ^ I2 ^ Nal -^ I2 ^ HIO3 ->. NalOj
5.66. Dung dich A cd chfta ddng thdi hai axit : HCI va H2SO4. Di trung hod
40 ml A cdn dung vfta hdt 60 ml dung dich NaOH IM. Cd can dung dich
sau khi trung hod, thu dugc 3,76 g hdn hgp mudi khan. Xdc dinh ndng dd
mol/1 cua tiing axit trong dung dich A.
47
Chuang 6
NHOM OXI
Bai 40
KHAI QUAT VE NHOM 0X1
6.1. Hay cho bidt su bidn ddi vl : ban kinh nguyin tft, cd'u hinh electron ldp
ngodi cung, dd dm diln, tfnh chd't hgp chd't vdi hidro va hgp chd't hidroxit
cfta nhiing nguyen td trong nhdm oxi.
6.2. Vi sao trong nhdm oxi, nguyen td oxi cd sd oxi hod - 2 , cdn cdc nguyen
td luu huynh, selen va telu ngodi sd oxi hod - 2 cdn cd sd oxi hod +2,44, +6 ?
6.3. Hay tu suu tdm nhung thdng tin trong sach giao khoa, cdc tai lieu tham
khao vl hod hgc dl ldp bang vl cdu tao, tfnh chd't cfta cdc nguyen td trong
nhdm oxi theo bang sau :
^"•^^--.^^^
* Cau tao
Nguyen td
^^^-^^^
* Ti'nh chat
0
^^^^-^^^
Sd hieu nguyen tft
Cac Idp electron
Cau hinh electron nguyen tft
Nguyen tft l<hdi
Trang thai d 20°C, 1atm
Mau sac
Dp am dien
N§ng lugng ion hoa I^
Sd oxi hoa trong hgp chat:
- vdi hidro
- vdi phi kim manh
Cdng thftc hoa hoc ciia :
- hgp chat vdi hidro
- hgp chdt hidroxit
48
S
Se
Te
6.4. Cdu hinh electron sau day la cua nguyen tft nao ?
Cdu hinh electron
Nguyen tft
A. ls^2s^2p'*
a. S
B. ls^2s^2p^3s^3p'^
b. O
C. ls^2s^2p^
c. Cl
D. ls^2s^2p^3s^3p^
d. F
d. N
6.5. Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft nao sau ddy la bin viing nhd't ?
A. ls^2s^2p'^
B. ls^2s^2p^3s^3p'^
C. ls^2s^2p^
D. ls^2s^2p^3s^
Bai 41
OXI
6.6. Diln vdo bang sau dl so sanh hai thf nghiem vl dien phdn cdc dung dich
Dieu che
Dung djch ban dau
San phdm d cue dUOng
San pham d cUc am
Khi oxi
Khi clo
Vidt cdc phuang trinh hoa hgc cfta qua trinh dien phdn.
6.7. Khf cd oxi ldn hai nudc. Chd't nao sau ddy la tdt nhd't dl tach hoi nudc ra
khdi khf oxi ?
A. Nhdm oxit;
B. Axit sunfuric ddc ;
C. Nudc vdi trong ;
4.BT H6AHOCIO.NC-A
D. Dung dich natri hidroxit.
49
6.8. Khi oxi dugc dilu chd trong
phdng thf nghiem bdng thidt
bi sau (hinh 6.1) :
a) Hay cho bidt (1), (2) la
nhung chd't nao sau ddy ?
(1) A : H2O ; B : H2O2 ;
C : H2SO4.
(2) A : KMn04; B: KNO3 ;
Hinh 6.1
C: Mn02.
b) Ngudi ta khdng thu khf oxi ngay tft luc ddu vi phdn thi tfch khf oxi luc
ddu cd ldn tap chd't la chdt nao sau ddy ?
A. Khdng khi;
B. Hidro ;
C. Hai nudc.
9
9
4
6.9. Nguyen tft oxi cd cau hinh electron la Is 2s 2p . Sau phan ftng hod hgc,
'y
ion oxit O
cd cd'u hinh electron la
A. ls^2s^2p%^
B. ls^2s^2p'^3s^
C. ls^2s^2p^
D. lsW2p^3s^
Hay chgn ddp an dung.
6.10*. Dilu chd oxi bang each phdn hfty KMn04. Kdt qua cfta thf nghiem
dugc ghi lai nhu sau :
Thdi gian
Thdi gian
(giay)
The tich O2 thu dugc
, 3,
(cm )
(giay)
The tich O2 thu dugc
/ 3,
(cm )
0
0
40
78
10
8
50
87
20
28
60
90
30
57
70
90
1. Ve dd thi bilu diln thi tfch khf oxi thu dugc (true tung la thi tfch khf, true
hoanh la thdi gian).
50
4.BT HOAHOCIO.NC-B
2. Trong khoang thdi gian nao phan ftng la nhanh nhd't ? Chdm nhd't ?
A. Tft 0 ddn gidy thft 10;
B. Tft gidy thft 20 ddn 30 ;
C. Tft gidy thft 50 ddn 60 ;
D. Tft gidy thft 60 ddn 70.
3. Dung d6 thi dl tim thi tfch khf sinh ra :
a) sau 25 gidy ;
b) sau 45 gidy ;
4. Sau thdi gian bao Idu thi phdn ftng kit thuc ?
5. Khi phan ftng kit thuc, thi tfch khf oxi thu dugc Id bao nhieu ?
Bai 42
OZON VA HIDRO PEOXIT
6.11. Cho bie't phuang trinh hod hgc :
2KMn04 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4-> 2MnS04 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Sd phdn tft chd't oxi hod vd sd phdn tft chd't khft trong phan ftng tren la
A. 5 vd 2.
B. 5 va 3.
C. 3va2.
D. 2 v a 5 .
Hay chgn phuong an dung.
6.12. Cho bidt phan ftng :
H2O2 + KI -> I2 + KOH
Vai trd cfta tftng chd't tham gia phan ftng nay la gi ?
A. KI la chd't oxi hod, H2O2 la chd't khft ;
B. KI la chat khft, H2O2 la chat oxi hod ;
C. H2O2 la chd't bi oxi hod, KI la chd't bi khft ;
D. H2O2 vfta la chd't oxi hod, vfta la chd't khft ;
51
6.13. Trong phan ftng hod hgc :
Ag20 + H2O2 -> Ag + H2O + O2
Cdc chd't tham gia phan ftng cd vai trd la gi ?
A. H2O2 la chdt oxi hod, Ag20 la chdt khft ;
B. H2O2 vfta la chd't oxi hod, vfta la chdt khft ;
C. Ag20 la chdt oxi hod, H2O2 la chdt khft ;
D. Ag20 vfta la chd't oxi hod, vfta la chd't khft.
6.14. a) Cho bid't tdn hai dang thu hinh cua nguydn td oxi;
b) So sdnh tfnh chd't vdt If va tfnh chdt hod hgc cfta hai dang thu hinh. Ddn
ra cdc phan ftng hod hgc dl minh hoa.
6.15. Oxi dugc dilu chd tft H2O2 vdi chd't xftc tdc thich hgp :
2H2O2 (dd) -^ 2H2O (1) + O2 (k)
Phan ling xay ra nhanh hay
chdm dugc xac dinh theo thi
tfch khf oxi thu dugc theo thdi ^o.iom')
gian d dilu kien cfta phdng thf
nghiem. Kdt qua cua phan ftng
dugc ghi lai theo dd thi nhu
hinh 6.2.
1. Hay can eft vao dd thi dl cho
bidt:
a) Khoang thdi gian ndo khi oxi
thoat ra nhilu nhd't ?
b) Thi tfch khf oxi thu dugc khi
phan ling kit thuc ?
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 t(s)
c) Ddn khi phan ftng kdt thftc
HSnh 6.2
thi thdi gian Id bao nhidu ?
2. Dung nhftng sd lieu cfta thf nghiem tren dd thi, hay cho bidt:
a) So mol khf oxi dilu chd dugc.
b) Sd mol hidro peoxit tham gia phan ftng dl dilu chd lugng khf oxi da
thu dugc.
c) Tinh thi tfch dung dich H2O2 0,25 M trudc khi tham gia phan ihig ;
Bidt 1 mol khf d dilu kien cfta phdng thf nghiem cd thi tfch la 24 lit.
3. Cho bie't ten va cdng thftc hod hoc cfta chd't xuc tac da dung.
52
6.16. Dung dich hidro peoxit cd ndng dd 3,00% theo thi tich, khd'i lugng rieng
la 1,44 g/cm . Dung dich hidro peoxit bi phdn huy theo phan ftng sau :
2H2O2 - ^ ^ 2H2O + O2
Tinh thi tfch khf oxi thu dugc d dktc khi cd 1 lit dung dich hidro peoxit
bi phdn huy.
6.17. Hdn hgp khf gdm ozon vd oxi cd ti khdi dd'i vdi hidro bdng 18. Hay xdc
dinh thdnh phdn phdn trdm theo thi tich cua hdn hgp khf.
6.18. Ddn 2,24 1ft hdn hgp khf (d dktc) gdm oxi va ozon di qua dung dich KI du
thd'y cd 12,7 g chdt ran mau tfm den. Tfnh thanh phdn phdn tram theo thi
tfch cdc khf trong hdn hgp.
Bai 43
LUU
HUVNH
6.19. Cd'u hinh electron ldp ngoai cung ciia nguyen tft luu huynh la
A. 3s^3p'^
B. 2s^2p'^
C. 3s^3p^
D. 2s^2p^
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
6.20. Hay cho bidt:
a) Dang thu hinh nao cfta luu huynh bin d nhiet dd phdng ?
b) Trudng hgp ndo phdn tft luu huynh cd cdu tao dang vdng 8 nguyen tft S ?
c) Trudng hgp ndo phdn tft luu huynh cd cdu tao mach thdng cd n nguyen tft S ?
d) Trudng hgp ndo phdn tft luu huynh cd 1 hodc 2 nguyen tft S ?
6.21. Tft nhiing chd't khf sau : Hidro sunfua, luu huynh dioxit, oxi. Hay trinh
bdy cdc phuang phdp dilu chd chd't rdn la luu huynh, vilt phuong trinh
hod hgc (cd ghi dilu kidn cfta phan ftng). Phdn tfch vai trd cfta cdc chdt
tham gia phan iing.
53
6.22. Dun ndng mdt hdn hgp gdm 6,4 g bdt luu huynh va 15 g bdt kem trong
mdi trudng kfn khdng cd khdng khf.
a) Viet phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng ;
b) Cho bidt vai trd cdc chd't tham gia phan ftng ;
c) Chd't ndo cdn lai sau phan ftng ? Khd'i lugng la bao nhieu ?
6.23. Nung ndng mdt hdn hgp gdm 0,54 g bdt nhdm, 0,24 g bdt magie va bdt luu
huynh du. Nhiing chd't sau phan ftng cho tdc dung vdi dung dich H2SO4
loang du. Khf sinh ra dugc ddn vao dung dich Pb(N03)2 cd ndng dd 0,1M.
a) Vidt cdc phuang trinh hod hgc ;
b) Tfnh thi tfch dung dich Pb(N03)2 vfta du dl phan ftng hit vdi luong
chdt khf dugc ddn vao.
6.24. Dun ndng hdn hgp gdm 5,6 g bdt sdt va 1,6 g bdt luu huynh thu dugc h6n
hgp X. Cho hdn hgp X phan ftng hoan todn vdi 500 ml dung dich HCI, thu
dugc hdn hgp khf A va dung dich B (hieu sudt cua phan iing la 100%).
a) Tfnh thanh phdn phdn tram theo thi tfch cua hdn hgp khf A ;
b) Bidt rdng cdn phai dung 125 ml dung dich NaOH 0,1 M de trung hod HQ
du trong dung dich B. Hay tfnh ndng dd mol cfta dung dich HQ da dung.
Bai 44
HIDRO SUNFUA
6.25. Cd sa dd bien ddi hod hoc sau :
S^1L^S02
i l l ^ ZnS — ^ ^ H2S"
(g^ > H2SO4
a) Vidt phuang trinh hoa hgc bilu diln cho mdi bid'n ddi.
b) Nhiing phan ftng nao la phan ftng oxi hod - khft ? Vi sao ?
c) Cho bie't vai trd cac chdt tham gia phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
54.
6.26. Ddn khf hidro sunfua di vao nudc clo, xay ra phan ftng theo so dd sau :
H2S + CI2 + H2O -^ H2SO4 + HCI
a) Hay xdc dinh sd oxi hod thay ddi cfta nhCtng nguyen td trudc va sau
phan ling.
b) Ldp phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng oxi hod - khft tren.
c) Hay xdc dinh chd't oxi hod va chdt khft trong phan ftng tren.
6.27. Cho bidt so dd cfta phan ftng oxi hod - khft :
H2S + SO2 ^ S + H2O
a) Hay ldp phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng.
b) Xac dinh vai trd cua cdc chd't tham gia phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
c) Giai thfch su tao thdnh san phdm luu huynh.
d) Tfnh khd'i lugng luu huynh sau phan ftng, ndu cd 0,2 mol H2S tham gia
phan ling vdi SO2 du.
.
Bai 45
HOP CHAT CO OXI
COA
LUU
HUVNH
6.28. Bidt cdng thftc hod hgc cua mdt hgp chdt cua luu huynh, ta cd thi xdc
dinh dugc dai lugng sau :
A. Sd nguyen tft cfta cdc nguyen td trong hgp chd't.
B. Thanh phdn phdn tram cua cac nguyen td trong hgp chdt.
C. Nhftng nguyen td hod hgc tao nen hgp chd't.
D. Sd phan tft cua hgp chat.
Hay tim phuofng an sai.
6.29. Ddt Mg chdy rdi dua vdo binh dung SOj. Phan ftng sinh ra chdt bdt A
mau trdng va bdt B mau vang. A tac dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 loang
sinh ra chd't C va H2O. B khdng tdc dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 loang,
nhung tdc dung vdi H2SO4 ddc sinh ra chd't khf cd trong binh ban ddu.
1. Hay cho bidt ten cac chd't A, B va C.
55
2. Viet cac phuang trinh hod hgc va cho bid't vai trd cac chdt tham gia
phan ftng oxi hod - khft :
a) Magie va luu huynh dioxit;
b) A va dung dich axit sunfuric loang ;
c) B va axit sunfuric ddc.
6.30. Luu huynh dioxit cd thi dilu chd trong phdng thf nghiem bdng phan ftng
cfta ddng vdi
Khf ndy dugc thu vdo Ig bdng each
Luu
huynh dioxit rdt dl tan trong nudc, tfnh chdt nay cd thi chiing minh bdng
thf nghiem
Dung dich thu duge cd tdn la
..., nd la m6t
axit ydu. Nhiing mudi eua axit nay ed ten la
va
Luu huynh dioxit la mdt chd't hod hgc, nd cd tfnh
vd tfnh
Khi tham gia phan ftng, luu huynh dioxit cd thi bi khft thanh
bi oxihoathanh
hoac
6.31. Mdi thf nghiem dugc tidn hanh vdi nhung khd'i lugng Zn bdng nhau va
50 cm dung dich H2SO4 2M. Phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng :
Zn + H2SO4 ^ ZnS04 + H2t
Khi hidro thu dugc trong mdi thf nghiem dugc ghi lai theo nhiing khoang
each thdi gian nhd't dinh cho ddn khi phan ftng kdt thftc, dugc bilu diln
bdng dd thi sau :
Vu (cm*)
Hinh 6.3
56
Bang dudi ddy cho bidt cdc dilu kien cfta mdi thf nghiem :
Thf nghiem
1
2
3
Kem
Nhiet dd (°C)
bdt
la
la
30
20
30
1. Dudi ddy la mdt sd dung cu chfnh dugc dung trong thf nghiem, ngodi
ra cdn cd d'ng ddn khf bdng thuy tinh, d'ng cao su ... Hay ve so dd thiet bi
dilu chd hidro.
100-
50-
f
dng dong
Chgu thuy tinh
Nhl^t k l
Binh tam giac
2. Dung cu ndo ndi tren cd thi dung dl ld'y 50 cm dung dich axit sunfuric ?
3. Trong phdng thi nghiem khdng cd cdn hod chd't, lam cdch nao cd dugc
nhiing Id kem nhd vdi khdi lugng bdng nhau dl lam thf nghiem.
4. Rut ra dugc nhiing kit ludn nao khi so sanh kit qua cua :
a) Thf nghiem 1 va thf nghiem 3 ?
b) Thf nghiem 2 va thf nghiem 3 ?
5. Hay quan sdt dd thi dl cho bidt cac dudng cong a, b, c bilu thi cho
nhftng thf nghiem ndo. Giai thfch.
6. Ghi thi tfch khf hidro (tren true tung) khi phan ftng kit thuc. Bilt rdng
d dilu kien phdng thf nghiem, 1 mol khi ed thi tfch la 24 1ft va kem cdn
du sau cdc thf nghiem.
6.32. Tft nhftng chdt sau : Cu, C, S, Na2S03, FeS2, O2, H2SO4 hay vidt tdt ca
nhiing phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng cd thi dung dl dilu chd luu
huynh dioxit. Ghi cac dilu kien cua phan img, ndu cd.
57
6.33. Cd 4 dng nghiem, mdi d'ng dung mdt chd't khf khdc nhau, chung dugc up
ngugc tren cdc chdu dung nudc. Sau mdt thdi gian, thft pH cua cac dung
dich, kdt qua dugc ghi d hinh sau :
/^
/^
r^
r>
-:
•
--——
~—:
-—
—
—
-_z~"—~~-—_;
——-
"-——-~.— -ii~--—I
. _i:"^—~~— -^";
A
pH = 7
B
pH = 5
1
—
I:
—
1
'
D
pH = 1
C
pH = 10
Hay cho bidt:
1. Khf nao tan trong nudc nhilu nhd't ?
2. Khf ndo khdng tan trong nudc ?
3. Khf nao tan trong nudc ft nhdt ?
4. Khf nao cd thi du doan la amoniac (NH3) ? Bidt rdng khf nay tan nhilu
trong nudc, tao ra dung dich kilm ydu.
5. Them vai gigt dung dich NaOH vdo chdu B, nhdn thd'y muc nudc trong
d'ng nghiem B ddng cao hon. Vi sao lai xay ra hien tugng nay ?
6. Ta cd the du doan khf trong d'ng nghiem B la khf nao ? Vi sao ?
7. Ta cd thi du doan khf trong d'ng nghiem D la khf nao ? Vi sao ?
6.34. Thu 1 1ft khf SO2 vao chai, ddy nut, cdn dl xdc dinh khd'i lugng (hinh 6.9).
Ddc hit khi SO2 ra khdi chai rdi dat len dia cdn : cd hien tugng mdt
thdng bdng (hinh 6.10).
a) Hay giai thich hien tugng quan sat dugc.
b) Dl cho 2 dia cdn trd lai vi tri thang bdng, ngudi ta phai them vao dia
cdn ben trai qua cdn cd tdng khd'i lugng la 1,5 g (hinh 6.11). Bidt rdng of
dilu kien cua thf nghiem, 1 lit khdng khf cd khd'i lugng la 1,2 g.
Hay xac dinh khd'i lugng cua 1 lit khf SO2 trong dilu kidn thf nghiem.
A
A
IL
IL
i
Hinh 6.9
58
A
IL
1.5g
^
HJnhO.IO
Hinh 6.11
6.35. Cd nhftng chdt sau : Cu, CuO, Mg, CUCO3, AI2O3, Fe203 va Fe(0H)3.
1. Hay cho bidt nhftng chdt nao tac dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 thi sinh ra :
a) Khf nhe hon khdng khf vd chdy dugc trong khdng khf;
b) Khf ndng han khdng khf va khdng duy tri su chdy ;
c) Dung dich mau xanh ;
d) Dung dich mau ndu nhat;
d) Dung dich khdng mdu.
Vidt tdt ca cdc phuang trinh hod hgc cua cdc phan ftng xay ra.
2. Chd't ndo ndi tren khdng tdc dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 loang nhung
tdc dung vdi H2SO4 dac ? Vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng va xdc
dinh vai trd cac chd't tham gia.
6.36. Trong tilt thuc hdnh vl tfnh chdt cua axit H2SO4 cd nhftng hoa chd't sau :
Cu, MgO, dung dich NaOH, CuCOg, Fe, CUSO4.5H2O, dung dich
H2SO4 loang va H2SO4 dac. Hay lap kd hoach laiii thf nghiem dl chftng
minh rang :
a) Dung dich H2SO4 loang cd nhiing tinh chd't hod hgc chung cua mdt axit.
b) H2SO4 ddc cd nhftng tfnh chdt hod hgc ddc trung. Dd la nhung tfnh
chd't nao ?
6.37. Cdn dilu chi mdt lugng mudi ddng(II) sunfat khan. Phuang phap nao sau
ddy tidt kiem dugc axit sunfuric :
a) Axit sunfuric tac dung vdi ddng(II) oxit ?
b) Axit sunfuric tac dung vdi ddng kim loai ?
Giai thich va vidt phuong trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng.
6.38. Cho nhfing hod chdt sau : Na2S03, CaSOj, BaS03, 'CUSO3 va dung dich
H2SO4. Lua chgn nhiing hod chdt nao dl dilu chd SO2 dugc thudn Igi nhd't ?
Giai thfch su lua chgn va vidt phuong trinh hod hgc cu^ phan ftng.
6.39. Khi cho chd't rdn A tdc dung vdi H2SO4 dac, dun ndng sinh ra chat khf B
khdng mau. Khf B tan- rdt nhilu trong nudc, tao thanh dung dich axit
manh. Nd'u cho dung dich B ddm dac tac dung vdi mangan dioxit thi sinh
ra khi C mdu vdng nhat, mui hdc. Khi cho mdt mdu natri tdc dung vdi khi
C trong binh, lai thd'y xudt hien chd't rdn A ban ddu.
59
Ba chd't A , B, C la chd't nao trong cac day sau
?
Chat khf C
Chat ran A
Chat khi B
- Natri cacbonat
- Luu huynh dioxit
-Oxi
- Natri clorua
- Cacbon dioxit
- Hidro sunfua
- Natri sunfit
- Hidro clorua
- Hidro
- Canxi cacbonat
- Cacbon monooxit
-Clo
- Natri sunfat
- Hidro sunfua
- Hidro clorua
6.40. Khi cho axit sunfuric ddc tac dung vdi natri clorua rdn trong dilu kifn
binh thudng vl nhiet dd vd dp sudt, cac san phdm chi la
A. mdt mudi axit va mdt mudi trung hod.
B. mdt mudi, mdt baza va nudc.
C. mdt mudi axit va mdt khf cd tfnh axit.
D. mdt mudi trung hoa va nudc.
E. mdt baza va mdt khi cd tfnh axit.
Hay chgn phuong dn dung.
6.41. Bang dudi ddy cho bidt do tan cfta ba mudi trong nudc d nhiing nhiet d6
khdc nhau :
Do tan (g/100 g nudc)
Nhiet do cCia nudc (°C)
KCIO3
NaCl
Na2S04
20
8
32
26
40
14
34
50
60
25
36
48
80
35
38
45
100
52
40
42
a) Ve dd thi bilu diln dd tan cua ba mudi theo nhidt dd. Dung true hoanh
la nhidt dd vdi khoang each 1 cm cho 10°C va true tung la dd tan cdc chdt
vdi khoang each 2 cm cho 10 g.
b) Dd tan cua cdc chdt rdn trong nudc thudng tang theo nhidt dd. Cd nhdn
xet gi vl dd tan cua ba chd't ? Chdt cd dd tan ldn la d nhidt dd ndo ?
c) Chd't ndo ed dd tan ldn nhd't d 30°C va 90°C ?
60
6.42. Trong cdng nghiep san xudt axit sunfuric, ngudi ta dung chd't nao sau ddy
tdc dung vdi nudc ?
A. Luu huynh dioxit;
B. Luu huynh trioxit;
C. Luu huynh ;
D. Natri sunfat.
6.43. Dung dich axit sunfuric loang tdc dung duge vdi 2 chd't trong day nao
sau ddy ?
A. Ddng va ddng(II) hidroxit;
B. Sdt va sdt(III) hidroxit;
C. Luu huynh va hidro sunfua ;
D. Cacbon va cacbon dioxit.
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
6.44. Axit sunfuric dac ngudi khdng tdc dung vdi chdt nao sau ddy ?
A. Kem ;
B. Sdt;
C. Canxi cacbonat;
D. Ddng(II) oxit.
6.45. 0,5 mol axit sunfuric tdc dung vfta dft vdi 0,5 mol natri hidroxit, san
phdm la
A. 1 mol natri sunfat.
B. 1 mol natri hidrosunfat.
C. 0,5 mol natri sunfat.
D. 0,5 mol natri hidrosunfat.
Hay chgn phuang dn dung.
Bai 46
LUYlN TAP CHUONG 6
6.46. Ngudi ta dilu chd mdt sd chd't khf bdng nhiing thf nghiem sau :
1. Nung ndng canxi cacbonat;
2. Dung dich HCI dac tdc dung vdi mangan dioxit;
3. Dung dich H2SO4 loang tdc dung vdi kem ;
61
4. Luu huynh tdc dung vdi H2SO4 dac ;
5. Natri sunfit tdc dung vdi dung dich H2SO4 loang ;
6. Ddt ndng kali pemanganat.
a) Hay cho bid't ten nhftng chdt khf dugc sinh ra trong cdc thf nghiem tren.
b) Bdng nhiing thf nghiem nao ta cd thi khang dinh dugc chd't khi sinh ra
trong mdi thf nghidm ?
6.47. a) Diln cdc chft thfch hgp vdo chd trdng d cdc thf nghidm sau :
Axit sunfuric dac tdc dung vdi tinh thi CUSO4.5H2O mdu
vd chuyin
thdnh mau
Hien tugng ndy la do axit sunfuric dac da
, cdn
lai ddng(II) sunfat khan. Thf nghidm nay chiing td rdng axit sunfuric dac
cd tfnh
Dun ndng axit sunfuric dac vdi cac tinh thi natri clorua thdy giai phdng
chd't khi. Khf cd ten la
Thf nghiem nay chiing minh rdng axit
sunfuric dac la mdt
vd .:...
Axit sunfuric ddc tac dung vdi cdc dan chdt nhu Cu, C, S. Chung cd sd oxi hoa
bdng
Sau phan ftng, cdc nguydn td nay cd sd oxi hod Id
Nhiing thf nghiem nay chiing minh rdng axit sunfuric ddc cd tfnh
b) Vidt tdt ca nhftng phuang trinh hod hgc xay ra trong cac thf nghiem d
phdn a.
6.48. a) Cho cdc chdt long : dd NaOH, dd HCI, dd H2SO4 va H2O dugc kf hieu bdng
cdc chft cdi : A, B, C va D (khdng theo trinh tu tren). Kdt qua cfta nhihig thi
nghiem tim hiiu vl nhttng dung dich nay dugc ghi trong bang sau :
Thudc thft
Dung djch
A
B
C
D
Quy tfm
Dung djch BaCl2
do
xanh
tfm
do
ket tua trdng
khdng ket ti!ia
khdng ket tCia
khdng ket tCia
Hay cho bidt A, B, C va D la nhiing chdt nao. Giai thfch vd vidt cac
phuang trinh hod hgc cfta phan ftng.
b) Cho bd'n chd't rdn mdu trdng : AICI3, MgCl2, Na2S04 vd MgS04 dugc
kf hieu bdng cac chft cdi: E, F, G va H (khdng theo trinh tu trdn). Kd't qua
cfta nhiing thi nghiem tim hiiu vl nhiing chdt rdn nay dugc ghi trong
bang sau :
62
Chat
Them dung djch NaOH vao dung dich
ciia tdng chat
Khong cd ket tCia
Tao ra ket tua trang. Ket tOa nay tan
trong dung dich NaOH dU
Tao ra ket tua trang khong tan trong
dung dich NaOH du
Tao ra ket tCia trang
LL.
E
Thdm dung djch BaCl2 vao
dung djch ciia tCtng chat
Tao ra ket tua trang
Khdng cd ket tua
G
Khdng cd ket tua
H
Tao ra ket tCia trang
Hay cho bidt E, F, G vd H la nhiing chd't nao. Giai thich va vidt cdc
phuang trinh hod hgc.
6.49. Cd mdt chdt trong phan ftng hod hgc nay ddng vai trd la chd't khft, nhung
trong phanftnghod hgc khdc lai la chdt oxi hod. Chdt dd cd the la :
a) Mdt axit;
b) Mdt oxit baza ;
c) Mdt oxit axit;
d) Mdt dan chd't.
Vidt cdc phuang^rinh hod hgc dl chiing minh cho dilu khang dinh tren.
6.50. Nghien ciiu thf nghiem hod hgc gifta kim loai Mg va dung dich H2SO4
loang (du) bdng cdch do thi tich khi hidro thu dugc sau mdi khoang thdi
gian la 5 gidy. Dugc cdc kit qua ghi trong bang dudi ddy.
1. Vidt phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan
ling xay ra.
2. Ve d6 thi bilu diln thi tfch khf hidro
thu dugc theo thdi gian phan ftng (1 cm
tren true tung ftng vdi 10 cm khf H2, 2 cm
treniruc hodnh ftng vdi thdi gian 10 gidy).
3. Trong khoang thdi gian nao thi phan
ftng xay ra nhanh nhd't ?
4. Ndu dung 0,075 g Mg cho thf nghiem
ndy thi:
a) 6 thdi dilm ndo se cdn lai 0,025 g Mg
chua tham gia phan ftng ?
b) Cdn thdi gian bao Idu dl 0,075 g Mg
phan ling hdt vdi axit ?
Thdi gian
The tich (cm^)
(giay)
ddktc
0
0
5
18
10
34
15
47
20
57
25
63
30
67
35
69
40
70
45
70
63
6.51. a) Nguyen td luu huynh cd cac trang thdi oxi hod la : - 2 , 0, +4, +6. Hay
vidt edng thftc hod hgc cfta nhiing chd't ma nguydn td' luu huynh cd sd oxi
hod tuang ftng.
-2
b) Hidro sunfua (H2S) Id chd't khft, trong dd S cd thi bi oxi hod ddn cac
trang thai oxi hod sau :
- 2 0
- 2 + 4
- 2 + 6
S^S;
S ^ S ;
S-^S
Hay ddn ra nhiing phuang trinh hod hgc dl chiing minh.
c) Nguyin tft S cd thi bi oxi hod hodc bi khft ddn nhiing trang thai oxi
hod sau :
0 - 2
0 + 4
0 + 6
S^S;
S->S;
S-)-S
Hay ddn ra nhiing phuang trinh hod hgc dl chiing minh.
d) Luu huynh d trang thai oxi hod +4 cd thi bi khft hodc bi oxi hod din
nhiing trang thdi oxi hod sau :
+4
0
S -^ S ;
+
4
+
6
S^ S
Hay ddn ra nhiing phuang trinh hod hgc dl chirng minh.
d) Luu huynh d trang thai oxi hod +6 chi cd thi bi khft ddn nhfing trang
thdi oxi hod sau :
+6
+4
S ^ S;
+6
0
S->S ;
+6
-2
S^S
Hay ddn ra nhiing phuang trinh hod hgc dl chiing minh.
6.52. Ddt chdy hoan toan 2,04 g hgp chdt A, thu dugc 1,08 g H2O va 1,344 1ft
SO2 (ddktc).
a) Hay xdc dinh cdng thftc phdn tft cfta hgp chd't A ;
*
b) Hdp thu hodn toan lugng khf SO2 ndi trdn vao 13,95 ml dung dich
KOH 28%, cd khdi lugng rieng Id 1,147 g/ml. Hay tfnh ndng dd phdn
tram cdc chd't cd trong dung dich sau phan ftng.
64
Chuang 7.
TOC DO PHAN LTNG VA CAN BANG HOA HOC
Bai 49
TOO DO PHAN Q N G H O A HOC
7.1. Mdt phan ftng hod hgc xdy ra theo phuang trinh :
A + B
> C
Ndng dd ban ddu cfta chd't A la 0,80 mol//, cua chd't B la 1,00 mol//. Sau
20 phut, ndng dd chd't A giam xud'ng cdn 0,78 mol//.
a) Hdi ndng dd mol cua chd't B luc dd la bao nhieu ?
b) Tfnh tdc dd trung binh cua phan ftng trong khoang thdi gian ndi tren.
Tdc dd tfnh theo chd't A va tfnh theo chd't B cd khac nhau khdng ?
7.2. Mdt phan ftng hod hgc xay ra theo phuong trinh :
A + 2B
Cho cdc dft kien thuc nghiem sau :
> 3C
H6ng do
A
B
C
Luc dau
1,01 mol//
4,01 mol//
0 mol//
Sau 20 phut
1,00 mol//
?
?
Hay tfnh :
a) Cdc ndng dd chua bidt trong bang.
b) Tdc dd trung binh cfta phan ftng theo ndng dd chd't A trong khoang thdi
gian dd.
7.3. Thuc nghiem cho thd'y tdc dd cua phan ftng hod hgc :
A (k) + 2B (k)
> C (k) + D (k) dugc tfnh theo bilu thftc : v = k [A].[B]^,
trong dd k la hdng sd tdc dd, [A] va [B] la cac ndng dd cfta chat A va chd't
B tfnh theo mol/l.
Hdi tdc dd cua phan ftng tren tang len bao nhieu ldn, ndu :
a) Ndng dd chd't B tdng ba ldn va ndng dd chd't A khdng ddi.
b) Ap sudt cua he tdng hai ldn.
5.BT H6AHOC10.NC-A
65
7.4. Thuc nghiem cho bidt tdc do cfta phan ftng :
A2 + B2
> 2AB
dugc tinh theo bieu thftc : v = k[A2].[B2].
Trong sd cac dilu khdng dinh dudi ddy, dilu nao phu hgp vdi bilu thftc tren ?
A. Tdc do cua phan ftng hod hgc dugc do bdng sg bidn ddi ndng dd cac
chdt du phan ftng trong mdt dan vi thdi gian.
B. Tdc do cua phan ftng hod hgc ti Id thudn \6i tich cdc ndng dd cua cac
chdt dg phan ling.
C. Tdc do cua phan ftng hoa hgc giam ddn theo tidn trinh phan ftng.
D. Tdc do cfta phan ftng hod hgc tang len khi cd mat chdt xuc tdc.
7.5. Ngudi ta cho N2 va H2 vao mdt binh kfn, the tfch khdng ddi vd thuc hiSn
phan ftng: N2 + 3H2
> 2NH3
Sau mdt thdi gian, ndng do cac chd't trong binh nhu sau :
[N2] = 1,5 mol/l; [H2] = 3 mol/l; [NH3] = 2 mol/l
Hay tinh ndng do ban ddu cfta N2 va H2.
7.6. Khi nhiet dd tang thdm 10°C, tdc do cfta mdt phan ftng hod hgc tdng len
hai ldn. Hdi tdc do cua phan ftng dd se tang len bao nhieu ldn khi ndng
nhiet do tft 25°C len 75°C ?
7.7. Khi nhiet dd tang them 10°C, tdc dd cua mdt phan ftng hod hgc tdng len
ba ldn. Dl tdc do cua phan ftng dd (dang tidn hanh d 30°C) tdng len 81 J&,
cdn phai thuc hien phan ftng d nhiet dd ndo ?
7.8. Khi nhiet dd tang them 10°C, tdc do cfta mdt phan iing tang ldn 4 ldn. Hoi
tdc dd cfta phan ftng dd se giam di bao nhidu ldn khi nhiet dd giam tit
70°C xud'ng 40°C ?
7.9. Trong nhftng trudng hgp dudi ddy, ydu td ndo anh hudng ddn tdc dd ciia
phan ling ?
A. Tdc do ddt chdy luu huynh tang len khi dua luu huynh dang chdy
trong khdng khf vao binh chfta oxi nguyen chd't.
B. Tdc do cfta phan ftng gifta hidro vd oxi tang ldn khi dua bdt platin vao
hdn hgp phan ftng.
C. Tdc do cua phan ftng gifta hidro va iot tang ldn khi dun ndng.
D. Tdc dd ddt chdy than tdng len khi ddp nhd than.
""
5.BT HOAHOCIO.NGfl
7.10. Photgen Id mdt khf ddc dugc dilu chd tft cacbon monooxit va clo theo
phan ftng : CO (k) + CI2 (k)
> COCI2 (k)
Nghidn cihi sg phu thudc cua tdc dd phan ftng nay vao ndng dd cac chd't
phan ling, ngudi ta dugc cac kdt qua :
Thf nghiem
[CO] ban ddu
(mol//)
[ C y ban ddu
(mol//)
Tdc dd ban ddu
(mol//.s)
1
1,00
0,100
1,29.10"^^
2
0,100
0,100
1,33.10"^°
3
0,100
1,00
1,30.10~^^
4
0,100
0,0100
1,32.10"^^
a) Hay vidt bilu thftc trinh bay su phu thudc cfta tdc do phan ftng vao
ndng do cac chdt phan ftng. ,
b) Tfnh gia tri trung binh cua hdng sd tdc dd phan ftng.
7.11*. Dl hod tan hit mdt mdu kem trong dung dich axit clohidric d 20°C cdn
27 phut. Cung mdu kem dd tan hdt trong dung dich axit ndi tren d 40°C
trong 3 phut. Hdi dl hod tan hit mdu kem dd trong dung dich axit ndi
tren d 55°C thi cdn thdi gian bao nhieu ?
Bai 50
CAN BANG HOA HOC
7.12. Trong sd cac phan ftng dudi ddy (xay ra trong dung dich), phan ftng ndo
la phan ftng mdt ehilu, phan ftng nao la thudn nghich ? Thay kf hieu -^
trong phuang trinh cfta phan ftng thuan nghich bdng kf hieu ?=t.
a)Zn(r) + H2S04(dd)
-^ ZnS04(dd) + H2(k)
b)BaCl2(dd) + Na2S04(dd)
-> BaS04(r) + 2NaCl (dd)
67
c) KOH (dd) + HCI (dd)
> KCl (dd) + H2O (/)
d)Br2(/) + H20(/)
> HBr(dd) + HBrO (dd)
7.13. Trong nhiing dilu khang dinh dudi day, dilu ndo phu hgp vdi mdt he hod
hgc d trang thai cdn bdng ?
A. Phan ftng thudn da dftng.
B. Phan ftng nghich da dftng.
C. Ndng do cfta cac san phdm vd ndng dd cae chd't phan ftng bdng nhau.
D. Tdc do cua cdc phan ftng thudn va nghich bdng nhau.
7.14. Trong cac bieu thftc dudi ddy, bilu thftc nao didn dat dung hdng sd cdn
bdng cua phan ftng ?
H2 (k) + I2 (k)
<
> 2HI (k)
[H2l[l2l
•
C.K=JSL
[2H][2I]
[HI]|2
D.K=™'
•
[H][I]
7.15. Phan ftng nao trong cdc phan ftng dudi ddy cd hdng sd cdn bdng dugc tfnh
bdng bilu thftc : K = ^^}^^
?
[AB2]
A.
2AB(k)
<
> A2(k) + B2(k)
B.
C.
A(k) + 2B(k) <
AB2 (k)
<
> AB2(k)
> A (k) + 2B (k)
D.
A2(k) + B2(k) r — »
2AB(k)
7.16. Phan ftng sau ddy dang d trang thai cdn bdng :
H2 (k) + ^ 0 2 (k) <
> H2O (k)
AH < 0
Trong cac tac ddng dudi ddy, tac ddng ndo lam thay ddi hdng sd cdn bang ?
68
A. Thay ddi dp sudt.
C. Cho thdm O2.
B. Thay ddi nhiet dd.
D. Cho chd't xuc tdc.
7.17. O mdt nhidt dd nhd't dinh, phan ftng thudn nghich : N2 + 3H2 <
» 2NH3
dat tdi cdn bdng khi ndng dd cac chd't nhu sau :
[N2] = 0,01 mol/l; [H2] = 2,0 mol/l; [NH3] = 0,4 mol/l.
Tfnh hdng sd cdn bdng d nhiet dd dd va ndng dd ban,ddu cua N2 va H2.
7.18. Mdt phan ftng thudn nghich dugc trinh bay bdng phuang trinh :
A(k) + B(k)
<
» C(k) + D(k)
Ngudi ta trdn bdn chd't A, B, C va D, mdi chdt 1 mol vao mdt binh kfn cd
thi tfch V khdng ddi. Khi cdn bang dugc thidt lap, lugng chdt C trong
binh la 1,5 mol.
Hay tim hang sd can bang cfta phan ftng.
7.19. Tfnh ndng dd can bang cua cac chdt tham gia va tao thanh d phan ftng :
CO(k) + H20(k)
<
» C02(k) + H2(k)
ndu luc ddu chi ed CO va hai nudc vdi ndng do [CO] = 0,1 mol/l,
[H2O] = 0,4 mol/l, va hdng sd can bdng cua phanftngd nhiet dd da cho la 1.
7.20. Dga vao gia tri hdng sd can bang cua cdc phan ftng dudi ddy, hay cho bidt
phan ling nao cd hieu sudt cao nhd't va phan ftng nao cd hieu sud't thdp nhdt ?
a) S02(k) + N02(k)<
> NO (k) + SO3 (k)
K=1.10^
b) H2(k) + F2(k)
<
» 2HF(k)
K=1.10
c) 2H20(k)
<
> 2H2(k) + 02(k)
K = 6.10-28
13
7.21. Viec san xud't amoniac trong cdng nghiep dua tren phan ftng thudn nghich
sau ddy :
N2(k) + 3H2(k) < = ± 2NH3(k)
; AH = - 92 kJ
Khi hdn hgp phan ftng dang d trang thai cdn bang, nhfing thay ddi dudi
ddy se cd anh hudng thd nao den vi trf cdn bang ?
a) Tang nhiet dd ;
b) Tang dp sudt;
c) Cho chd't xuc tdc ;
d) Giam nhiet do ;
d) Ld'y NH3 ra khdi hd ?
7.22. Su thay ddi dp sud't cd thi gdy ra su chuyin dich cdn bang eua mgi phdn
ftng thudn nghich hay khdng ? Giai thich.
69
7.23. Nhfing dilu khdng dinh sau ddy dung hay sai ?
a) Su thay ddi ndng do chdt phan ftng lam thay ddi hdng sd can bdng ;
b) Su thay ddi ndng do chd't phan ftng lam chuyin dich cdn bdng ;
c) Su thay ddi nhiet dd lam thay ddi hdng sd cdn bdng ;
d) Sg thay ddi nhiet dd lam chuyin dich cdn bdng, khi AH eua phan ftng
khdcO.
7.24. Cdc cdn bdng hod hgc dudi ddy chuyin dich nhu thd nao khi:
a) tang dp sud't ?
b) tang nhiet dd ?
1. H2(k) + l2(r)
<
» 2HI(k)
AH = 51,8kJ
2. 2N0(k) + 02(k) <
> 2N02(k)
AH = -113kJ
3. CO(k) + Cl2(k)
<
> C0Cl2(k)
AH = -114kJ
4. CaC03(r)
<
> CaO (r) + C02(k)
AH=117kJ
7.25*. Mdt binh kfn chfta khf NH3 d 0°C vd 1 atm vdi ndng do 1 mol/l. Nung
binh kfn dd den 546°C va NH3 bi phdn huy theo phan ftng :
2NH3
<
> N2 + 3H2
Khi phan ftng tren dat tdi cdn bang, dp sud't khf trong binh la 3,3 atm. Thi
tfch binh khdng ddi. Tfnh hdng sd cdn bdng eua phan ftng phdn huy
amoniac d 546°C.
Bai 51
LUY$N TAP : TOO 0 0 PHAN Q N G VA CAN BANG HOA HOC
7.26. Trinh bay ba phuang phap cd thi dung dl tdng tdc dd cfta phan ftng gifta
hidro va oxi.
7.27. Trong phdng thi nghiem, ndu cho tia Ifta dien qua hdn hgp khf nita vd
hidro thi chi cd mdt lugng nhd khf NH3 dugc tao thdnh theo phan ftng :
N2 + 3H2 <
> 2NH3
Nhung ne'u cd mat axit sunfuric thi phan ftng ed thi dugc thuc hiln
hodn toan.
Hay giai thfch hien tugng neu tren.
70
7.28. Qua trinh san xud't amoniac trong cdng nghiep dua tren phan ftng :
N2(k) + 3H2(k) <
> 2NH3(k)
AH = - 9 2 kJ
Ndng dd NH3 trong hdn hgp luc cdn bdng se ldn han khi
A. nhiet dd va dp sud't diu giam.
B. nhiet dd vd dp sudt diu tang.
C. nhiet dd giam va dp sud't tang.
D. nhiet do tdng va dp sudt giam.
Y kiln nao la dftng ?
7.29. Tdc dd cua phan ftng :
Na2S203 (dd) + H2SO4 (dd)
> S (r)l + SO2 (k) + Na2S04 (dd) + HjO (/)
dugc tfnh theo cdng thftc : v = k[Na2S203].[H2S04], trong dd k la hdng sd tdc
dd, [Na2S203] va [H2SO4] la ndng do mol cfta cac chdt Na2S203 va H2SO4.
Di nghien ciiu su phu thudc cua phan ftng tren vao ndng dd chdt phan
ling, ngudi ta dung mdt loat dung dich Na2S203 vdi ndng dd ldn lugt la
0,158% ; 0,316% ; 0,632% ; 0,790% va 1,58% (cac dung dich loang nay
diu cd khd'i lugng rieng dugc coi la bdng 1 g/ml). Ndng dd dung dich
axit sunfuric dugc gift khdng ddi. Tidn hanh thi nghiem theo each dugc
md ta SGK Hod hgc 10 ndng cao. Trong trudng hgp thft nhdt (dung dich
Na2S203 cd ndng dd 0,158%), thdi gian phan ftng (tft luc dd cac dung
dich ban ddu vao nhau ddn luc luu huynh che ldp ddu +) la 5 phut.
Tfnh thdi gian phan ftng trong nhfing trudng hgp cdn lai.
7.30*. Axit axetic tac dung vdi ancol isopropylic theo phan ftng thuan nghich :
CH3COOH +C3H7OH <
Axit axetic
Ancol isopropylic
> CH3COOC3H7 + H2O
Isopropyl axetat
Nudc
Ndu ban ddu ngudi ta cho 1 mol axit axetic tac dung vdi 1 mol ancol
isopropylic thi can bdng se dat dugc khi cd 0,6 mol isopropyl axetat dugc
tao thdnh.
Luc dd ngudi ta them 1 mol axit axetic vao hdn hgp phan ftng, cdn bdng
se bi phd vd vd chuyin dich den trang thai cdn bdng mdi.
Hdi khi cdn bdng mdi dugc thiet lap, sd mol mdi chd't trong hdn hgp la
bao nhieu ?
71
PHAN HAI: HI/ONG
DAN
- BAI GIAI - DAP s6
Chuang 1
•
NGUYEN TCf
BAI ON TAP
1.1. Ndu eft chia ddi lien tiep vien bi sdt thi ddn mdt luc ndo dd ta thu dugc
phdn tft nhd nhd't cdn mang tfnh chat dac trung cua sdt dugc ggi la nguyen
tft sdt.
1.2. Khi mdu nudc da dugc chia ddi lien tid'p thi ddn mdt luc nao dd ta thu
dugc phdn tft nhd be nhd't cdn mang tinh chat cua nudc dugc ggi la phdn
tft nudc.
1.3. + Theo dinh nghia vl mol, 1 mol mudi an chfta 6,02.10^^ phan tft NaCl.
Vi thd trong 0,1 mol mudi an cd sd phan tft NaCl bdng :
6,02.10^^ phan tft/mol x 0,1 mol = 6,02.10^^ phan tft.
+ Tuong tg, 1 mol sdt kim loai ed chfta 6,02.10
Trong X mol sdt chfta 3,01.10
nguyen tft sdt.
nguyen tft sdt.
3,01.10^^
X=—
— = 0,5 (mol) nguyen tft sdt.
6,02.10^^
1.4. B
1.5. a) Theo dinh nghia vl mol ta ed trong 1 mol nguyen tft C chfta 6,02.10
nguyen tft C. Do dd khd'i lugng cfta 1 mol nguydn tft C bdng :
1,99. 10"^^ kg/nguyen tft x 6,02.10^^ nguydn tft/mol
= 11,98.10"^ kg/mol « 12 g/mol.
b) Tuang tg, khd'i lugng cua 1 phdn tft C2H5OH bdng :
46 g/mol
^ 7,64.10"^^ g/phdn tft = 7,64.10~^^ kg/phdn tft.
^23
6,02.10^^
phdn tft/mol
72
1.6. Khdi lugng mol nguyen tft cd tri sd bdng nguyen tft khd'i ciia nguyen td.
Khd'i lugng mol phdn tft cd tri sd bdng phdn tft khd'i eua chd't. Khd'i lugng
mol dugc tinh bdng g/mol, trong khi nguyen tft khdi va phdn tft khd'i tinh
theo dan vi cacbon (dvC). Ta cd :
a) Phdn tft khdi cfta clo la : 2 x 35,5 = 71 (dvC).
1 mol khf clo cd khd'i lugng bdng : 2 x 35,5 = 71 (g).
14 2 2
Sd mol phdn tft clo cd trong 14,2 g la : ^, ',
=0,2 mol.
71 g/mol
Tuong tg:
b) Phdn tft khd'i cua canxi cacbonat bdng : 40 + 12 + 3 x 16 = 100 (dvC).
10 g
Sd mol phdn tft canxi cacbonat = --——; r =0,1 mol.
100 g/mol
c) Luu huynh cd nguydn tft khd'i bdng 32 dvC.
16 2
Sd mol luu huynh cd trong 16 g la : —;—7^—r = 0,5 mol.
32 g/mol
d) Phdn tft khdi eua amoniac bdng : 14 + 3 x 1 = 17 (dvC).
34 2
Sd mol NH3 trong 34 g la : ,^
° , = 2 mol.
^
1
7
g/mol
1.7. a) Theo dinh nghia ndng dd mol, ta cd sd mol NaOH trong 20 ml dung
dich 0,1 Mbdng :
20 ml
„ , mol „ „ _^
,
— x 0,1 -TT1000 ml/lit
1ft = 0,002 mol.
Phan ftng cfta NaOH va HCI:
NaOH + HCI -> NaCl + H2O
Vdi ti le mol cdc chd't tham gia va tao thanh sau phan ftng = 1 : 1
Nhu vdy sd mol HCI cdn dung = sd mol NaOH = 0,002 mol.
b) Sd mol sdt = ^^ ' ^ =0,1 mol.
56 g/mol
Phuang trinh hod hgc phan ftng gifta sdt vdi HCI:
Fe + 2HC1 -^ FeClj + Hjt
73
Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol HCI cdn dung gdp hai ldn
sd mol sdt = 2 X 0,1 mol = 0,2 mol.
c) Sdt(III) oxit cd cdng thftc Fe203. Sd mol sdt(in) oxit bdng :
16 2
r—7 =0,1 (mol). Phuang trinh hod hoc :
160 g/mol
Fe203 + 6HC1 -^ 2FeCl3 + SHjO
Sd mol HQ cdn dung gdp 6 ldn sd mol sdtOOQ) oxit, bdng : 0,1 x 6 = 0,6 (mol).
9 82
d) Sd mol ddng (II) hidroxit = ^„ ' ,
= 0,1 mol. Phuang trinh hod hoc :
98 g/mol
Cu(0H)2 +2HC1 -^ CuCl2 + 2H2O
Sd mol HQ cdn dung gdp ddi sd mol ddng(II) hidroxit, bdng: 2 x 0,1 = 02 (mol).
1.8. CJ 0°C va dp sud't 1 atm 1 mol N2 chidm thi tfch bdng 22,4 dm^. Nhu vdy
khd'i lugng mol cua nita bdng 22,4 dm^/mol x 1,25 g/dm = 28 g/mol. Do
dd phdn tft khd'i cua nita bdng 28 dvC.
1.9. A.
1.10. - Sd mol ddng(n) oxit = ^J' , ^ , = 0,09 mol. Phanftngkhft ddng(II) oxit:
80 g / mol
'
CuO + CO ^°^ > Cu + CO2
- Phan ling xay ra hoan toan ndn san phdm rdn chi la Cu, chd't khf di ra la
hdn hgp eua CO du va CO2.
a) Sd mol ddng kim loai = sd mol ddng(n) oxit = 0,09 mol. Khdi lugng
ddng thu dugc : 0,09 x 64 = 5,76 (g).
b) Sd mol CO da tham gia phan ftng bdng sd' mol CuO va bdng sd mol
CO2 tao thdnh va diu bdng 0,09 mol. Thi tich CO (d dktc) da tham gia
phan ftng bdng : 0,09 x 22,4 = 2,016 (dm^).
1.11. Sd mol mudi ddng(II) nitrat = „^ ' ,^ , = 0,1 mol.
188 g/mol
Phuofng tnnh hod hgc :
2Cu(N03)2 ^° ) 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol ddng(n) oxit = sd mol mudi = 0,1 mol.
Khd'i lugng ddng(II) oxit = 0,1 x 80 = 8 (g).
1.12. A.
74
Bai 1
THANH PHAN NGUYEN TCT
-27,
1.13. a) Khd'i luang cua proton gdp -^
'• -—2- = 1836 ldn khd'i luang cfta
9,1094.10"^^ kg
electron (gdn hai nghin ldn).
9 1094 10"^^ kg
1
b) Khdi luang cfta electron bang —
'-——-^ = -r^r^r—z ldn khd'i luong
l,6748.10"^^kg 1838,5
cua natron hay gdn bdng mdt phdn hai nghin ldn.
c) Khd'i lugng cfta cac hat trong nguyen tft heli bdng :
2 X 1,6726. 10 ~^^ kg + 2 X 1,6748. 10"^^ kg + 2 x 9,1094. 10"^' kg
= 6,6966. 10"^'^ kg.
Khdi lugng cfta 2 electron = 1,8219.10"^° kg.
Do dd khdi lugng cfta electron trong nguydn tft heli chi chidm :
1,82.10 kg X 100% = 0,0272% (rd't nhd).
6,6966.10"^^ kg
1.14. Trong 1 kg sdt cd ^ ' y . l l ^ ^ f ^{^^ = 17,905 mol nguyen tft sdt
55,85 g/mol
=> Sd nguyen tft sdt = 17,905 x 6,02.10^^ nguyen tft.
Ma 1 nguyen tft Fe ed 26 electron —> Trong 1 kg sdt cd lugng electron
bdng : 17,905 x 26 = 465,53 mol electron => Khd'i lugng cdc electron
bdng : 465,53 mol x 9,1.10"^'kg/e x 6,02.10"e/mol = 2,55.10""^ kg hay
0,255 g (rdt nhd so vdi khd'i lugfng 1 kg sat).
1.15. a) 1 nm = 10~^ m
+ Thi tfch gdn dung cfta hat nhan nguyen tft hidro bdng :
V = l l ^ = -x 3,14 X (1.10"^^m)3 = 4,19.10"^^m^
+ Thi tfch gdn dung cfta nguyen tft hidro la :
V = l!2L = I x 3,14 X (0,53.10"^W = 6,23.10"^^ m^
75
Nhu vay, thi tfch cua nguyen tft H ldn han rdt nhilu so vdi thi tfch cua
hat nhdn nguyen tft H. Nguyen tft H cd cdu tao rdng.
b) Khd'i lugng hat nhdn nguyen tft hidro chinh la khd'i lugng cua proton vd
bdng l,672.10"^\g.
Khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhan nguyen tft hidro bdng :
D=^'^'^-^Cf=3,99.10na'n/cm^
4,19.10"^^m^
+ Khd'i lugng cua nguyen tft hidro (tfnh ca khd'i lugng cfta electron)
bdngl,673.10~^^kg.
Khdi lugng rieng cua hidro bdng :
1,673.10 kg ^ 2,66 .10^ kg/m^ = 2,66 .10^ g/dm^ = 2,66 g/cm^
0,63.10"^V^
Khd'i lugng rieng cfta proton ldn han rdt nhilu ldn so vdi khd'i lugng rieng
nguyen tft hidro.
1.16. Do lu = 1,6605.10
kg. Khd'i lugng cua nguyen tft oxi tfnh theo kilogam:
1,6605.10"^^ X 15,999 = 2,6566.10"^^ (kg).
1.17. Do nguyen tft khd'i cua C = 12 nen khd'i lugng cfta nguydn tft H bdng :
+ Tfnh theo u : 12 u/11,905 = 1,008 u.
+ Tfnh theo gam : 1,008 u x 1,66.10"^"^ g/u = 1,673 .10"^"^ gam.
Bai 2
HAT NHAN NGUYEN T Q
NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
1.18.A.
•>
^
207
1.19. Nguyen tu cua nguyen td chi ddng vi Pb cd Z = 82, sd khd'i bang 207.
Sd natron = 207 - 82 = 125. Nhu vay, ti le sd natron/sd proton bdng :
125
-—-= 1,5244. Trft H, ti Id sd natron/sd proton thdp nhdt d cac nguyen tii
82
la 1. Nhu vdy dilu kien bin cua hat nhdn la 1 < —,— < 1,5244.
•
76
sd p
1.20. D.
1.21. - Trong nguyen tft, sd proton = sd electron.
Tdng sd cdc hat = sd electron + sd natron + sd proton ; Sd natron tdi
thilu bdng sd proton (trft nguyen tft JH).
- Ddi vdi cae nguydn tft cfta eac nguyen td cd Z khdng ldn, sd natron
khdng chenh lech nhilu so vdi sd proton, chi cdn dem tdng sd hat chia 3
ldy phdn nguydn ta cd sd proton va sd electron. Nhu vdy, dd'i vdi nguyen
tft nguyen tdX : ^ = 19,333.
- Ndu Z = 19 thi sd natron = 20 la cdc gia tri ddc trung cho nguyen td K
cd sd khd'i bdng 39.
- Ndu cho Z = 20 thi sd natron = 19 < sd proton, nguyen tft khdng bin.
1.22. Cdc hat mang dien trong nguyen tft la proton va electron. Cae hat khdng
mang dien la hat natron. Trong nguyen tft trung hoa, sd electron bdng sd
proton. Kf hieu Z va N la sd electron vd sd natron trong nguyen tft. Ta ed
he phuang trinh 2 dn sd :
J2Z + N = 82
[2Z - N = 22
Giai he, ta dugc Z = 26 va N = 30. Sd khd'i eua nguyen tft X la : 26 + 30 = 56.
Nguyen td X la sdt cd kf hieu nguyen tft la ^Fe.
1.23. Theo dilu kien ddu bai, vi sd natron trong hat nhdn va sd hieu nguyen tft
cua mdi nguydn td khdng vugt qua 1 dan vi nen cd thi dp dung each xdc
dinh sd dien tfch hat nhdn cua cdc nguyen td X, Y va Z nhu sau :
Zx = 16/3 « 5,
ZY = 5 8 / 3 « 1 9 ,
Zz = 78/3 « 26.
Nguydn td X la nguyen td bo cd sd' electron = 5, sd natron = 6, sd khd'i =11
va cd kf hidu nguyen td' la j B .
Nguyen td Y Id nguyen td kali cd 19 electron, sd natron = 20, sd khd'i = 39
vd cd kf hieu nguyen td Id JQK .
Nguyen td Z la nguyen td sdt cd 26 electron, sd natron = 30, sd khd'i = 56
va cd kf hieu nguyen td Id 26 Fe.
77
1.24. Cac nguydn tft ed cftng dien tich hat nhdn thi thudc vl mdt nguydn td hoa
hgc. Nhu vdy :
+ Cdc nguydn tft ciing cd Z = 7 thi thudc vl nguydn td nita: ^7 A va ^C diu
cd 7 electron va 7 proton. Trong dd ^7 A cd 7 natron cdn ^70 cd 8 natron.
+ Cac nguyen tft cung cd Z = 8 thi thudc vl nguyen td oxi : gB, gDvd
gG diu cd 8 electron va 8 proton. Trong dd, gBcd 8 natron, gDco
10 natron vd 'gG cd 9 natron.
Oft
+ Cac nguyen tft cung cd Z = 10 thi thudc vl nguyen td neon : joHva
00
00
00
^QK diu cd 10 electron va 10 proton. Trong dd jgH cd 10 natron vd JQK
cd 12 natron.
+ Nguyen tft jjl cd Z = 11 la nguyen tft cua nguyen td natri cd kf hieu la
fyn
11 Na. Nguyen tft natri cd 11 proton va 12 natron d hat nhdn, 11 electron
d vd nguyen tft.
+ Nguyen tft 26 E cd Z = 26 la nguyen tft cfta nguyen td sdt ed kf hidu la
^^Fe.Nguye
26Fe. Nguyen tft sdt ed 26 proton va 30 natron d hat nhdn, 26 electron d
vd nguyen tft.
+ Nguyen tft 27F cd Z = 27 la nguyen tft cfta nguyen td coban cd kf hieula 27 Co. Nguyen tft coban cd 27 proton va 29 natron d hat nhdn, 27 electron
d vd nguyen tft.
Bai 3
DONG VL NGUYEN TCT KHOI
VA NGUYEN lO KHOI TRUNG BINH
1.25. D.
1.26. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh la dai lugng dac trung cho sg tdn tai ddng thdi
cua eac loai ddng vi tu nhidn cua nguydn td da cho trdn ldp vd Trdi Ddt.
Nguydn tft khd'i trung binh bdng tdng cac phdn ddng gdp cua cac ddng
vi. Vi vdy ddi vdi brom ta cd :
—
50 69
49 31
ABr = " i ^ x 79 + - ^ x 81 = 0,5069 x 79 + 0,4931 x 81
= 40,045 + 39,941 = 79,986.
78
1.27. Tuang tu bai 1.26 ta cd :
ANi = 58 X 0,6827 + 60 x 0,2610 + 61 x 0,0113 + 62 x 0,0359 + 64 x 0,0091 =
= 58,771. Gid tri nguyen tft khd'i thuc cua Ni bdng 58,754.
1.28. Sd khd'i cfta ddng vi thft nhd't la : 35 + 44 = 79.
Sd khdi cfta ddng vi thft hai la : 35 + 44 + 2 = 81.
Ta cd : Ax = 79 x
27
27 + 23
„.
+ 81 X
23
23 + 27
79,92.
1.29. a) Ggi sd khd'i cua cdc ddng vi ldn lugt la Xj, Xj, X3. Ta cd he phuong
trinh 3 dn sd :
Xl + X2 + X3 = 87
X2 = Xl + 1
0,9223 X Xl + 0,0467 x Xj + 0,031 x X3 = 28,0855
Giai he phuang trinh, ta cd Xi = 28, X2 = 29, X3 = 30.
28
b) Trong Xi cd sd natron = sd proton = Z = — = 14.
Nhu vdy sd natron trong cdc ddng vi la :
+ Trong Xl : 14.
+ Trong X2: 2 9 - 14= 15.
+ Trong X3: 3 0 - 1 4 = 16.
1.30. a) Ggi X la kfhilu nguyen td va la khdi lugng mol nguyen tft cua X. Trong
ca hai mudi, X diu cd hod tri 1. Sd mol X trong ca hai mudi bdng nhau.
Phuang trinh hod hgc :
NaX + AgN03 -^ AgXi + NaN03
. . 8,19 ^ 20,09
^'^^ • 23 + X 108 + X
Giai ra ta dugc X = 35,5.
Nguyen tft khd'i cua X bang 35,5. X la clo.
b) Ggi sd khdi cfta ddng vi be cfta clo la A. Ta cd :
0,75 X A + 0,25 X (A + 2) = 35,5. Giai ra, ta cd A = 35.
Ddng vi ldn cua clo cd sd khd'i bdng 35 + 2 = 37.
79
1.31. Ggi % sd nguyen tft ddng vi be cua iridi la x thi % sd nguydn tft cua ddng
vi ldn la (100 - x).
Ta cd : 191x + 193(100 - x) = 192,22 X 100
Giai ra dugc x = 39.
Nhu vdy, trong iridi tu nhidn ed khoang 39% sd nguydn tft Id ddng vi 191
vd 61% sd nguyen tft la ddng vi 193. Ti Id sd mol cung bdng ti le sd
nguyen tft nen phdn trdm sd mol eua 2 ddng vi cung cd gid tri nhu trdn.
1.32. D.
1.33. Cd 12 loai phan tft khf cacbonic vdi phdn tft khdi tuang ftng (ghi trong
ngode)la:
'^002^^ (44), '^002'^ (46), '^002'^ (48) ; *^C02^^ (45),'^C02^'' (47),
'^C02^^ (49) ; '^CO'^O'^ (45), '^CO'^o'^ (46), '^CO'^o'^ (47) ;
'^CO'^O'^ (46), '^CO'^O'^ (47), '^CO'^o'^ (48).
1.34. Xet 1 mol phdn tft HCIO4 cd khd'i lugng bdng 100,5 g. Trong dd cd 1 mol
nguydn tft clo chfta 0,7577 mol clo ddng vi 35 vd 0,2423 mol clo ddng vi 37.
Khd'i lugng clo ddng vi 37 trong 1 mol HCIO4 la :
0,2423 mol X 37 g/mol = 8,9651 g.
+ Phdn tram khd'i lugng clo ddng vi 37 trong HCIO4 bdng :
8,9651
X 100= 8,92 (%).
100,5
Bai 4
SL; CHUYEN DQNG COA ELECTRON TRONG NGUYEN TQ.
OBITAN NGUYEN T Q
1.35. + Theo md hinh hanh tinh nguyen tft, trong nguyen tft, eac electron
chuyin ddng ca trdn quy dao trdn vd quy dao bdu due gidng eac hanh tinh
quay quanh Mat Trdi.
+ Theo md hinh hien dai, trong nguyen tft cac electron chuyin ddng rdt
nhanh (vdi tdc do gdn bdng tdc dd cfta anh sang) ndn khdng thi ndi din
quy dao ma chi coi chuyin ddng cfta electron nhu mdt dam mdy mang
dien tfch dm.
80
1.36. Cdc chdm tren hinh ve 1.7 (SGK) khdng phai Id hinh anh cua mdt
electron ma ehi Id hinh anh bilu diln mdt vi trf eua electron d mdt thdi
dilm gia dinh nao dd. Vung khdng gian cd nhilu chdm thi xdc sud't cd
mat eua electron d dd cang cao. Tdp hgp cac dilm trong vung khdng gian
cd phdn ldn xac sud't ed mat electron dugc coi la dam mdy tfch didn dm
cfta electron.
1.37. Nguyen tft H cd thi tdn tai d cac trang thai nang lugng khdc nhau. Ci
trang thdi ea ban (trang thai cd ndng lugng thdp nhd't), chuyin ddng cfta
electron dugc md ta bdng obitan hinh cdu cd ban kfnh gdn bdng 0,053 nm
(ggi la obitan Is). Khi nguyen tft H chuyin ddn trang thai cd nang lugng
cao han, chuyin ddng cua electron dugc md ta bdng obitan hinh cdu vdi
bdn kinh ldn hOn va dugc ggi la obitan 2s. Nlu nguyen tft H cd ndng
lugng cao han nfta thi chuyin ddng cua electron se dugc md ta bang mdt
trong 3 obitan 2p hinh sd 8 ndi...
1.38. Cdc obitan s diu cd dang hinh cdu vdi kha ndng tim thd'y electron theo
mgi hudng nhu nhau.
Cae obitan p cd dang hinh sd 8 ndi. Cd 3 obitan p dinh hudng theo 3 hudng
vudng gdc vdi nhau va theo hudng cfta 3 true toa dd Decac. Obitan dinh
hudng theo true x dixgc kf hieu la obitan p^. Obitan p cd dinh hudng theo
true y duge kf hieu la obitan Py va eon lai la obitan p^ dinh hudng theo true z.
1.39. 6 trang thdi co ban, electron duy nhd't eua nguyen tft H d tren obitan Is.
Electron nay bi hut vl phfa hat nhdn cd dien tfch 1+. Bdn kfnh obitan cua
nguyen tft H bdng 0,0529 nm.
Nguyen tft heli cd Z = 2 va cd 2 electron ciing d tren obitan Is nhung ban
kfnh nguyen tft (hay ban kfnh cfta obitan Is cfta heh) giam cdn 0,0128 nm.
Nguyen nhdn la luc hut cua hat nhdn nguyen tft H ddi vdi electron yiu
han lgc hut cfta hat nhdn He. Electron trong nguyen tft H cd thi tdn tai d
khoang each ldn hon so vdi trong nguyen tft He. Obitan nguyen tft H ldn
han obitan nguyen tft He.
1.40*. Obitan nguyen tft la khu vuc khdng gian xung quanh hat nhdn ma tai dd
xdc sud't cd mat (xdc sud't tim thd'y) electron khoang 90%.
Electron cd thi tdn tai d ngoai khu vuc khdng gian quy udc d tren vdi xac
sudt cd mat vao khoang 100% - 90% = 10%. Nhu vdy, vl nguyen tdc
obitan khdng ed gidi han.
6.BT HdAHOC10.NC-A
81
Bai 5
LUYEN TAP VE : T H A N H PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN TCT.
KHOI LUONG cCiA NGUYEN TQ. OBITAN NGUYEN T Q
1.41. A.
1.42. A.
1.43. D.
1.44. a) Ti le sd natron/sd proton cua :
A_ 7
+ Nguyen td thon cd Z = 90 :
- ^Z ^ =
232 — 90
= 1,578
9u
2 3 1 - 91
+ Nguyen td protactini cd Z = 91 : ——777——= 1,538
91
+ Nguyen td urani cd Z = 92 :
2 3 8 - 92
—
=1,587
b) Cac nguyen td nay diu khdng bin va tu phdn huy thdnh cac nguyen tl
khac cd sd hieu nguyen tft be hon.
1.45. a) Hat nhan nguyen tft flo cd 9 proton va 10 natron, khd'i lugng hat nhdn
nguyen tft flo (dua vao bang 1.1 trong SGK) bdng :
9 X 1,6726.10"^^ + 10 X 1,6748.10"^^ = 3,1801.10"^^ (kg).
b) The tfch cua hat nhan nguyen tCf flo = -71(0,5.10"'V)^ = 5,23.10"'^^ m^
The tfch cua nguyen tft flo = -71(0,5.10"'°m)^= 5,23.10~^'ml Ti le thi
tfch cua nguyen tft va hat nhdn nguyen tft flo bdng lo'^.
c) Khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhdn nguyen tft flo bdng :
o 1 on 1 1 n
-^
'^j7-=
5,23.10"^^
6,08.10'^ (kg/m^) hay 6,08.lO'' trieu td'n/cm^ (rd't ldn).
•
1.46. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua silic bdng :
^
^
92,23
4,67
3,10
100 ^ ^ ^ 100 29 + ^ ^ - 3 0 - 2 8 , 1 0 9 .
82
6.BTH6AHOCIO.NC-B
Bai 6
LdP VA PHAN LCIP ELECTRON
1.47. + Trong ldp electron thft n se cd n phdn ldp electron. Thf du : Ldp thft
nhd't ed 1 phdn ldp electron, ldp thft hai cd 2 phdn ldp electron, ldp thft ba
cd 3 phdn ldp electron.
+ Cdc kf hidu chi phdn ldp la : s, p, d...
1.48. Cac obitan trong mdt phdn ldp cd ndng lugng bdng nhau. Cac obitan
thudng cd hinh dang tuong tg nhau nhung khac nhau vl dinh hudng trong
khdng gian.
Phdn ldp p cd 3 obitan 2p cd nang lugng bdng nhau va cung cd dang hinh sd
8 ndi. Obitan 2p^ hudng theo true x, obitan 2py hudng dgc theo true y cdn
obitan 2p^ hudng dgc theo true z.
Phdn ldp d cd 5 obitan d cd dang tuang tg nhau kilu canh hoa 4 canh.
Cac obitan nay cd dinh hudng khac nhau trong khdng gian.
1.49. Ldp M - ldp thft ba, cd 3 phdn ldp, dd la cac phdn ldp : 3s, 3p va 3d.
+ Phdn ldp 3 s cd mdt obitan.
+ Phdn ldp 3p cd ba obitan.
+ Phdn ldp 3d cd ndm obitan.
Nhu vdy, ldp M cd 9 obitan.
1.50. + Sd obitan trong mdt phdn ldp la mdt sd le : 1, 3, 5, ... tuong ftng vdi
phdn ldp thft nhd't, thft hai, thft ba,...
+ Phdn ldp p la phdn ldp thft hai nen cd 3 obitan : p^, Py va p^.
+ Phdn ldp d la phdn ldp thft 3 nen cd 5 obitan.
1.51. Electron 2p' la electron ddu tien d phdn ldp
thft 2 (phdn ldp p), thudc ldp thft 2 (n = 2).
Phdn ldp p gdm 3 obitan cd nang lugng bdng
nhau nen electron cd thi tdn tai d 1 trong ba
obitan 2p nhung cd thi khdng thi bilt la
2Px' 2py hay 2p^.
Dam mdy cd dang hinh sd 8 ndi.
83
Bai 7
TRONG NGUYEN TCT
CAU HINH ELECTRON NGUYEN T Q
N A N G L U O N G COA C A C E L E C T R O N
1.52.
1
a)2s^
I 1
b)2p2
nil 1
c)3p^
1.53. Nguyen tft N cd Z = 7, ldp vd nguyen tft cd 7 electron dugc phdn bd vao
cac obitan theo thft tu tang ddn cdc mftc ndng lugng (theo nguyen li viing
bin) : Is, 2s va 2p.
- Electron ddu tien dugc xdp vdo obitan Is. Electron thft hai cd thijghep
ddi hay xep vao phdn ldp 2p. Do nang lugng ghep ddi be han so vdi
chenh lech ndng lugng gifia ldp 1 va ldp 2 nen electron thft hai se xdp vao
2
•»
obitan Is, luc dd hai electron dugc cap ddi. Ta cd kf hieu Is chi hai
electron da cap ddi tren 1 obitan Is.
- Electron thft 3 khdng dugc xdp vdo cung obitan Is vdi hai electron sdn
cd (nguyen If Pau-li) ma xdp vao phdn ldp 2s. Ta cd kf hieu 2s^ cho bilt
rang cd 1 electron tren obitan nay. Electron thft 4 se xdp vao obitan 2s do
ry
nang lugng cua phdn ldp 2s be han so vdi 2p. Ta cd kf hieu 2s chi ra
rdng khdng cd electron ddc thdn ndo tren obitan nay.
- Electron thft 5, 6 va 7 se xdp vao phdn ldp 2p vdi 3 obitan gid'ng nhau hodn
toan. Ba electron dugc phdn bd vdo 3 obitan 2p ndn mdi obitan cd 1 electron
(quy tac Hun). Cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cfta nguyen td nita la :
11
11
! f !
Is^
2s^
2p^
1.54. Viec xep cac electron vao cac d lugng tft la thao tdc dl xem xet sg phdn bd
electron trong nguyen tft nhieu electron.
84
Viec sdp xdp cac electron vao obitan theo mftc nang lugng thi hien quy ludt
tg nhien (nguydn If viing bin hay cdn ggi la nguyen If cue tiiu nang lugng).
Viec sdp xep cdc electron vao eac obitan theo mftc nang lugng hoan toan
tuang duang vdi viec sdp xdp cdc electron vao cac d lugng tft.
Khi cdc obitan (hay d lugng tft) d cung phdn ldp cd > 1 obitan, dua vao su
phan bd electron theo d lugng tft dl kit luan ve sd electron hod tri, sd
electron ddc thdn... va dl kit luan vl tfnh chd't hoa hgc cua nguyen to.
1.55. Cdu hinh electron la sg phdn bd cac electron theo tftng ldp va phdn ldp.
Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p...
Thft tu sdp xdp electron la thft tu tang dan ndng lugng obitan trong
nguyen tft :
Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p...
Thf du : thft tu sdp xdp cac electron theo mftc nang lugng cua nguyen
tft sdt :
ls^2s^2p^3s^3p^4s^3d^
Trong khi dd cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td sat dugc
vilt la :
ls^2s^2p^3s^3p^3d^4s2
1.56. HS tu vie't va dd'i chidu vdi bang cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua cac
nguyen td (bang 1.2) trong SGK.
1.57.
a) HTl [TT]; Nguyen td beri.
^)\n\ m
oM n
d)[l
11
<i)M
e) 11
u
tl
I I I ; Nguyen td nito.
lllllllll
im
mil
11
II till
11 1111
I I I I I I I; Nguyen td photpho.
; Nguyen td nhdm.
I
11 11 t ; Nguyen td clo.
11 11
11 ; Nguyen td canxi.
85
1.58. a) D
b) D.
1.59. Can eft vao sd ldp va phdn ldp electron, cac nguyen If vd quy tdc sdp xip
electron vao vd nguyen tft, ta thd'y rang cae nguydn td cd cdu hinh electron
thay ddi tudn hoan tren cdc phdn ldp s vd p theo ehilu tang cua Z. Cdc
electron dugc xep vao phdn ldp s (2 electron) rdi di'n phdn ldp p (6 electron)
rdi lai lap lai.
1.60. a) A
b)B.
1.61. a) ls^2sWaZ = 3
b) Is 2s 2p va Z = 7
c) ls^2s^2p^vaZ= 10
d) Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ va Z = 12
d) Is 2s 2p 3s 3p v a Z = 13
e) Is 2s 2p 3s 3p v a Z = 1 6
f) Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3 p S a Z = 17.
Bai 8
LUY^N T A P CHLTONG 1
0
0
f^ ")
1.62. + Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguydn td magie (Z = 12): Is 2s 2p 3s
hay
11
11
Is^
2s^
11 11 11 11
3s
2p'^
vdi 2 electron (phdn ldp 3s ) d ldp ngoai cung, magie la mdt kim loai.
Cd hinh electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td photpho (Z = 15): Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^
+ Cdu
hay
11
11
lllllllll M
ITTTTT
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
vdi 5 electron d ldp ngoai cung nen photpho la mdt phi kim.
1.63. B.
86
1.64. C.
1.65. Cation R"^dugc tao thanh do nguyen tft R mdt di 1 electron d ldp vd
ngoai cung. Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd them 1 electron so vdi sd electron 2p^
cua R .
Theo quy tdc sdp xep electron vao cac d lugng tft thi d tie'p sau 2p la d 3s.
Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd cd cau hinh electron va phan bd electron theo
obitan la :
m
Is^
2s^
[TTITTTTTI Q ]
2p^
3s^
1.66. + Nguyen tft cd Z = 9 vdi ca'u hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ cd 7 electron d
ldp ngoai cung. Nguyen td nay la phi kim.
+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 11 vdi cdu hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ cd
1 electron duy nhdt d ldp ngoai cung. Nguyen td nay la mgt kim loai.
+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 16 vdi cdu hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ cd
6 electron d ldp ngoai ciing. Nguyen td nay la mdt phi kim.
+ Nguyen tft cd Z = 20 vdi cdu hinh electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 4s^ cd
2 electron d ldp ngoai cung. Nguyen td nay la kim loai.
1.67*. Phdn tft M2X trung hoa dien dugc tao thanh do su kit hgp 2 nguyen tft
M va'l nguyen tft X.
Ggi sd proton trong hat nhdn va sd electron cia nguyen tft M la Pj va Zj,
sd proton trong hat nhdn va sd electron ciia nguyen tft X la P2 va Z2. Cac
nguyen tft trung hoa dien nen ta cd P] = Z, ; P2 = Z2. Ni va N2 tuong ftng
la sd natron trong hat nhdn cua cac nguyen tft M va X. Sd proton, electron
va natron khdng bi thay ddi khi xay ra phan ftng hoa hgc kit hgp hai
nguyen tft M vdi 1 nguyen tft X. Sft dung cac dilu kien ddu bai ra ta cd he
cac phuong trinh bdc 1 sau :
+ Trong phdn tft MjX cd tdng sd hat (p, n, e) la 140 hat:
2(2Pi+Ni) + 2P2 + N2 =140
(1)
+ Trong phdn tft M2X sd hat mang dien nhilu hon sd hat khdng mang
dien la 44 hat:
4Pi + 2P2 - Ni - N2 = 44
(2)
+ Sd khd'i cua nguyen tft M ldn hon sd khdi cua nguyen tft X la 23 :
(P, + Ni) - (P2 + N2) = 23
(3)
87
+ Tdng sd hat (p, n, e) trong nguydn tft M nhilu han trong nguydn tft X la
34 hat:
2Pi + Ni = 2P2 + N2 + 34
(4)
Giai he phuofng trinh 4 dn sd, thu dugc :
Nguyen td M cd Zi = Pi = 19
Nguyen td X cd Z2 = P2 = 8
Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta cac nguyen td nhu sau
+ Nguyen tft M la kali vdi cd'u hinh electron :
11
11
mill
11 1111 1
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s'
+ Nguyen tft X la oxi vdi cdu hinh electron :
11
Is^
3P^
m
4s'
I I
2s^
2p"
Cdng thftc phdn tft cua MjX la K2O.
1.68*. a) Ggi Pj, P2 la sd proton cd trong nguyen tft M va X tuang ftng bdng sd
electron cfta hai nguyen tft nay. Ni vd N2 tuang ftng la sd natron trong hat
nhdn cua cac nguyen tft M va X. Sft dung cac dilu kien ddu bai ra ta ed he
cac phuang trinh bdc 1 sau :
+ Trong phdn tft MX2 cd M chidm 46,67% vl khd'i lugng :
+ Trong hat nhdn M sd natron ldn han sd proton 4 hat
Ni = Pi + 4
(2)
+ Trong hat nhdn X cd N2 = P2
(3)
+ Trong phdn tft MX2 cd tdng sd proton bdng 58 :
Pi + 2P2 = 58
(4)
Giai he phuang trinh 4 dn sd, thu dugc Pi = 26, Ni = 30
Ta cd :
P2 = N2 = 16
A^ = 26 + 30 = 56 (M la Fe)
Ax = 16 + 16 = 32 (X la S).
b) Cdng thftc phdn tft cua A la FeS2 (pirit sdt).
88
Chuang2
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
VA DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
/?•
Bai 9
BANG TUAN H O A N C A C NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.1. Mdt d nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan gdm cd cac thdng sd va kf hieu sau :
Sd hieu nguyen tft, kf hieu nguyen td, ten nguyen td, nguyen tft khd'i
(nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cfta nguyen td tren ldp vd Trdi Ddt), do dm
dien, cd'u hinh electron. Ngoai ra cdn cd thi cd khdi lugng rieng, nhiet dd
sdi, nhiet dd ndng chay, ... Sau ddy la hai thi du vl d nguyen td :
Sd hiSu nguydn tur
S6 hi#u nguySn tur
K( hl^u
hod hpc
Nguydn tur khdi
Ki hl$u
hod hoc
Nguydn tuf kh6i
Bdamdjln
cUu hinh electron
Cku h'mh electron
2.2. Mdt sd vi trf trong bang tudn hoan trong dd nguyen td dftng trudc cd
nguyen tft khd'i trung binh ldn hon nguyen td dftng sau :
- Hai nguyen td agon va kali. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua agon bdng
39,948 ldn han 39,098 la nguyen tft khdi trung binh cua kali. Nguyen td
K d d sd 19 trong khi dd Ar d sd 18.
- Hai nguyen td : Coban d d sd 27 cd nguyen tft khdi trung binh bdng 58,93
ldn hon nguyen tft khd'i trung binh bdng 58,71 cua nguyen td niken d d sd 28.
- Nguyen td telu d d sd 52 cd nguyen tft khd'i trung binh bdng 127,6 ldn han
126,9 la nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua iot d d sd 53.
2.3. Cd thi dinh nghia chu ki la day cac nguyen td ma nguyen tft cua chung cd
cung sd ldp electron, dugc xdp theo chiiu tang ddn cua sd electron d vd
nguyen tft.
89
So vdi dinh nghia chu ki la mdt day cac nguyen td hod hgc md nguyen tft
cua chung cd cung sd ldp electron, dugc sdp xdp theo chiiu didn tich hat
nhdn tang dan khdng cd gi khac. Nguydn nhan la do sd dan vi didn tich
hat nhan cua nguyen tft bdng sd electron d ldp vd. Vi vay cd thi dinh
nghia theo ca hai each.
2.4. Bang tudn hoan chi cd 7 chu ki. Sd nguyen td trong mdi chu ki khdng
gidng nhau. Chu ki 1 cd hai nguyen td. Chu ki 2 va 3 cd 8 nguyen td. Ba
chu ki nay dugc ggi la cdc chu ki nhd. Cac chu ki 4, 5 cd 18 nguyen td.
Chu ki 6 cd 32 nguyen td va chu ki 7 du chua day du nhung se cd
32 nguyen td. Cac chu ki 4, 5, 6, 7 dugc ggi la cdc chu ki ldn.
Tdt ca cac chu ki diu kit thuc d mdt nguyen td khf hidm :
Chu ki
1
2
3
4
5
6
Khf hiem
Heli
Neon
Agon
Kripton
Xenon
Radon
2.5. Mdi chu ki gdm cac nguyen td cd cung sd ldp electron trong nguyen ttt
nen sd thft tu cua chu ki chfnh la sd ldp electron. Chu ki 3 bdt ddu bdng
natri (kim loai kilm) va kit thuc bdng khi hidm agon. Sd thft tu eua chu ki
bdng 3. Cdc nguyen td cua chu ki 3 cd 3 ldp electron la ldp K, ldp L va
ldp M. Ldp K chi cd 2 electron dugc kf hieu la Is . Ldp L cd 8 electron
0
f\
gdm 2 phdn ldp da ddy du la 2s 2p . Ldp thft 3 - ldp M gdm 3 phan ldp :
0
z:
3s 3p va 3d. Vdi cd'u hinh electron 3s 3p cua khf hiem agon, chu ki 3 da
ket thftc mac du cdn lai phdn ldp 3d chua cd electron ndo. Chu ki 3 chi co
8 nguyen td ftng vdi sd electron tren ldp thft 3 thay ddi tft 1 ddn 8 hay cdu
hinh electron thay ddi tft 3s 3p (d nguyen td natri) ddn 3s 3p
(d nguyen to agon).
2.6. Cac nguyen td dugc phan thanh cac khd'i. Khd'i cdc nguyen td s gdm cdc
nguyen td nhdm IA (cdn dugc ggi la nhdm kim loai kilm) vd cac nguyen
td nhdm IIA (cdn dugc ggi la nhdm kim loai kilm thd).
Khd'i cac nguyen td p gdm cac nguyen td cua 6 nhdm, tft nhdm IIIA din
nhdm VIIIA (trft He). Cdc nhdm cdn cd ten ggi khdc chang han cdc
nguyen td nhdm VIIA dugc ggi la cdc halogen.
Khd'i cac nguyen td d gdm cdc nguyen td tft nhdm IB ddn nhdm VIIIB.
Khd'i cdc nguyen td f gdm 14 nguyen td thudc hg Lantan vd 14 nguyen td
thudc hg Actini. Khd'i nguyen td f dugc xdp rieng thdnh 2 hang ngang d
cud'i bang. Hai khd'i nguyen td d vd f cdn dugc ggi la cac nhdm kim loai
chuyen tidp.
90
2.7. Cdn eft vao nguyen tdc xac dinh vi tri cia nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan, ta
cd : Nguyen td X d d sd 11 (tdng sd electron =11), chu ki 3 vi cd 3 ldp
electron, nhdm A vi electron cud'i cung dugc phdn bd vao phdn ldp 3 s do
cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft vilt day du la Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s' va d nhdm IA
vi sd electron ldp ngoai cung bdng 1.
Nguyen td Y cd cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft day du la Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^
nen d d sd 17, chu ki 3, nhdm VIIA.
Nguyen td Z cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft ddy du la Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 4s^
nen d d sd 20, chu ki 4, nhdm IIA.
Bai 10
SUBIEN 001 TUAN H O A N CAU
:AU Hlh
H I N H ELECTRON NGUYEN
CUA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
T(S
2.8. Cac nguyen td nhdm A la cac nguyen td cd ca trong cac chu ki nhd va chu
ki ldn. Trong nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td nhdm A, cac electron hod tri tdn
tai tren cdc phdn ldp s va p cua cung mdt ldp. Trong mdt chu ki, cac
nguyen td thudc nhdm A cd sd electron hod tri thay ddi tft 1 den 8 va diu
thudc ldp ngoai cung. Cac nguyen td thugc nhdm B chi cd d cac chu ki
ldn. Cac nguyen td thudc nhdm B cd cac electron hod tri tdn tai tren phdn
ldp s cua ldp ngoai cung ddng thdi vdi cac electron cua phdn ldp d hodc f
thudc ldp ben trong. Nhu vdy, d ldp ngoai cung chi cd tft 1 de'n 2 electron
(trft nguyen tft paladi khdng cd electron nao tren phdn ldp s ngoai cung).
2.9. Cdc nguyen td nhdm A va cae nguyen td nhdm B cd cung sd thft tu nhdm
chi cd mdt ddc dilm chung la cd thi thi hien hod tri cao nhdt bdng nhau va
bdng chfnh so thft tg cua nhdm.
Thf du nguyen td cacbon d nhdm IVA va titan d nhdm IVB. Cacbon cd
hod tri cao nhd't bdng 4 trong CO2. Trong khi dd titan cung cd hoa tri cao
nhdt la 4 trong Ti02.
Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua C va Ti khdng gidng nhau. Tfnh chd't vdt
li vd hod hgc cua C va Ti khdng cd mdt su tuang tg nao.
91
2.10. Khi ndi ddn vi trf cua mdt nguydn td hod hgc trong bang tudn hoan ta
thudng ndi ddn sd thft tg cua : d, chu ki, nhdm va nhdm A hay B cua
nguyen td.
Sd thft tu cua d nguyen td chfnh bdng sd proton trong hat nhdn bdng sd
electron d vd nguyen tft. Nhu vdy, sd thft tu cua d nguydn td bdng tdng sd
electron cua nguyen tft nguyen td dd. Neu can eft vao cd'u hinh electron
thi chi cdn xac dinh tdng sd electron. Thf du nguyen td sdt cd cd'u hinh
electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^ cd tdng sd electron bdng 26. Sdt d 6
thft 26 cfta bang tudn hoan.
Sd thft tu cua chu ki bdng sd ldp electron ftng vdi gid tri n ldn nhd't trong
cd'u hinh electron cua nguyen tft. Thf du nguyen td sdt cd cd'u hinh
electron : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^ vdi gia tri n ldn nhd't bdng 4. Sdt d chu
ki4.
Cdc nguyen td nhdm A ed eac electron cud'i cung dugc xdp vao phdn ldp s
hodc p (d ldp electron ngoai cung). Ngugc lai, cdc nguydn td nhdm B co
cac electron cud'i cung dugc xep vdo phdn ldp d hoac f. Can eft cd'u hinh
nguyen tft sdt d tren cdn nhd rdng electron dugc phdn bd vdo phdn ldp 4s
trudc phdn ldp 3d (sg chen mftc ndng lugng electron) ndn cac electron
cud'i cung dugc xdp vdo phdn ldp 3d. Nhu vdy, sdt thudc nhdm B. Nguyen
2
5
'
tft Cl cd cd'u hinh electron : [Ne] 3 s 3p cd cac electron cudi cung dugc
xdp vdo phdn ldp 3p nen clo la nguyen td thudc nhdm A.
Cdc nguyen td nhdm A cd sd thft tg cua nhdm trung vdi sd electron d
ldp ngodi cung cfta nguyen tft. Thf du clo cd electron ldp ngodi cung la
2
5
3s 3p vdi 7 electron nen thudc nhdm VIIA.
Cdc nguyen td' nhdm B : Cdn xet ddn electron ldp ngoai cung va phdn ldp d
gdn ldp ngoai cung cua nguyen tft. Ggi tdng sd' electron trdn hai phdn ldp
nay la S. Neu S < 7 thi sd nhdm bang S. Ndu S = 8, 9, 10 thi sd nhdm bang
VIII va nlu S > 10 thi sd nhdm bdng S - 10. Thf du vdi nguydn tft sdt
S = 8 nen sdt d nhdm VIIIB. Nguyen td ddng cd cd'u hinh electron nguyen
tft la : [Ar] 3d^° 4s^ vdi tdng sd electron tren 3d va 4s bdng 11 ndn ddng d
nhdmIB:(ll-10=l).
2.11. Ggi sd dan vi dien tich hat nhdn eua nguyen td X la Z. Nguydn td Y d 6
kd tie'p vdi nguyen td X trong cung chu ki ndn cd sd don vi didn tich hat
nhdn la Z + 1.
92
Theo dilu kien ddu bai, t a c d Z + Z + l = 2 7 ^ Z = 1 3 . Nhu vdy, nguyen
td X la nhdm, nguyen td Y la silic (Z = 14).
Cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cua nhdm : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p\ Nhdm d chu
ki 3, nhdm IIIA, d sd 13.
Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta silic : Is'^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^. Silic d chu ki 3,
nhdm IVA, d sd 14.
2.12. Cdc nguyen td nhdm VIA cd hod tri cao nhd't dd'i vdi oxi bdng sd thft tg
nhdm va bdng 6. Ndu ggi M la kf hieu nguyen tft ddng thdi la khd'i lugng
mol nguyen tft, ta cd edng thftc cua oxit la MO3. Theo dilu kien ddu bai
ra ta cd :
^ / ^ x l 0 0 = 60
M + 3xl6
Giai ra ta cd M = 32 g la khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft cua luu huynh.
Nguyen td S d d thft 16 cfta bang tudn hoan nen cdu hinh electron nguyen
tft cua luu huynh la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p .
2.13. Cdc nguyen td chu ki hai cd electron dugc xdp vao ldp thft 2 vdi hai phdn
ldp la 2s vd 2p. Chu ki 2 bdt ddu tft nguyen td liti. Hai nguyen td liti va
beri cd electron xdp vao phdn ldp 2s.
Tft nguyen td bo, cdc electron dugc xep tilp vao phdn ldp 2p. Phdn ldp 2p
cd 3 obitan nen cd thi chfta tdi da la 6 electron nen cdc nguyen td cdn lai
cua chu ki cd cdc electron dugc xdp vao phdn ldp 2p. Khi cdu hinh
0
f\
electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td dat dugc la 2s 2p d nguyen td neon
thi chu ki 2 cung kdt thftc. Nhu vay nguyen tft cua cac nguyen td chu ki
2 cd cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung thay ddi nhu sau :
2s* 2s^ 2s^2p' 2s^2p^ 2s^ 2p^ 2s^ 2p'^ 2s^ 2p^ 2s^ 2p^
Li Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
2.14. Khi xdp cdc nguyen td theo chiiu tang cua dien tich hat nhdn nguydn tft
thi cdu hinh electron theo ldp va phdn ldp se biln ddi mdt each tudn hoan.
Nguyen td ddu chu ki cd electron dugc xep vao phdn ldp ns sau dd vao
cdc phdn ldp np tidp theo. Ndu gifta phdn ldp ns va phdn ldp np cd chen
them cdc phdn ldp (n - l)d hay (n - 2)f thi d cac nguyen td cud'i chu ki,
cdc electron dugc xdp vdo phdn ldp p dl hoan thanh phdn ldp np cua
nguyen td khf hidm. Nhu vdy sg bidn ddi tudn hoan vl cd'u hinh electron
thi hien rd nhd't dd'i vdi phdn ldp s va p (cac nguyen td nhdm A).
93
2.15. a) Hai nguyen tft X va Y tuy cd cung sd electron d ldp ngodi cung la 2
nhung nguydn to X khdng cd electron d phdn ldp d ndn dd la nguyen td
nhdm A (nhdm IIA). Trong khi dd, nguyen to Y cd 3 electron d phdn ldp
3d nen thudc nhdm B. Y la nguyen td nhdm B nen thudc vl nhdm cd sd
thft tu nhdm = 2 + 3 = 5. Nguyen td Y d nhdm VB trong khi nguydn td X
d nhdm IIA.
b) Tdng sd electron trong mdt nguyen tft cua nguyen td X bdng 12 cdn
tdng sd electron trong mdt nguyen tft cua nguyen td Y bdng 23. Vdy
chung each nhau 10 nguyen td. Hai nguydn td X va Y khdng cung chu ki
vi X d chu ki 3 cdn Y d chu ki 4.
Bai 11
SL; BIEN DOI MOT SO OAI LL/ONG VAT LI
COA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.16. B.
2.17. Trong mdt chu ki, dien tich hat nhdn tdng ddn tft trai sang phai vi thd ban
kinh nguyen tft cua nguyen td giam dan.
Cd thi giai thfch su bien ddi nay la do lgc hut cfta hat nhdn dd'i vdi cac
electron tang ddn khi di tft ddu chu ki de'n cud'i chu ki. Natri dftng ddu chu
ki 3, cd ban kinh nguyen tft ldn nhd't la 0,157 nm. Ban kfnh nguyen tft cdc
nguyen td giam dan theo chiiu tft trai qua phai ddn clo bdn kfnh nguyen
tft chi cdn 0,099 nm.
2.18.B.
2.19. D.
2.20. A.
2.21. B.
2.22. Nguyen td X thudc nhdm V, vdy Y phai d nhdm IV hodc nhdm VI.
Ggi Px va Py tuang ling la sd proton trong nguyen tft X vd Y.
Px + Py = 23 va X thudc nhdm VA nen X chi cd thi la N hoac P.
94
Ndu X la P, do Px = 15 nen Py = 8 ftng vdi nguyen td oxi. Trudng hgp
nay loai vi P ed phan ftng vdi oxi khi ddt ndng.
Ndu X la N thi Px = 7 va Py = 16 ftng vdi nguyen td S. Trudng hgp nay
dung vi d trang thai dan chat chung khdng phan ftng vdi nhau. Nhu vdy,
cap nguyen td la N va S.
Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua N : Is 2s 2p
Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua S : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3^^.
Bai 12
SU BIEN 001 TINH KIM LOAI, TINH PHI KIM
cCiA CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC.
DjNH LUAT TUAN H O A N
2.23. Kha nang nhudng electron thi hien tinh kim loai cua mdt nguyen td. Dai
lugng dac trung dung de bien ludn cho kha ndng dy la nang lugng ion hoa va
dd dm dien.
Trong mdt chu ki, nang lugng ion hoa va dd dm dien tang dan khi di tft
ddu de'n cud'i chu ki. Trong mdt nhdm A, nang lugng ion hod va do dm
dien giam dan khi di tft tren xudng dudi. Tren ca sd dd ta cd :
a) Kali cd tinh kim loai manh han natri, thi hien su bie'n ddi tfnh kim loai theo
nhdm A. Dd dm diln va nang lugng ion hoa ciia kali nhd han so vdi natri.
b) Natri cd tinh kim loai manh han nhdm the hien tinh kim loai giam
ddn theo ehilu tft trdi sang phai trong chu ki. Do am dien va nang lugng
ion hod cfta natri nhd han so vdi nhdm.
c) Nhdm cd tfnh kim loai kem natri do dftng d ben phai ciia natri trong mdt
chu ki. Trong khi dd natri cd tfnh kim loai kem han kali do quy ludt biln ddi
tinh chd't trong nhdm IA. Do vdy nhdm cd tfnh kim loai kem kali.
2.24. Kha ndng thu nhdn electron hay kha ndng hiit electron vl phia minh trong
hgp chd't cfta mdt nguyen td thi hien tinh phi kim. Dai lugng ddc trung
dung dl bien ludn cho kha ndng ay la do dm dien.
95
Trong mdt chu ki, dd dm dien tdng ddn khi di tft ddu ddn cudi chu ki.
Trong mdt nhdm A, dd dm didn giam ddn khi di tft trdn xudng dudi. Tren
ca sd dd ta cd :
a) Cacbon cd tfnh phi kim manh han silic, thi hien quy ludt bidn ddi tfnh
phi kim trong mdt nhdm (giam ddn khi di tft trdn xudng). Dd dm didn cua
cacbon ldn ban cfta silic.
b) Clo cd tfnh phi kim manh han luu huynh thi hien quy ludt biln ddi
tfnh phi kim trong mdt chu ki (tang ddn khi di tft trai sang phai). Dd dm
dien cfta clo ldn han cua luu huynh.
c) Kdt hgp su bidn ddi theo chu ki va nhdm ta cd tfnh phi kim cfta nito ldn
han cua cacbon (trong cung chu ki). Tfnh phi kim cua cacbon ldn han cfta
silic (trong cung nhdm). Nhu vdy tfnh phi kim cfta nito manh ban cfta silic.
Do dm didn cua nita ldn ban cua silic.
2.25. Hod tri dd'i vdi oxi bang hai ldn sd nguyen tft oxi kdt hgp vdi mdt nguyen
tft cfta nguyen td trong oxit. Trong mdt chu ki, hod tri cao nhdt cua
nguyen td' dd'i vdi oxi tang ddn tft 1 ddn 7 theo chiiu tft trdi qua phai.
Hod tri dd'i vdi hidro la sd nguyen tft H cd thi kdt hgp hodc thay thi vdi
1 nguyen tft cfta nguyen td da cho.
Trong chu ki 2, hod tri cua cac nguyen td dd'i vdi oxi vd hidro trong cdc
hgp chd't thi hien trong bang :
STT phan nhdm
Hop chat vdi oxi
Hoa trj cao nhd't vdi oxi
Hop chat l<hi'vdi hidro (neu cd)
Hoa trj vdi hidro
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Li20
BeO
B2O3
CO2
N2O5
-
-
1
2
3
4
5
-
-
CH4
NH3
H2O
HF
4
3
2
1
2.26. - Cac hidroxit : NaOH, Mg(0H)2, A1(0H)3, Si(0H)4 (H2Si03.H20) ;
P(OH)5 (H3PO4.H2O) va S(OH)6 (H2SO4.2 H2O) va a(OH)7 (Ha04.3H20).
96
- Trong mdt chu ki, tfnh bazo cua oxit va hidroxit tuong ftng giam, tfnh
axit cfta chftng manh ddn len :
Na20
l\/!gO
AI2O3
Si02
P2O5
SO3
CI2O7
Oxit bazo
kiem
Oxit bazo
Oxit
ludng tfnh
Oxit axit
yeu
Oxit axit
trung binh
Oxit axit
manh
Oxit axit
rat manh
NaOH
Mg(0H)2
AI(0H)3
H2Si03
H3PO4
H2SO4
HCIO4
Kiem
Baza yeu
Hidroxit
luang tmh
Axit yeu
Axit trung Axit manh
binh
Axit rat
manh
2.27. a) Trdng mdt nhdm A, khi di tft tren xudng tfnh bazo cua cdc oxit va hidroxit
tdng ddn. Canxi, stronti va bari cung d nhdm IIA do vdy tinh bazo cfta
hidroxit tang ddn tft trai sang phai: Ca(0H)2 < Sr(0H)2 < Ba(0H)2.
b) Trong mdt chu ki, tfnh bazo giam ddn khi di tft ddu chu ki cho den cud'i
chu ki. Natri va nhdm d trong cung chu ki 3, natri d ben trdi va nhdm d
ben phai vi the tinh bazo cfta Al(OH)3 yeu ban NaOH.
c) Kit hgp su bie'n thien tfnh bazo theo chu ki va nhdm ta cd tfnh baza
tdng ddn vl gdc trai ben dudi cua bang tudn hoan. Canxi d nhdm IIA, Cs
d nhdm IA, canxi d chu ki 4 cdn Cs d chu ki 6 vi vdy tfnh bazo cua
Ca(0H)2 yiu hon tfnh baza cua KOH (trong ciing chu ki), trong khi dd
tfnh bazo cfta KOH ydu ban tfnh bazo cua CsOH (trong cung nhdm). Do
vdy tfnh bazo cua Ca(OH)2 yeu ban cfta CsOH.
2.28. Trong mdt nhdm A, khi di tft tren xud'ng tinh axit cua cdc oxit va hidroxit
giam ddn.
a) H2CO3 cd tfnh axit manh ban H2Si03 do sg bien ddi tinh axit theo
nhdm IVA.
b) Trong mdt chu ki, tfnh axit cua cdc hidroxit ftng vdi hod tri cao nhd't
cua phi kim tang ddn khi di tft trai sang phai, do dd :
HjSiOg < H3PO4 < H2SO4.
2.29. Khi cho cdc oxit tdc dung vdi nudc tao ra cac hidroxit theo dung hod tri
cua nguyen td trong oxit. Tuy theo hidroxit thi hien tinh axit hay tfnh
bazo ma ta se vidt cdng thftc cua hidroxit. Cdng thftc cua bazo dugc gift
nguyen nhu hidroxit cdn cdng thftc cfta axit vilt d dang nguyen tft H ket
hgp vdi gd'c axit theo dung hod tri cua gd'c axit.
7.BT HdAHOC10.NC-A
"'
+ Cac oxit tao ra hidroxit thi hien tinh baza
Na20
+ H2O -^
kilm
2 NaOH
CaO
+ H2O -^
Ca(OH)2
+ Cdc oxit tao ra hidroxit the hien tfnh axit:
CO2 + H2O -^
H2CO3
N2O5 + H2O -^
2HNO3
SO3
+ H2O -^ H2SO4
CI2O7 + H2O -> 2HCIO4
baza manh
axit yeu
axit manh
axit manh
axit manh.
Bai 13
Y
NGHTA C U A
BANG TUAN
HOAN CAC
NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.30. C.
2.31. C.
2.32. D.
2.33. B.
2.34. Nguyen td photpho d d sd 15, chu ki 3, nhdm VA. Photpho la mdt phi
kim vdi 5 electron d ldp ngoai cung.
+ Photpho de nhdn them 3 electron dl cd dugc ldp electron ngodi cung
cua khf hiem kripton dftng sau nd nhu trong hgp chat Na3P.
+ Trong cac hgp chat cua photpho vdi oxi, photpho cd thi thi hien hod tri
cao nhd't bdng 5 : trong P2O5 i;ay H3PO4.
+ Trong hgp chd't vdi hidro, photpho thi hien hod tri 3 : PH3
+ Oxit cao nhd't cua photpho tac dung vdi nudc thi hien tfnh chdt cua
oxit axit.
P2O5 + 3H2O -^ 2H3PO4
2.35. Do dm dien bilu thi kha ndng hut electron cua nguyen tft nguydn td hoa
hgc. Do dm dien cdng ldn thi kha ndng hut electron cang ldn (ldn nhdt
la nguyen td flo). Do dm dien cd lien quan chat che ddn tinh kim loai va
phi kim. Dd dm dien cdng ldn thi tfnh phi kim cang manh, tinh kim loai
cang yeu.
98
7.BTH6AHOC10.NC-B
Trong mdt chu ki dd dm dien cua nguyen tft cdc nguyen td tdng ddn khi di
theo ehilu tdng cfta dien tich hat nhdn, trong chu ki 3 do dm dien cua
nguyen tft cac nguyen td tdng ddn khi di tft trdi sang phai. Dd dm dien
thdp nhd't bdng 0,93 d nguyen tft nguyen td natri, cao nhd't bdng 3,16 d
nguyen tft nguyen td clo.
Trong mdt nhdm A do dm dien cua nguyen tft cdc nguyen td giam ddn khi
di theo ehilu tdng dien tfch hat nhdn, trong nhdm VIIA do dm dien giam
ddn khi di tft tren xudng dudi. Dd dm dien cao nhdt la d nguyen tft
nguyen td flo (3,98) va thdp nhdt d nguyen td atatin (2,20). Atatin da thi
hien tfnh chdt cua mdt kim loai, trong khi dd flo la phi kim manh nhdt.
Chu ki 3
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Ci
Ar
Do am dien
0,93
1,31
1,61
1,90
2,19
2,58
3,16
-
Nhom VIIA
F
01
Br
I
At
Do am dien
3,98
3,16
2,96
2,66
2,20
Bai 14
LUYEN TAP CHUONG 2
9
"7
fi
0
f\
0
2.36. Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X la : Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s vdi 2 electron
d ldp eletron ngoai cung vi thd X la mdt kim loai.
Cdu hinh electron cua ion X "^ la : Is 2s 2p 3s 3p
Tft cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X, dl dang kit luan dugc nguyen td X
thudc d sd 20, chu ki 4, nhdm IIA.
2.37. D.
2.38. D.
2.39. A.
2.40. Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X la : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^ 4s^. Nhu
vdy, X thudc d sd 22, chu ki 4, nhdm IVB va la kim loai. Ion X "^ hodc
X'^* tao thanh la do nguyen tft X mat hai hodc 4 electron. Cdu hinh
electron cua cac ion :
X^^ : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ 3d^
X * ^ l s 2 2s2 2p^3s2 3p^
99
2.41. Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua Y la : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^. Nguyen td Y d d
sd 18, chu ki 3, nhdm VIIIA. Ddy la mdt nguydn td khf hidm (Ar) cd cdu
hinh electron nguyen tft bin viing nen khdng tdn tai hgp chd't cfta Y trong dd
Y tdn tai d dang ion.
2.42. Cation R"^ tao thanh tft nguyen tft R do mdt di 1 electron. Cd thi xdy dung cdu
hinh electron nguyen tft cfta R bang each them vao cdu hinh electron cua R"*"
mdt electron. Electron them vao dugc phdn bd vao phdn ldp 4s (ngay sau 3p).
a) Cd'u hinh electron cua R la : Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s
b) Nguyen td R thudc chu ki 4, nhdm IA va la kim loai vi chi cd 1 electron
duy nhd't d ldp electron hod tri. R la nguydn td kali.
c) Tinh chd't hoa hgc ddc trung nhd't cua kali la dl nhudng electron trong
cac phan ftng hod hgc.
- Khi dl K ngoai khdng khi, anh kim mdt di nhanh chdng do phan ftng :
4K + 0 2 ^ 2 K 2 0
- Cho mdt mdu nhd K vao nudc, phan ftng ddy hidro xay ra manh liet:
2K + 2H2O ^ 2KOH + H2t
d) Anion X tao ra tft nguyen tft X do nhdn 1 electron. Do dd, cd'u hinh
electron cua X dugc tim tft cd'u hinh cua X bdng each bdt di 1 electron.
Ta cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua X la : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^. Ddy la
nguyen td clo.
2.43. Hai kim loai cung d nhdm IIA nen cd cung tfnh chd't hod hgc, cung thi
hien hod tri 2 va cd the thay bdng mdt kim loai tuang duang M. Kim loai
tuang duang M cd khdi lugng mol nguyen tft ndm trong khoang gia tri
khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft cua hai nguyen td cdn tim.
Ta cd phuang trinh hod hgc :
M + 2HC1-> MCI2 + H2t
Theo phuang trinh hod hgc, sd mol hai kim loai (hay sd mol kim loai
tuang duang) bdng sd mol hidro = 3,36 dm^/22,4 dm'^/mol = 0,15 mol.
44p
Khd'i luang mol nguyen tft trung binh cua M la : —-—^—= 29 33 g/mol
0,15 mol
'
thudc khoang khd'i lugng mol nguyen tft eua magie va canxi. Vdy hai kim
loai cdn tim la Mg va Ca.
100
Chucmg 3 .
_^___^_,..^_
LIEN KET HOA HOC
•
Bai 16
KHAI
NIEM VE LIEN KET HOA HOC. LIEN KET ION
3.1. Cac nguyen tft khf hiem diu cd cd'u hinh electron ldp ngoai cung dac biet
bin vftng : ns np (trft heli cd cau hinh Is ). Cac nguyen tft khf hiem rat
khd tham gia phan ftng hod hgc. Trong tg nhien, cac khi hilm diu tdn tai
d dang nguyen tft (hay cdn ggi la phan tft mdt nguyen tft) tu do (nen cdn
ggi la cac khi tro).
Cac nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td khac khdng cd cd'u hinh electron
nguyen tft gidng cdc khi hiem nen cd xu hudng dat den ldp vd electron
cua cae khf hidm. Cdc nguyen tft cfta cung nguyen td lien kit vdi nhau tao ra
cac phdn tft dan chd't nhu H2, O2, CI2...
Cdc nguyen tft cua cdc nguyen td lien kit vdi nhau tao ra cac phdn tft hgp
chd't : HCI, CO2... hay tu tap hgp lai thanh cac khdi don chdt nhu kim
cuong, than chi, photpho rdn...
Trong nhiing phdn tft tao thanh tft cdc nguyen tft, cd'u hinh electron cua tiing
nguyen tft thudng gid'ng cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua khf tra. Do dd, phdn
tft hay tinh thi cd ndng lugng thdp ban tdng nang lugng cua tiing nguyen tft
rieng re. Nhu vdy, nguyen nhdn dl tao thanh lien kit hoa hgc va tao thanh
phdn tft la khuynh hudng liin ki't cdc nguyin tic cua cdc nguyen td hod hgc
dedqt tdi cdu hinh electron nguyen tdcua khi hii'm.
3.2. a) Nguyen tft kali chi cd 1 electron d ldp vd ngoai cung nen dl dang
nhudng di electron nay de tao thanh ion K"^. Ion K"^ cd cd'u hinh electron
cua khi hidm agon dftng trudc kali.
Nguyen tft brom thi ngugc lai cd 7 electron d ldp ngoai cung nen dl dang
nhdn them 1 electron tao ra ion Br~ cd cd'u hinh electron cua khi hiem
kripton.
b) Cdc ion K"^ va ion Br" hut nhau bdng luc hut tinh dien de tao ra lien kit
ion. Phdn tft kali bromua cd ndng lugng thdp ban tdng ndng lugng cua
nguyen tft kali va brom rieng re.
101
2
5
3.3. Nguyen tft flo cd cd'u hinh electron ldp ngoai cung la 2s 2p . Khi nhdn
them 1 electron, nguyen tft flo bidn thanh ion florua vdi cd'u hinh electron
9
9
6
ddy du la Is 2s 2p cfta khi hidm neon. Ion florua cd 8 electron d ldp
ngoai cung (thoa man quy tdc bat tft).
Nguyen tft kali thi ngugc lai, cd 1 electron d ldp electron ngoai cung nen
de dang cho di 1 electron tao ra cation kali (K"^) cd cd'u hinh electron cua
khf hidm agon.
Nhu vdy, lieh kit cua cac anion florua va cation kali dugc thgc hidn bdng
luc hut tinh didn va thudc loai lien kdt ion.
2
3.4. Nguyen tft canxi cd cd'u hinh electron ldp ngodi cung la 4s . Khi cho di
2 electron, nguyen tft canxi bie'n thanh cation Ca "^ vdi cd'u hinh electron
9
9
A
9
6
9-+-
ddy du la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p cua khi hidm agon. Cation Ca cd 8 electron
d ldp ngoai cung (thoa man quy tdc bat tft).
Nguyen tft flo dl nhdn them 1 electron de bidn thanh anion florua vdi cd'u
hinh electron cua khi hidm neon. Ion florua cd 8 electron d ldp ngoai
cung (thoa man quy tdc bat tft).
Nhu vdy, lien kit cua cdc ion Ca "^ vd F dugc thuc hien bdng luc hut tmh
dien va thudc vl lien kit ion. Phdn tft canxi florua cd thi bilu diln bang
cdng thftc CaF2.
,
9
9
A
3.5. Cd'u hinh electron cfta cation R la Is 2s 2p do mat 1 electron d phdn
ldp ke tilp. Phdn ldp ke tidp vdi phdn ldp 2p la phdn ldp 3s. Cd'u hinh
9
9
A
1
electron cfta nguyen tft R la Is 2s 2p 3s . Nhu vdy, nguyen tft R cd
11 electron, R la nguyen tft natri. Ban chd't cfta lien kdt giua natri vd flo la
lien ket ion. Trong phdn tft natri florua, ion natri cd dien tfch bdng 1+ va
ion florua cd dien tfch bdng 1-.
3.6. Khi nhdn electron, nguyen tft X bidn thanh anion X . Nhu vdy, nguyen tft
9
9
f\
0
^
X cd cdu hinh electron la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p vdi 17 electron. Dd la
nguyen td clo, mdt phi kim diln hinh.
Bari la kim loai diln hinh d chu ki 6, nhdm IIA. Bari dl nhudng 2
electron ngoai cung vd tao ra cation cd dien tfch 2+. Khi clo kd't hgp vdi
bari, su cho - nhdn electron xay ra. Nguyen tft bari nhudng 2 electron cho
hai nguyen tft clo (mdi nguyen tft clo nhdn 1 electron). Cdc ion trdi ddu
hut nhau tao thanh lien kdt ion tao ra phdn tft bari clorua trung hod dien.
Trong trudng hgp nay cation bari cd dien tfch bdng 2+, anion clorua cd
dien tfch bdng 1-. Phdn tft mudi bari clorua trung hoa didn cd cdng thftc
phdn tft la BaCl2.
102
3.7. Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua natri va oxi :
Na
liJ iUJ HUH]
1 2
T 2
Is
2s
2P^
m
3s
II11
O
1 z
^ z
2p^
Is 2s
Khi cho natri tdc dung vdi oxi, nguyen tft natri nhudng di electron hod tri
duy nhd't dl tao thanh ion Na"^ cd 8 electron gid'ng nhu nguyen tft khi
hilm neon. Nguyen tft oxi cd 6 electron d ldp ngoai cung nhan them 2
electron tft hai nguyen tft natri tao thanh ion O cd 8 electron gid'ng nhu
khf hilm neon. Cac ion natri va oxi diu dugc thoa man quy tdc bat tft
trong phan tft natri oxit. Cd thi bieu diln cdng thftc cua hgp chd't tao
thanh la Na - O - Na.
3.8*. A.
Bai 17
LIEN KET CONG HOA TR!
3.9. Lien kit cdng hod tri la lien kit dugc tao ra do su dung chung mdt hay
nhilu cap electron cua cac nguyen tft trong phdn tft. _
Phdn tft H2 CO 1 lien kit cdng hod tri va dugc bieu diln bdng cdng thftc
cdu tao la : H - H
Phdn tft clo cd mdt lien kit cdng hod tri va dugc bilu diln bang cdng thftc
cd'u tao la : Cl - Cl
Phdn tft hidro clorua cd 1 lien kit cdng hod tri : H - Cl
Phdn tft nita cd 3 lien kit cdng hoa tri : N = N
3.10. Khi cdc nguyen tft tiln lai gdn nhau xud't hien luc hiit va luc day. Luc hiit
dugc thuc hien gifta cdc dien tfch trai dau : cac electron tren cac obitan va
cac hat nhdn. Lgc ddy la luc tac dung gifia cac dien tfch cung dau : cac
hat nhdn ddy nhau, cac electron tren cac obitan day nhau. Khi luc hiit cdn
bang vdi lgc ddy lien kit dugc tao thanh.
103
3.11. D.
3.12. Mdi nguyen tft flo cd 1 electron ddc thdn tren obitan 2p. Khi hai nguyen tft
flo kdt hgp vdi nhau, mdi nguyen tft se gdp chung mdt electron ddc thdn tao
ra mdt cap electron chung cfta ca hai nguydn tft trong phdn tft F2. Cap
electron nay uu tien tdn tai d vung gifia hai hat nhdn va tao ra 1 lien kdt cdng
hod tri.
Cd thi bilu diln lien kit va cd'u tao electron trong phdn tft flo nhu sau :
:F: F : (cdng thftc electron) hay F - F (cdng thftc cd'u tao).
3.13. Nguyen tft brom cd cdu hinh electron ldp ngodi cung la : [Ar] 3d 4s 4p
trong dd cd 1 electron ddc thdn tren mdt obitan 4p. Khi tham gia lien kit
vdi nguyen tft H dl tao thanh phdn tft HBr, nguyen tft H ddng gdp 1 electron
ddc thdn tren obitan Is, nguyen tft brom ddng gdp 1 electron ddc thdn
tren obitan 4p, lien kit dugc tao thanh do sg dung chung mdt cap electron.
Do hai nguydn tft khdc nhau vl dd dm dien nen cap electron bi hftt lech vl
phia nguyen tft brom. Nhu vdy, ngudi ta ndi rdng lien kit gifta H va Br la
lien kdt cdng hod tri phdn cgc va duge bilu diln bdng cdng thftc H: Br : '
3.14. Mdi nguyen tft nita diu cd 5 electron tren ldp ngoai cung trong dd cd
3 electron ddc thdn d tren 3 obitan 2p. Khi hai nguydn tft nita kit hgp
thdnh phdn tft N2, chung cung sft dung chung 3 electron ddc thdn dl tao
ra 3 lien kit. Nhu vdy, mdi nguyen tft nita trong N2 diu cd dugc 5 + 3 = 8
electron d ldp electron ngoai cung : I N = N I. Nguyen tft nita trong N2
thoa man dugc quy tdc bat tft.
Trong phdn tft NO cd 1 lien kit ddi do sg dung chung 2 electron ddc thdn
(trong ba electron ddc thdn) cua mdt nguyen tft nita va hai electron ddc
thdn cfta nguyen tft oxi. Nhu vdy chi cd nguyen tft oxi cd dft 8 electron
(6 + 2 = 8) la thoa man quy tdc bat tft, cdn nguyen tft nita chi cd 7
electron (5 + 2 = 7) khdng thoa man dugc quy tdc bat tft : • N = O :
3.15. Lien kit cdng hod tri dugc tao thanh do su dung chung cdc' cap electron
cua 2 nguyen tft thudc 2 nguyen td khac nhau (cd dd dm dien khdc nhau)
dugc ggi la lien kdt cdng hod tri phdn cgc.
104
Thf du dan gian nhd't vl lidn kdt cdng hod tri phdn cgc la lien kit trong
phdn tft HF. Nguyen tft H ft dm dien ban nguyen tft F, do dd cap electron
lien kdt chung se bi hut lech vl phfa nguyen tft F. Phdn tft HF la mdt
ludng cue dien vdi ddu dm la nguyen tft F va ddu duong eua ludng cgc la
nguyen tft H. Trong cac phdn tft nhilu nguyen tft nhu NH3, H2O, H2S,
SO2... diu cd cdc lien kit cdng hod tri phdn cue do cac nguyen tft H va N,
O va H, S va H, S va O... ed dd dm dien khac nhau.
3.16. Lien kdt cho - nhdn la lien kit CHT phdn cue do hai nguyen tft dung
chung mdt cap electron thudc vl mdt nguyen tft trudc khi tham gia tao
lien ket.
,
Xet phdn tft NO2 : Trong phdn tft NO (xem bai 3.14), nguyen tft oxi cd du
8 electron d ldp ngoai cung va thoa man quy tdc bdt tft. Nguyen tft nito
mdi ed 7 electron. Trong phdn tft NO2 cung nhu vdy, nguyen tft nita chi
cdn 1 electron ddc thdn khdng dft dl ghep ddi vdi hai electron ddc than
cua mdt nguyen tft oxi thft hai. Lien kit cdng hod tri gifta nguyen tft nito
va nguyen tft oxi thft hai se dugc thuc hien bdng sg cho - nhdn cap
electron cfta nguyen tft nita. Nhu vdy nguyen tft oxi thft hai cung cd 8
electron. Nguyen tft nito vdn chi cd 7 electron. Nhu vdy, trong phdn tft
NO2 cd 3 lien kit cdng hod tri. Cdng thftc cd'u tao cua NO2 :
O
N<
O
Balis
SU LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN TQ.
SU HINH T H A N H LIEN KET DON,
LIEN KET DOI VA LIEN KET BA
3.17. Su lai hod gifta cdc obitan 2s va 3 obitan 2p cua nguyen tft C tao ra 4 obitan
lai hod (sp^) gid'ng bet nhau hudng vl 4 dinh cua mdt tft dien diu. Tren
mdi obitan lai hod nay cd 1 electron ddc thdn se ghep ddi vdi mdt
electron ddc thdn cua mdt nguyen tft hidro. Bdn lien kit cdng hod tri dugc
hinh thdnh. Gdc lien ket la gdc tft dien nen cd gid tri bdng 109°28'.
105
3.18. Lien kdt a la lien ket dugc hinh thanh ddu tidn khi mdt phdn tft tao thanh.
Ndu theo quan dilm xen phu obitan thi lien kdt a tao ra do su xen phu
true cua obitan lien kit trung vdi dudng ndi hai hat nhdn nguydn tft lien
kit. Phdn obitan xen phft nay khdng bi thay ddi khi quay mdt obitan xung
quanh true lien kdt va gift nguyen obitan kia. Lien kdt a thudng dugc tao
thanh do sg xen phu cua hai obitan s vdi nhau, gifia mdt obitan s va mdt
obitan p hay xen phu dd'i ddu cfta hai obitan p. Lien kd't trong phdn tft H2
tao ra la do su xen phu gifia hai obitan Is. Lien ket trong cdc phdn tft
halogen nhu F2, CI2, ... do su xen phu dd'i dau gifta hai obitan p. Lien ket
trong phdn tft HF tao thdnh do su xen phu cua obitan Is cua H vd obitan
2p cua F. Cac lien kit nay diu la lien kit a.
Lien kit 71 la lien kit thudng dugc hinh thanh sau khi da cd lien kit a
trong phdn tft. Nlu theo quan dilm xen phu obitan thi lien kdt n tao ra do
sg xen phu gifia 2 obitan d hai ben tren true nd'i hai hat nhdn nguyen tft.
Sg xen phu nay bi thay ddi khi quay mdt obitan xung quanh true lien kit
va gifi nguyen obitan kia. Lien kit n la lien kit thudng dugc tao thanh do
sg xen phu ben cua hai obitan p song song vdi nhau va vudng gdc vdi
dudng ndi hai hat nhdn. Thf du ed hai lien kit 71 va 1 lien kdt a trong
phdn tft nito.
3.19. Nguyen tft Be cd 2 electron tren phdn ldp 2s. Dudi tac dung cfta dilu kien
phan ftng mgt electron chuyin sang trang thai 2p va tao ra nguyen tft d
trang thai kich thfch cd 2 electron ddc thdn. Hai electron ddc thdn cua
nguyen tft Be se ghep vdi hai electron ddc thdn cua hai nguyen tft H dl
tao ra hai lien kit vdi hai cap electron. Hai cap electron lien ket nay ddy
nhau va d xa nhau nhd't la hudng vl hai phia cfta 1 dudng thang. Phdn tft
BeH2 la phdn tft thdng.
Theo quan dilm lai hod 1 obitan 2s va 1 obitan 2p cua nguyen tft Be lai hod
vdi nhau tao ra hai obitan lai hod (sp) mdi hudng vl hai phfa cfta dudng
thdng. Mdi obitan lai hod ed 1 electron ddc thdn xen phu vdi mdt obitan
nguyen tft Is cd mdt electron ddc thdn cua mdt nguyen tft H tao ra mdt lien
kit cdng hod tri. Nhu vdy gdc lien kdt trong phdn tft BeH2 bdng 180°.
3.20.D.
3.21. A.
3.22. C.
106
9
9
'^
3.23. Nguyen tft N cd cdu hinh electron :1s 2s 2p vdi 3 electron ddc thdn
tren 3 obitan 2p. Khi nguyen tft N d trang thai lai hoa sp thi tft obitan 2s
va 3 obitan 2p thu dugc 4 obitan lai hod gid'ng nhau. Nam electron hod tri
dugc phdn bd vao 4 obitan lai hod nen se cd 1 obitan lai hod cd hai
electron, cdn ba obitan lai hod kia cd mdt electron tren mdi obitan. Ba
obitan lai hod chfta electron dgc thdn se xen phu vdi 3 obitan cd electron
ddc thdn cfta ba nguyen tft H tao ra 3 lien kit a. Le ra gdc lien kit se la
109°28' nhu phdn tft metan, nhung vi dam mdy cd cap electron khdng
lien kit chi bi hut vl mdt phia hat nhdn N nen chiem khdng gian ldn ban
lam gdc lien kit giam di cdn 107°.
3.24. Mdi nguyen tft C d trang thai lai hod sp (lai hod thang). Mdi nguyen tft C
dung mdt obitan lai hod sp dl xen phu vdi nhau tao ra lien kit orc_(-. Mdi
nguyen tft C dung obitan lai hod sp cdn lai de xen phu vdi obitan Is cua
mdt nguyen tft H tao ra lien kit a^-n- Mdi nguyen tft C cdn lai hai obitan
2p song song timg ddi mdt. Chung xen phu ben vdi nhau tao ra 2 lien kit
UQ-Q. Nhu vdy trong phdn tft C2H2 cd 3 lien kit a va 2 lien kit n. Cdng
thftc cdu tao cua C2H2 cd dang sau : H - C = C - H. Hinh anh vl cac lien
kit trong C2H2 dugc the hien tren hinh sau:
His
His
Bai 19
LUYEN TAP VE : LIEN KET ION. LIEN KET CONG HOA TRL
SU LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN TCT
3.25. C.
3.26. Khi hai nguyen tft brom tiln lai gdn nhau hai obitan 4p chfta mdt electron
cua mdi nguyen tft brom se xen phu vdi nhau (xen phu true) dl tao ra mdt
obitan chung vdi 2 electron tao ra mdt lien kit a va mdt phan tft brom
(Br2): Vdi each dung chung mgt cap e nhu vdy mdi nguyen tft brom diu
"kilm" dugc 8 electron gid'ng cd'u triic ldp vd e cua khi hilm kripton (gdn
nhd't). Lien kit trong phdn tft Br2 dugc ggi la lien kit dan.
107
3.27. a) C
3.28. B.
b)B.
3.29. C.
3.30. Mdi nguyen tft C trong phdn tft C2H6 d trang thai lai boa sp . Mdt obitan 2s
"trdn" vdi 3 obitan 2p tao ra 4 obitan lai hoa sp^ gidng nhau hudng vl bdn
dinh cua tft dien. Mdi nguyen tft C sft dung 1 obitan lai hod sp dl xen phu
true vdi nhau tao ra lien kit a^-c- Mdi nguyen tft C sft dung 3 obitan lai hod
cdn lai dl xen phu vdi 3 obitan Is cfta 3 nguyen tft H tao ra 3 lidn kdt OQ-^.
Trong phdn tft C2H6 chi cd 1 lien kit a^-c va 6 lien kit dQ-^.
3.31. Nguyen tft C d trang thai kfch thfch cd 4 electron ddc thdn do chuyin mdt
electron tft phdn ldp 2s len phan ldp 2p cdn trdng. Dudi tac dung cua dilu
kien phan ftng, nguyen tft C d trang thai lai hod sp : mdt obitan 2s "trdn"
vdi 3 obitan 2p tao thanh 4 obitan lai hod mdi hoan toan gidng nhau
hudng vl 4 dinh eua tft dien.
Bd'n obitan lai hod sp cua C xen phu vdi 4 obitan s cua 4 nguyen tft H tao
thanh 4 lien kdt a.
Phdn tft cd dang tft dien diu. Cac gdc lien kit diu bdng 109°28'.
3.32. Phdn tft nito cd ba lien kit. Mdt lien kit <j va hai lidn kit K. Vdi eac lien
kit nhu vdy mdi nguyen tft nita diu cd du 8 electron d ldp electron ngoai
9
ft
cung gid'ng vdi nguyen tft neon (2s 2p ). Ldp vd hoa tri du 8 electron rdt
bin viing vi the nita phan tft kha tro d nhiet dd thudng.
Bai 20
TINH THE NGUYEN TQ. TINH THE PHAN TCT
3.33. Tinh thi nguyen tft khdc tinh the phdn tft d cae dilm chfnh sau
- Loai hat tdn tai d nut mang.
- Luc tuang tac gifta cac hat d nut mang.
- Do cftng, nhiet do ndng chay, nhiet dd sdi...
3.34. C.
3.35. D.
108
3.36. Tinh thi iot thudc loai tinh thi phdn tft. Nut mang la cac phdn tft iot. Cac
phdn tft dd lien kit yiu vdi nhau nen dl dang tach ra khdi nhau, nen cac
phdn tft dl tach ra khdi bl mat tinh thi trd thanh pha khf. Chfnh vi the iot
de thdng hoa va dl ndng chay.
Ngugc lai NaCl thugc tinh the ion. Cac ion Na"^ va Cl tdn tai d hai mang
ludi ion Idng vao nhau. Cac ion nay hut nhau bdng luc hut tinh dien nen
luc lien kit rd't bin vfing chung khd tach khdi nhau nen Idid ndng chay va
khd bay hoi.
3.37. Trong tinh thi nudc da, mdi phdn tft nudc dugc bao quanh bdi 4 phdn tft
nudc khdc d tren 4 dinh cua tft dien diu. Khi ndng chay cac cdu triic nay
cd thi cdn tdn tai mdt phdn va dugc ggi la cd'u tnic trat tu gdn. Khi ndng
nhiet dd, cd'u true trdt tu gdn bi pha vd, cdc phdn tft nudc cd thi chen vao
khoang trdng cua tft dien lam thi tfch cua nudc long giam di so vdi thi
tich cua mdt lugng nudc da tuong duang, do vdy khdi lugng rieng cua
nudc long ldn ban nudc da. Khi tang nhiet dd chuyin dgng nhiet tang len
lam khoang each gifia cac phdn tft tang len. Trong khoang tft 1 den 4°C
yiu td giam thi tfch do sg dan xen cd'u true chiem uu thi nen khdi lugng
rieng trong khoang nay tang ddn va dat gia tri ldn nhd't d 4°C. Tft 4°C trd
di khdi lugng rieng lai giam ddn vi sg tang khoang each phdn tft do
chuyin ddng nhiet.
3.38. a) B.
b) D.
3.39. A.
Bai 21
HIEU DO A M DIEN VA LIEN KET HOA HOC
3.40. Lien ket CHT khdng cgc la lien kit dugc tao thanh do hai nguyen tft cua
cung nguyen td (thudng la phi kim). Trong lien kit nay cap electron lien
kit bi hut nhu nhau vl hai phia, nen cdc nguyen tft tham gia lien kit vdn
trung hod dien, khdng nguyen tft nao mang dien.
Thf du : H - H, Cl - Cl.
Lien kit CHT phdn cue la lien kit CHT dugc tao thanh do hai nguyen tft
khdc nhau. Trong lien kit nay cap electron lien kit bi hut lech vl phfa
109
nguyen tft cua nguyen td dm dien ban, do dd nguyen tft cfta nguyen td dm
dien ban se mang dien tfch dm cdn nguyen tft kia mang dien tich duang.
Thi du : HGl; H2O ; NH3 ; CO...
Lien kit cho - nhan la loai lien kdt CHT dugc tao thanh do su dung
chung mdt cap electron thudc vl chi mdt nguyen tft cfta mdt nguyen td
trudc khi lien kit. Dilu kien de cd the tao ra lien kit cho - nhdn la mdt
nguyen tft cd cap electron khdng lien kit va mgt nguyen tft cd "obitan
trdng". Nguyen tft cd cap electron dung chung dugc ggi la chd't cho.
Nguyen tft nhdn cap electron dugc ggi la chdt nhdn. Thf du : phdn tft CO,
ion NH^, HNO3...
3.41. A.
3.42. B.
3.43. + Hai nguyen tft nita gidng nhau ndn lidn kit gifta cac nguyen tft la lien
kit cdng hoa tri khdng phdn cue : I N s N I
+ Hieu do am dien gifta Ag va Cl bdng 3,16 - 1,93 = 1,23 <T,70. Nhu
vdy ban chat cua lien kit trong hgp chd't la lidn kit cdng hod tri cd cue.
+ Hgc sinh tu tfnh hieu dd dm dien dl thdy rdng : Hieu do dm dien gifia H va
Br, N va H, O va H khdng du ldn dl tao lien kit ion ndn lien kit trong cac
phdn tft nay la lien kit cdng boa tri cd cgc. Rieng trong trudng hgp H2O2 co
lien kit peoxit O - O la lien ket CHT khdng cd cgc (phdn tft dd'i xftng).
3.44. + Ion CIO mdt lien kit O - Cl cd hieu do dm dien bdng 0,28 nen la lien
kit cdng boa tri khdng cd cue.
+ Ion HS cd lien kit S - H cd hieu do dm dien bang 0,38 nen la lien kit
cdng hoa tri khdng cd cue.
+ Tuong tu trong eac lien kit cua ion HCO3 diu la cae lien kit cdng hod
tri cd cue.
3.45. Do phdn cUc cua lien kit dugc so sanh vdi nhau qua hieu do dm dien cua
cac nguyen td tham gia lien kit hoa hgc. Hieu dd dm dien cang ldn thi
lien kit cang phan cgc :
Lien ket
H-Te
H-S
H-N
H-O
Ca-S
Cs-CI
Ba-F
0,1
0,38
0,84
1,24
1,58
2,37
3,09
rv^i. l a i i y
no
w
Bai 22
HOA TR! VA SO OXI HOA
3.46. Sd oxi hod la didn tfch nguyen tft vdi gia dinh hgp chdt chfta nguyen td dd
la hgp chd't ion.
Hod tri cua nguyen td cd hai loai : Dien hod tri la dien tfch cua ion trong
hgp chd't ion va cdng hod tri la sd lien kit ma nguyen tft cua nguyen td tao
dugc vdi cae nguyen tft nguyen td khac.
Dien hod tri cd thi ed gia tri nguyen duong hodc dm, cdng hod tri chi cd
gia tri nguyen duong. Trong khi dd sd oxi hod cd gia tri dudng hodc dm
nhitng cd khi la sd thdp phdn ndu tfnh trung binh (thf 4u trong Fe304 sdt
cd sd oxi hod trung binh la + 8/3).
3.47. A.
3.48. Cac nguyen td O va S cua nhdm VIA cd chung cd'u hinh electron ldp
ngoai cung la ns np dl nhdn vl 2 eleltron dl cd dugc cdu hinh electron
9
6
ciia cdc khf hilm ngay sau la ns np vi thi cd dien hod tri bdng 2 - trong
cac hgp chd't vdi cac nguyen td nhdm IA. Thi du : Na20, Na2S vdi cdng
thftc cd'u tao :
Na - O - Na ; Na - S - Na.
3.49. Theo quy udc trong da sd cdc hgp chd't nguyen td oxi cd sd oxi hod bdng -2,
hidro la+1.
Sd oxi hod cua cdc nguyen td trong oxit cao nhd't chfnh la sd thft tu ciia
nhdm nguyen td. Nhu vdy ta ed sd oxi hod eua cdc nguyen td nhu sau :
Si cd sd oxi hoa bdng +4 trong Si02, cdng hod tri bdng 4.
P cd sd oxi hod bdng +5 trong P2O5, cdng hod tri bdng 5.
S cd sd oxi hod bdng +6 trong SO3, cdng hod tri bdng 6.
Cl cd sd oxi hod bdng +7 trong CI2O7, cdng hod tri bdng 7.
Sd oxi hod eua nguyen td phi kim trong cdc hidrua la sd dm vdi gia tri
bdng sd nguyen tft H trong hgp chat (hay hieu cua 8 - sd thft tu cua
nhdm), cdng hod tri ludn la sd duong. Nhu vay ta cd sd oxi hod cua cdc
nguyen td:
111
Si cd sd oxi hod bdng - 4 trong SiH4, cdng hod tri 4.
P cd sd oxi hod bdng - 3 trong PH3, cdng hod tri 3.
S cd so oxi hod bdng - 2 trong H2S, cdng hod tri 2.
Cl cd sd oxi hoa bang - 1 trong HCI, cdng hod tri 1.
3.50. Cd thi xet gia tri sd oxi hod theo kha ndng tao lien kd't cfta nguydn tft
thdng qua cd'u hinh electron. Sd electron cd thi cho di hay sd electron ddc
thdn cd thi tao lien kit lam cho nguyen tft cd the cd vdi hod tri hay vai sd
oxi hod.
2
4
Nguyen tft S vdi cd'u hinh electron hoa tri la 3 s 3p cd sd oxi hod +4 va
+6 khi gia dinh nguyen tft S mdt 4 electron va mdt 6 electron. Nd'u nguyen
tft S nhdn them 2 electron tao ign sunfua (S ) nguyen tft S ed sd oxi hod
bdng-2.
2
3
3.51. Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft eua nguyen to photpho la [Ne] 3s 3p .
Tft cd'u hinh electron cfta P ta thd'y rdng cdng hod tri eua P trong hgp chd't
vdi H bdng 3 (cd 3 electron dgc thdn).
Sd oxi hod cua P cd thi la +3, +5 do cd thi md't di 3, 5 electron va - 3 khi
nguyen tft nhdn them 3 electron vao ldp electron hod tri (trong cac
photphua, thf du : Na3P).
3.52. Nguyen td Sn va Si d cung nhdm IVA nen cd cung sd oxi hod cao nhd't
la +4.
Nguyen td S va Se cung d nhdm VIA nen cung cd sd oxi boa cao nhd't
la+6.
Sc d nhdm IIIB cd sd oxi hod cao nhd't la +3, Sb d nhdm VA cd sd oxi hod
cao nhd't la +5 nen khdc nhau.
3.53. Cac nguyen td N, P va As cung d nhdm VA ndn cung cd sd oxi hod -3
trong cdc hgp chd't vdi hidro nhu : NH3, PH3, ASH3.
Cac nguyen td F va Cl cung d nhdm VIIA nen cung cd sd oxi hod -1
trong cac hgp chd't vdi hidro.
Na d nhdm IA nen cd sd oxi hod +1 trong NaH. Si d nhdm 4 ndn cd sd
oxi hod - 4 trong SiH4. S d nhdm VIA nen cd so oxi hod - 2 trong H2S va
cac mudi sunfua.
3.54. C.
3.55. B.
112
Bai 23
LIEN KET KIM LOAI
3.56. Dien hod tri eua nguydn td trong hgp chd't ion chfnh la dien tieh eua ion
dd trong hgp chd't. Cae nguyen td nhdm IA, IIA va IIIA cd 1, 2 va 3
electron d ldp electron ngoai cung nen dl nhudng di 1, 2 va 3 electron dl
tao thdnh cac ion duang cd dien tfch tuang ftng la 1+, 2+ va 3+. Do dd
dien hod tri cfta cac nguyen td cung tuang ftng bdng 1+, 2+ va 3+.
3.57. B.
3.58. D.
3.59. B.
3.60. D.
3.61. Cdu tao tinh thi cfta kim loai cd ddc trung quan trgng nhd't la cac ion va
nguyen tft d cdc nut mang chi cd thi dao ddng xung quanh vi trf cdn bdng
ma khdng di chuyin dugc. Cdc electron hod tri chuyin ddng tg do trong
toan khdi kim loai.
Chuyin ddng daO ddng cua cdc ion vd nguyen tft tdng theo nhiet dd va thi
hien nhiet dd cfta khd'i kim loai. Khi ddt ndng mdt ddu thanh kim loai,
cdc ion va nguyen tft chuyin ddng tdng ddn va truyin ndng lugng cho cdc
ion va nguyen tft ldn cdn (gid'ng nhu su truyin ndng lugng trong cdc chdt
rdn khac). Cdc ion vd nguyen tft cdn truyin ndng lugng cho electron tg
do. Cdc electron khdng chi truyin ndng lugng cho cdc ion vd nguyen tft
ldn cdn ma cdn truyin ndng lugng cho cdc ion vd nguyen tft d xa ban vi
thi ndng lugng dugc truyin di nhanh ban, kim loai ddn nhiet tdt.
Cdc electron trong khd'i kim loai chuyin ddng khd tu do trong tinh thi
kim loai nen khi tac dung lgc dien (dien trudng) cdc electron se di chuyin
dl dang trong dien trudng ma tdn rd't it ndng lugng. Kim loai ddn dien tdt.
Khi chiu tac dung cfta lgc co hgc thi eac ion va nguyen tft bi di chuyin,
chung bi xd lech. Cdc electron trong khd'i kim loai cd tuong tdc chat che
vdi cdc ion ma lai rd't linh ddng do "khf" electron ma khoang each gifia
cdc ion vd nguydn tft vdn dugc gift nguyen nhu trudc. Do dd kim loai dl
ddt mdng vd keo thanh sgi (thi hien tfnh deo).
3.62. Thi tfch cfta 1 mol sdt = 55,85 g/7,87 g/cm^ = 7,097 em"* ddng thdi chiia
6,02.10^^ nguyen tft sdt.
B.BTH6AHOCIO.NC-A
113
Thi tfch 1 nguyen tft sdt bdng
7,097 cm /mol ^ 1A_ ^ Q 372.lO'^^em^
6,02.10^3 mol-i 100
+ Ban kfnh nguyen tft sdt tfnh theo cdng thftc
———= 8,72.10
em .
Tft dd ta cd ban kfnh nguyen tft sdt r = 1,28.10 ^cm.
3.63*.
Hinh 3.10 : Susap xep cac hat trong mgt dan vi mang li/di lap phUOng tam mat
Tft hinh ve ta thd'y ngay duge cac hat tiep xuc nhau d mat ben. Dudng
cheo cua mat ben cd chiiu dai bdng 4 ldn ban kinh nguyen tft : b = 4r.
1
-
2
2
>y2a
Trong mdt d mang tinh the cd canh bang a. Ta cd (4r) = 2a ; r = —-—
Thi tfch cfta 1 nguyen tft hinh cdu bdng
47n-^
Sd nguyen tft trong mdt d
mang tinh thi = 4, ta cd ti le thi tich bi cac nguyen tft chie'm va thi tich
471
hop (a^)
^V^^'
\
A ) X 100 -'•- IA. Phdn trdm chidm chd bdng 74%.
3a'
J
Bai 24
LUYEN TAP CHUONG 3
3.64. A.
3.65. a) Ggi x va y la sd proton trong cdc hat nhdn hay sd electron d ldp vd
nguyen tft A va B tuang ftng.
114
8.BT H6AHOC10.NC-B
Ta ed : X + 3y = 42 - 2 = 40. Nhu vdy y < 40/3 = 13,33. B thudc chu ki 2
va la mdt phi kim (tao anion) nen B chi cd thi la flo, oxi hodc nita.
Khi B la flo thi y = 9, AF3" va A cd sd oxi hoa bdng +1 va x = 40 - 3 x 9 = 13.
Trudng hgp nay loai vi nhdm khdng cd sd oxi hod bdng +1.
Khi B la oxi thi x = 16 ta cd A la luu huynh. Trudng hgp nay chap nhdn
duge vi cd ion SO3 .
Khi B la nito thi AN3~ va A cd sd oxi hod = + 7 mdu thudn vdi kit qua
X = 19 ling vdi kali. Trudng hgp nay loai.
Nhu vdy A cd sd khd'i bdng 32, B cd sd khd'i bdng 16. '
b) Cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft cua hai nguyen td la :
S
O:
mi
11
Is^
2s2
n
m
Is^
nnii
2P^
tl
li 1 t
3s2
3P^
u t t
2s^
2p^
3.66. Mac du cd dd dm dien tuong duong nhau nhung trong phdn tft CI2 chi cd
lien ket dan (lien kit a) trong khi dd nita tdn tai d dang phdn tft hai
nguyen tft vdi lien kdt ba (1 lien kit a va hai lien kit 71) N = N. Ndng
lugng cdn dl phd vd lien kit ba trong phdn tft nito ldn ban nhilu so vdi
ndng lugng cdn dl phd vd mdt lien kit don trong phdn tft clo. Do vdy d
dilu kien thudng nita cd kha ndng phan ftng kem ban clo*
3.67. Tft cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft ciia tittig nguyen td :
9
9
fi
1
9
V
A : Is 2s 2p 3s vdi tdng sd electron bdng 11. Nhu vdy nguyen td A
cd sd thft tu la 11, d chu ki 3, nhdm IA va la kim loai kilm.
M : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p' vdi tdng sd electron bdng 13. Nguyen td M cd sd
thft tu la 13, chu ki 3, nhdm IDA va la kim loai.
X : Is^ 2s^ 2p^ 3s^ 3p^ cd tdng sd electron bdng 17 vdi sd thft tu la 17,
chu ki 3, nhdm VIIA va la phi kim.
3.68. Cdc nguyen tft cua cac nguyen td cd xu hudng dat dugc ldp vd electron
ciia cdc nguyen tft khi hidm. Ndu chi kl ldp ngoai cung thi cac nguyen tft
khf hidm thudng cd 8 electron. Do vdy quy tdc bat tft cd thi dugc coi la
quy tdc chung dl xet kha ndng lien kit vdi nhau cua cac nguyen tft.
115
Thgc td quy tdc bat tft kha dung cho cdc nguydn td chu ki 2. Cd thi ldy
trudng hgp quy tdc bat tft dugc thgc hidn dung la cdc phdn tft CH4 hay
CO2 hay NH3. Trong cac trudng hgp nay cdc nguydn tft C va N diu cd dft
8 electron d ldp vd.
Cd kha nhilu trudng hgp quy tdc bat tft khdng dugc thuc hidn : Trong
phdn tft nito oxit (N = O), N chi ed 7 electron hay trong phdn tft SFg thi S
cd tdi 12 electron d ldp electron hod tri sau khi tao lidn kd't.
9
fi
9
fi
9
9
3.69. Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua nguyen td X la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s .
X la nguydn td canxi vdi 2 electron d ldp vd nen dl dang nhudng di ca 2
electron dl tao ra cation Ca "^.
9
9
fi
9
S
Cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguydn td Y la Is 2s 2p 3s 3p . Y la
nguyen td clo vdi 7 electron d ldp electron ngoai cung ndn dl dang nhdn
1 electron dl tao ra ion clorua (Cl ).
Canxi la mdt kim loai rd't manh vd clo la mdt phi kim rd't manh. Hai
nguyen td tren khi kdt hgp se tao ra lien kdt ion gifta kim loai manh vd
phi kim manh.
Ca + Cl2 -^ CaCl2
3.70. Ggi x va y ldn lugt la sd mol cfta kim loai kilm A va natri. Ta cd cac
phuong trinh phan ftng xay ra :
2A + 2H2O -> 2A0H + H 2 t
(a)
X
X
2Na + 2H2O -> 2NaOH + H2t
y
(b)
y
AOH + HCI -^
X
ACI + H2O
X
NaOH + HCI -^ NaCl + H2O
y
(c)
(d)
y
Tft cdc phuang trinh phan ftng trdn ta cd tdng sd mol HCI cdn dung dl
trung hod AOH va NaOH bdng tdng sd mol natri vd kim loai kilm A. Ta
cd hd 2 phuang tnnh :
x + y = 0,2
(1)
xA +23y = 3
(2)
Hai phuang trinh vdi 3 dn sd nen giai trgc tilp khdng dugc. Ta ed phuang
trinh he qua : x.A + 23 (0,2 - x) = 3. Hay x =^7:7^ > vi x > 0
ta cd : 23 - A > 0 va A < 23. Dua vdo bang tudn hodn ta thd'y nhdm kim
loai kilm cd gia tri nguyen tft khdi bdng 7 (Li), 23 (Na), 39 (K),
85,5 (Rb), 133 (Cs). Nhu vdy kim loai A la Li vdi nguydn tft khd'i bdng 7.
116
Chucmg 4
PHAN LTNG HOA HOC
Bai 25
PHAN Q N G 0 X 1 H O A - KHCT
4.1. B.
4.2. A.
4.3. C.
4.4. B.
4.5. D.
4.6. A.
4.7. D.
4.8. D.
4.9. a) 2H2S +3O2 -^ 2H2O + 2 S 0 2 t
b) Luu huynh bi oxi hod, oxi bi khft
4.10. a)
4.n. l.a)+4
b)+3
c)+4
d)-3
2. a) - 1
b)+3
c)+5
d)-l
3. a) - 1
b)-2
c)-3
d)+3
4. a) +4
b)-l
c)+4
d)-2
5. a) +5
b)-3
c)+5.
4.12.
Chat oxi hoa
Chat khft
1.
KMn04
H2C2O4
2.
HNO3
Cu
3.
K2Cr207
Na2S03
4.13. 1. KCIO3
+
chd't oxi hod
chd't khft
2. 2FeCl2 + H2O2
chdt khft
-^ 3BT2 + KCl + 3H2O
6HBr
chd't oxi hod
+
2HC1 ^ 2FeCl3 + 2H2O
(;hd't tao md I trudng
117
3. IJ
+
chd't oxi hod
4. 6KI
chd't khft
+
2Na2S203 ^ Na2S406 + 2NaI
chd't khft
8HNO3 -^ 3I2 + 6KNO3 + 2NO + 4H2O
chd't oxi hod,
chd't tao mdi trudng
5. 3PbO
+ 2NH3 ^ 3Pb + N2 + 3H2O
chd't oxi hod
chd't khft
6. K2Cr207 + 14HC1 -^ 3CI2 + 2KC1 + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O
chd't oxi hod
chd't khft,
chd't tao mdi trudng
7.2KMn04 + 5SnS04 + 8H2SO4 -^ 5Sn(S04)2 + 2MnS04 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
chd't oxi hod chd't khft chd't tao mdi trudng
8. NaCIO + 2KI
+ H2SO4 ^ I2 + NaCl + K2SO4 + H2O
chd't oxi hod chd't khft chd't tao mdi trudng
9. Cr203 + 3KNO3 + 4KOH ^ 2K2Cr04 + 3KNO2 + 2H2O
chd't khft chd't oxi hod
chd't tao mdi trudng
10. 3H2S + 8HNO3 -> 3H2SO4 + 8 N 0 + 4H2O
chdt khft chd't oxi hod
4.14. Fe203 + 3 C 0 — ^
4.15. 2HgO
2KCIO3
4.16. S + O2 — ^
2Fe + 3CO2
— ^ 2 H g + O2
— ^ 2 K C l + 302
SO2
S + 2Na ^ Na2S.
4.17. C2H5OH + 3 O 2 - ^ 2 C 0 2 t +3H2O
2C2H5OH + 2Na -> 2C2H50Na + H2t
4.18. a) 5H2O2 + 2KMn04 + 3H2SO4 -^ 5O2 + K2SO4 + 2MnS04 + ^HjO
H2O2 la chdt khft, KMn04 la chd't oxi hod.
b) 2,72%.
4.19. a) C2H5OH + 2K2Cr207 + 8H2SO4 -> 2CO2 + 2Cr2(S04)3 + 2K2SO4 + 1IH2O
Crom bi khft va cacbon bi oxi hod.
b) Ham lugng cdn 0,17% > 0,02%. Ngudi lai xe da pham ludt.
118
4.20*. a) 6FeS04 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 -^ 3Fe2(S04)3 + 2 N 0 + 4H2O
b) Mn(0H)2 + CI2 + 2KOH -^ Mn02 + 2KC1 + 2H2O
c) 2Mn02 + O2 + 4KOH -> 2K2Mn04 + 2H2O
d) 2NH3 + 3Br2 ^ N2 + 6HBr
d) Mn02 + 2KBr + 2H2SO4 ^ BTJ + MnS04 + K2SO4 + 2H2O
Bai 26
PHAN LOAI PHAN Q N G TRONG HOA HOC VO CO
4.21. C.
4.22. C.
4.23. A.
4.24. B.
4.25. l . a ) M g + C l 2 ^ M g C l 2
b) Mg +2HC1 -^ MgCl2 + H2t
c) MgS04 + BaCl2 -^ BaS04i + MgCl2
2. a) Sd oxi hod cua magie tdng tft 0 len +2, cua clo giam tft 0 xud'ng - 1 .
b) Sd oxi hod cua magie tang tft 0 len +2, cua hidro giam tft +1 xudng 0.
c) Sd oxi hod cua cac nguyen td khdng thay ddi.
4.26. a) 2Cu + O2 — ^
2CuO
Sd oxi hod cfta ddng tang tft 0 len +2, cua oxi giam tft 0 xudng - 2 .
b) Cu(0H)2 -^ CuO + H2O
Sd oxi hod cua cac nguyen td khdng thay ddi.
4.27. CaCOj + H2O + CO2 -> Ca(HC03)2
4.28. 2NaHC03 — ^
4.29.a)CaC03
b)2HgO
Na2C03 + H2O + C 0 2 t
— ^ C a O + COjt
— ^ 2 H g + 02t
c) 2KCIO3 — ^
2KC1 +3O2 t
119
4.30. a)
b)
4.31. a) ^
CaO + H2O -^ Ca(0H)2
2Fe(OH)3 -^ Fe203 + 3H2O
Cu + CI2 -^ CUCI2
2KMn04 -^ K2Mn04 + Mn02 + O j t
X ^ Z | 6 6 ^j429,15(kJ).
,,^^.^J^=n45,i5im.
4.33. Su ngung tu 1 mol hcd nudc thdnh 1 mol nudc Idng giai phdng mdt lugng
nhiet la 44 kJ.
4.34. 1. N2 (k) + O2 (k) -^ 2N0 (k); AH = +180,58 kJ.
2. Qua trinh giai phdng mdt lugng nhiet la : ^
x 90,29 = 4,5145 (kJ).
Bai 27
LUYEN TAP CHLTONG 4
4.35. a) phan ftng oxi hod - khft.
b) khft ; oxi hod.
c) oxi hod ; khft.
d) chdt khft ; chd't oxi hod.
4.36. a) Sg khft.
b) Sg oxi hod.
4.37. Mg^"^, Na"^, AP"" khdng thi nhudng electron nen khdng thi ddng vai trd
chd't khft. Al cd thi nhudng electron va ddng vai trd chdt khft. Thf du :
2A1 + 6HC1-^ 2AICI3 + 3H2t
4.38. Mg, c r , S^~ khdng thi thu electron ndn khdng thi ddng vai trd chd't oxi
hod. Cu^^ cd thi thu electron va ddng vai trd chd't oxi hod. Thf du :
CuO + H2 -> Cu + H2O
4.39. Chi ed Fe^* vfta cd thi ddng vai trd chdt oxi hod vfta cd thi ddng vai trd
chdt khft vi ion nay vfta cd thi thu electron, vfta cd thi nhudng electron :
FeO + H2 ^ Fe + H2O
4FeO + O2 -> 2Fe203
120
4.40. a)
Mg + 2HC1 -^ MgCl2 + H2
b)
2FeCl2 + CI2 -^ 2FeCl3
c)
Fe203 + 3 C O - > 2Fe + 3C02
4.41. a)
2Fe + 3CI2 -> 2FeCl3
b)
S+ 02^S02
(luu huynh la chd't khft)
c)
CI2 + 2NaOH - ^ NaCl + NaCIO + H2O
4.42. a) 2KMn04 + 5CaC204 + 8H2SO4
-^ 2MnS04 + 5CaS04 + K2SO4 + IOCO2 + 8H2O
b) Sdmol KMn04 :
,nnn
1000
Sd mol CaC204 : ^'^'^^
= I.OO.IO"* (mol).
""^ = 2,50.10"' (mol).
Ndng dd Ca^"^ (tfnh theo don vi mg Ca^VlOO ml mau)
2,50.10"* X 40,08 X 1000 x 100 = 10,0 mg Ca'VlOO ml mdu.
4.43. a) 2KMn04 + 5SO2 + 2H2O -^ 2MnS04 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4
b) 0,25% < 0,3%. Nhien lieu nay dugc phep sft dung.
4.44. Kit ludn nhu vdy la sai. D l phan ftng gifia hidro va oxi bdt ddu cdn cd
nhiet dd cao (550°C) nhung khi phan ftng xay ra thi toa nhiet, khdng cdn
cung cdp ndng lugng nfta.
4.45. a) C12H22O11 (r) +I2O2 (k) -^ I2CO2 (k) + 1IH2O (k); AH = -5,64.10^ kJ/mol.
171
b) Lugng nhiet dugc giai phdng : 5,64.10^ x — - = 2,82.10^kJ.
4.46*. a) Axit la chd't tao mdi trudng :
2KMn04 + 5Na2S03 + 3H2SO4 -^ 5Na2S04 + 2MnS04 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
b) Axit la chd't oxi hod : Fe + 2HC1 -^ FeCl2 + H2t
c) Axit la chd't khft : Clj + 2HBr ^ 2HC1 + Br2
d) Axit vfta la chd't oxi hod vfta la chd't tao mdi trudng :
3Cu + 8HNO3 -^ 3Cu(N03)2 + 2 N 0 + 4H2O
d) Axit vfta la chd't khft vfta la chd't tao mdi trudng :
2KMn04 + 16HC1 -^ 2KC1 + 2MnCl2 + SClj + 8H2O
e) Axit vfta la chd't khft vfta la chd't oxi hod :
4HNO3 - ^
2H2O + 4NO2 + O2
121
Chuang J
__^_^_^^_^^^_^_«^^^^^_____^_^^.^____^_^__
NHOM HALOGEN
Bai 29
KHAI QUAT
VE NHOM HALOGEN
5.1. a) Flo, d 9, chu ki 2, nhdm VIIA ;
b) Clo, d 17, chu ki 3, nhdm VIIA ;
c) Brom, d 35, chu ki 4, nhdm VIIA ;
d) lot, d 53, chu ki 5, nhdm VIIA.
5.2. Gidng nhau :
- Diu cd 7 electron d ldp ngodi cung (ns^np^) ;
- O trang thdi ca ban, nguydn tft cac halogen diu cd 1 electron ddc thdn.
Khdc nhau :
- Sd ldp electron trong nguyen tft tang ddn tft flo qua clo ddn brom va iot,
vi vdy ldp electron ngodi cung xa ddn hat nhdn. (Ldp ngoai cung cua F la
ldp thft 2, eua Cl la ldp thft 3, eua Br la ldp thft 4 vd cua I Id ldp thft 5.)
- Ldp ngodi cung eua F (Id ldp thft 2) khdng cd phdn ldp d, cdn ldp ngoai
cung cua Cl, Br, I diu ed phdn ldp d cdn trdng (khi nguyen tft d trang thai
CO b a n ) .
5.3. F" : [He] 2s^2p* gidng cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft Ne ;
c r : [Ne] 3s^3p* gidng cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft Ar;
Br~ : [Ar] 3d"'4sHp* gid'ng cd'u hinh electron nguyen tft Kr;
r : [Kr] 4d"'5s^5p* gid'ng cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft Xe.
Nhdn xet: Khi nguyen tft halogen X thu them mdt electron thi biln thanh
anion X~ cd cd'u hinh electron trung vdi cd'u hinh electron cua khf hidm
dftng ben canh halogen dd trong bang tudn hodn.
5.4. Trong cac halogen rdn vd long, eac phdn tft X2 lien kdt vdi nhau bdng luc
Van-dec-Van. Luc nay tdng len theo ehilu tdng cua khdi lugng phdn tft
halogen. Vi thd tft flo ddn iot, nhidt dd ndng chdy vd nhiet dd sdi tang ddn.
122
5.5. Trong mdt hgp chd't cd hai nguyen td, nguyen td nao cd do dm dien ldn
ban se cd sd oxi boa dm. Ddi vdi cae nguyen td halogen, dd dm dien giam
ddn nhu sau : F > Cl > Br > I.
Sd oxi hod dm cua eac halogen diu la - 1 . Tdng sd sd oxi hod cua cdc
nguyen tft trong mdt phdn tft bdng 0. Dga tren co sd dd, cd thi xac dinh
sd oxi boa nhu sau :
a) Trong CIF, sd oxi hod cua clo la +1, cfta flo la - 1 ;
b) Trong BrF, sd oxi boa cua brom la +1, cua flo la - 1 ;
c) Trong BrCl, sd oxi hod cua brom la +1, cua clo la - 1 ;
d) Trong ICI, sd oxi hod cua iot la +1, cua clo la - 1 ;
d) Trong IBr, sd oxi hod cua iot la +1, cfta brom la - 1 ;
e) Trong CIF3, sd oxi hod cua clo la +3, cua flo la - 1 ;
f) Trong BrF3 , sd oxi hod cua brom la +3, cua flo la - 1 ;
g) Trong ICI3 , sd oxi boa cua iot la +3, cua clo la - 1 ;
h) Trong BrF5 , sd oxi hod cua brom la +5, cua flo la - 1 ;
i) Trong IF5 , sd oxi hod cua iot la +5, ciia flo la - 1 ;
k) Trong IF7, sd oxi boa cua iot la +7, cua flo la - 1 .
5.6.
Mg + X2 ^ M g X 2
a mol
a mol
Khd'i lugng MgX2 : a(24 + 2X) = 19
2A1
(1)
3X2 -^ 2AIX3
+
a mol
— mol
Khd'i lugng AIX3 • ^^^^
^ ^^^ " ^^'^
^^^
Tft (1) va (2) tim dugc X = 35,5 -^ X la clo ; a = 0,2 mol.
Khd'i lugng clo : 0,2 x 71 = 14,2 (g)
'5.7.
X2 +
2M
->
2MX
X mol 2x mol
2x mol
Khd'i lugng hgp chd't A : 2x(M + X) = 4,12
(1)
123
3X2 + 2A1 -^ 2AIX3
X mol
— mol
Khd'i lugng hgp chd't B : ^ (27 + 3X) = 3,56
(2)
2M + S ^ M 2 S
2x mol
X mol
Khd'i lugng hgp chdt C : x(2M + 32) = 1,56
(3)
Giai he phuang trinh gdm 3 phuang trinh (1), (2), (3) tim dugc x = 0,02 ;
X = 80 ; M = 23 do dd X la brom (Br = 80); M la natri (Na = 23).
Chdt A la NaBr, B la AlBr3, C la Na2S.
Bai 30
CLO
5.8. Nudc clo chfta H2O, CI2, HCI, HCIO.
5.9. Ddp sd: 10,92 lit clo.
5.10. a) Dua vao mdu eua khf clo ;
b) Dua vdo mui eua khf clo (chu y cdn thdn vi khf clo ddc).
5.11. Clo ddc va ndng ban khdng khf.
5.12. Khf clo mdi dilu chi cd ldn hai nudc (khf clo dm). Khi khod K ddng, khi
clo dm di qua H2SO4 bi hut nudc thanh khf clo khd khdng tdy mdu. Khi
khod K md, khf clo dm di thdng vao dng A : Khf clo dm ed tdc dung tdy
mau vi trong dd cd HCIO tao ra do phan ftng :
CI2 + H2O ^
HCI + HCIO
5.13. Phan ftng H2 + CI2 -^ 2HC1 khdng lam thay ddi tdng thi tfch cac chdt khf.
Vi vdy thi tfch hdn hgp thu dugc la 5 1ft, khdng phu thudc vao hidu sudt.
5.14. CI2 + 2NaBr -^ 2NaCl + Br2
CI2 + 2NaI ^ 2NaCl + I2
124
5.15. Cl2 + H2O ?^ HCI + HCIO
Na2C03 + 2HC1 -^ 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
5.16. 2A1 + 3CI2 -^ 2AICI3
96 7
Sd mol Al = sd mol AICI3 = T ^ = 0,2 (mol)
Khdi lugng cfta Al = 0,2x27 = 5,4 (g)
Sd mol CI2 = I sd mol AICI3 = |- x 0,2 = 0,3 (mol)
Thi tich clo = 0,3 x 22,4 = 6,72 (/).
- 1 + 4
0
+
2
5.17. 2KC1 + Mn O2 + 4KHSO4 ^ CI2 T + Mn SO4 + 3K2SO4 + 2H2O
KCl la cbdt khft ; Mn02 la chd't oxi hod ; KHSO4 la chd't tao mdi trudng
(tao mdi trudng axit).
5.18. Trong qua trinh dilu chd oxi tft KCIO3, Mn02 la chd't xuc tdc :
2Ka03
^ ° ^ > 2KC1 + 302t
Trong qua trinh dilu ehi clo tft HCI, Mn02 la chd't oxi hod :
-
+4
1
0
+
2
Mn02 + 4HC1 -^ CI21 + MnCl2 + 2H2O
5.19. CI2 + 2KBr -^ 2KC1 + Br2
2x119 g 2x74,5 g
a) Phan ftng tao ra brom lam dung dich cd mau vang.
b) Theo phuang trinh : Nlu mdt mol CI2 du phan ftng thi khdi lugng mudi
tan trong dung dich giam :
2 x 1 1 9 - 2 x 7 4 , 5 = 89(g)
Thgc td khd'i lugng giam la : 2,5 -1,61 = 0,89 (g)
0 89
Vdy sd mol CI2 da dg phan ftng : Imol x ^ — = 0,01 mol
Ndng dd phdn trdm cfta clo trong nude plo : '
— x 100%= 2,84%.
125
c) Sd mol KCl = 2 x so mol CI2 = 2 x 0,01 = 0,02 (mol)
Khd'i lugng KCl = 0,02 x 74,5 = 1,49 (g)
Khd'i lugng KBr = 1,61 - 1,49 = 0,12 (g). \
5.20. Hidro chay trong clo tao ra hidro clorua :
H2 + CI2 -^ 2HC1
Khf HCI (M = 36,5 g) nhe ban khf CI2 (M = 71 g) nen d phdn tren cfta
dng, phdn dudi d'ng la khf clo cdn du.
Khf HCI khdng tac dung vdi parafin nen neu dua tft tft nggn ndn vao d'ng
thi khi qua phdn ddu ndn tdt ngay, sau dd cd dua tidp xud'ng dudi d'ng
cGng khdng chdy dugc vi nhiet dd khdng du cao dl parafin bdt ddu phan
ling vdi clo. Nlu dua nhanh nggn nen xud'ng day d'ng thi khi nggn ndn
chua kip tdt da tiep xuc vdi khf clo d dudi. Khi dd ndn tid'p tuc chay :
C20H42 + 2ICI2 ^ 20c + 42HC1
5.21. a) Dung dich chuyin sang mau dd vi hdn hgp khf chfta HCI va H2 cdn du.
b) Dung dich mat mdu vi hdn hgp khf sau phan ftng chfta HCI vd CI2 cdn
du. Khf clo (dm) cd tac dung tdy mau.
Bai 31
HIDRO CLORUA - AXIT CLOHIDRIC
5.22. Dga vao hai ddu hieu : khdng mau va cd mui xdc, ta nhdn ra dugc khi
hidro clorua.
5.23. Trong khf thai cd HCI, chat nay ndng hon khdng khf va rd't dl tan trong nudc
nen dng thai du cao cung khdng cd tdc dung, nhd't la khi khdng khi dm udt.
5.24. Ddt thi tieh khi HCI cdn dung la V 1ft. Khd'i lugng cua V lit HCI la
— ^
(g). Khd'i lugng dung dich thu duge la 185,4 + ^2^
(g).
Khd'i lugng HCI nguyen chd't trong dung dich thu dugc la :
iQ^^n
10 , 36,5V
16,57
i'^'''^Too^^2T=lo^
5.25. Khd'i lugng clo la : 24,32 tdn.
Khd'i lugng hidro la : 0,71 tan.
126
185,40 +
36,5V"
22,4
V = 8,96 (/).
5.26. HCI + NaOH -^ NaCl + HjO
Sd mol HCI trong 10 ml D = sd mol NaOH = ^ ^ j ^ ^ = 0,0015 (mol)
CM cua dung dich D = '
=0,15 mol/l
HCI + AgN03 -^ AgCli + HNO3
2 87
Sd mol HCI trong 80 ml E = sd mol AgCl = - ^ — = 0,02 (mol)
CM cua dung dich E = ^
= 0,25 (mol//)
U,Uo
Dat ndng dd dung dich A la x mol/l, ndng do dung dich B la y mol/l.
Theo ddu bai, ta cd :
x+3y = 4x0,15 = 0,6
3x + y = 4 x 0,25 = 1,0
Giai he phuong trinh, ta ed x = 0,3 ; y = 0,1.
Ndng do cua dung dich A la 0,3 mol/l; ciia dung dich B la 0,1 mol/l.
5.27. Thft bdng dung dich AgN03 nhdn ra hai mudi clorua :
NaCl + AgNOg -^ AgCl^ + NaNOj
BaClj + 2AgN03 -^ 2AgCli + Ba(N03)2
Hai dung dich khdng tao ra kit tua la hai mudi nitrat. Di phdn biet
2 dung dich NaCl va BaCl2 ta thft bdng dung dich H2SO4 :
BaCl2 + H2SO4 -> BaS04l + 2HC1
Cung lam nhu vdy de phdn biet hai dung dich NaN03 va Ba(N03)2.
Bai 32
HOP CHAT CO OXI CUA CLO
+1
+3
+7
5.28. CI2O: diclo oxit ; HCIO2 : axit cloro ; CI2O7 : dielo heptaoxit ;
+1
+3
+7
HCIO : axit hipoclora ; CI2O3: diclo trioxit ; HCIO4 : axit pecloric ;
127
+5
-1
+1
HCIO3 : axit cloric ; KCl : kali clorua ; NaCIO : natri hipoclorit ;
+1
+5
Ca(C10)2 : canxi hipoclorit; KCIO3 : kali clorat ; CaOCl2 : clorua vdi,
(trong phdn tft clorua vdi, mdt nguyen tft clo cd sd oxi hod +1 vd mdt
nguyen tft clo ed sd oxi hod - 1 , sd oxi hod trung binh cua clo la 0).
0
-
1
+
1
5.29. a) CI2 + 2KOH ^ KCl + KCl O + H2O
0
n
b) 3Cl2 + 6K0H — ^
-1
+5
5KC1 + KCIO3 + 3H2O
Trong ea hai trudng hgp, clo vfta la chd't oxi hod vfta la chd't khft.
5.30. Tfnh axit tang ddn
^
HCIO HCIO2 HCIO3 HCIO4
•
Tfnh oxi boa giam ddn
5.31. 2NaCl (r) + H2SO4 (d) — ^ Na2S04 + 2HC1
4HC1 + Mn02 -^ CI2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O
3CI2 + 6K0H — ^
KCIO3 +5KC1 + 3H2O
2KCIO3 — ^
2KC1 + 3O2
2KC1 + 2H2O
,,^iS;P^„ > H2t + Cl2t + 2KOH
'^
CO mang ngan
^
'
^
CI2 + Ca(0H)2 -^ CaOCl2 + H2O
5.32. 2NH4CIO4 ^ N2 + CI2 + 2O2 + 4H2O
4A1 + 3O2 -> 2AI2O3
Khd'i lugng nhdm gdn bdng 230 td'n ;
Khd'i lugng nhdm oxit gdn bdng 434 td'n.
5.33. Mn02 + 4HC1 -^ CI2 + MnCl2 + 2H2O
87 g
71 g
CI2 + 2NaOH-> NaCl + NaCIO + H2O
71 g
80 g
58,5 g
74,5 g
Ddp sd: NaCl: 7,31% ; NaCIO : 9,31% ; NaOH : 8,1%.
128
Bai 33
LUYEN TAP VE CLO VA HOP CHAT CUA CLO
5.34. C.
5.35. C.
5.36. 281,75g.
Khd'i lugng cfta 11,2 / HCI d dktc la : ^^'l^]^''^
= 18,25(g).
Khdi lugng HCI tdng cdng la : 18,25 + 0,16m (g)
Khd'i lugng dung dich thu dugc la : m + 18,25 (g)
,^
. , - , . . 18,25 +0,16m ,^^^ ^. . , ^
Theo ddu bai: -^
,„' ^ = 100% = 21,11%
m + 18,25
->m = 281,75 (g).
5.37.
Mg + CI2 -^ MgCl2
2A1 + 3CI2 -> 2AICI3
2Mg + 0 2 ^ 2MgO
4A1 + 3O2 -^ 2AI2O3
a) Dat lugng clo la x mol, lugng oxi la y mol:
Theo dinh ludt bao toan khdi lugng, khd'i lugng ciia hdn hgp A phai la
42,34 - 16,98 = 25,36 (g).
71x + 32y = 25,36
Giai he phuang trinh, ta duge : x = 0,24 ; y = 0,26
0 24
VI thi tfch, khf clo chie'm : - ^ x 100% = 48%
oxi chie'm : ^
x 100% = 52%.
b) Ddt lugng Mg la a mol, lugng nhdm la b mol, ta cd :
24a + 27b = 16,98
9.BTHdAHOC10.NC-A
129
M g ^ M g ^ ^ + 2e
a mol Mg nhudng 2a mol e
A l ^ A l ^ " ' + 3e
b mol Al nhftdng 3b mol e
CI2 + 2e -^ 2 C r
O2 + 4e -> 20^"
0,24 mol CI2 thu 0,48 mol e
0,26 mol Oj thu 1,04 mol e
Lugng electron do cdc kim loai nhudng dung bdng lugng electron do cdc
phi kim thu :
2a + 2b = 0,48+ 1,04= 1,52
Giai he phuong trinh, ta dugc a = 0,55 ; b = 0,14
Mg chie'm :
,
Al chie'm :
^ " ^ ^
X 100% = 77,74%.
"'I^^g^^x 100% = 22,26%.
Bai 34
FLO
5.38. 2P + 5F2 -^ 2PF5
Photpho pentaflorua
5.39. Vi flo tac dung vdi nudc
2F2 + 2H2O -^ 4HF + O2
5.40. £)ap 50 :2,4 kg.
5.41. 2KBr + F2 ^ 2KF + Br2
2H2O + 2F2 -^ 4HF + O2
Br2 + 5F2 + 6H2O -^ 2HBr03 +10HF
5.42. Thft bdng dung dich AgN03, dung dich NaCl tao kdt tfta trdng :
AgN03 + NaCl -^ AgCl>l + NaN03
Dung dich NaF khdng tao kit tua.
5.43. Si02 + 4HF -^ SiF4 + 2H2O
Si02 + 2F2 -^ SiF4 + O2
5.44. a) (HF)2
b) Theo chiiu HCI -> HBr -^ HI : nhiet dd sdi tdng ddn nhung HF cd
nhiet do sdi cao ban ban 3 chd't tren. Dd la vi HF d dang (HF)^.
130
9.BT HdAHOC10.NC-B
Bai 35
BROM
5.45. Cdn up ngugc d'ng
ion khdng
k h n n p khi
khf nhilu
n h i l u TH^
Hai brom ndng ban
(dgr^/kk "^ ^^
-
^'^2) nen up
ngugc dng thi hoi brom thoat ra nhanh ban.
5.46. Clo day brom ra khdi mudi:
2NaBr + CI2 -^ 2NaCl + Br2
Brom tan trong nudc tao ra dung dich mau vang. Tidp tuc cho clo thi chd't
nay oxi hod brom :
Br2 + 5CI2 + 6H2O -^ 2HBr03 + lOHCl
Cdc axit tao thanh khdng mau, dung dich cfta chung lam quy tfm hod dd.
5.47. Ddt mieng binh A gdn mieng binh B rdi nghieng binh A, khf HBr se
chuyin tft binh A sang binh B nhu khi ta rdt chd't Idng tft binh nay sang
binh khdc. Lam dugc nhu vdy vi khf HBr ndng gdp gdn 3 ldn khdng khf.
81 X 350
5.48. Khd'i lugng eua 350 lit HBr =
= 1265,625 (g).
1 Of\^ f\0^
Ndng dd phdn trdm ciia dung dich =
—'
xlOO% = 55,86%.
1000 + 1265,625
5.49. Khi HBr khft axit sunfuric ddc :
2HBr + H2SO4 -^ BT2 + SO2 + 2H2O
Vi vdy, ngudi ta dilu che HBr bdng each thuy phdn photpho tribromua :
PBr3 + 3H2O -^ H3PO3 + 3HBr
Trong thuc td ngudi ta cho brom tac dung vdi photpho vd nudc.
5.50. CI2 + 2KBr -^ 2KC1 + Br2
Nlu 71 g clo dg phan ftng, khd'i lugng chd't rdn giam 89 g. Thuc tl, khd'i
lugng chd't rdn giam 1,6 - 1,36 = 0,24 (g)
71 x 0 24
Vdy khd'i lugng clo la :
- ^ ^ 0,1915(g)
oy
Hdm luong clo la : ^ ^ ^ x 100% c=i 3,19% .
6
131
5.51. Ddt lugng kali bromua va kali iotua trong hdn hgp A ldn lugt la x vd y
mol. Khi cho A vao nudc brom :
2KI + Br2 -^ 2KBr + I2
y mol
y mol
San phdm B chfta (x + y) mol KBr
119x+166y - 119(x + y) = m<=>47y = m
Khi cho B vao nudc clo :
(1)
2KBr + CI2 -^ 2KC1 + Br2
(x + y) mol
(x + y) mol
119(x + y) - 74,5(x + y) = m « 44,5(x + y) = m
(2)
tft (1) va (2) ta cd : 44,5(x + y) = 47 y hay 44,5x = 2,5 y ^ y = 17,8x
rj^ T . ^ 1^13 119xxlOO% 119xxl00%
-__„
Ham lugng KBr =
=
= 3,87%.
119x + 166y
3073,8x
Ham lugng KI = 100% - 3,87% = 96,13%.
Bai 36
IOT
5.52. Kali iotua tdc dung vdi clo va brom :
2KI + CI2 -^ 2KC1 + I2
2KI + Br2 -^ 2KBr + I2
Vdi sdng tac dung vdi nudc :
CaO + H2O -> Ca(OH)2
lot thdng hoa va bam vdo day binh.
-1
+6
0
-
2
5.53. 8NaI + 5H2SO4 ^ 4I2 + HjS + 4Na2S04 + 4H2O
Day la phan ftng oxi boa - khft. Ion I ed tfnh khft manh han Cl". Vi vdy
Nal khft duge H2SO4 ddc.
5.54. PI3 + 3H2O -^ H3PO3 + 3HI.
5.55. Cho mudi dd vao nudc clo va kilm tra sg xud't bidn cfta iot bdng hd tinh bdt:
CI2 + 2NaI -^ 2NaCl + I2
Cho mudi dd vao lugng du nude clo, cd can va nung ndng dl loai nudc,
clo va iot, ta duge NaCl tinh khiet.
132
5.56. Luc ddu, iot tg do xud't hien do cd phan ftng :
CI2 + 2KI -^ 2KC1 + I2
Sau dd clo oxi hod iot:
I2 + 5CI2 + 6H2O -^ 2HIO3 + lOHCl
Vi vdy khi cho hd tinh bdt vao khdng thd'y mau xanh.
5.51. Ddp sd: 7,3 g.
5.58. Ddp sd: 61,3% KBr ; 38,7% Nal; 448 ml HCI.
Bai 37
LUYEN TAP CHUONG 5
5.59. A vd C.
5.60. C.
5.61. Ddn khf oxi ldn khf clo di qua dung dich NaOH se loai dugc clo :
CI2 + 2NaOH -^ NaCl + NaCIO + HjO
5.62. Dun ndng dl iot thdng hoa se thu dugc iot tinh khiet.
5.63. Hidro bromua (HBr) va hidro iotua (HI). Ddn tftng khf dd qua nudc clo cd
pha sdn hd tinh bdt, chd't nao tao ra mau xanh la hidro iotua.
5.64. a) Ten cfta cac hgp chd't ldn lugt la : HIO4 : axit peiodic ; HBr04 :
axit pebromic ; HCIO4 : axit pecloric.
b) Tfnh axit tdng ddn : HIO4 < HBr04 < HCIO4
Quy ludt : Trong mdt nhdm A, khi dien tfch hat nhdn nguyen tft ciia cdc
nguyen td tang ddn, tfnh axit cua cdc hidroxit giam ddn.
5.65. HS tu vilt phuang trinh hod hgc.
5.66. Gia sft trong 40 ml A ed x mol HCI va y mol H2SO4
HCI + NaOH ^ NaCl + H2O
X
X
X
H2SO4 + 2NaOH -^ Na2S04 + 2H2O
y
2y
y
Sd mol NaOH : x + 2y = ^ ^ = 0,06
(1)
Khdi luong 2 mudi : 58,5x + 142y = 3,76
Tft (1) va (2) tim duge x = 0,04 ; y = 0,01
(2)
Ndng dd HCI = ^
= 1 (mol//); H2SO4 = ^
= 0,25 (mol//).
133
Chuang6
NHOM OXI
Bai 40
KHAI Q U A T
VE NHOM OXI
6.1. * Ban kfnh nguyen tft cfta cdc nguyen td trong nhdm oxi tdng ddn.
* Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung gid'ng nhau : cd 6 electron, obitan s
cd 2 electron, obitan p ed 4 electron. Obitan p cd 2 electron ddc thdn.
* Do dm didn tuang dd'i ldn va giam ddn tft nguydn td O den nguydn td Te.
* Tfnh bin dd'i vdi nhiet cfta nhiing hgp chat vdi hidro giam ddn tft H2O
din H2Te.
6.2. Nguyen tft oxi khdng cd phdn ldp d trdng, do dd nguyen td oxi chi cd sd
oxi hod - 2 trong hdu hit cdc hgp chd't.
J^guyen tft cua cdc nguydn td cdn lai (S, Se, Te) ed phdn ldp d trdng. Khi
nhiing nguyen tft nay bi kfch thfch, cac electron ldp ngoai cung (ns np )
chuyin din phdn ldp d, tao ra ldp ngoai cung ed 4 e hodc 6 e ddc thdn.
Do vdy cdc nguyen td' S, Se, Te ngoai sd oxi boa - 2 cdn cd nhiing sd oxi
boa +4 va +6 trong hgp chdt.
6.3. Bang sau khi diln :
^^^^
Nguyen td
* Cau t a o ^ - ^ ^
* Ti'nh chat
S
Se
Te
8
16
34
52
2,6
2,8,6
2,8, 18,6
2,8,18, 18,6
[He]2s^2p'*
[Ne]3s^ 3p'*
[Ar]3d^°4s24p'*
[Kr]4d^°5s^5p'*
^^^^
Sd hieu nguyen tft
Cac Idp electron
Ca'u hinh electron
134
0
^^^-.^.^^
Nguyen td
* Cdu t a o ^ ^ - . ^ ^
* Tinh chat
^"^^^
0
S
Se
Te
Nguyen tft khdi
16
32
79
128
khi
ran
ran
ran
khdng mau
Trang thai d 20°C, 1 atm
Mau sac
vang
xam
xam
D6 am dien
3,44
2,58
2,55
2,10
Ndng lugng ion hod I^
1314
1000
941
869
-2
-2
-2
-2
+2
+4,+6
+4,+6
+4,+6
H2O
H2S
HjSe
H2Te
H2SO4
H2Se04
H2Te04
Sd oxi hoa trong hgp chat:
- vdi hidro
- v6i phi kim manh
•
Cong thftc hoa hgc cCia :
- hdp chat vdi hidro
- hop chat hidroxit
6.4. A - b
B-a
C-d
D-c
6.5. C.
Bai 41
OXI
6.6. Bang sau khi diln :
Dieu che
Dung djch ban dau
San pham 6 cgc duong San pham d cgc am
Khi oxi
Ni/dc cd pha them H2SO4
Khf oxi
Khf hidro
Khi clo
NaCl (c6 vach ngSn)
Khf clo
Khf hidro
2H2O
dien phan
2NaCl + 2H,0
> 2H-, + Oo
/^'^"P^^ ) 2NaOH + H, + Cl,
6.7. B. .
6.8. a ) ( l ) l a B ; ( 2 ) l a C .
b)A.
6.9. C.
135
6.10*. l.Xemddthi.
Vo^ {cm3)
2. Phanftngxay ra nhanh nhdt: B.
Phan ling xay ra chdm nhd't : C.
(Phan ftng kdt thftc d gidy thft 60
trddi).
3. Thi tfch khf sinh r a :
3
a) Sau 25 gidy : vao khoang 40 em .
3
b) Sau 45 gidy : vao khoang 83 cm .
4. Phanftngkit thuc sau 60 gidy.
5. Khi phan ftng kit thuc, thi
tich khf oxi thu duac la 90 cm .
10 20 25 30
40 4550
60
70 t(s)
Hinh 6.12
Bai 42
OZON VA HIDRO PEOXIT
6.11. D.
6.12.B.
6.13.C.
6.14. a) Hai dang thu hinh cua nguyen td oxi : oxi (O2) vd ozon (O3).
b) So sanh tfnh chd't vdt 11 vd tfnh chd't boa hgc cua O2 vd O3 :
Tfnh chat
Trang thai vat li
Nhiet do hoa Idng
Ti'nh tan trong nudc
Tl khd'i ddi vdi khong khf
136
O2
O3
Khi
Khf
-183°C
-112°C
Tan ft
Tan nhieu hon O2 (gap
15 lan)
32
d=-.1,10
48
d = 29 -1.655
Tfnh chat
O2
O3
Tfnh ben cua phan tft
Ben vufng
Khong ben : 2O3 -^ 3O2
Tfnh oxi hoa
Manh :
Rat manh :
- Oxi hoa hau het kim loai
va phi kim (oxi khong oxi
hoa dugc Ag d dieu kien
thudng).
- Oxi hoa hau het kim
loai va phi kim 6 nhiet do
thudng :
2Ag + 0 3 ^ Ag20 + O2
- Oxi hoa dugc nhieu hop - Oxi hoa duoc ion 1
chat v6 CO va hdu co cl thanh I2
nhiet dp cao (O2 khong
2KI + O3 + H2O -^12 +
oxi hoa dugc 1 ).
2K0H + O2
6.15. 1. Dd thi cho bilt :
a) Khoang thdi gian 20 gidy ddu tien, khi oxi thoat ra la nhieu nhd't.
b) Khi phan ftng kit thuc, khf oxi thu dugc la 120 cm .
c) Phan ftng kit thuc vao khoang 100 gidy.
2. Sd lieu tren dd thi cho biet:
a) Sd mol khf dilu che dugc :
120
n = 24000 0,005 (mol).
b) Theo phuang trinh hoa hgc :
2H2O2 ^ 2H2O + O2
UH^OJ = 2no2 = 2 x 0,005 = 0,01 (mol).
c) Thi tich dung dich H2O2 0,25M tham gia phan ftng :
1000x0,01
.^,3,
r> =
= 40 (cm ).
>'ddH202
0,25
3. Ten va cdng thftc hod hgc cua chat xuc tac : mangan dioxit (Mn02).
WAA U
6.16. Ddp sd: 14,224 1ft khf oxi.
6.17. Khdi lugng mol trung binh cua hdn hgp khf:
M= 1 8 x 2 = 36(g)
^'
137
Ddt X va y la sd mol O3 va O2 cd trong mdt mol hdn hgp, ta cd phuang
trinh dai sd :
48x+32y^3^
x +y
Giai phuang trinh, ta cd y = 3x. Ti le % vl sd mol cung la ti Id % vl thi
tfch. Thi tfch khf oxi gap 3 lan thi tich khf ozon. Thanh phdn hdn hgp khf:
25% ozon va 75% oxi.
6.18. Ddp sd: 50% O2 va 50% O3.
Bai 43
LLTU HUYNH
6.19. A.
6.20. a) Luu huynh ta phuang (Sa) bin d nhiet do phdng.
b) Luu huynh ta phuang (SQ) va luu huynh daii ta (Sp) d trang thai rdn
hoac khi ndng chay thanh chd't long mau vang linh ddng (119°C), phdn tft
cua chung cd cd'u tao vdng gdm 8 nguyen tft luu huynh (Sg).
c) Ca hai dang thu hinh cua luu huynh diu cd cd'u tao phdn tft mach thdng
chfta n nguyen tft (S„), khi chung d trang thai quanh nhdt, mau ndu dd
(187°C din dudi 445°C).
d) Phdn tft luu huynh cd 1 hodc 2 nguyen tft (S, S2) khi chftng d trang thai
hai (1400 den 1700°C).
6.21. 1. Dung oxi dl oxi hod H2S thanh S :
-2
0
n
2H2S + O2 —^-^
0
-2
2S + 2H2O
O2 : Chd't oxi boa hay chd't bi khft.
H2S : Chd't khft hay chd't bi oxi hod.
2. Dung hidro sunfua khft luu huynh dioxit, ndi each khac Id dung luu
huynh dioxit oxi hod hidro sunfua thanh luu huynh :
- 2 + 4
2H2S + SO2
138
0
> 3S +2H2O
6.22. a) Phuang trinh boa hgc cua phan ftng :
0
0 + 2 - 2
Zn+ S ^ ZnS
b) Zn : Chdt khft, chdt bi oxi hoa ;
S : Chd't oxi boa, chd't bi khft.
c) Du 2 g Zn.
6.23. a) Cac phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng :
Mg + S ^ M g S
(1)
2A1 + 3S ^ AI2S3
(2)
b) Thi tfch dung dich Pb(N03)2 cdn dung :
Cdc chdt sau phan ftng (1) va (2) la MgS, AI2S3 va bdt S du cho tac dung
vdi H2SO4 loang, xay ra cac phan ftng sau :
MgS + H2SO4 ^ MgS04 + HzSt
(3)
AI2S3 + 3H2SO4 -^ Al2(S04)3 + 3H2St
(4)
Ddn khi H2S sinh ra d cdc phan ftng (3) va (4) vao dung dich Pb(N03)2
loang :
H2S + Pb(N03)2 ^ PbSl + 2HNO3
(5)
Sd mol Mg va Al tham gia phan ftng (1) va (2) :
0 54
0 24
HAI = ^
= 0,02 (mol);
nMg = ^
= 0,01 (mol)
Sd mol MgS va AI2S3 sinh ra d (1) va (2) la :
HMgs = 0,01 (mol) ;
n^^Sj = 0,01 (mol)
Sd mol H2S sinh ra d (3) va (4) la :
nH2S = "MgS = 0,01 (mol);
UH^S = 3nAi2S3 = 0,01 x 3 = 0,03 (mol)
Sd mol Pb(N03)2 tham gia d (5) la :
npb(N03)2 = riH^s = 0,01 + 0,03 = 0,04 (mol)
Thi tfch dung dich Pb(N03)2 cdn dung :
Vpb(N03)2=
1000x0,04 ._^, 3,
oa
=400 (cm).
139
6.24. a) Chd't sau phan ftng gdm cd 0,05 mol FeS va 0,05 mol Fe du tac dung
vdi dung dich HCI (du) sinh ra hdn hgp A gdm ed 0,05 mol H2 va
0,05 mol H2S. Hdn hgp A cd thanh phdn : 50% H2 va 50% HjS (theo thi tfch).
b) Sd mol HCI du bang sd mol NaOH tham gia phan ftng la 0,0125 mol.
Tdng sd mol HCI cd trong dung dich la :
0,1 + 0,1 + 0,0125 = 0,2125 (mol)
Ndng dd mol cua dung dich HCI la 0,425 mol/l.
Bai 44
HIDRO SUNFUA
6.25. a) Cac phuang trinh hod hgc :
(1)
(2)
S+ Z n ^ ^ Z n S
ZnS + H2SO4 iog„g ^ Z n S 0 4 + H2S
(3)
2H2S + O2 (thieu)
- ^ 2 H 2 0 + 2S
(4)
S + O2 — ^ SO2
Hodc : S + 2H2SO4 <3ac ^ 3S02 + 2H2O (Xem SGK bai 45)
(5)
H2S + 4CI2 + 4H2O -^ H2SO4 + 8HC1
(6)
2H2S + 3O2 —^
2H2O + 2SO2
b) Cac phan ftng oxi boa - khft : (1), (3), (4), (5), (6) vi cd sg thay ddi sd
oxi boa cua cae chd't tham gia va tao thanh sau phan ftng.
c) Vai trd cac chd't:
(1)
Zn: chat khft;
S : chd't oxi boa
(3)
H2S : chd't khft ; O2 : chd't oxi hod
(4)
S : chdt khft ; O2 : chd't oxi hod
(5)
H2S : chd't khft ; CI2 : chd't oxi hoa
(6)
H2S : chd't khft ; O2 : chd't oxi hod.
6.26. Ddp dn :
-2
0
a) Trudc phan ftng : S ; CI2
140
+6
-1
Sau phan ftng :
S ; Cl
b) H2S + 4CI2 + 4H2O -^ H2SO4 + 8HC1
c) Chd't oxi hod : CI2 ; Chd't khft : H2S.
6.27. Ddp dn:
a) 2H2S + SO2 ^ 3S + 2H2O
b) Chd't khft : H2S ; Chdt oxi hod : SO2.
e) Luu huynh la san phdm cua su oxi hod H2S va cua su khft SO2
d) ms = 32 X 0,3 = 9,6 (g).
Bai 45
HOP CHAT CO OXI CUA LUU HUYNH
6.28. D.
6.29. 1. A la magie oxit (MgO), B la luu huynh (S), C la magie sunfat (MgS04).
2. Cdc phuang trinh hod hgc cua phan ftng :
a) 2Mg + SO2-^ 2MgO + S
Mg : la chd't khft ; SOj : la chd't oxi hoa
b) MgO + H2SO4-> MgS04 + H2O
c) S + 2H2S04(d) -^ 3SO2 + 2H2O
S : la chd't khft ;
H2SO4 : la chat oxi hod.
6.30. Cdc chU va thft tu diln :
axit sunfuric dac, day khdng khi, vdi phun, axit sunfuro, sunfit, hidrosunfit.
khft, oxi hod, luu huynh tu do, luu huynh trioxit hoac axit sunfuric.
6.31. 1. So dd thilt bi dilu che hidro :
Hinh 6.13 : Sa do thiet bi dieu che hidro
141
3
2. Dung d'ng dong cd dung tich 100 cm .
3. Cdt nhiing la kem nhd cd dien tieh (kfch thudc) bdng nhau tft mdt la kem.
4. So sanh kit qua :
a) Khf dugc giai phdng d thf nghiem 1 nhanh han thf nghiem 3, vi dien
tfch tiep xuc cfta Zn vdi HCI d thi nghidm 1 ldn ban, trong khi dd nhiet
do cua dung dich H2SO4 la nhu nhau.
b) Khf hidro duge giai phdng d thf nghidm 3 nhanh ban thi nghiem 2, vi
nhiet do cua dung dich H2SO4 d thf nghiem 3 cao ban, trong khi dd dien
tfch tie'p xuc giua kem va axit la nhu nhau.
5. Dd thi bilu diln cdc phan ftng :
Dudng cong c bilu thi cho thi nghiem 1, phan ftng xay ra la nhanh nhdt,
ftng vdi dudng cong cd dd ddc ldn nhd't.
Dudng cong b bieu thj cho thf nghiem 3, phan ftng xay ra trung binh, ftng
vdi dudng cong cd do ddc trung binh.
Dudng cong a bieu thi cho thf nghiem 2, phan ftng xay ra chdm nhd't, ftng
vdi dudng cong cd dd ddc nhd nhd't.
6. Sau cac thi nghiem tren, kem cdn du. Nhu vdy thi tfch khf H2 thu dugc
phu thudc vao lugng H2SO4 tham gia phan ftng :
2x50
_ . ^ ,^
nH2 =nH2S04 = 1 0 0 0 " = ^'^^""°^^ '
Thi tich khf H2 thu dugc trong dilu kien thf nghiem :
VH^ = 24 X 0,1 = 2,4 (/) hodc 2400 em^
Ta ghi sd 2400 (cm ) tren true y, nai giao diem gifia true y va dudng ndm
ngang keo dai cua 3 dudng cong.
6.32. Hudng ddn : cd thi la nhung phan ftng hoa hgc sau :
Dung mdt sd kim loai, phi kim khft H2SO4 thanh SO2 thf du :
H2SO4 ddc + Cu
H2SO4 ddc + S
H2SO4 ddc + C
vv...
142
Dung khf oxi dl oxi boa H2S hodc mudi sunfua thanh SO2 thf du :
H2S + O2
FeS2 + O2
V.V....
6.33. 1. Khf d dng nghiem C tan trong nudc nhilu nhd't.
2. Khf d d'ng nghiem A khdng tan trong nudc.
3. Khf d dng nghiem B tan trong nudc ft nhd't.
4. Dg dodn khf trong dng nghiem C la amoniac (NH3) va nd tan nhilu
trong nudc va tao ra dung dich kilm yiu (pH =10).
5. Khf B tan ft trong nudc, tao thanh dung dich axit ydu (pH = 5). Dung
dich nay tac dung vdi NaOH khiln cho lugng khf trong dng nghiem B va
trong chdu giam^ gay ra su giam dp sud't trong dng nghiem lam cho muc
nudc trong d'ng nghiem ddng cao hon.
6. Khf trong d'ng nghiem B cd thi du doan la SO,, CO2 ... Vi chiing la
nhftng oxit axit, tan khdng nhilu ldm trong nudc, tao thanh dung dich axit
ydu (pH = 5).
7. Khf trong d'ng nghiem D cd thi dg doan la hidro clorua (HCI), vi khf nay
tan nhilu trong nudc, tao thanh dung djch axit manh la axit clohidric (pH = 1).
6.34. a) Giai thfch hien tugng quan sat dugc :
Hinh 6.9 bilu thi khd'i lugng 1 lit khi SO2 (kl ca vd chai va nut chai).
Hinh 6.10 bilu thi khd'i lugng 1 lit khdng khf (kl ca vd chai va mit chai)
nhd ban khd'i lugng 1 1ft khf SO2.
b) Khd'i lugng 1 lit SO2 trong dilu kien thi nghiem : Khd'i lugng 1 lit khi
SO2 bdng khd'i lugng cua 1 lit khdng khf (1,2 g) + khdi lugng cua qua cdn
them vdo dia cdn ben trdi (1,5 g) la 2,7 g.
6.35. 1. a) Mg;
b) CUCO3 ;
d) Fe203 , Fe(0H)3 ;
c) CUCO3 , CuO ;
d) Mg, AI2O3.
2. Cu
(HS tg vilt cdc phuong trinh hoa hgc va xac dinh vai trd cac chat tham gia).
143
6.36. a) Nhiing thf nghiem chftng minh dung dich H2SO4 loang cd tfnh chdt
chung cua axit :
- Tdc dung vdi oxit baza : MgO
- Tac dung vdi baza (phan ftng trung boa): NaOH
- Tac dung vdi mudi : CUCO3
- Tac dung vdi kim loai boat ddng : Fe
(HS tu vie't cac phuang trinh hod hgc)
b) Nhftng thf nghiem chftng minh H2SO4 ddc cd tfnh chdt hod hgc ddc trung :
- Tinh chat oxi hod manh : Tac dung vdi Cu.
- Tfnh chd't hao nudc : Tac dung vdi CUSO4.5H2O
CUSO4.5H2O
+H2S04«^) > Q1SO4 + 5H2O
(Chat rdn, mau xanh)
(Chai ran, mau trang)
6.37. Cac phuang trinh hod hgc :
a) Axit sunfuric tac dung vdi CuO :
H2SO4 + CuO -> CUSO4 + H2O
(1)
b) Axit sunfuric tdc dung vdi Cu :
2H2S04(d) + Cu ^ CUSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
(2)
Gia sft mudn cd n mol CUSO4, theo (1) cdn n mol H2SO4, theo (2) cdn 2n
mol H2SO4. Nhu vdy, dung H2SO4 tac dung vdi Cu se tdn mdt lugng axit
nhilu ban gap 2 ldn vi : Trong 2n mol H2SO4 tham gia phan ftng, chi ed n
mol H2SO4 tao mudi CUSO4 va n mol H2SO4 eon lai bi khft thdnh n mol S026.38. De dilu che SO2 dugc thudn Igi, ta chgn cac mudi Na2S03 va CUSO3 tdc
dung vdi dung dich H2SO4. Vi nhiing chd't nay tac dung vdi nhau dl dang,
tao ra cac mudi tan trong nudc (Na2S04 vd CUSO4) (HS tg vidt cac
phuang trinh hod hgc).
Cac mudi CaS03, BaS03 d giai doan ddu cd tac dung vdi H2SO4 giai
phdng khf SO2. Nhung sau dd phan ftng se diing lai vi tao ra mudi khdng
tan la CaS04, BaS04. Nhftng mudi nay ngdn can sg tiep xuc gifta axit va
mudi sunfit.
144
6.39. Chd't rdn A : Natri clorua (NaCl).
Chdt khf B : Hidro clorua (HCI).
Chd't khf C : Clo (CI2).
6.40. C.
6.41. a) Xem dd thi:
m(g)
40 50 60
80
100 t(°C)
Hinh 6.15
b) Dd tan cfta cdc mudi KCIO3 va NaCl tdng theo nhiet dd. Trong dd, dd
tan cua KCIO3 tdng nhanh, dd tan cfta NaCl tdng chdm khi nhiet dd tdng.
Dd tan cfta mudi Na2S04 tdng khi nhiet dd tdng din 50°C. Sau dd dd tan
cfta Na2S04 lai bi giam khi nhiet dd tang tft 50°C ddn 100°C.
Chdt cd dd tan ldn nhdt la Ka03, d nhiet do 100°C cd dd tan la 52 g/100 g H2O.
c) Chd't cd dd tan ldn nhd't : d 30°C la Na2S04 cd S ~ 36 g/100 g H2O ;
d 90°C la KCIO3 cd S =i 44 g/100 g H2O.
6.42. B.
6.43. B.
6.44. B.
6.45. D.
10.BTHdAHOC10.NC-A
-^^^
Bai 46
LUYEN TAP CHLTONG 6
6.46. Cac khf sinh ra :
a) 1. Cacbon dioxit (CO2) ; 2. Clo (CI2) ; 3. Hidro (H2) ; 4. Luu huynh
dioxit (SO2) ; 5. Luu huynh dioxit (SO2); 6. Oxi (O2).
b) Cdch nhdn biet cac khi:
1 Khf lam mat mau dung dich KMn04 la SO2.
Khi lam vdn due dung dich Ca(0H)2 la CO2.
Khi chdy trong khdng khf vdi tilng nd nhd la H2.
Khi lam than hdng bung chdy la O2.
Khf lam mdt mau gidy quy tfm dm la CI2.
6.47. Thft tg diln cdc chu :
xanh, trdng, tach nudc, hdo nudc.
hidro clorua, axit manh, khdng bay hoi.
khdng (0) ; +2, +4, +4 ; oxi hod manh.
(HS tu vie't cac phuang trinh hod hgc).
6.48. Hudng ddn : ten cdc dung dich
a) A : Dung dich H2SO4; B : Dung dich NaOH ; C : H2O ; D : Dung dich HQ.
b) E : Dung dich Na2S04 ; F : Dung dich AICI3 ; G : Dung dich MgClj ;
H : Dung dich MgS04.
6.49. a) Axit vfta cd tinh khft vfta cd tfnh oxi hod : H2SO3
H2SO3 cd tfnh khft khi tdc dung vdi chdt oxi hod manh, thf du :
+4
0
+6
-1
H2SO3 + CI2 + H2O -^ H2SO4 + 2HC1
H2SO3 cd tfnh oxi hoa khi tdc dung vdi chd't khft manh, thi du :
44
-
2
0
H2SO3 + 2H2S ^ 3S(r) + 3H2O
146
10.BT H6AHOC10.NC-B
b) Oxit bazo vfta cd tfnh khft, vfta cd tinh oxi boa : FeO
+ 2 + 2
0
+4
- Tinh oxi hoa cua FeO : FeO + CO -^ Fe + CO-,
Tfnh khft cua FeO :
+4
2 F e O + 4H2"s04,,,
-^Fe2(S04)3 + SO2 +4H2O
c) Oxit axit vfta cd tinh khft, vfta cd tinh oxi hod nhu SO2 :
+4
- 2 0
- Tfnh oxi boa cua SO2 : SO2 + 2H2S ^ 3S + 2H2O
- Tinh khft cua SO2 :
+4
+7
+6
+2
+6
5 SO2 + 2KMn O4 + 2H2O -^ K2SO4 + 2Mn SO4 + 2H2SO4
d) Don chd't vfta cd tinh khft, vfta cd tinh oxi hod, thi du S :
0
+4-2
0
Tfnh khft cua S :
S + O2 -^ S O2
hodc
S + 2H-,SO4 (d)
Tfnh oxi boa cua S
S + H2 - ^ H2S
hoac
S + 2Na ^
0
+4
+6
0
+1-2
0
0
3SO2 + 2H2O
+1-2
0
Na2S
6.50. 1. Phuang trinh boa hgc ciia phan ftng :
Mg + H2SO4 -> MgS04 + H2
2. Xem dd thi
V(cm'
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45 t(s)
147
3. Thdi gian 5 gidy ddu tien ;
4. a) Thdi dilm cdn lai 0,025 g Mg
- Khdi lugng Mg tham gia phan ftng :
m^g = 0,075 - 0,025 = 0,05 (g)
- Phuang trinh boa hgc cho bidt:
24 g Mg tham gia phan ftng, sinh ra 22400 cm^ H2
^^^ ».
,
. ,, .
.^
0,05 g Mg tham gia phan ung, sinh ra
22400x0,05
— —
^
,^,
3, „
47 (cm ) H2.
- Dd thi cho bidt: 47 cm^ khf hidro thodt ra, ftng vdi thdi gian la 15 gidy.
Vdy sau khi phan ftng xay ra dugc 15 gidy thi cdn lai 0,025 g Mg chua
tham gia phan ftng.
b) Theo dd thi, thdi gian d l 0,075 g Mg tdc dung hdt vdi axit la 40 gidy.
Tft thdi dilm nay trd di, khf hidro khdng dugc sinh ra nfta.
6.51. a) Cdng thftc hod hgc cua nhiing chd't ma luu huynh cd so oxi hod :
- 2 : H2S, ZnS...
0: S
+4 : SO2, Na2S03, H2SO3.
+6 : SO3, Na2S04, H2SO4
-2
b) Hgp chd't H2 S bi oxi hod :
-2
0
2H2S -^ S
Ddt H2S trong dilu kien thidu khdng khi :
-
2
0
0
-
2
2H2 S + O2 -> 2S + 2H2O
-2
+4
2H2S^ S :
-2
0
o
+4-2
-2
2H2S + 3 O 2 — ^ 2 S 0 2 + 2H20
-2
+6
2H2S^ S :
- 2 0
+«
-1
2H2S + 4CI2 + 4H2O - ^ 2H2SO4 + 8HC1
148
e) Nguyen tft S cd thi bi oxi bod hodc bi khft din nhftng trang thai oxi hod :
0
-2
0
S -^
S :
S + H2—!—>H2 S
0
0
+4
0
S -^ S :
0 + 1 - 2
0
o
+4-2
S+ 0 2 ^ ^ S 0 2
0
+6
0
S ^
S :
S+ 3 F 2 - ^ - ^ S F 6
0
0+6-1
+4
d) Luu huynh d trang thai oxi hod +4( S) cd thi bi khft bode bi oxi hod
din nhiing trang thdi oxi hod :
+4
0 + 4
S^
S : SO2 + 2H2 S ^ 3S + 2H2O
+4
-2
0
+6
S->S:
+4
+7
+6
+
6
+
6
5SO2 + 2KMn O4 + 2H2O - ^ K2SO4 + 2MnS04 + 2H2SO4
+6
d) Luu huynh d trang thai oxi hod +6 (S) cd thi bi khft ddn nhung trang thdi
oxi hod thdp ban :
+6
+4
S ^
S : 2H2S04(^) + S ^
+6
+6
0 + 4
0
hodc : 2H2SO4 (4) + Cu ^
+
6
0
+
3SO2 + 2H2O
+2
+4
CUSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
6
0
+
2
0
S^
S :
4H2S04(d) + 3 Zn ^ 3 Zn SO4 + S + 4H2O
+6
-2
S ^
S : 5H2S04(<3) + 4 Z n - ^ 4 Z n S 0 4 + H2S + 4H2O
+6
0
+2
-2
6.52. a) Xdc dinh cdng thftc phdn tft cfta A :
2 x 1 08
Khd'i lugng hidro trong 2,04 g A : — - ^ — =0,12 (g)
32 X 1 344
= 1,92 (g)
Khd'i lugng luu huynh trong 2,04 g A : — ^ ^ ' ^
Tdng khd'i lugng cua hai nguyen td H va S bdng khd'i lugng hgp chd't A
dem ddt. Vdy thanh phdn hgp chd't A gdm 2 nguyen td la H va S, cdng
thftc phdn tft la H^Sy. Ta cd :
X 0 12 1 92
l=)hl±:bZ±=
0^12:0,06 = 2:1
y
1
32
Hgp chd't A cd cdng thftc phdn tft don gian la H2S.
149
b) Ndng do cac chat trong dung dich sau phan ftng
Khd'i lugng KOH da dung :
mKOH =
28x1,147x13,95
. .„ / ^
foO
" ' ^^^
Sd mol KOH tham gia phan ftng :
4 48
" K O H - ^ = 0 , 0 8 (mol)
Sd mol SO2 tham gia phan ftng :
1,344
SO2
22,4
= 0,06 (mol)
Ta cd tl le sd mol KOH/SO2 la : 1 < ^ ^ < 2
0,06
Nhu vay, khi hdp thu lugng SO2 tren vao dung dich KOH, ta dugc hdn
hgp hai mudi : K2SO3 va KHSO3
SO2 + 2KOH - ^ K2SO3 + H2O
x
2x
x
SO2 + KOH -^ KHSO3
y
y
(1)
(2)
y
Dat x va y la sd mol SO2 tham gia (1) va (2), t a c d :
j x + y = 0,06
[2x + y = 0,08
Tim dugc x = 0,02 mol K2SO3 ; y = 0,04 mol KHSO3.
Khd'i lugng dung dich sau phan ftng :
m^d = (13,95 X 1,147) + (64 x 0,06) =19,84 (g)
Ndng do phdn tram cac chat trong dung dich sau phan ftng :
C%
- 100% x 0,02x158 ^
-t:),^i/o.
*-/«K2S03 19 84
C%
150
- 100% X 0,04x120 ^
Chucmg 7
TOC DO PHAN LTNG
VA CAN BANG HOA HOC
Bai 49
TOO DO P H A N Q N G H O A HOC
7.1 a) Ndng do chd't B la 0,98 mol/l.
At
n 78 — 0 80
Tinh theo ndng dd chd't A : v = —-——-^— = 0,001 (mol//.ph).
Tinh theo ndng dd chd't B : v = - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = 0,001 (mol//.ph).
Nhu vdy tfnh theo ndng dd chd't A hay chat B, tdc dd phan ftng cung vdn
nhu nhau.
7.2
a) Ndng do chd't B la 3,99 mol/l.
Ndng do chd't C la 0,03 mol/l.
b) Tdc dd trung binh cua phan ftng tinh theo ndng do chat A trong khoang
thdi gian dd la :
LOO-1,01
= 0,0005 (mol//.ph).
20
Gia sft ndng do ban ddu cua chat A la a mol/l, ciia chdt B la b mol/l, tdc
V =
7.3
2
dd ban ddu cfta phan ftng la : Vj = k.a.b .
a) Khi ndng dd chat B tang 3 ldn va ndng do chat A khdng ddi thi tdc dd
phan ftng la : V2 = k.a.(3b)^ = 9kab
V
9kab^
Nhu vdy • — =
TT = 9, nghia la tdc dd phan ftng tang 9 ldn.
Vj
kab^
b) Khi dp sud't cua he tang 2 ldn thi ndng do mdi chd't diu tang 2 ldn ; tdc
dd phan ftng luc dd la :
V3 = k.2a.(2b)^ = 8kab^
151
V
8kab
Nhu vdy : — =
^ = 8, nghia la tdc dd phan iing tang 8 ldn.
7.4
B.
7.5
Ndng dd ban ddu cfta N2 la 2,5 mol/l; cfta H2 la 6 mol/l.
75-25
7.6
Tdc dd phan ftng tdng 2 10 = 2^ = 32 (ldn).
7.7
Phan ftng phai dugc thgc hien d 70''C.
7.8
Tdc dd {)han ftng giam 4 10 = 4^ = 64 (ldn).
7.9
A. Ndng dd oxi tang len.
70-40
B. Chd't xuc tac.
C. Nhiet dd.
D. Kfch thudc hat.
7.10 a) Tft thf nghidm (1) va (2), ta thd'y khi ndng dd CO giam 10 ldn (ndng dd
CI2 khdng ddi), td'e dd phan ftng cung giam 10 ldn. Nhu vdy, tdc dd phan
ftng ti le thudn vdi ndng dd eua CO. Tft thf nghidm (3) vd (4), ta thdy khi
ndng dd CI2 giam 100 ldn (ndng dd CO khdng ddi), td'e dd phan ftng cung
giam 100 ldn. Nhu vdy, tdc dd phan ftng ti le thudn vdi ndng dd cua CI2.
Tdc dd phan ftng ti Id thudn vdi ndng dd eua CO va cfta CI2.
Vivdy :v = k[C0].[Cl2]
b) Gid tri trung binh eua k = 1,31.10" .
7.11*Khi nfyitt dd tdng them 40 - 20 = 20 (°C), thdi gian phan ftng giam di
27
— = 9 ldn, nghia la tdc dd phan ftng tdng 9 ldn. Nhu vdy, mdi khi nhiet
dd tdng thdm 10°C, tdc dd phan ftng da tang 3 ldn (3^ = 9).
Nhu vdy khi tang nhiet dd them 55 - 40 = 15 (°C) thi td'e dd phan ftng tang
15
3io=3^'5ldn.
Do dd, thdi gian dl hod tan hoan todn mdu kem-dd d 55°C la :
^•^^•=34,64 (gidy).
3I.5
152
Bai 50
CAN BANG HOA HOC
7.12. Cdc phdn ftng a, b vd c Id phan ftng mdt ehilu. Phan ftng d la phan ftng
thudn nghich.
Br2 (/) + H2O (/)
<
» HBr (dd) + HBrO (dd).
7.13. D.
7.14. A.
7.15 C.
7.16 B.
7.11. K=
l2
^^"3][N2].[H2f
^
m A<2
(0,4)0,01.(2,0)3
^^
Ndng dd ban ddu eua nito la 0,21 mol/l, cua hidro la 2,6 mol/l.
7.18. Lugng chd't C khi cdn bdng la 1,5 mol. Do dd, lugng chd't D la 1,5 mol ;
lugng chd't A = lugng chd't B = 0,5 mol.
Hdng sd cdn bdng K bdng 9.
7.19. Ddt ndng dd cdn bang cua CO2 la x mol/l thi ndng do cdn bdng cua H2 la
X mol/l, ciia CO la (0,1 - x) mol/l va cua H2O la (0,4 - x) mol/l.
„
[C02].[H2]_
x^
_. x - 0 n 8
[CO].[H20] " (0,1 - x).(0,4 - X) - ' "^ '^ - "'"^•
Vdy ndng dd cdn bdng cfta CO2 la 0,08 mol/l; cua H2 la 0,08 mol/l; cua
CO la 0,02 mol/l vd cfta H2O la 0,32 mol/l.
7.20. Phan ftng b cd hieu sud't cao nhd't va phan ftng c cd hieu sud't thdp nhd't.
7.21. a) Cdn bdng chuyin dich sang trai,
b) Cdn bdng chuyin dich sang phai,
c) Cdn bdng khdng thay ddi,
d) Cdn bdng chuyin dich sang phai,
d) Cdn bdng chuyin dich sang phai.
153
7.22. Khdng. Sg thay ddi dp sud't chi gdy ra su chuyin dich cdn bdng dd'i vdi
cdc phan img thudn nghich cd mat chdt khf va sd mol khf d hai vd eua
phuang trinh khdc nhau.
7.23. a) Sai;
7.24. '
b) Dung ;
.Phdn dng
d) Dung.
^ Cdn bang chuyen dich the'ndo khi
a) tdng dp sudt
1
2
3
4
c) Dftng ;
sang
sang
sang
sang
b) tdng nhiet dd
sang phai
sang trdi
sang trai
sang phai
trai
phai
phai
trdi
7.25*. Ap sud't tdng len vi hai If do : nhiet do tdng va sd mol khi tdng. Nhidt dd
tft 0°C (tfte 273K) tdng len 546°C (tfte 819K) nghia la nhiet dd tuyet dd'i
3,3
tdng 3 ldn. Nhu vdy sd mol khf chi tdng : --^ = 1,1 ldn.
Gia sft ban ddu trong binh chfta n mol khf NH3 va x mol chd't dd da hi
phdn buy :
2NHq
13
Sdmol khi ban ddu
Sdmol khi liic cdn bdng
Tdng sd mol khf luc cdn bang :
<-
N2
0
, 0,5x
n - x + 0,5x + l,5x = l,ln
n
n - X
x = 0,ln
Ndng do luc cdn bdng :
[N2] = ^iMilE ^ o,05 (mol//).
[H2] = l i ^ ^ = 0,15 (mol//).
[NH3] = ILzAl!! = 0,9 (mol//).
Luu y : — = ndng do ban ddu cua NH3 ^ — = 1.
u- K^
Hang
so-' can
bang : VK = [N2].[H2f
^ = 0,05.(0,15)^
^—^^— = oAQin2,08.10
[NH3r
(0,9)^
154
+
3H2
0
l,5x
Bai 51
- LUYEN TAP : TOC DO PHAN U N G VA CAN BANG HOA HOC
7.26. a) Tang dp sudt (tfte la tdng ndng do cac chd't phan ftng).
b) Tang nhiet do.
c) Dung chd't xuc tdc (thf du platin).
7.27. Khi NH3 tao ra lai bi phdn buy thanh N2 va H2 nen chi thu dugc mdt
lugng nhd NH3.
Khi cd mat H2SO4 thi NH3 tac dung vdi H2SO4 tao thanh mudi:
NH3 + H2SO4
> NH4HSO4
2NH3 + H2SO4
> (NH4)2S04
Do vdy cdn bdng chuyin dich vl phfa tao thanh NH3 va phan ftng cd thi
dugc thgc hien hoan toan.
7.28. C.
7.29. Ddi eac ndng dd phdn tram sang ndng do mol// : cdc dung dich Na2S203
da dung cd nong do la 0,01M ; 0,02M ; 0,04M ; 0,05M va 0,1M.
Thdi gian phan ftng cua cac dung dich ldn lugt la 5ph ; 2ph30s ; lphl5s ;
Iph va 30s.
7.30*. De tao ra 0,6 mol isopropyl axetat cdn tieu hao 0,6 mol axit axetic, 0,6 mol
ancol isopropylic. Lugng nudc tao ra cung la 0,6 mol. Khi cdn bdng ldn thft
nhd't dugc thiet lap, ndng do mol cdc chd't trong hdn hgp nhu sau:
[CH3COOC3H7] = ^
[CH3COOH] = ^
(mol//) ;
(mol//) ;
[H2O] = ^
(mol//) ;
[C3H7OH] = ^
(mol//).
(V la thi tich cua hdn hgp phan ftng)
Hdng sd cdn bdng :
[CH3COOC3H7].[H20] ^ 036 ^ 2 25
[CH3COOH].[C3H70H] 0,16
Khi them 1 mol axit axetic vao hdn hgp dang cdn bdng thi can bdng se
chuyin dich.
155
CH3COOH + C3H70H
Luc bdt ddu thdm axit 1,4 mol
Bie'n ddi
-x mol
Luc cd cdn bdng mdi (l,4-x)mol
^
0,4 mol
- x mol
(0,4-x)mol
CH3COOC3H7 + H20
0,6 mol
+x mol
(0,6+x)mol
0,6 mol
+x mol
(0,6+x)mol
Khi cdn bdng dugc thidt ldp lai, ndng dd mol cac chdt nhu sau :
[CH3COOC3H7] = ^
[CH3COOH] = ^ ^ ^
^
;
[H2O] = M ± i L ;
;
[C3H7OH] =
^^^p-
(V la thi tich cfta hdn hgp phan ting luc dd).
Hdng sd cdn bdng eua phan ftng vdn la 2,25 ndn ta cd :
(0,6+ x)
^ 2 2^
(1,4 - x).(0,4 - X)
^ l,25x^-5,25x + 0,9 = 0.
Phuang trinh nay cd hai nghidm : Xj = 4,02 va X2 = 0,18.
Chi cd nghidm x = 0,18 la thfch hgp vi 1,4 - 4,02 < 0 la vd If. Vdy khi
cdn bdng dugc thidt ldp trd lai, hdn hgp phan ftng cd :
1,4 - 0,18 = 1,22 (moi CH3COOH) ;
0,4-0,18 = 0,22 (mol C3H7OH);
0,6 + 0,18 = 0,78 (mol CH3COOC3H7) vd 0,78 mol H2O.
156
MUC LUC
Trang
PHAN M O T : CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
Chi/ong 1 : NGUYEN TCT
Bai dn tap
Bai 1: Thanh phan nguyen tft
Bai 2 : Hat nhan nguyen tft. Nguyen td hoa hgc
Bai 3 : Dong vi. Nguyen tft khdi va nguyen tft khdi trung binh
Bai 4 : SU chuyen dgng cCia electron trong nguy§n tft. Obitan nguyen tft
Bai 5 : Luyen tap ve : thanh phan cau tao nguyen tft. Khdi li/Ong cOa
nguyen tu. Obitan nguyen tft
Bai 6 : Ldp va phan Idp electron
Bai 7: NSng iuong cCia cac electron trong nguyen tft. Cau hinh electron
nguyen tft
Bai 8 : Luyen tap chUOng 1
Chi/Ong 2 : BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
VA DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
Bai 9 : Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen td hoa hoc
Bai 10 : Su bien ddi tuan hoan cau hinh electron nguyen tft cOa cac nguyen
tdhoa hgc
Bai 11 : Svt bien ddi mot sd dai li/gng vat li cCia cac nguyen td hoa hpc
Bai 12 : Sg bien ddi ti'nh kim loai, ti'nh phi kim cCia cac nguyen td hoa hgc.
Dinh luat tuan hoan
Bai 13 : Y nghTa cCia bang tuan hoan cac nguyen td hoa hgc
Sa; 74 .• Luyen tap chuong 2
.
./
,
ChLfOng 3 : LIEN KET HOA HOC
Bai 16 : Khai niem ve lien ket hoa hoc. Lien ket ion
Sa/7 7 ; Lien ket cdng hoa trj
Bai 18 : SU lai hoa cac obitan nguyen tft.
Sg hinh thanh lien ket don, lien ket ddi va lien ket ba
Bai 19 : Luyen tap ve : Lien ket ion. Lien ket cdng hoa tri. Sg lai hoa cac
obitan nguyen tft
Bai 20 : Tinh the nguyen tft. Tinh the phan tft
Bai 21 : Hieu do am dien va lien ket hoa hpc
Bai 22 : Hoa tri va sd oxi hoa
Bai 23 : Lien ket kim loai
Bai 24 : Luyen tap chUOng 3
Chuong 4 : P H A N (SNG HOA HOC
Bai 25 : Phan ftng oxi hoa - khft
Sd/ 26 : Phan loai phan dng trong hoa hpc vd cd
Bai 27: Luyen tap chUOng 4
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
14
14
15
17
18
18
20
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
32
35
157
ChUdng 5 : NHOM HALOGEN
Bai 29 : Khai quat ve nhdm halogen
Bai 30: Clo
Bai 31 : Hidro clorua - Axit clohidric
Bai 32 : Hop chat c6 oxi cua clo
Bai 33 : Luyen tap ve clo va hgp chat cCia clo
Bai 34 : Flo
Bai 35 : Brom
Bai 36 : lot
Bai 37 : Luyen tap chUOng 5
^^
38
39
41
42
43
43
44
45
46
Chuong
Bai
Bai
Bai
Bai
Bai
Bai
Bai
6 : NHOM OXI
40 : Khai quat ve nhdm oxi
41: Oxi
42 : Ozon va hidro peoxit
43 : Lifu huynh
44 : Hidro sunfua
45 : Hgp chat c6 oxi cua lUu huynh
46 : Luyen tap chUdng 6
48
48
49
51
53
54
55
61
ChUdng
Bai
Bai
Bai
7 : TOC 0 0 PHAN CfNG VA CAN BANG HOA HOC
49 : Tdc dp phan ftng hoa hpc
50: Can bang hoa hpc
51 : Luyen tap : Tdc dp phan ftng va can bang hoa hgc
65
65
67
70
PHAN HAI: Hl/dNG DAN - BAI GIAI - DAP s d
ChLfdng 1 : NGUYEN TCT
Bai on tap
Bai 1 : Thanh phan nguyen tft
Bai 2 : Hat nhan nguyen tft. Nguyen td hoa hpc
Bai 3 : Ddng vi. Nguyen tft khdi va nguyeh tft khd'i trung binh
Bai 4 : Sg chuyen dong cCia electron trong nguyen tft. Obitan nguyen tft
Bai 5 : Luyen tap ve : thanh phan cau tao nguyen tft. Khdi lugng cCia
nguyen tu. Obitan nguyen tft
Bai 6 : Ldp va phan Idp electron
Bai 7: Nang lixgng cua cac electron trong nguyen tft. Cau hinh electron nguyen tft
Bai 8: Luyen tap chUOng 1
^
72
72
75
76
78
80
ChUdng 2 : BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
VA DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
Bai 9 : Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen td hoa hpc
Bai 10 : SU bien ddi tuan hoan ca'u hinh electron nguyen tft cCia cac nguyen
td hoa hpc
89
Bai 11 : Su bien mot sd dai lugng vat If cCia cac nguyen td hoa hgc
158
82
83
84
86
89
91
94
Bai 12 : Sgbien ddi tfnh kim loai, tfnh phi kim cua cac nguyen td hoa hpc.
Dinh luat tuan hoan
Sa; 13 : Y nghTa cua bang tuan hoan cac nguyen td hoa hpc
Bai 14 : Luyen tap chuong 2
95
98
99
ChLfOng 3 : LIEN KET HOA HOC
Sa; 16: Khai niem ve lien ket hoa hpc. Lien ket ion
Sa; 77 ; Lien ket cong hoa trj
Sa; 18 : Sg lai hoa cac obitan nguyen tft.
Sg hinh thanh lien ket ddn, lien ket doi va lien ket ba
Sa; 19 : Luyen tap ve : Lien ket ion, lien ket cong hoa tri.
Sg lai hoa cac obitan nguyen tft
Sa; 20 : Tinh the nguyen tft. Tinh the phan tft
Sa; 21 : Hieu dp am dien va lien ket hoa hpc
Sa; 22 : Hoa tri va sd oxi hoa
Sa; 23 : Lien ket kim loai
Bai 24 : Luyen tap chuong 3
Chirong 4 : PHAN LfNG HOA HOC
Sa; 25 /Phan ftng oxi hoa - khft
Sa; 26 : Phan loai phan dng trong hoa hpc v6 cd
Sa; 27 ; Luyen tap chu'dng 4
107
108
109
111
113
114
117
117
119
120
Chirong 5 : NHOM HALOGEN
Sa; 29 ; Khai quat ve nhom halogen
Sa; 30 .Clo
Sa; 31 : Hidro clorua - Axit clohidric
Sa; 32 : Hdp chat c6 oxi cua clo
Bai 33 : Luyen tap ve clo va hpp chat cua clo
Sa; 34 .Flo
Sa; 35 .Brom
Sa; 36 .-lot
Bai 37 : Luyen tap chu'dng 5
122
122
124
126
127
129
130
131
132
133
Chirong 6 : NHOM OXI
Bai 40 : Khai quat ve nhdm oxi
Sa; 47 .Oxi
Bai 42 : Ozon vS hidro peoxit
Sa; 43 .-Liru huynh
Bai 44 : Hidro sunfua
Sa; 45 ; Hop chat cd oxi cCia luu huynh
Bai 46 : Luyen tap chiTdng 6
Chirong 7 : TOC DO PHAN CfNG VA CAN BANG HOA HOC
Bai 49 : Tdc dp phan dng hoa hpc
Bai 50 : Can bang hoa hpc
Bai 51 : Luyen tap : Tdc dp phan ftng va can bang hoa hpc
101
101
103
105
134
134
135
136
138
140
( 141
146
151
151
153
155
159
Chiu trdch. nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiSm T6ng GMm d6c N G 6 TRAN AI
Pho T6ng Giam d6c kifim Tdng bifin tap NGUYfeN QUt THAO
Bien tap ldn ddu : HOANG Kl£u TRANG - Vl/ONG MINH CHAU
Bien tap tdi bdn : HOANG Klfiu TRANG
Bien tap IcT thudt: N G 6 KIM ANH
Trinh bdy bia vd vehinh : PHAN HUONG
Sica bdn in : HOANG Klfiu TRANG
Che bdn : C 6 N G TY CP THI^T K^ VA PHAT HANH SACH GIAO DUC
BAI TAP HOA HOC
10 - NANG CAO
SACH BAI TAP
Ma s6: NB008T0
In 10.000 cuon (QD35 BT/KH10), khd 17 x 24 cm.
In tai Cong ty TNHH MTV In Quan dpi 1. Sd in: 0358.
So xuat ban : 01-2010/CXB/640-1485/GD.
In xong va nop luu chieu thang 6 nam 2010.
160
VUONG MIEN KIM C U O N G
CHAT LUpNG QUOC TE
HUAN CHUONG HO CHI MINH
SACH BAI TAP L 6 P 10
1. BAI TAP DAI S6 10
6. BAI TAP TIN HOC 10
2. BAI TAP HiNH HOC 10
7. B A I T A P T I ^ N G A N H I O
3. BAI TAP VAT
8. BAI TAP TI^NG PHAP 10
LI
10
9. BAI TAP TI^NG NGA 10
4. BAI TAP HOA HOC 10
5. BAI TAP NGUr VAN 10 (tap mot, tap hai)
S A C H BAI T A P LCJP 1 0 - N A N G C A O
.
BAI TAP DAI S 6
10
.
BAI TAP HOA HOC
10
. BAI TAP HlNH HOC 10
. BAI TAP NGO VAN 10 (tap mot, tap hai)
. BAI TAP VAT Ll 10
• BAI TAP TI^NG ANH 10
Ban dpc CO the mua sach tai:
• Cac Cong ty Sach - Thiet bi truong hoc 6 cac dia phuang.
• Cong ty CP Dau tu va Phat tri6n Giao due Ha Noi, 187B Giang Vo, TP Ha Noi.
• Cong ty CP Dau tu va Phat trien Giao due Phuang Nam, 231 Nguyen Van Cu, Quan 5, TP. HCM.
• Cong ty CP Dau tu va Phat trien Giao due Da Nang, 15 Nguyen Chi Thanh, TP. Da Nang.
hoac cac cfta hang sach cua Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam :
TaiTP. Ha Noi:
Tai TP. Da NEng :
Tai TP. H6 Chi Minh
Tai TP. Can Tha :
187 Giang Vo ; 232 Tay Son ; 23 Trang Tien ;
25 Han Thuyen ; 32E Kim Ma ; 14/3 Nguyin Khanh Toan.
78 Pasteur ; 247 Hai Phong.
104 Mai Thi Luu ; 2A Dinh Tien Hoang, Quan 1 ;
240 Tran Binh Trpng ; 231 Nguyen Van Cu, Quan 5 ;
5 Binh Thai, Quan 11.
5/5 Duong 30/4.
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