t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Sick of the gimmicks? Sick of restrictive diets you can’t stick to? Sick of the lack of results? You’re not alone. The $60 billion diet industry (United States) is flooded with fads and quick fixes that don’t work! You know this because you’ve tried too many. It’s time for a realistic diet. A diet free of restrictive and overbearing rules. A diet that works with busy lives and can withstand hectic family schedules, holidays, and even travel (<gasp!>). A diet that finally gets you the weight, health, and fitness results you’ve been working so hard for. You are in the right place (finally!). This will be your antidote to all the dieting nonsense that has gotten you nowhere. Welcome to the #800gChallenge . ® t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Disclaimer This information is being provided to you for educational and informational purposes only. It is to educate you about general nutrition practices and as a self-help tool for your own use. It is not meant to substitute for the advice provided by a medical professional. You should not use the information contained herein for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease. This information is to be used at your own risk based on your own judgment. For the full disclaimer, go here. t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Copyright © 2022 OptimizeMe Nutrition LLC All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law. For permissions contact: info@optimizemenutrition.com. ABOUT EC t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Welcome Aboard! Eva Claire (“EC”) Synkowski is the founder of OptimizeMe Nutrition which delivers educational nutrition content without the dogma and gimmicks that saturate the current market. She holds a BS in biochemical engineering, and two MS degrees (one in Nutrition and Functional Medicine), is a Certified Nutrition Specialist® and is a Licensed-Dietician Nutritionist (in Maryland). She founded the #800gChallenge® in 2018 which has given tens of thousands of individuals a simple and effective approach to nutrition. t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE INTRO 1 1. WELCOME 2 2. HOW THIS BOOK IS ORGANIZED 5 THE ESSENTIALS 3. WHAT’S THE #800gCHALLENGE®? 7 8 4. THE WHY 10 5. ONE NUMBER FOR EVERYONE 13 The magic of an imperfect number 16 “This is too much food” (and scaling) 17 More is not always better 17 6. GROUND RULES AND HOW-TO 19 What am I weighing? 19 Do I need a food scale? 22 How to track grams 24 Does this count? 25 Recipes 32 Restaurants 34 Why grains and nuts are a “no” 36 But potatoes, beans, and corn aren’t “vegetables” 36 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 7. THE "MAGIC” OF THE #800gCHALLENGE® 38 The modern food environment 39 Top sources of calories in the US diet 40 What happens with processing 42 Caloric density (volume vs. calories) 42 Dried fruit, veggie chips, and other products that don’t count 46 8. EXPECTATIONS 48 9. GET PREPPED 50 Buy your fruits and vegetables! 50 Prep your grams 51 Buy a kitchen scale 52 Pick a metric to track 52 Plan your meals 53 Ok, but what about meal plans? 55 10. ON THE GO AND EATING OUT 66 11. CONSISTENTLY GOOD > INCONSISTENTLY PERFECT 70 THE details 12. PITFALLS 72 73 Eating all watermelon 73 Cramming grams in before bedtime 75 Avoiding leafy greens because they are light 76 13. THE BEST FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 77 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 14. THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY 80 The good: weight loss, improved health, fitness, and mindset 80 The bad: potential for weight gain 83 Weight fluctuations and expectations 86 The ugly: gastrointestinal distress (bloating, gas, diarrhea, oh my!) 88 15. UNDERSTANDING CARBS AND SUGAR 92 Carbs on the #800gChallenge® 96 Moving onto fruit… 97 The reality check on fruit 99 Added sugar, natural sugar, and high fructose corn syrup 99 What about the glycemic index? 101 But I thought carbs aren’t essential? 104 16. SHOULD I GO PLANT BASED? 105 17. WHAT ABOUT SUPPLEMENTS? 108 What about supplements as insurance? 110 Supplements don’t solve a major problem 111 18. THE MYTHS OF MOTIVATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY 113 19. WHAT ABOUT KIDS? 115 what's next? 20. WHERE DO I GO FROM HERE? Become an #800gChallenge® Coach REFERENCES 118 119 120 122 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE INTRO #1 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Welcome Do you want to increase the likelihood you will FAIL your next diet? Here are the ways to do it: • • • • Eliminate foods you love. Try to follow rules restricting what time you are allowed you eat. Force yourself to eat a short-list of “ideal” foods. Attempt to make too many diet changes too quickly. Adhering to one or more of these is a great way to ensure your new diet will last for only a few days before going back to your old ways (with those old results). Yet, many diets have at least one of these characteristics. “Never eat sugar.” THE#800gCHALLENGE® 2 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 “Don’t eat after 4 P.M.” “Always eat at least two cups of kale every day.” “Use this 27-point checklist to track every aspect of your diet and lifestyle each day.” While some people thrive with hyper-specific rules, these approaches are too stringent and controlling for most. It seems like most diets were not written by people who have ever had to make a family dinner, had an airport layover for eight hours, or ever actually enjoyed a holiday. A diet needs to be able to withstand these life realities if it’s going to be meaningful in the long term. Because it turns out that when people lose weight or improve their health or fitness, they want to maintain it. It’s these “lose 10 pounds in four weeks” diets that are setting you up for failure for the time period we actually care about (read: forever). We need to stop thinking about some theoretical – and also unnecessary – period of “diet perfection” and adopt solutions that work in real life right now. A diet that you can start tomorrow and practice indefinitely. This book is for that. This book is to help the 99% (that’s you!) implement a simple diet change that can result in weight loss, improved health, and greater fitness. Is it perfect? No. But it sets a foundation that is applicable for all, where additional precision can be added if needed. So, this is step one. And it’s a foundation that most everyone can agree on. Fruits and vegetables are good for you! Yes, that is the whole premise of this diet approach. Something you already knew was true. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 3 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Yet, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) finds that over 80% of Americans aren’t eating enough (USDA, 2020); chances are you are in that group. While the media suggests you should focus on the “best” probiotic for gut health or the collagen powder that best mixes in your coffee, most people are missing a foundational aspect of their diet. Consistently eating more fruits and vegetables each day will have a bigger payoff than any supplement or new “functional food” product ever will. There are lots of reasons why we aren’t doing it, and this book will help you tackle the biggest hole in your diet in a realistic and non-dogmatic way. It attempts to strike the balance with enough of the why, how-to, and common missteps for you to hit the ground running – tomorrow – with the most sensible diet you’ll ever do. Welcome to the #800gChallenge®. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 4 #2 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 how this book is organized You can spend less than an hour reading the essential half of this book and have a diet tool that can serve you well for the rest of your life. Seriously. Part of the problem in the mainstream nutrition space is that nutrition has been made way too complicated. And some of this book is simply to answer common questions people have about this diet approach in light of other diets’ rules, trends, or buzzwords in the media. Some people will find this very interesting! Others just want something simple to get started. This is why the book has been divided into two main sections: The Essentials and The Details. The Essentials are just that: the premise and ground rules of the #800gChallenge®. You should be able to read this in less than an hour and have enough guidance to live it… forever. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 5 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The Details are for those who love learning about nutrition and have lots of questions. You may find yourself picking and choosing sections in this half. You may also find this half of the book is more useful after you try the #800gChallenge® for a few days or weeks. Throughout the book, there are also sidebars and call-out boxes to provide additional depth on specific topics. The reader can self-select what interests them, but they are not “essential.” Finally, everyone is encouraged to check out the “What’s Next?” section at the end of the book, particularly when they feel like they’ve mastered the #800gChallenge®. This organization is so that you do not get bogged down in the minutiae of topics like the glycemic index and gut health if it doesn’t interest you. You don’t need to understand these finer points to make radical – and meaningful – changes to your weight, health, and fitness. Let’s begin! THE#800gCHALLENGE® 6 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE ESSENTIALS #3 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 WHAT’S THE #800gCHALLENGE ? ® The #800gChallenge® is to eat 800 grams (g), by weight, of fruits and vegetables each day. You pick the fruits and vegetables to eat to accumulate your 800 grams and then in addition to those 800 grams, you continue to eat whatever else you want. That’s right – you focus on adding fruits and vegetables to the diet and don’t have to take away anything. You’re waiting for the catch. There is no catch! Although calories still exist (and you’ll learn more about potential pitfalls in Section 12), you can continue to eat your favorite foods on this plan. In fact, any food can be part of a healthy diet – even for weight loss. You probably want to know how much 800 grams is exactly before you commit. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 8 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Eight-hundred grams is about six cups, and it fits on a standard dinner plate (Figure 1). The point is to accumulate this amount throughout the day, however, not to try to eat all six cups at dinner (though technically when you eat these grams is up to you)! That is it. Really! Many of you have so many questions at this point. Like, why 800 grams? Or which fruits and vegetables? Is the 800 grams cooked or fresh weight? What about avocado? Do beans count? The truth is, the #800gChallenge® IS really simple, but nutrition has been made so complicated, we tend to overthink it. The next few sections will give you the basic ins and outs to get started as soon as possible. Figure 1a. The #800gChallenge® is about 6 cups (823 grams shown here). THE#800gCHALLENGE® Figure 1b. The #800gChallenge® fits on a standard dinner plate (810 grams shown here). 9 #4 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 the why Hopefully one of your first questions is, why 800 grams? What’s so special about that number? The idea began years ago when I was thinking about how we could measure quality in the diet. In other words, when people say they eat “clean,” what does that really mean? It’s pretty subjective from individual to individual. Is there a way we could measure it? I had already begun playing with a couple of different ideas – like measuring total daily potassium (since fruits and vegetables are high in potassium) – when I came across a thennew study in the summer of 2017. It was a study looking at fruit and vegetable consumption relative to health outcomes. They found the risk of cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality (death) risk was reduced when people ate 800 grams of fruits and vegetables per day (Aune et al., 2017). I immediately thought, “What if I try to eat 800 grams of fruits and vegetables each day, with no other rules or restrictions, and see what happens?” THE#800gCHALLENGE® 10 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 I tested the idea for six months to determine the nutritional value of it (calories, macronutrients, micronutrients), and the rules for it as a diet approach (Is this actually doable? Do olives count? What about beans?). What I realized was that it was a simple, daily standard that helped me keep my diet quality high. I could do it with travel, weekends, and even holidays with some thought. No single day was that difficult, and when I looked back over the six months, my diet certainly had a higher consistent volume of fruits and veggies. So, the #800gChallenge® was born in January 2018 with now tens of thousands of people using it daily. Because the initial number and idea was sparked by a study, it is important to draw the distinction between the “science” and the diet. It cannot be concluded people following the #800gChallenge® can expect the health risk reductions projected by the study, nor can the diet rules be interpreted as study findings (e.g., beans were not included in the study, yet I allow them in the #800gChallenge®).1 The truth is the diet approach is valuable even if the science is wrong. It is a simple way to get people to eat a healthy amount of fruits and vegetables without overbearing and unnecessary rules and restrictions. Now, as much as I love the #800gChallenge®, let me be very clear: I’m not the first person to recommend eating fruits and vegetables, and more so, I’m not even the first person to set standards on how much of them to eat each day. So what’s so new about this #800gChallenge®? Generally, other standards are either too cumbersome, too ambiguous, or too hyper-specific. 1 The authors Aune, D. et al and the International Journal of Epidemiology have no affiliation with and have not endorsed or approved the #800gChallenge® diet and/or OptimizeMe Nutrition LLC or its products or services. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 11 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 For example: • The USDA breaks fruits and vegetables into six different groups each with different quantities to hit in a week. This means you a) have to know what group the food you are about to eat fits in; b) what the recommended amount is for that group; and c) how much else you’ve eaten in that group that week. With more than 80% of people not eating enough fruits and vegetables (USDA, 2020), this system is too complex for people to adopt it in busy lives. • Some other recommendations are around “serving” sizes, like eight servings of fruits and vegetables a day. “Servings” are going to be too subjective unless a more precise measurement is given. The result will be wildly variable in terms of volume across a wide range of people. • There are other diets that list about 10 different fruits and vegetables to eat every day. This works until you are stuck in an airport with bananas and apples only (and those are great choices by the way). We need something that provides enough guidance to be nutritionally meaningful yet with enough flexibility for people to still live real lives. And this is it. It’s a single metric to hit daily without a ton of rules on how to get there. Eva Claire THE#800gCHALLENGE® 12 #5 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 one number for everyone The 800-gram target is the same whether you are small, tall, younger, older, inactive, or active. Consider 800-grams to be a baseline, and larger or more active individuals will routinely eat more. It is considered a fair baseline for three reasons: 1. It’s a fraction of the calories adults need any given day. 2. It’s a fraction of the food volume adults eat any given day. 3. It’s a volume observed being consumed regularly in daily living. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 13 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Let’s take a closer look at each of these lines of evidence. 1. The total calories consumed on the #800gChallenge® vary based on the fruits and veggies consumed, but on average, an #800gChallenge® is about 400-500 calories. (You could skew it to 1,300 calories if you eat 800 grams of avocado only, for example, but who is doing that?) Women and men eat a total of 2,000 and 2,500 calories a day (average), respectively. That makes calories from the #800gChallenge® less than 25% of daily needs for most people. Figure 3 contains three sample plates representing an #800gChallenge® and their caloric and macronutrient composition. Figure 3a. In these 810 grams there are 316 calories, 71g carbohydrates, 21g fiber, 13g protein, and 2g fat. THE#800gCHALLENGE® Figure 3b. In these 835 grams there are 297 calories, 69g carbohydrates, 16g fiber, 10g protein, and 2g fat. 14 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 3c. In these 811 grams there are 586 calories, 116g carbohydrates, 27g fiber, 20g protein, and 9g fat. Notice this is substantially higher in calories due to potatoes, beans, and olives, which are relatively high for fruits and vegetables in carbohydrates, protein, and fat, respectively. However, 586 calories is still about 25% of total calories needed in a day with these “outlier” items. 2. People eat 3,000 grams of food by weight (average) each day (Pressman et al., 2017). Eight-hundred of 3,000 grams is about 26% of total weight consumed. We also know it’s a doable volume as evidenced by the fact that 800 grams of fruits and vegetables fit on a single dinner plate. Yes, a full dinner plate, but a single dinner plate nonetheless. 3. Finally, remember that the 800-gram number originally came from the aforementioned study, which was a meta-analysis (pooled study) looking at 95 studies (Aune et al., 2017). That is a large cross-section of people! It wasn’t a number based on a single person’s diet. We have thousands of real-life humans setting this number for us. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 15 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The magic of an imperfect number While 800 grams is the guideline for everyone, it is not a perfect number for everyone. Many people will eat more, and it is also possible to eat less and still be quite healthy. That is because the nutrients in the whole diet (such as how much protein, fat, magnesium, selenium, iron, etc., which we aren’t addressing at this stage) are what determines whether the diet is healthy or not. Imagine someone who eats 800 grams of fruits and vegetables each day, and then continues to also eat a pizza, a pint of ice cream, and drink a six pack of beer. Yes, they ate a lot of “good” food, but they also ate a lot of junk food. In fact, they are worse off than if they ate 600 grams of fruits and vegetables without all the excess junk food. A single value of fruits and vegetables representing a portion of the foods consumed cannot guarantee the diet is healthy. However, having a target number, even an imperfect one, is an underappreciated aspect of the #800gChallenge®. If you just tell yourself you are going to eat “more” healthy tomorrow or “ eat “less” junk food, how are you measuring that? How would you know if you are achieving your goal? Measurement moves us from the subjective to the objective. Measurement moves us from the subjective to the objective. The 800-gram target provides a measurable standard to hold ourselves accountable each day, with clear rules of what counts and not. This is necessary so that we don’t try to convince ourselves the sweet potato chips are “vegetables” in the name of the #800gChallenge®. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 16 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 “This is too much food” (and scaling) The average consumption of fruits and vegetables in the United States (US) is about 2.6 cups (Yeh et al., 2016), where the #800gChallenge® is about six cups. The World Health Organization also states that many people are not even achieving 400 grams of fruits and vegetables per day (Duthie et al., 2018). Based on these statistics alone, many people are going to feel like this is a lot of food! While you will learn more about the difference between fullness versus caloric intake later (Section 7), it is important to recognize how far modern diets have moved from what is healthy. What might feel like too many fruits and vegetables is likely more of a reflection of how few fruits and vegetables you have been eating! Those who struggle the most are typically those whose diets didn’t have many fruits and vegetables to begin with. The bigger the change from your baseline, the harder the challenge will feel. It is acceptable to reduce the target in the beginning and gradually scale up as you are consistent with a lower number. It is better to target 400 grams every day and actually do it, than to target 800 grams and give up after the second day due to frustration. Once 400 grams is a daily habit, push yourself to 500 or 600 grams, and then eventually to 800 grams. More is not always better If 800 grams is good, 1,000 grams must be better – right? Not necessarily. As aforementioned, the whole diet and all the nutrients in it are what determine whether a diet is healthy or not. Because of the filling nature of fruits and vegetables (which is largely because they are full of water) and their relatively low number of calories, it’s hard to do any harm calorically speaking eating “more” fruits and vegetables. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 17 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 What is more likely, however, could be some gastrointestinal (GI) distress like bloating and diarrhea. This in part could be from a dramatic increase in fiber (Section 14). When deciding if you should eat more than 800 grams each day, try to take a natural approach to it. If you’ve hit 800 grams for the day, and are still hungry and would eat more, go for it! However, there is no need to aggressively target a higher number under the false assumption that “more is better.” Certainly look out for GI distress if you keep pushing your grams Want nutrition in eight minutes? Check out the #800gChallenge on the TEDx stage. ® significantly past 800. Figure 4. “An Elegant Diet” presented at TEDx Boulder, CO, October 2019. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 18 #6 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 ground rules and how-to Ok! You understand the basic concepts of the what and the why. Now it’s time to dig into the specific how-tos and food rules for implementation. What am I weighing? The #800gChallenge® is about eating a certain weight of fruits and vegetables. Therefore, it’s only the portion that you eat which contributes to your daily 800-gram tally. You do not get credit for peels, rinds, cores, etc., that are discarded. For example, if eating an orange, you would peel the orange and place it peeled on a scale. As shown in Figure 5, the weight is 158 grams. Those 158 grams go towards your 800 for the day (wahoo! 642 grams to go!). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 19 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 5. The portion you consume goes towards your daily 800-gram tally (shown here 158g of orange). The 158 grams of orange are largely made up of water, but also the nutrients like grams of Here arecarbohydrates, a few examples: protein, fat, fiber, and the micronutrients which are vitamins and minerals. Those nutrients vary based on your fruit and vegetable choices, so precise estimates of calories, macronutrients, or micronutrients you consume would have to be done on an individual basis (but 800 grams typically averages no more than 500 calories with a mixed amount of fruits and veggies). You can weigh the item cooked, canned, frozen, or fresh with two caveats: • Canned items must be canned in water and spices only (not oil or sugar), and they must be weighed drained (so that you do not get credit for water weight you drain off) (Figure 6). • When eating roasted vegetables, weigh them cooked (other cooking methods do not reduce the water weight as significantly as roasting). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 20 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 6. Weigh canned items after draining off the water. There is a difference between the total canned weight and drained weight (shown here 455g versus 239g). Here are a few examples: 1. When weighing an apple, you would weigh the apple before eating it and then you would also weigh the core before discarding it. It’s the difference between the two that is the amount that goes towards your 800-gram total. This would be a similar approach if you half a grapefruit and eat with a spoon. 2. If you are making a salad for yourself, you could set a bowl on the scale, zero it, then add everything to the bowl for a total weight of salad items. 3. If you are using canned foods like beans in a recipe, the weight on the label includes the water (Figure 6). You will need to weigh the total amount of beans after draining off the water, and then divide by the number of servings you will get from it. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 21 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Do I need a food scale? Ideally, yes, but it is not necessary. It is encouraged that you do weigh and measure your items, at least for a period of time, as weighing and measuring your food can provide some of the best education you can get about your diet. Some of what weighing and measuring your food at home can do is help you more accurately “eyeball” (approximate) items when you are away from home. The intent of the #800gChallenge® is to be really livable and bringing a scale on an airplane or out to dinner is not what people do! With some legwork at home, you will be able to accurately estimate portions on the fly. That being said, if the idea of using a food scale makes you say, “I’m out” – you can estimate your #800gChallenge®. As before, the #800gChallenge® is about six cups of mixed fruits and vegetables. This means each cup averages about 133 grams. A closed adult fist is about one cup. Therefore, you can eyeball the portions you eat relative to your closed hand to estimate grams or cups. Six cups (fists) a day is a fine enough accounting system (Figure 7). Once people learn this approximation system, many people have requested a “cheat sheet” of gram Figure 7. A closed adult fist is about the size of one cup and can be used to estimate ~133g of fruits or vegetables. weights per cup (e.g., 1 cup of bell peppers is 105g, 1 cup of grapes is 154g), but this is missing the point. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 22 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Across mixed fruit and veggie choices, they average to about 133 grams. So as long as you are not using a scale, just use the simple hand-eye measurement of six fists a day and you will be close enough. There are two exceptions to be aware of: • Leafy greens: they count, but they are light! They are only 25 grams per packed cup (or fist) (Figure 8). Even a full salad may only have 50 grams of greens. While it’s still “worth it” to eat greens for all their nutrients, it often doesn’t add as many grams as other fruits and veggies. This is why when you’re on the road, think about the #800gChallenge® as: six cups plus as many leafy greens as you want. • Mashed vegetables (potatoes, yams): First, see the “Recipes” line item in the “Does this count?” section below regarding “counting” mashed potatoes. However, mashed vegetable items are approximately double the weight due to their condensed nature (e.g., ~250g per cup) (Figure 8). Figure 8a. A packed cup (fist) of leafy salad greens is only ~25g. THE#800gCHALLENGE® Figure 8b. A cup (fist) of mashed vegetables is ~250g (shown here 248g of sweet potato). 23 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 While perfectionists struggle with estimating, the magic of the #800gChallenge® doesn’t come from hitting exactly 800 grams. It comes from eating “enough” fruits and vegetables that will give you the vitamins and minerals you need, while also filling you up to prevent overeating too many processed items. Six cups (fists) may end up being 750 grams some days or 920 grams other days based on choices, but either way it will be “enough” to have an impact on the diet. (This doesn’t mean you should try to target less than 800 grams. It just means the value doesn’t precisely occur at 800 grams consumed.) How to track grams There is no need for an overly detailed and burdensome accounting system. You can keep a running total of grams throughout the day on a simple Post-It note or in notes on your phone. If you are counting fists, just use a tally system (Figure 9). Figure 9. A simple tracking system can be used to keep a running tally of grams consumed throughout each day. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 24 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The value of tracking is not so that we have a pristine record of food consumption to data mine months from now. It’s to help stay accountable each day. This means you don’t even need to write anything down, but most individuals will find they are more accountable when they do some sort of tracking. For free tracking sheets, go here to download them. Does this count? Finally! The specific yes/no food rules. First of all, do not overthink this! The #800gChallenge® is about eating fruits and vegetables as fruits and vegetables, not as products made with fruits and vegetables. You should be able to weigh the item as a standalone unprocessed fruit or vegetable. You cannot take apart pre-made chicken potpie for veggies or apple pies for apples, for example. Your best rule of thumb is: when in doubt, leave it out. Nevertheless, the following list includes the verdict on some of the most frequently asked questions about whether an item counts towards your 800-grams. Two things to remember: 1. Plenty of fruits and vegetables like apples and broccoli are not on this list, simply because everyone knows they count! 2. If something doesn’t count, that does not mean you cannot eat it. It just means it does not count towards your 800-gram total. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 25 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The frequently asked items in alphabetical order… Avocado: Counts. Baby food/squeeze packs: If the ingredients are only fruits and vegetables, they count. Products that include water, oil, sugar, juice, or pre-mixed with protein do not count. Beans: Count. Coconut: If you eat it as fresh meat, it counts. Milks, juices, or dried flakes do not count. Corn: Corn on the cob or whole kernels, counts (remove cob weight). Corn derivatives (i.e., cornmeal, grits, popcorn) do not count. Dried fruits & veggies: Do not count. Nothing dried counts. Edamame: If not dried, it counts. Fermented/pickled foods (e.g., kimchi, pickles): If the brine includes sugar, it does not count. Otherwise, these foods count (weigh them drained). Flours (e.g., chickpea flour): Does not count. French fries: Commercially fried anything does not count. Fried food: Commercially fried anything does not count. Guacamole: If the entire ingredient list is vegetables, fruit, and/or spices, count it. Products that include water, oil, juice, and/or sugar do not count. Grains (e.g., quinoa, rice, buckwheat, etc.): Do not count. Hummus: Store-bought variations pre-mixed with oil and other ingredients do not count. See Recipes. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 26 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Juices: NO juices count, homemade or not. Legumes (beans): They count, except for peanuts which do not count. Mashed potatoes: Pre-mixed with cream and butter do not count. See Recipes. Nuts: Do not count. Olives: Count. Pasta/noodles: If it’s a pasta replacement you cannot make at home (like bean pasta or noodles made from an isolated fiber), it does not count. If you slice zucchini or carrots to create “noodles,” that counts. Peas: Count. Pickles: If the brine includes sugar, they do not count. Otherwise, they count (weigh them drained). Potatoes: Count, as long as they are not commercially fried. Be careful of frozen potato wedges pre-seasoned with sugar as they do not count. Recipes: If you make something from scratch with qualifying fruits and veggies, you can count those grams. In a mixed dish like chili, for example, add together the total weight of all the qualifying items, and then divide by the number of servings you get from the recipe (an example appears later in this section). It is possible the servings might deviate slightly from the calculated average, but it is not significant enough to matter in the long term. This also means desserts made from scratch can count qualifying grams. Salsa: If the entire ingredient list is vegetables, fruit, and/or spices, count it. Products that include water, oil, juice, and/or sugar do not count. Smoothies: Homemade smoothies that you can weigh the contributing items before blending, and where you drink the fiber, count. Pre-mixed/store-bought smoothies do not count. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 27 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Soups: Pre-mixed/store-bought soups do not count. See Recipes. Tempura: Commercially fried anything does not count. Tofu: Counts if it is only beans and spices (e.g., salt). If you use tofu primarily for protein, however, it is encouraged to get your 800 grams from other sources. Tomato sauce/diced tomatoes: If the entire ingredient list is vegetables and spices, count it. Products that include water, oil, juice, and/or sugar do not count. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 28 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Smoothies and juices Drinking calories are generally not recommended as we tend to drink calories more quickly than if we had to chew through that same amount. In a study looking at apple consumption, eating 500 grams of apples took more than 17 minutes, where the same amount of juice was consumed in 90 seconds (Haber et al., 1977)! When we drink calories, there is less time for our brain to register that we are satisfied, and therefore we consume more than we need. This is part of the reason why juice, homemade or not, is not allowed on the #800gChallenge®. Another reason, however, is that juice removes the pulp which is largely fiber as well as some micronutrients. The fiber is good for gut health (Section 14), but it also helps us feel full. The lack of pulp and fiber means that the juice doesn’t stay in the stomach as long, and some of our satiety comes from having food sit in our stomach. While juice is generally a better choice than soda (assuming we are talking about the no sugar added variations), it is too dissimilar to whole fruits and vegetables to be included on the #800gChallenge®. Homemade smoothies, however, when whole fruits and vegetables are blended and the person drinks the pulverized mixture, are allowed. In these cases, the individual can weigh the qualifying items before making a smoothie. While calories in smoothies can be consumed more quickly than eating the items whole, the pulp is left intact and therefore they are more filling and nutritious than juice. Some individuals do not feel as satisfied with smoothies, while others love the variety and flexibility they add to the diet. Individuals can decide whether they want to use them as a strategy to reach their 800 grams or not. Be wary of making smoothies that have too many grams, THE#800gCHALLENGE® 29 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 as you may think the #800gChallenge® “causes” bloating when in reality you just downed a large amount of food rather quickly (Section 14 has more information on bloating). Conversely, store-bought smoothies are not allowed as they typically contain added water, sugar, or juice, and you cannot determine the weight of the individual fruits or vegetables in the item. In addition, store-bought variations tend to be very processed such that their volume for the number of calories is very disproportionate to what would have been prepared at home (let alone the added juice and/or sugar). Figure 10 depicts the volume and calorie difference between a store-bought and homemade smoothie. Overall, store-bought smoothies end up looking a lot like juice nutritionally speaking; they are easy to over consume calories and are less filling. Figure 10. Both smoothies contain 220 calories, but the homemade version is almost double the volume (29 ounces (oz) versus 15 oz). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 30 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Weigh them roasted For the #800gChallenge®, items can be weighed cooked, canned (drained), frozen, or fresh. This is largely to remove many rules that bog down so many diet approaches, particularly when the rules do not change the outcome significantly. During cooking, water is lost and evaporates, but in steaming, sautéing, or cooking in a stew, the loss is insignificant. Therefore, the difference in the weight of the item before and after cooking isn’t significant enough to worry about. Roasting is the exception, particularly when you roast until there is some caramelization. In this case, up to 50% of the weight may be lost. Much of the “magic” of the #800gChallenge® is that you are filling up on low-calorie items. If you weigh your broccoli raw at 400 grams and it roasts down to 254 grams, you will not be as full if you eat it roasted compared to raw (Figure 11). There is less total volume filling your stomach. In this case, you should count 254 grams towards your daily tally. You do not get credit for the 146 grams of water you did not eat. Figure 11. Four hundred grams of broccoli reduced to 254g after roasting due to water loss. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 31 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Recipes If you make something from scratch with qualifying fruits and veggies, you can count those grams. In a mixed dish like chili, for example, add together the total weight of all the qualifying items, and then divide by the number of servings you get from the recipe. For example, suppose your chili recipe has the following ingredient list: • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 tablespoon olive oil 1 medium yellow onion **800g 1 pound 90% lean ground beef 2 1/2 tablespoons chili powder 2 tablespoons ground cumin 2 tablespoons tomato paste 1 tablespoon garlic powder 1 1/2 teaspoons salt 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper 1/4 teaspoon ground cayenne pepper* 1 1/2 cups beef broth 1 (15 oz) can diced tomatoes **800g 1 (16 oz) can red kidney beans, drained **800g The items that qualify for the #800gChallenge® have been marked with **800g. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 32 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 During prep, you sum the weight of the onion, drained kidney beans, and diced tomatoes. Suppose the total is about 700 grams. The recipe says there are six servings which means there would be about 117 grams towards your #800gChallenge® in each serving. If you only get four servings, divide the total weight by four. Perfectionists struggle with this method because servings are not perfectly portioned. Remember, this diet is not about perfect accounting; it’s about eating a healthy daily dose of fruits and veggies! The small deviations in serving sizes are not significant enough to matter in the long term. This is also how you could handle making your own hummus or mashed potatoes. Weigh the total chickpeas or potatoes in the recipe, for example, before the other ingredients are added, and assign a certain number of grams per serving. This also applies to homemade desserts like apple pie or zucchini bread. While you can’t take apart a store-bought pastry for the grams, if you make an apple pie at home from scratch, you can count the apples in the serving you eat. This is not meant to encourage individuals to eat more pie in the name of the #800gChallenge® (calories still apply whether you count them or not, see Section 14). It’s simply the recognition that homemade items aren’t usually as frequent and pervasive in the diet. The labor of creating them usually precludes us from eating too much from this source. And generally, the calories in homemade versions are often still less than similar store-bought variations. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 33 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Restaurants The primary concern for a restaurant is to make the food taste good. This means that calories are usually quite high (often by way of fat) relative to what you would prepare at home. Restaurants have to make their meals better than the typical fare at home, or else why would you go? You need to be wary of items that appear to be healthy or fit the intent of #800gChallenge® – but are actually not allowed or just poor options for your overall diet. “Crispy” Brussels sprouts are a great example. Crispy is another way to say fried and nothing commercially fried counts towards the #800gChallenge®. So, “crispy” Brussels sprouts do not count towards your 800-gram tally. “Are they really that bad?” you may wonder. Yes, they can be in terms of calories. The commercially prepared appetizer shown in the picture contains 740 calories! The same weight of Brussels sprouts air fried at home (tossed in a little bit of olive oil) contains 150 calories (Figure 12). Don’t be afraid to ask your server about the preparation style if something seems too good to be true. You will have to be discerning at restaurants and remember the intent of the #800gChallenge®. It’s Figure 12. The same weight of Brussels sprouts (~220g) can have a dramatically different number of calories based on preparation style (shown here 740 calories versus 150 calories). to eat fruit and vegetables as fruits and vegetables, not ordering more Piña Coladas for the pineapple wedge or turning a blind eye to fried vegetables. This doesn’t mean you can’t have the items, but they THE#800gCHALLENGE® 34 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 certainly can’t count towards your daily tally. It is also important to understand that even with choices that qualify for the #800gChallenge®, you may be sabotaging your diet goals. An example is salads. Salads can contain a shocking number of calories typically by way of the dressing as well as the various toppings like nuts, cheese, fried tortilla chips, etc. While this Chineseinspired salad with chicken does get you 331 grams towards the #800gChallenge®, it’s 910 calories to do so. The qualifying grams (lettuce, cabbage, cucumbers, and mandarin wedges) clock in at less than 100 calories. So, unlike the Brussels sprouts, the salad grams count according to the rules, but this is often too many overall calories in a single dish for many people’s goals (Figure 13). Figure 13. This salad from a restaurant contains approximately 300 grams for the #800gChallenge®, however, the entire salad (with dressing) contains 910 calories. The majority of calories are due to the toppings (fried crispy noodles, almonds, sesame seeds, and dressing). While the #800gChallenge® does not require you to track your total calories, calories do matter for weight, health, and fitness goals. Since salads are a common way that people attempt to get more grams particularly when eating out, it is worth it to point out how it can go wrong for people even with the best of intentions. Oftentimes a baked potato (not French fries!) and a vegetable side may be the better #800gChallenge® option – both in terms of how many grams you will get, as well as managing one’s caloric intake. Many restaurants post their nutrition information online, so it can be worth looking at your options before departing. Many individuals will do well keeping meals to a total of about 500-600 calories. More ideas when eating out are shown in Section 9 and Section 10. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 35 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Why grains and nuts are a “no” Like fruits and vegetables, grains and nuts are from plants. However, neither count towards the #800gChallenge®. Grains like quinoa and rice are not included in the #800gChallenge® because typically they contain a higher number of calories (by way of carbs) and fewer micronutrients in a typical serving size compared to many fruits and vegetables. Nuts tend to have a good amount of micronutrients but are relatively high in calories from fat. This is not meant to scare one off from eating nuts and grains, they are great healthy additions to the diet. However, the #800gChallenge® doesn’t set upward limits on consumption, which means people could potentially overeat these items (and therefore sabotage their goals). Truth be told, it is not a perfect system; potatoes look a lot like quinoa nutritionally speaking! But across the whole food group, fruits and vegetables have more micronutrients and fewer calories in 800 grams than grains or nuts. Further, when creating diet rules, you have to think about how it can go wrong. People tend to find the edges of rules. If grains and nuts were included, people would be eating 800 grams of peanut butter sandwiches in the name of the #800gChallenge®. And while there are still some “edges” to be found (Section 12), the “fruit and vegetable” classification has fewer loopholes. But potatoes, beans, and corn aren’t “vegetables” The terms of fruits, vegetables, and even grains are often used inaccurately. Botanically speaking, potatoes are vegetables, beans are their own category, and corn is a fruit or a grain depending on how it’s eaten. But ultimately, none of this matters. The “fruits and vegetables” allowed on the #800gChallenge® were meant to align with how the terms fruits and vegetables are used in everyday conversation, as well as to group items of similar caloric density. Like other classic “fruits and vegetables,” potatoes (so long as they THE#800gCHALLENGE® 36 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 are not commercially fried), beans, and corn (on the cob or frozen kernels) have relatively high amounts of vitamins, minerals, and fiber relative to their number of calories per serving. If you were looking for the basics to just get started, you now have it! These first four sections should be enough to implement the #800gChallenge® in your own life. The remaining “Essentials” sections provide additional rationale and more strategies for day-today implementation. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 37 #7 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE “MAGIC” OF THE #800gCHALLENGE ® Everyone “knows” fruits and vegetables are healthy, but why? What nutrients do we get from them, and why are they better than other foods? We need a myriad of nutrients to have optimal health and fitness. To simplify, we can think about these nutrients as quantity or quality nutrients. Quantity refers to how many macronutrients or calories are in our food. Macronutrients include protein, carbohydrates, and fats, and when consumed, they have the potential to generate energy that is measured in calories. Many people get confused between the distinction of macronutrients and calories. Here’s a brief synopsis: We eat foods that contain: macronutrients, micronutrients (vitamins, minerals), fiber, water, and other compounds. We don’t eat calories; we eat macronutrients that will become calories. Calories simply represent the (chemical) energy in the molecular bonds of the macronutrients. When used in the body, the release of that chemical energy can be transformed into say THE#800gCHALLENGE® 38 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 mechanical energy to cause movement of our body limbs or thermal energy for body heat. You can’t have macronutrients without calories, and calories are only generated from macronutrients. The discussion about “which is better” is moot because while they aren’t the same thing at all, they are also inseparable. Quality refers to micronutrients (vitamins like Vitamin A (there are 13) and minerals like magnesium (there are 15)), fiber, and compounds also known as phytochemicals (like resveratrol in red grapes). We need to achieve the right total amount of quantity and quality from all the foods in our diet. Eating a diet of largely whole unprocessed foods makes it relatively easy to do this, where a diet of mostly processed foods tends to have too high quantity (particularly of carbs and fat) and too low quality (not enough fiber, vitamins, and minerals). You can think about it as a “mismatch” between quality and quantity, where whole unprocessed foods have a better match. The modern food environment Our modern food environment is littered with processed food products. Not food. Processed products sold as food. It is referred to as the Western diet, also known as the Standard American Diet, with the fitting acronym: SAD. This “SAD” diet includes excess consumption of calories from refined carbohydrates (that are fat-laden) and lack many nutrients found in fruits and vegetables. And when you look at the prevalence and volume of processed food in our modern food environment, it’s overwhelming. Try to take it all in the next time you are quite literally anywhere. Grocery stores, convenience stores, gyms, clothing stores, home stores, department stores, gas stations, shipping stores, auto body shops, airports, airplanes, offices, banks and any social event all have processed goodies. Once you see the prevalence of this processed food, you THE#800gCHALLENGE® 39 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 cannot unsee it. Why is there the option to buy a candy bar or gummy candy when you go to the store to buy a television or ship a package? If fruit has too much sugar and potatoes have too many carbs (Section 15), where are they? They certainly aren’t lining the aisle at checkouts, even at grocery stores. We need to recognize that food is where it is because that is what sells. If we want to change our food environment, we need to stop buying it! That is easier said than done, of course. Part of the reason why we crave these foods is the dopamine response from the rush of calories. This tells us to keep eating. From an evolutionary perspective, this was a good “feature.” We didn’t always have food around and so when it provided a lot of calories, we wanted to capitalize on its availability. The problem now, however, is that calorically processed food is everywhere. Top sources of calories in the US diet On the next page is a list of the top 25 sources of calories in the US diet (USDA, 2010). The list makes the problem clear. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 40 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Top 25 Sources of Calories in the US Diet 1. Grain-based desserts 13. Reduced-fat milk 2. Yeast breads 14. Regular cheese 3. Chicken including mixed dishes like 15. Ready-to-eat cereal fried chicken 4. 16. Sausage, franks, bacon, and ribs Soda/energy/sports drinks 5. 17. Fried white potatoes Pizza 6. 18. Candy Alcoholic beverages 7. 19. Nuts & seeds including mixed dishes Pasta & pasta dishes 8. 20. Eggs including mixed dishes Tortillas, burritos, tacos 9. 21. Rice including mixed dishes Beef and beef mixed dishes 10. 22. Fruit drinks Dairy desserts 11. 23. Whole milk Potato/corn/other chips 12. 24. Quick breads Burgers 25. Cold cuts People are not eating whole foods. They are eating processed foods that are very high in calories from carbs and fat without many micronutrients. On average, these foods account for 75% of the calories eaten each day. No wonder more than 70% of the US population is either overweight or obese when this is the foundation of most diets (CDC, 2022). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 41 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 What happens with processing “Processing” is a term that means anything from virtually unadulterated (washing and chopping) to the unrecognizable (carrots in cookies). Instead of getting too rigid about a precise definition, it is most useful to think about “processed” food as a preparation you could not make in a typical residential kitchen. In some cases, this has also been called “ultra-processed” to represent the industrial products that no one can create on their own. The point is, while blending spinach in a smoothie “processes” it, the resulting product is not much different nutritionally from where it started. However, cookies “made with carrots” certainly are very different from eating carrots. Commercial processing tends to significantly change the quantity and quality of the food in two ways. Almost always, some amount of water is removed (to make the product shelfstable or decrease shipping costs), and fat and/or sugar is added to make it more enticing to consumers. (Blending spinach in a smoothie does neither.) Both decreasing water content and/ or adding calories increases the item’s caloric density. Caloric density (volume vs. calories) Caloric density refers to how many calories are in each gram weight of the food. For example, 100 grams of bell peppers has 20 calories (0.2 calories per gram), whereas 100 grams of whole wheat bread has 247 calories (2.5 calories per gram). The bread has more than 10 times the caloric density of peppers! Figure 14 shows the disparity in serving sizes when you eat equal calories of these foods. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 42 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 14. The disparity in caloric density is most apparent when you compare serving sizes of equal calories. You would consume 70 calories by eating one slice of bread (28g) or 350g of peppers. While it’s calculated per gram, you can think about caloric density as the number of calories you get “per bite.” There is a pretty clear demarcation between whole fruits and vegetables and processed foods. Processed foods typically have at least double (if not three, four, or five times) the number of calories compared to fruits and vegetables (Table 1). When you look at it on a per gram level, you see that most processed foods (even veggie chips and keto parmesan crisps) are well over double the calories per gram of fruits and vegetables (including potatoes, which many people shun for being "high carb"). Calculate the caloric density of your favorite snack by dividing the calories per serving by the gram weight of that serving; prepare to be shocked! THE#800gCHALLENGE® 43 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Unprocessed Fruits & Vegetables (<1 cal/gram) Processed Foods (> 2 cal/gram) Asparagus 0.20 Ice Cream 2.52 Spinach 0.23 Fast Food Burger 2.57 Carrots 0.35 Brownies 3.00 Apple 0.52 French Fries 3.23 Grapes 0.69 Carrot Chips 3.50 Beans 0.84 Beet Chips 3.75 Yam 0.82 Veggie Straws 4.64 Potato 0.93 Parmesan Crisps 5.50 Table 1. The Caloric Density of Unprocessed Fruits & Vegetables Versus Processed Foods. The irony is that processed foods that feel very light (crisps, crackers) are usually very calorically dense. Why? Because the water weight has been removed. The “magic” of the #800gChallenge® is that you feel full and satisfied without eating a ton of calories. Fruits and vegetables are water heavy, not calorie heavy, and this is how you can drive weight loss (Section 14). This is a very confusing phenomenon for people because they typically associate fullness with how much they ate (quantity). When you eat low calorically dense items, you will feel full without eating that many calories. Conversely, when you eat high calorically dense items, you will often be hungry despite a large number of calories consumed. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 44 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 In the picture, there are almost the same number of calories (~390) for about 900 grams of fruits and vegetables or 85 grams of a cookie (Figure 15). This is a reason why people do not understand why they are not losing weight on their day-to-day diet. You do not have to eat “that much” ice cream or chips (volume-wise) to eat a lot of calories. You must remember: fullness does not equate to calories consumed, and calories consumed dictates weight. Figure 15. A single cookie weighing 85g contains slightly more calories (390 calories) than 877g of fruits and vegetables (377 calories). “ You must remember: fullness does not equate to calories consumed, and calories consumed dictates weight. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 45 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Dried fruit, veggie chips, and other products that don’t count Increased caloric density is characteristic of many fruit and vegetable products or derivatives that do not count towards the #800gChallenge®. Dried fruit, for example, has the water removed. This means you will eat more calories (predominantly carbs) than you would if the water was there because you don’t get as full. If you’ve ever bought a bag of dried mangoes, you likely understand this phenomenon! You might end up eating the equivalent of eight mangoes before you realize you’ve had too much. This doesn’t mean to fear dried fruit, it just means it can’t be regarded as “limitless” like the natural fruit and vegetable variations. Veggie chips, like dried fruit, have had the water weight removed, but the additional difference is that they also have been fried in oil. Not only will you eat more carbs without the water weight, but you will also eat more fat due to their preparation. Again, they can be part of a healthy diet, but they certainly do not count towards the #800gChallenge®. The food industry is continuously coming up with new products that include fruits and vegetables in some way. This is a way they can market them as healthy without customers really understanding the problem of caloric density. This is why no “food products” count towards the #800gChallenge®. Besides all the rules in Section 6, remember: if it’s something you couldn’t make in your own kitchen (e.g., bean pasta), it’s definitely a “no.” When in doubt, leave it out! No one is unsure whether an apple or broccoli, for example, counts for the #800gChallenge®. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 46 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Control what you can control People are always looking for “tips” and “hacks” to make nutrition easy. One of the best hacks in the game is: keep your food environment clear of the calorically dense processed foods we tend to overeat. We don’t have control over our modern food environment, and it certainly isn’t changing any time soon. The best you can do is to control what you can control: your home environment. If you binge a food, don’t buy it. The point isn’t to get overly restrictive about food; it’s ok to have ice cream, but perhaps you save it for a social event. The point is to set yourself up for success. If you know you can’t open the pint of ice cream without eating the entire pint, don’t buy it. That decision to say “no” is much easier while standing in the aisle in the grocery store than it is standing in your kitchen. Having a home environment that makes it easy to make good decisions helps you build both the habit and belief you can do this. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 47 #8 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 expectations It is important to set realistic expectations in reaching our goals. The nutrition industry is saturated with quick fixes that over-promise and under-deliver. This is most obvious in the weight-loss industry where it’s become accepted that weight loss “should” happen at a rate of 1-2 pounds a week. That rate of weight loss is unrealistic for many. Losing one pound a week requires a 500 calorie a day deficit, which is essentially a whole “ meal for most people. Two pounds a week would be the equivalent of cutting out two meals each day. No wonder people are too hungry on these diets to make it past day five! Weight loss for most will be more sustainable around one-half pound a week. Weight loss for most will be more sustainable around onehalf pound a week (not 1-2 pounds a week). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 48 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 This means that losing a few pounds in a month is quite a good clip! While Section 14 provides much more detail about why and how weight loss may occur with the #800gChallenge®, the point here is to be sure you don’t think this is a “quick fix.” The #800gChallenge® is simple in concept and many have lost weight with it, but you cannot expect to lose 10 pounds in a month. You are setting yourself up for disappointment. There may be some people who do, but that is not the norm and should not be your expectation. They are outliers. Similarly, we can’t expect major improvements in health markers or fitness in a week or even a month either. Think about it this way: how good would you be at your job or profession after a month of training? It’s the same with weight, health, and fitness improvements. When there are lots of months strung together, we look and act like “professionals.” But when you are one month in, we aren’t much better than beginners. Be ready to celebrate the small wins and before you know it, you’ll have a big milestone to celebrate. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 49 #9 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 GET PREPPED Ok! So, you know the ground rules of what to eat and why… but you’re feeling like you need more guidance. This section serves as a good checklist to hit the ground running. Buy your fruits and vegetables! That’s a pretty obvious one, but days go much better when you have options around versus thinking you will “wing it'' and see what’s available. Especially if your days are on-the-go, fruits and vegetables can be harder to find in larger quantities at many quick stop or fast casual restaurants. You want to be prepared. Prep a grocery list of the fruits and vegetables you like and make sure you have enough on hand for several days. It’s impossible to provide a shopping planner for everyone as we eat different serving sizes, different numbers of meals at home versus out, have different sized families, etc. After a few weeks, you’ll have a much better sense of the actual volume you (and your family) go though. For one person, 800 grams is 1.8 pounds a day or about 12 THE#800gCHALLENGE® 50 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 pounds a week of produce. Remember, in many cases peels or rinds are discarded such that you will often want to reduce the “net weight” seen on a label by at least one-third if you are discarding peels, cores, etc. A pound bag (16 oz or 454g) yields about three typical servings of fruits or vegetables. That’s before peels are discarded or items roasted, such that a pound in those cases may only result in two servings. Particularly in the beginning, buying a few extra bags of frozen fruits and vegetables is a great strategy. If anything, people tend to underestimate the volume they will be eating, and this can help make the first trip last a few extra days. Frozen mango chunks (easier than peeling mangoes), frozen berries to add to yogurts or smoothies, and frozen green beans or broccoli to help round out dinners are some great staples to pick up. Note: frozen items mixed with seasonings (common for potatoes) or cheese and sauces do not count for the #800gChallenge®. Also, review your planned recipes. Many main course recipes will not yield a significant amount of veggies per serving, so you may have to scale up or buy some additional sides. Prep your grams How many items have gone bad in the refrigerator simply because you were too lazy to wash and chop them up? Make it a habit to set aside time to prep your grams so you have ready-to-eat fruit and vegetable snacks throughout the week. If it’s not right after you shop, set a standing appointment on your calendar. There is no way to avoid this work, and the diet always goes better when you are prepared (see the sidebar later in this section for some additional simple prep strategies). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 51 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Buy a kitchen scale It is recommended you use a kitchen scale to determine how many grams you are eating each day. Scales that are good for this challenge will have an approximate 6-inch square platform, a digital display, and weigh in grams. Something like this one on Amazon (affiliate link)2 works great, but any similar one at your closest big box store will work just as well. If you are no longer interested in doing the #800gChallenge® because you have to use a food scale, then just use the hand-eye measurement as outlined in Section 6. There is plenty of benefit to be had from this approximation system. Pick a metric to track You were likely interested in trying this “800-gram-thing” because you are looking for some outcome. Maybe that’s weight loss, maybe that’s an improved health marker, maybe you want to have more energy with the kids (or grandkids), or maybe it’s because you want more pushups. Great! Pick a metric that is meaningful to you and track it. While many people are interested in weight loss, and it’s a pretty easy one to measure, it can also be frustrating due to natural water weight fluctuations and the slow progress of fat loss. Weight loss expectations are discussed in greater detail in Section 8 and Section 14. For this reason, you may also choose to use how a pair of jeans fit or use notches on a belt simply to avoid seeing the small ups and downs on the scale that really aren’t indicative of true progress or regression. Whatever metric you chose, check in on it now before starting and then maybe check in every couple of weeks. Significant progress usually takes much longer than we want, but it is good to 2 EC Synkowski d/b/a OptimizeMe Nutrition is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Amazon offers a small commission on products sold through their affiliate links. Each of your purchases via the Amazon affiliate links supports her efforts at no additional cost to you. For the full disclaimer, go here. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 52 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 have a baseline to check in over weeks and months to see that all the tiny wins do add up to significant changes. And the metric should be measurable. “Feeling better” is great, but there are so many things that affect how we feel, something like waist circumference or how many unbroken push-ups you can do is a better measure of true progress. Plan your meals Until you are an #800gChallenge® expert, you are encouraged to plan your meals for the next day. It’s nice to think, “oh, I just need to eat more fruits and vegetables,” but nutrition changes do not happen spontaneously. You need to think through “when,” “where,” and “what” in detail. Meaning: 1. When (time of day) do you plan to eat? 2. Where will you be (as this often affects choices)? 3. What foods are you going to eat? You need specifics. Again, “I’ll get something on the way to the office,” is not specific enough. What store specifically and what foods will it be? “I will stop at the grocery store and pick up a banana and an orange on my way to work at 8 A.M. and have them with my protein shake,” is the type of plan that will actually work. And in fact, a research study has shown that this type of planning helped people increase their fruit and veggie consumption (Domke et al., 2021). Having a plan pays off in two ways. The first is we simplify our day. One of the biggest pain points for people in nutrition is time. Everyone is strapped for more time and when we are rushed (and hungry), we typically don’t make the best nutrition decisions. A plan simplifies the day such that we just have to execute. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 53 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 This is one of the most common observations my clients make: “When I have a plan, the day goes so well!” Just like we can’t eradicate calories, we also can’t eradicate busy lives. Once we accept this, we accept the reality that planning is often the path to success. But the other less obvious benefit of having a plan is that when we follow through on it, it builds self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to change behaviors to produce an outcome, and it can predict who is going to be successful in a new habit change like diet (Roordink et al., 2021). You must believe you can accomplish the task at hand, and following a plan gives you the positive reinforcement you have that capacity. A simple way to strategize consuming 800 grams is to have about 270 grams (two cups) at each main meal: breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Then you just fill in the rest with other foods of your choice (Figure 16). Do not try to backfill at dinner or crush an 800-gram smoothie for breakfast. The most sustainable approach is to spread the grams out throughout the day, making them the foundation of each meal. Pick the fruits or vegetables of your choice to equal approximately two cups, and then fill out the meal to satiety. Figure 16. A good way to plan your #800gChallenge® is: two cups of fruits or vegetables at each main meal, then fill in the rest. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 54 “ t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Go here to download the meal planning template, along with other supplemental materials. Don’t get overwhelmed with all the rules. At its core, the #800gChallenge is all about eating more fruits and vegetables – you got this! ® Ok, but what about meal plans? Meal plans can help give people ideas or even a jumping off point for diet changes, however, there are two main drawbacks of them. There are too many times you will have to eat in your life with logistical issues that do not fit into a rigid plan. You’ll forget certain ingredients at the store; you are at a restaurant; you are celebrating a holiday. The meal plan that suggests eating exactly XYZ recipe won’t work. You have to learn how to “do” nutrition without a perfect plan or road map. As discussed above, planning is great. It’s the rigid templates of “only eat this” that are not flexible enough for longterm use. Secondly, what if you don’t like the items in the meals? We start with what you are currently eating and simply find places to add in fruits and vegetables that you like. Then, as you progress, you increase diversity and learn how to adapt recipes and orders to meet your #800gChallenge® needs. But for now, we start simple. We do not need to have a slew of new recipes each week; we just need to grab a banana and an apple instead of the chips at lunch. That being said, ideas are certainly helpful! Check out these breakfast, lunch, and dinner favorites, each of which contains at least 270 qualifying grams (Figure 17). There are “time- THE#800gCHALLENGE® 55 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 crunch” ideas when short on time, “classic” ideas of typical fare, and “to-go” ideas from popular chain restaurants. Then, you can use the meal planner available here to get started on your own plan remembering to note when, where, and what. Figure 17a. This time-crunch breakfast is a protein bar, two string cheeses, a banana (123g without the peel), and an apple (150g without the core). Other fruits like oranges, peaches, and grapefruits are just as convenient when in a rush. Figure 17b. This classic breakfast has cumin and red pepper roasted sweet potatoes (180g), avocado (110g without the peel), and scrambled eggs. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 56 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 17c. This to-go breakfast is from a gasstation convenience store. The fresh fruit is ~270g and is paired with an egg and sausage sandwich. If they don’t have pre-packaged fruit, these locations often have bananas (where two larger ones will get you ~270 grams). Figure 17d. This time-crunch lunch consists of plain Greek yogurt mixed with chocolate protein powder, topped with mixed berries (270g) and a dab of peanut butter. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 57 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 17e. This classic lunch of chicken salad on lettuce cups with red cabbage is paired with an apple (120g without the core) and carrot sticks (130g). The lettuce and cabbage add ~65g. Figure 17f. This to-go lunch is the Greek salad from a quick casual restaurant chain topped with chicken. The salad contains ~250 qualifying grams for the #800gChallenge® and opting for the apple as a side (instead of bread) adds another 80 grams (without the core). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 58 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 17g. This time-crunch dinner consists of soybean noodle spaghetti with premade pesto sauce topped with cherry tomatoes (130g) and paired with roasted broccoli (140g). Figure 17h. This classic dinner is grilled chicken, homemade mashed potatoes (200g), and airfried Brussels sprouts (180g). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 59 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 17i. This to-go lunch is a burrito bowl from a popular Mexican chain. It contains chicken, rice, as well as black beans (~110g), fajita veggies (75g), mild salsa (~110g), and guacamole (~110g) totaling ~400 qualifying grams. And with that you should be ready to get started! There’s been a ton of information thrown at you, but don’t get overwhelmed. At its core, this is all about eating more fruits and vegetables – you got this! THE#800gCHALLENGE® 60 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Simple prep strategies When you talk to people who make nutrition look easy, you find out their strategies are usually remarkably simple. One of them is almost always some level of prepping and planning around food. When we try to “wing it” is usually when we don’t do very well. Especially in the beginning, having washed and chopped options in the fridge is crucial for being successful with the #800gChallenge®. If you can be disciplined enough to do this step when you get in from the grocery store, you don’t need as much discipline to stay on track during the week because you have easy options prepared. Depending on how busy and on-the-go your days are, you may find pre-portioning typical servings in bags or jars a great way to make consuming and tracking grams easy (Figure 18). Label the container with the number of grams to reduce that step as you are heading out the door. This is also a great way to encourage others in your house to eat healthy snacks and maybe even join you in the #800gChallenge®. Figure 18. Pre-portioned single servings of fruits and vegetables can be a great way to make consuming and tracking grams easy. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 61 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Another way individuals have made the #800gChallenge® simple is to weigh out a single container of 800 grams to use throughout the day for meals or snacks. You can simply zero out the scale in the morning with an empty Tupperware and add all the items to total 800 grams (Figure 19). Or maybe you know you’ll get at least 200 grams at dinner, so you make a container of 600 grams to graze throughout the day. Figure 19. A single container including a target number of grams can be used as a snacking reservoir throughout the day. Try to have some grams that are particularly satisfying during those afternoonbut-before-dinner hours. It is very easy to crush a couple hundred grams as you are waiting for the meal to cook. This is much better than crushing chocolate, tortilla chips, or other calorically dense goodies! Fruit in season like strawberries and pineapple are often easy sells, and salsa on cucumber slices or wedges of bell peppers are a great substitute for chips and salsa (Figure 20). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 62 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 20. Using cut-up vegetables (and can dip in salsa) is a great pre-dinner snack to stave off hunger pangs and get some qualifying grams in. Finally, if you make a large recipe of veggies in bulk, you can indicate the number of servings or grams on a Post-It note on the lid. A label like 170g/cup on a batch of chili can remove that weighing step when mealtime is busy (Figure 21). Figure 21. Add a label to home-cooked recipes to track grams easily. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 63 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Diet rules versus reality In a world of information overload, people crave simplicity. You don’t want to read a physiology textbook to get results from nutrition (nor do you have to!). But you do have to keep in mind that physiology is not simple. Physiology does not work like a light switch; it’s more like a dimmer. For example, any food can be part of a healthy diet, but how much of that food is what is up for debate. And that answer can only be determined in the context of your whole diet (i.e., what else are you eating?) and what are your goals (i.e., do you want to lose weight?). All too often people try to identify singular aspects of a food (e.g., it’s high in magnesium) to be the deciding factor of whether it’s good or bad, yet each food choice is an individual piece to the puzzle. Diets are attempts to make the physiology simple, primarily through a yes/no rule structure. For example, dried fruit is not allowed for the #800gChallenge®, but olives are. This helps prevent someone from overeating calories by way of those delicious spiced dried mangoes, but also may create the mindset that “dried fruit is bad” and “more olives are always good.” No! The right dose of both is “good,” but it is hard to get the dose right in processed forms. Simple is great and often can be remarkably effective. But with simplicity, we lose nuance. We lose accuracy and precision of the whole system. And this is often the source of people’s confusion in nutrition. Rules may feel arbitrary. For example, the pre-made vegetable and rice soup from the supermarket is not allowed for the #800gChallenge® because you cannot easily weigh the vegetable content THE#800gCHALLENGE® 64 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 separately from broth and grains. And while vegetable soup is not the cause of our obesity epidemic, it’s a slippery slope of judgment calls without the guide rails of a yes/ no rule structure for the non-nutritionist. That doesn't mean simple can't work; it means that we have to understand simple solutions are not foolproof. Foods that aren’t allowed on the #800gChallenge® aren’t all bad. The intention of the #800gChallenge® is to make things simple, but even still, it can be applied incorrectly. Keep things as simple as possible to get the outcome you want, but also be ready to increase complexity or rules when simple isn't doing it. Then, consistently re-evaluate to jettison the extraneous rules that do not provide tangible results. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 65 #10 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 ON THE GO AND EATING OUT You may have already experienced this first-hand: weekends tend to be much harder to hit the #800gChallenge® than weekdays (assuming you follow the traditional workweek)! Many people will find themselves late on Saturday or Sunday afternoon without a gram consumed. And while the point of the #800gChallenge® is not to cram grams in for the sake of the number, there are still plenty of diet decisions to be made from 3 P.M. until bedtime. It is still worth it to focus on grams for the rest of the day, even if you don’t force feed yourself to 800 (Section 12). A large grapefruit or orange can be ~300 grams (!) making it a good option to make-up grams quickly. Again, this may feel like “gaming the system” a bit by targeting heavy items, but when made during the context of the day (versus before bed cramming), the end result is still beneficial. This is because the water weight does contribute to satiety (and therefore potentially preventing overeating less ideal items). Remember: any whole food is better than processed items.3 Eight-hundred grams of potatoes is still better than chips, soda, etc. You 3 Assuming the person isn’t underweight or malnourished. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 66 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 cannot worry about having the perfect mixture of fruits and veggies particularly on these less routine days that might otherwise get away from you. Eating out tends to be a challenge for people, although in reality there are plenty of options. The hard part is making those choices versus the myriad of delicious processed foods that are also available. While it’s true that fast food restaurants will be light on grams, many quick casual or even grocery stores are convenient enough in most areas. Many grocery stores have singleserve pre-packaged fruit or veggie options in addition to just picking up a few pieces of fruit. You can also buy high-protein yogurt, jerky, deli meat or something similar to round out a meal. You can be in and out just as quickly as sitting in your car in a fast-food drive thru. Perhaps surprisingly, many gas stations have fresh fruit options. Bananas are common, as well as cut-up fruit containers in the refrigerated section. You can pair them with a sandwich, jerky, and/or some nuts. The difficulty is passing up on the chips, candy, and donuts overflowing the aisles to seek out these items. This is the same with airports (at least in the US). Coffee stands and news stores have a surprising number of fresh fruit options if you look for them. Quick casual restaurants, particularly Mexican-inspired chains, can also be easy ways to rack up at least 300 grams in a meal. While the chips and queso are delicious, it’s best to stick with “just” the burrito or bowl. The servings of beans (~110g), veggies (75g), mild salsa (~110g), and guacamole (~110g) puts a meal at 400 qualifying grams for the day. As for sit-down restaurants, you will be hard pressed to find one that you can’t do mixed vegetable sides and/or a baked potato. Vegetable sides are often slightly smaller than a fist (use your judgment), and a decent sized baked potato can easily be 200 grams. The trick here is staying away from the French fry option if you want qualifying grams. While salads seem like an obvious go-to, sometimes they can be hit or miss in terms of grams. Section 6 already discussed some of the issues with salads in terms of the calories from dressings or toppings, but they can also be hit or miss in terms of qualifying grams. Some side salads might only get you 50 grams or so; it can be worth asking your server about the size before thinking it will be a gram haul. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 67 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 There are some on-the-go cases where you won’t have the option to eat fruits and vegetables. Some long-haul flights (particularly internationally) when arrival and departure times are at odds with usual business hours make it difficult, or just the travel timeline is so tight you literally don’t have an option besides the continental breakfast of rolls and coffee. These days are usually few and far between. Because the inevitable does happen, it’s best to make the better choices when possible, so that the inevitable doesn’t become the norm. Figure 22 shows three popular meal ideas where you can usually find a US restaurant serving at least one of them. While the #800gChallenge® is not about counting calories, these suggestions usually fit within typical caloric budgets for a meal (<600 calories) and also get a good amount of grams. Figure 22a. While restaurant salads can be hit or miss for grams and calories, certain restaurants do offer great options. It’s best to pick a large salad with as many fruit or vegetable toppings as possible. Shown here, romaine lettuce (210g) was topped with mixed roasted vegetables (290g) and chicken. Also, be sure to order the dressing on the side to better control total calories consumed. THE#800gCHALLENGE® Figure 22b. Chicken or steak fajitas tend to have a lot of qualifying grams due to the bell peppers and onions (shown here: 170g), beans (140g), and guacamole (45g). To reduce the total calories in the meal it’s best to pick the tortilla or rice, and one of the following toppings: cheese, sour cream, or guacamole. 68 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Want more? Check out The Consistency Project podcast episode: on Practical Strategies for Dining Out. Figure 22c. Most classic American restaurants have an entrée with a protein like steak or salmon, as well as a vegetable side. The salmon filet shown here was topped with dijon sauce and paired with two vegetable sides (totaling 310g). A baked potato can also be a good option for one of the vegetable sides when available. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 69 #11 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 CONSISTENTLY GOOD > INCONSISTENTLY PERFECT One of the reasons why no foods are excluded from the #800gChallenge® is to abolish this notion of diet “perfection.” People often slip on a diet (e.g., eat a bag of chips) and that gives them the “out” to quit the diet. Perhaps it’s self-sabotage, but it also reflects reality. Processed foods are around us constantly and most people do find them tasty! But since this indulgence is not against the #800gChallenge® rules, people are less likely to give up. Assuming you are like 99% of other humans, you have (multiple) days ahead of you where you will: a. not eat 800 grams of fruits and veggies; and/or b. overeat some processed food like pizza, cookies, or brownies. Tell yourself now that you have imperfect diet days in your future because you are human, and you won’t use them as an excuse to stop. Nutrition has just as much of a psychological component as a physiological one when we try to get free living humans to make meaningful habit changes. And so, the guilt and feelings of failure can be largely lifted when we don’t have THE#800gCHALLENGE® 70 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 restrictive rules. This helps people stay motivated to continue with the program despite their lack of “perfection” (read: humanness). What’s so frustrating about the “perfection” mantra is that you don’t need perfection to get results. While the calories in that bag of chips certainly count (Section 14), a lot of nutrition is about sticking to the program for more days than you don’t. You need consistency. It’s not about a diet of only steamed salmon and broccoli in perpetuity; it’s about showing up more days than you don’t. That’s it. And with the lack of restrictions and enough freedom for personal choice, the #800gChallenge® helps with that. It helps people be able to stick to something long enough to see the results they want with bobbles along the way. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 71 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE DETAILS Welcome to the second half of the book. You may find yourself picking and choosing sections that are relevant to you, and you may also find these sections are more helpful after you’ve tried the #800gChallenge® for a few weeks. Once you see how simple and easy it can be, you are going to wonder about all these different rules and concepts you’ve heard and tried before. Hopefully, this half provides the answers you need to be confident in this simple, yet transformative, approach to nutrition. #12 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 pitfalls The #800gChallenge® purposefully has very few rules. It’s simple guidance for people to apply as best possible within the context of their preferences and life logistics. When people act “normally,” it’s pretty hard to mess up the #800gChallenge®. It is when people try to find loopholes to make the approach easier that we can expect less than ideal results. This section outlines a few of the common loopholes – or pitfalls – of the #800gChallenge®. Eating all watermelon Technically, you are “allowed” to eat 800 grams of watermelon and it would “count” for your #800gChallenge®. You could similarly eat 800 grams of roasted white potatoes or 800 grams of cucumber and yes, be done with the #800gChallenge® that day (Figure 23). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 73 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 23. While 800 grams of watermelon counts for the #800gChallenge®, it is not an ideal strategy for long-term nutrition goals. The #800gChallenge® purposefully has few rules to allow for individual flexibility, and any fruit or vegetable is a better choice than a processed food.4 Yes, this is even true for 800 grams of watermelon. However, diet rules can never perfectly describe physiology. In addition to the low caloric density of fruits and vegetables, they also are a vehicle to obtain our essential vitamins and minerals, as well as fiber and phytochemicals. No one fruit or vegetable has all of these nutrients represented equally well. And this is why “diversity” – eating many different fruits and vegetables – is such an important aspect of the #800gChallenge®. But in reality, there are also days where diversity is just not possible, and so diversity was not added as a formal rule of the #800gChallenge®. Further, because most people do not like eating the same thing every day, attempts to “game” the system with all watermelon usually end after three or four days due to boredom. Most of the time diversity increases once a person attempts the #800gChallenge® for a long enough time to be meaningful. 4 Assuming the person isn’t underweight or malnourished. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 74 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 There is also the interesting phenomenon, however, that 800 grams of watermelon, while not ideal from a nutrient perspective, may help someone transition from a Standard American Diet. Perhaps watermelon and white potatoes are the way an individual starts to enjoy strawberries, bananas, and maybe even broccoli. Think of the #800gChallenge® as a tool, and tools work best when applied correctly. The individual context and circumstances determine what is “correct.” Cramming grams in before bedtime It’s 10 P.M. and you’ve only consumed 550 grams for the day. You’re tired, but this is a “challenge,” right? Gotta toughen up! Gotta get those grams in! So you start force-feeding yourself a bag of baby carrots to hit 800 grams. Stop! This is not the point of the #800gChallenge®. The intent was not to backfill grams at night simply in the name of hitting a number. The point is to have simple guidance during the day to make better choices; backfilling grams at night doesn’t do any of this. Instead of taking a “check-the-box” mentality, take a minute and reflect on the day. Consider all the items you consumed that were not fruits and vegetables. Where could you have made different choices? There is also the potential you didn’t have another option. You were stranded on a plane waiting for it to be repaired and you ate nothing all day. A big part of nutrition is not following rules blindly. Instead, you must understand your own habits and apply the right dose of empathy or tough love as you need it. Did you miss the target because you made a bunch of poor choices? Time for some tough love. Or did life happen, and you had the day from hell fueled by airplane snacks and coffee? Time for empathy. More often than not, we need some tough love as a poor day is usually the result of THE#800gCHALLENGE® 75 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 poor planning and poor choices. Nevertheless, that is not always true such that you have to understand your context and apply the right lesson learned. Avoiding leafy greens because they are light People quickly come to the realization that leafy greens are very light and that it is easier to eat a bell pepper or apple for the weight. While a bell pepper or an apple are perfectly good choices, so are leafy greens. They have a different array of micronutrients and are also a great filler (they help fill you up!). Want more? Check out The Consistency Project podcast episode: on Loopholes & Other Ways to Cheat Your Diet. Do not try to “game” the system to avoid them. Remember, hitting 800 grams doesn’t mean your diet is good. It’s a simple accountability system to help improve all the nutrients in your diet. Besides salads, two greens-containing meal ideas are to 1) kick-off the morning with a green smoothie; and 2) add greens to soups or marinara sauces. They cook down easily and do not change the flavor. Generally, these pitfalls occur when people take a check-the-box mentality to the #800gChallenge®. Do not attempt to follow rules blindly and expect big outcomes. Apply your knowledge, experience, and a dose of reality, and more likely, the results will come. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 76 #13 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE BEST FRUITS AND VEGETABLES The best fruits and vegetables are the ones you eat! People worry about which ones have the highest nutritional value, or whether frozen are “ok” compared to fresh, or what the ratio of fruits to vegetables should be each day. None of this should be of much concern. Instead, focus on selecting the choices you will actually eat! Yes, kale is healthy, but you can also be healthy without eating kale (it’s true!). And yes, everyone loves a good sale, but you’re not saving money if the items go bad in the refrigerator because you don’t really like them. Remember that each fruit or vegetable has an array of nutrients in it, so it’s the collection of all of them (in combination with the other foods in your diet) that help you hit your nutrient needs. It’s also important to ditch the mindset that vegetables are always better than fruits. Not so! It depends on which nutrient we are talking about as well as your serving size. Vegetables may be higher in some nutrients on a per gram basis, but we tend to eat fewer grams in a sitting. For example, most people do not eat 100 grams of leafy greens in one sitting, where 100 THE#800gCHALLENGE® 77 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 grams of blueberries are very easy to consume (less than a cup!). This means you can get more micronutrients from fruit due to larger serving sizes. There are some vegetables that have a better nutritional profile than fruits and vice versa, but the rank order of “better” can also shift with each different nutrient. For example, carrots have a ton of Vitamin A, but blueberries have more Vitamin C and Vitamin K per 100 grams. There are also other factors like the soil and weather where the crop grew, as well as transportation time, storage conditions, and cooking preparation that impact nutritional composition. Do not worry about trying to have a certain number of fruits versus vegetables each day. Instead, the best way to optimize the intake of nutrients is to eat a diverse array of fruits and vegetables. The goal should be a diversity of all types of fruits and veggies to maximize the breadth and depth of the micronutrients (vitamins, minerals), fiber types, and phytochemicals (e.g., resveratrol in grapes, lutein in spinach). Try to vary your sources as best as possible while also acknowledging the logistics of life may mean you’ve eaten the same thing for the last six days. Take a long-term view of this where you do your best to cast a wide net to capture as many different nutrients as possible across weeks and seasons. And definitely, whatever you do, do not fall for the marketing of “superfoods.” From Wikipedia: “Superfood is a marketing term for food claimed to confer health benefits resulting from an exceptional nutrient density. The term is not commonly used by experts, dietitians and nutrition scientists, most of whom dispute that particular foods have the health benefits claimed by their advocates.” The notion of superfoods suggests there is a short list of foods that are superior to others. Even if this were the case, we would have the very real problem that long-term adherence would be dismal. Even if a certain fruit or vegetable doesn’t have as high nutrients as another, it can provide value via sustainability. Kale may have more vitamins and minerals than potatoes, but when you consider that potatoes may help a person stay on the plan and avoid potato chips, you see potatoes as a beneficial addition to the diet. The term “superfoods” is a great THE#800gCHALLENGE® 78 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 marketing tool, but those foods do not have much value when looking at what makes an entire diet successful. The marketing gimmick becomes especially clear when you see superfoods added to calorically dense goodies like chocolate. People often think they are better off eating the superfood chocolate bar over the regular chocolate bar, but not necessarily so. Excess calories (and weight) can become a health issue even if from quality foods (Section 14). It’s best to think about all whole, unprocessed foods as superfoods. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 79 #14 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY The good: weight loss, improved health, fitness, and mindset One of the most popular goals with any nutrition program is weight loss. So, no surprise, people want to know: will I get weight loss on the #800gChallenge®? Maybe. While many people have lost weight on the #800gChallenge®, it is not a guarantee. In Section 7, you learned the quantity of food can be measured in macronutrients or calories. They are inseparable from one another, but they are not equivalent (100 calories of protein will be used differently in the body than 100 calories of carbs). The caloric equivalent of the macronutrients are as follows: • • In each gram of protein, there are 4 calories. In each gram of carbohydrate, there are also 4 calories. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 80 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 • In each gram of fat, there are 9 calories. The total quantity you eat any given day can be expressed as the total amount of protein, carbohydrate, and fat grams or as a single number of calories. For example, someone may eat 150 grams of protein, 200 grams of carbohydrates, and about 67 grams of fat in a day. That is: 150g x 4 + 200g x 4 + 67g x 9 or about 2,000 calories. That quantity of food consumed can be compared to the quantity of food you need every day to have a heartbeat, to breathe, to grow new cells, to type on the computer, and to move your body in a workout. If you eat more quantity than you need (in calories or macronutrients), you will gain weight. If you eat less quantity than you need (in calories or macronutrients), you will lose weight. Despite all the noise in the nutrition space, it really is that simple… conceptually anyway. The difficulty comes in application: you have to eat less than your usual baseline consistently for months to see any significant amount of weight loss. And you also have to fight hunger pangs and withstand temptation from the never-ending abundance of processed food around us. And one of the classic issues people have with dieting is this roller-coaster of calories, where they are “good” Monday to Friday, only to go off the rails come Friday or Saturday resulting in no net change. The reason why the #800gChallenge® can result in weight loss is that the individual fills up on items with a low caloric density. This pushes out (or at least decreases) the number of processed foods in the diet, and therefore the overall net effect is often a decrease in calories. Improved health While weight loss is the number one goal people have with nutrition, health is always a close second. People want to have a long life, and a long quality of life. Eating healthy is certainly one of the best strategies we have to protect our health. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 81 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 What we eat affects every function in the body, because food provides not only the energy to allow every function to occur, but the nutrients in our food are also physical components of cells, tissues, and structures like bones and skin. It’s impossible to name a function or system in the body that cannot be affected by nutrition. From eyesight to bone density, from cognitive function to how many pull-ups you can do, nutrition will play a role. The match between quantity and quality of whole unprocessed foods is not just good for weight loss goals: it’s good for health. And this likely explains why time and time again we find that eating more whole unprocessed foods is associated with better health outcomes in the peer-reviewed literature. It’s not that one whole food is better than another, it’s the collective effect of quality and quantity that pays off in a myriad of ways. Improved fitness and recovery One of the most common results people have on the #800gChallenge® is that they have better performance in workouts or even that they recover better after exercise. This phenomenon may be because of the increase in vitamins, minerals, and even fiber and phytochemicals in the diet. Macronutrients like carbs and fat are what we focus on for energy because we derive energy directly from them. However, micronutrients facilitate the production of energy from those macronutrients. If macronutrients are like the gas in your car, micronutrients are the tank that holds it. Essential, but indirectly, used. And there are a lot of micronutrients used in this indirect role such as the B-complex vitamins, copper, Vitamin C, and manganese. As for recovery, exercise induces stress: a necessary stimulus to become a stronger and fitter athlete. The stress results in free radical (oxidant) production (simply by the generation of energy, which increases during exercise) and inflammation (from muscle damage). Antioxidant vitamins and minerals (like Vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium, zinc, copper) and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals (like polyphenols) can mitigate these stressors. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 82 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 It is important to note, however, inflammatory and oxidant compounds are a normal part of the exercise-stress response. These compounds are the necessary signaling molecules to trigger the favorable adaptation to exercise (i.e., building stronger muscles). This is why it might not be beneficial to supplement with high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatories as they may blunt the natural response. Perhaps a moderate dose is best because at extreme high ends (heavy supplementation) and low ends (poor diet) is when we have the problem. It is likely 800 grams of fruits and veggies without eliminating other foods represents diet "moderation." Improved mindset about food Another aspect that people routinely report for the #800gChallenge® is that it is so “mentally freeing.” Instead of a diet that is synonymous with restrictions and eliminations, the #800gChallenge® flips the script and focuses on what to add to the diet. And even though all foods are still allowed, there is often less of a binge-like phenomenon to the processed foods we overeat. The bad: potential for weight gain While it’s the total quantity of macronutrients or calories that direct weight changes, many diets, including the #800gChallenge®, do not have individuals count either. Why? Because most people don’t want to count them! While doing so leads to a predictable result, it is more work and is often viewed as too cumbersome and at odds with cultural norms. As such, the myriad of diets impose different diet rules simply to influence quantity without directly counting it. This is sort of like driving from the back seat of a car; we don’t directly control the variable that dictates the best outcome. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 83 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 This is even true for the #800gChallenge®. It focuses on the weight of a portion of foods in one’s diet. That is not the same thing, at all, as assessing total calories in the diet. Total calories are the driver, not the quantity of fruits and vegetables in the diet, in terms of weight changes. And this is why it is possible to gain weight on the #800gChallenge . Essentially, the fruit and vegetable volume ® did not displace enough of the more calorically dense foods in the diet. This is most likely when the individual adopts a checkthe-box mentality, where accomplishing the 800-gram total becomes permission to eat whatever else they want. “ Calories still apply whether you count them or not. For example, telling yourself, you “deserve” the pint of ice cream or the four beers because you ate a lot of fruits and vegetables. Don’t do it. Calories still apply whether you count them or not. This is one reason it is recommended to make fruits and vegetables the base of your meals throughout the day. If you try to chug an 800-gram smoothie in the morning just to “get it over with,” you are likely not going to drive weight loss as there is too much time left to make poor decisions. (Remember, ice cream, beer, or any processed food can be part of a healthy diet, but when we overeat them, they are “poor decisions.”) THE#800gCHALLENGE® 84 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 It’s not the fruits and vegetables Since people are often more full on the #800gChallenge®, if they gain weight, they initially believe it’s because of all the fruits and vegetables. It’s not. And it’s worth spending some time looking at the caloric contribution of a sample #800gChallenge® day so that you have the data. You can use an app like MyFitnessPal or a free website such as nutritiondata.self.com to figure out the exact calories in a typical #800gChallenge® day for you. Even if you Google the item and the word “nutrition” like “zucchini nutrition,” Google usually returns the nutrition facts for the food. Choose a single day and add up the total calories you ate adjusting the nutrition information for your serving sizes. If you are really extreme in your choices, the total calories can be quite high (e.g., 800 grams of avocados will be 1,300 calories). Most people “acting normally” and eating mixed fruits and veggies have about 400-500 calories in their 800 grams. Compare that to a favorite treat or snack around the house. Figure out the serving size of a food like ice cream, cake, chips, etc., that is the caloric equivalent of an entire day’s #800gChallenge® for you (remember Figure 15). The difference in volume will be striking. Voila! That is the magic of whole foods. This should also be enough to convince you that it is the other foods in the diet that are the largest sources of calories. However, if you are still not convinced, a full diet analysis is in order and this is part of my Masterclass. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 85 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Weight fluctuations and expectations Since weight loss is such a common goal, it is important to address expectations regarding changes in one’s weight. For the overwhelming majority of people, weight loss goes much slower than we would like, and even more so on something like the #800gChallenge® where we aren’t restricting anything. Perhaps ironically, however, slow weight loss is usually a good thing because it is more likely to be sustainable. This also means you shouldn’t hop on the scale on day four of the #800gChallenge® and expect a three-pound weight loss. The more a change the #800gChallenge® is from one’s baseline diet and the more calorically dense foods it displaces, the faster weight loss will occur. Therefore, it’s impossible to set a single expectation of what weight loss “should” look like. While some people may see one pound a week lost or more, weight loss at half that rate (0.5 pounds/week) is more of a normal clip. The complicating factor, however, is that your weight naturally fluctuates ~2-4 pounds (1-2 kilograms) in the short term largely due to changes in water weight (Bhutani et al., 2017). So when you hop on the scale after three days of the #800gChallenge® and you are up two pounds, it’s very likely this is within your range of natural weight fluctuation (versus any substantial change in fat mass). Because of these natural fluctuations, weighing yourself multiple times a week and taking an average is a more accurate strategy than weighing yourself weekly. However, if weighing yourself is a stressful experience, it is recommended to weigh yourself less frequently and perhaps not even in the beginning as we can’t expect a ton of progress even in the first week. Perhaps consider using how a pair of pants fit or using a tape measure instead of the scale. While less precise, they give us a better sense of true weight loss (or gain) versus riding the emotional roller-coaster that often accompanies the natural water weight fluctuations. Also, when you see a change in something like inches on a tape measure, these are differences that will be obvious to you in terms of how your clothes fit, your performance, or even how you feel THE#800gCHALLENGE® 86 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 during the day (e.g., walking up flights of stairs). You won’t notice these changes when the scale “ shows a difference of one pound from the previous day. While a tape measure may be less precise than a scale, it may be better at indicating the changes that are really relevant to your goals. While a tape measure may be less precise than a scale, it may be better at indicating the changes that are really relevant to your goals. How to measure with a tape measure For your waist circumference, find the midpoint between the lowest rib and hip bones. It should be at the narrowest point of the waist, just above the belly button. Be sure to exhale your breath before pulling the tape snug. Ensure the tape is not pulling tightly into the fat. Repeat the measurement twice more, waiting 30 seconds between the measurements, and take an average. You can measure other parts of the body as well (e.g., hips, chest – both tracking around the widest part), but improvements in waist should trend with improvements in these areas as well. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 87 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The ugly: gastrointestinal distress (bloating, gas, diarrhea, oh my!) While the majority of people respond favorably to the #800gChallenge®, the most common negative complaint is related to gastrointestinal (GI) distress, and in particular, bloating. Bloating implies a feeling of fullness, and usually means there is more gas production and retention of it in the GI tract. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of fiber, so usually when people start the #800gChallenge®, they increase their fiber consumption. Why does this increase gas? Your GI tract has thousands of living microorganisms (aka "bugs" in the lay press) which have a profound effect on your overall health. The different fiber types in plant foods are what the "good" bugs use for energy in your colon, and the phytochemicals (the compounds that make fruits and veggies their bright colors) also influence which populations thrive. This is why what we eat influences our gut health (and you don’t need a ton of supplements to do it!). But a by-product from the good bugs using fiber for energy is gas. This fermentation process also produces short-chain fatty acids like butyrate, which is a powerful anti-inflammatory. If you want butyrate (and you do), you will also have (some) gas. And as you increase your fiber intake, you will also increase gas production. If 800 grams of fruits and veggies is more than you were eating previously, you may incorrectly interpret the additional gas as "bloating" or as a food intolerance, when in many cases you are now at a normal level of gas (or even just a normal feeling of fullness). That being said, more fiber is not always better, and there can be very real bloating. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 88 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Here are some things to consider: 1. Due to the (unnecessary) fear of carbs, people may try to pull off the #800gChallenge® on all low-carb items like spinach, broccoli, or cabbage. This can end up being a lot of volume (so you are physically very full) and fiber (more gas). In these cases, try including some higher-carb items. 2. Due to the “challenge” nature, people may try to catch up on grams by downing several hundred grams in a smoothie or eating most of them at a single meal. Guess what? Eating a large volume of anything makes people feel bloated. Ideally, spread your grams throughout the day and eat normally. 3. Chew your food! Undigested carbohydrates, not just fiber, can lead to gas when fermented. 4. You can always scale back 800 grams, say to 400 grams or 600 grams, let the microorganisms adjust to these new fuel sources, and gradually work your way up to 800 grams. 5. Finally, you may do better with a low FODMAP diet (Wong, 2016). Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs) are types of naturally occurring carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed and therefore lead to greater gas and water retention. The water retention may also lead to loose stools. However, be sure to try the above-mentioned strategies before cutting out lots of fruits and veggies. It is more optimal to have a diverse array of plant matter in the diet, not less. You may also need to work with a qualified healthcare practitioner with persistent and uncomfortable symptoms to determine if there is a GI disorder. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (or IBS) is one the most commonly diagnosed GI disorders, and gas and bloating are common symptoms. Approximately 11% of people in the world have it (Canavan et al., 2014), THE#800gCHALLENGE® 89 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 so it is certainly common enough that some individuals trying the #800gChallenge® will have it. IBS sufferers may find a low-FODMAP approach among other strategies make the #800gChallenge® doable, but it is best to work with a doctor to get a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. With any persistent symptoms, it is worth figuring out why you have them from such a reasonable volume of fruits and vegetables versus disbanding the idea entirely. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 90 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 How much fiber am I getting? Very generally, fruits and vegetables have more fiber than other food groups. But the actual amount of fiber can vary quite dramatically depending on which specific fruits and vegetables you are consuming. As you can see in Figure 24, fiber ranges from 13 to 40 grams. This is a fairly large disparity despite the same volume and is simply reflective of how variable fiber intake on the #800gChallenge® can be. Figure 24a. This plate of 848 grams contains 13 grams of fiber. Figure 24b. This plate of 800 grams contains 40 grams of fiber. Fiber recommendations in the US are 14 grams of fiber per 1,000 calories consumed (USDA, 2020), which puts the average daily intake at 28 and 35 grams for 2,000 and 2,500 calories, respectively. This means your #800gChallenge® may or may not cover all of your fiber needs. However, plenty of other foods like grains and nuts have fiber such that it is not essential to get all your fiber intake from fruits and vegetables. Nutrition information including fiber is readily available online so you can determine how much you are getting from your individual choices. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 91 #15 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 UNDERSTANDING CARBS AND SUGAR There has been so much fearmongering around terms like carbs and sugar that people are often afraid to eat potatoes or fruit when undertaking the #800gChallenge®. These terms are also confusing because of what they mean on a physiological level versus how they are used in typical conversations. Let’s first understand the terms to then be able to dispel the myths that the #800gChallenge® might make you eat too many carbs or too much sugar. Carbohydrates are compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in predictable ratios. The exact arrangement and bonds of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules are what give different compounds their properties and function. What looks identical on paper to the layperson are often handled differently by the body – particularly during digestion and distribution. The basic building blocks of carbohydrates are called monosaccharides (which translates as “single sugar”). This would be the glucose, fructose, or galactose molecule, for example. Two monosaccharides joined together would be called a disaccharide. Sucrose, which THE#800gCHALLENGE® 92 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 is also commonly known as “table sugar,” is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose. Lactose (composed of glucose and galactose) and maltose (two glucose molecules) are also disaccharides. Collectively, the term “simple sugars” refers to monosaccharides and disaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, or maltose). The suffix “-ose” on an ingredient list is a giveaway that there is sugar in the food. This means “sugar” can describe any of these different compounds. Longer chains can be classified as oligo- (“few”) or poly- (“many”) saccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide, which is composed of very long chains of the glucose molecule. You’ll also hear people refer to starch as “just sugar,” because it’s composed of sugar molecules. Regardless of whether the food contains starch, disaccharides, or the monosaccharides fructose or galactose, the sugars largely become glucose through digestion and processing. Digestion breaks the larger chains into simple sugars for absorption and either the small intestine or liver converts the fructose or galactose into glucose before they enter circulation (if not used directly by the liver for energy). This is why “blood sugar” measures glucose in circulation (not fructose or lactose, for example, even though we eat both). Fiber is an indigestible form of carbohydrate. It consists of longer chains of the glucose molecule (like starch) but in a different arrangement from starch which makes it indigestible in the stomach and small intestine. Instead, the microorganisms in the large intestine break it down for energy (Section 14). Fiber has many different types, but most often you’ll hear fiber broadly categorized as soluble or insoluble. Carbohydrates exist in food as simple sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides), starch, and/or fiber. This is where some confusion begins. As described above, carbohydrates are “just sugar” in the sense that the non-fiber compounds will be broken down into simple sugar molecules. This does not mean that eating broccoli is the same as eating a candy bar, yet both will provide glucose to the body. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 93 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 “ We have to look at food as food, not as individual components or nutrients. This is because it’s the combination of all its properties that makes a food more or less healthy. We have to look at food as food, not as individual components or nutrients. This is because it’s the combination of all its properties that makes a food more or less healthy. It’s differences in the caloric density, the dose of sugar (carbs), as well as the fiber, micronutrients, and phytochemicals that make broccoli and a candy bar very different (Figure 25). Figure 25. In typical servings of processed foods versus whole foods, people consume far more calories and fewer micronutrients. Shown here, a candy bar weighing 57 grams contains 280 calories and only 4% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of calcium and potassium. However, one cup broccoli weighing 100 grams contains only 34 calories and has a greater amount of micronutrients (e.g., 5% calcium, 9% potassium). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 94 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 One major difference is the caloric density. In one sitting, it is common to eat serving sizes such as a regular size candy bar or one cup of broccoli. The candy bar has 4.9 calories per gram, and the broccoli has 0.3 calories per gram. That’s a 16x increase in the number of calories you are getting per unit weight (or per “bite,” see Section 7). A large part of why broccoli has such a low caloric density is because most of its 100 grams is water. This water weight helps fill the stomach up and the stretching of the stomach is some of what tells our brain we are full. Another way the broccoli helps us feel full is the fiber. Fiber makes the food stay in the stomach longer, again keeping it full, which reminds our brain we have eaten. The disparity in caloric density of these foods is also because of the different amounts of glucose in them. While both contain the same glucose molecule, they are drastically different in how much of that glucose they provide in a typical serving. In other words, it’s the dose of glucose – not the form – that is different. Excluding fiber from the calculation, the candy bar has effectively 34 grams of glucose whereas the cup of broccoli has 4 grams. As discussed in Section 14, weight gain is the result of eating more than your body needs. Another way to think about this is that the “dose” of food is too high. That the total amount of macronutrients consumed is more than all the energy needs in the body. And eating foods with a high dose of carbs contributes to a total macronutrient “dose” that is too high. What people get wrong so often in understanding carbs, sugar, or fructose is trying to classify them as singularly “good” or “bad” when it’s the dose of them that determines their relative value (in combination with the other properties you get from the food like its dose of fat, how filling it is, how many micronutrients it has, etc.). Low-carb diets can be an effective way to lose weight because they do not permit individuals to eat the high-dose carbohydrate foods that are ubiquitous in the modern diet (e.g., soda, chips, ice cream, candy cars). By lowering carbohydrates, one often (though not always) simultaneously reduces total calories. Unfortunately, this often gets interpreted in an extreme way where people think carbs = bad and then also remove fruits and vegetables from their diet. While very low-carb diets like keto can result in weight loss, it is not necessary nor superior to simply counting total calories (Freire, 2020). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 95 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Re-read that. There is so much dogma that “lower carb is always better.” No! The right dose is better, and many people are eating too many carbs particularly from processed foods. While it is very likely one has to reduce total carbs to lose weight, this does not mean they have to eat “low carb” (generally defined as less than 100 grams of carbohydrates per day). Carbs on the #800gChallenge ® The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that carbohydrates make up 45 to 65 percent of your total daily calories (USDA, 2020). In a 2,000-calorie a day diet (which is the average amount for women), this means between 900 and 1,300 calories should be from carbohydrates. That translates to between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrates a day. In a 2,500-calorie a day diet (average for men), this means intake would between 280 to 406 grams of carbohydrates per day. One of the fears that people have when taking on the #800gChallenge® is that it is “too many carbs.” With purposefully extreme lower or higher-carb choices, the #800gChallenge® can range from 40 to 200 grams of carbohydrates. These extremes are illustrated in Figure 26, where low carb would be largely veggies and potentially fattier options like olives and avocados, and higher carb would be selections like all potatoes, yams, yuccas, or bananas. Note the use of the term “higher” versus “high” carb in the prior sentence. While potatoes have a Figure 26a. This plate of 804g contains 47g of carbohydrates. higher amount of carbs then say, asparagus, it’s worth it to point out that an entire #800gChallege® of potatoes still results in total carbs at the low end THE#800gCHALLENGE® 96 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 of the carb intake range for women. However, most people will find that the total carbohydrate intake when simply eating a mixed quantity of fruits and vegetables is about 80 to 100 grams. It will be at the “higher” end of that range when potatoes, bananas, or yams are part of the mix, yet the total dose is obviously still pretty low. And when you remember how filling fruits and vegetables are, it’s much “harder” to eat too many carbs from them. Conversely, a 24 oz soda has 72 grams of carbohydrates that could be consumed in less than 30 minutes and would not leave you very full. Figure 26b. This plate of 813g contains 222g of carbohydrates. Moving onto fruit… While some people have accepted it is “ok” to eat sweet potatoes, they often still reject a plate full of grapes, mango, or pineapple because of the fear surrounding fructose. People will often hear that fructose is turned into fat in the liver potentially leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The key point left out in this explanation is … dose! The dose of fructose has to exceed the capacity of the small intestine to convert it to glucose before it gets to the liver. However, the liver still converts much of it to glucose as well. The problem occurs only when these systems are overwhelmed (Jang et al., 2018). When would the systems be overwhelmed? When an individual eats lots and lots of sugar, for example, sugar-sweetened beverages like the extra-large sodas that look more like buckets. In this “bucket” form, it is very easy to consume too much fructose. Sodas do not require chewing, THE#800gCHALLENGE® 97 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 nor do they sit in your stomach very long, both of which influence how much (dose) will be consumed. Just because soda contains fructose and fruit contains fructose does not mean both have the same properties in a diet. Fruit can be eaten freely and to satiety, conversely soda should be limited. Check out this entire #800gChallenge® on what’s often incorrectly labeled “sugary” fruit. The entire plate of 828 grams of fruit contains only 119 grams of carbs (Figure 27), which is a dose of carbohydrates well under the low-end range of acceptable carb intake for women. Figure 27. This #800gChallenge® of only fruit (828g) contains 119g of carbohydrates. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 98 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The reality check on fruit Remember the discussion of the modern food environment? Take a look around you next time you are anywhere, be it restaurants, movie theaters, or airports. Do you just see an overabundance of people crushing bananas and apples? Is it just tons of plain baked white potatoes? No! It’s French fries, pretzels, chips, pizza, and candy bars. Look at what products are everywhere and recognize it is there because it sells. This is what we are eating! The idea that fruit in your diet is a problem is silly. Want more? Check out The Consistency Project podcast episode: on Fructose, Fruit, and Sugar. Added sugar, natural sugar, and high fructose corn syrup Fruit has naturally occurring sugar in it. It is typically composed of glucose, fructose, and sucrose molecules. Potatoes also have naturally occurring sugar in the form of starch (long chains of glucose molecules). Sugar cane and sugar beets have naturally occurring sugar (sucrose) in them as well, which have been bred over generations to have a relatively high sugar content. The sugar in them is “naturally occurring,” and when it is isolated to a powdered or crystalline substance, it is a “natural” sugar, but now it’s concentrated. That concentrated form can be added to foods (like you use sugar in a recipe) increasing the caloric density of the food and also increasing the dose of sugar one consumes. The point is: “natural” doesn’t tell us the dose. The amount of a specific food consumed tells the dose. When the food exists as it does in nature (a strawberry, a beet, a potato) generally, the dose of sugar is low. When the food is processed in some way, generally the sugar dose we consume increases (as in juice, syrup, jelly). When the sugar is isolated and extracted, even THE#800gCHALLENGE® 99 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 when from a “natural” source, it is generally added to food to further increase the dose of naturally occurring sugar (such as in brownies, candy bars, ice cream, etc.). Sugars isolated from various natural sources vary in their composition. Table sugar (extracted from sugar cane or sugar beets) is just sucrose: equal parts glucose and fructose. Honey has a slightly higher ratio of fructose to glucose which is why it tastes sweeter. One of the forms frequently added to processed foods is high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). HFCS is not considered “natural” because it requires a manufacturing process to convert corn syrup (which is virtually 100% glucose) to contain some fructose. Many people believe the “high” in HFCS means the product is virtually all fructose, when in reality “high” is in reference to its starting point (i.e., all glucose). The most common forms of HFCS used for food and beverage manufacturing are HFCS 42 or HFCS 55, which means the fructose amount is either 42% or 55%. In either case, this is roughly equivalent to the 50:50 split found in table sugar or other “natural” sugars. The reason why HFCS is “bad” is not because it’s “manufactured” nor because of its fructose concentration. It’s because it’s used as an added sugar in processed foods where it’s all too easy to eat too much (dose). This is why it is generally useful to reduce “added sugar” in the diet. Again, it’s not that the molecules in and of themselves are so problematic. It’s that it increases the dose we eat compared to naturally occurring sugar. As of 2020, nutrition labels in the US have to indicate how many grams of the total carbohydrate in the product are from added sugar. Previously, if you bought strawberry ice cream for example, you wouldn’t know how much of the total carbohydrate was from the strawberries versus sugar added to the milk and eggs. Now, however, you can see that most of the sugar in the product is from added sugar. All fruits and vegetables have 0 grams of added sugar (Figure 28). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 100 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 28. Despite having some naturally occurring sugar from strawberries, most of the sugar in strawberry ice cream is added sugar (shown here 14g of the 20g of carbohydrate are from added sugar). The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends women and men keep added sugars to less than 6% of calories a day (AHA, 2021), whereas the USDA recommends keeping added sugar calories to less than 10% of calories per day (in a 2,000-calorie diet, that would be less than 50 grams of added sugar) (USDA, 2020). Tracking on added sugar can be a shorthand way to control calories. Because the foods we overeat tend to have added sugars, keeping added sugars in check is often a way to keep total calories in check (though again, not as foolproof as actually counting calories). What about the glycemic index? The glycemic index ranks foods on a scale of 1 to 100 based on their effect on blood sugar levels. The common interpretation of this index is “when you eat foods high on the glycemic index this means that your blood sugar increases rapidly. High blood sugar means your pancreas releases a lot of insulin, which can make you insulin resistant, and then diabetic.” THE#800gCHALLENGE® 101 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 This simplistic explanation has left out the necessary details that dictate whether an individual would become diabetic or not. First, insulin is a storage hormone, and it should go up (spike) and down all the time. That is what is supposed to happen, and yes, even when you are healthy you have insulin spikes. When your body needs to store nutrients in cells (getting them out of the bloodstream after digestion and distribution by the liver), insulin goes up in relation to the magnitude of food eaten. If you eat a large amount of food the insulin spike will be greater than if you eat a small amount of food. This is not inherently bad and in healthy individuals the spike is quite useful (it stores nutrients). The key issue that we have to be concerned with is… (drumroll)... dose. If someone eats more than they need, the body will first expand fat storage to genetic limits, but ultimately can run out of storage room. This occurs over months and years, not days. Insulin will remain high trying to send the signals to store the nutrients out of circulation, but there is no more capacity. This is how we can develop insulin resistance; when the intake exceeds our needs (insulin remains “up”), we are not insulin resistant simply because it “goes up.” The glycemic index is an attempt to estimate the blood sugar spike after eating a food. It standardizes the amount of food eaten to be able to compare the expected rise in insulin between foods. The problems are: 1) people don’t eat the standardized amount (e.g., 50 grams of carbohydrates); 2) insulin going up doesn’t mean the dose was problematic, and 3) there is a lot of interpersonal variation in blood sugar responses to foods not reflected in a singular index value. To get 50 grams of carbohydrates of broccoli, for example, a person would have to consume seven cups! No one is eating that in one sitting. And people don’t always eat 50 grams of carbohydrate even from processed foods (chips, candy, ice cream). Since the index is not based on the dose consumed, its relevance is questionable. This is where the concept of the “glycemic load” comes into play. This is to incorporate both the glycemic response as well as the actual amount you ate. This is more relevant, but it still overlooks an important part of the picture: is that “load” appropriate for the individual? The THE#800gCHALLENGE® 102 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 glycemic load of two whole baked sweet potatoes is high, but what if the person was fasting all day or just finished a long-distance run? Maybe they need that load of carbohydrates. The final issue is that people don’t have uniform blood sugar responses to foods. While you may expect that someone's blood sugar “should” spike higher after eating a cookie versus a banana, we don’t find this is consistent across individuals. In fact, some people’s blood sugar is higher after a banana versus a cookie (Zeevi et al., 2015). This doesn’t mean a banana is “bad”; it means there can be variable healthy responses to foods. In addition, once you mix a food with something else (like banana and peanut butter), the glycemic response changes. So how useful is a measurement that does not reflect how much you ate of an item, whether that dose was appropriate to your need, or your individual blood sugar response when you eat mixed meals (what happens in real life)? It’s not. But here’s the nuance, and it is something that happens all the time in nutrition. Even though the rationale of why you should or should not eat foods based on their glycemic index is oversimplified, people can have great success on a “low-glycemic” diet. Why? Because generally, whole, unprocessed foods are low on the glycemic index, and processed foods are high on the glycemic index. So at the end of the day, people end up eating more whole unprocessed foods. It’s not that any individual insulin spike mattered; it’s that they made an overhaul to their diet choices that changed the total quantity (calories and macronutrients). This is true with a lot of diets. Keto is not healthier because it has lower carbs than other diets, but lowering carbs is an effective strategy when you are eating too much (but so would be lowering fat). If you want to understand insulin, the focus needs to be on understanding the total dose of nutrients, not simply why it goes up and down. And definitely do not focus on qualitative terms like “high” and “low” and “spiking,” which are irrelevant and often confusing until we know the specific amount and the individual needs. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 103 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 But I thought carbs aren’t essential? One last topic to cover in the confusion over carbohydrates! Very low-carb or carnivore diet proponents often use the fact that carbs are not essential to life as a rationale for why we should not eat them. It’s true, we don’t need to eat carbohydrates to stay alive. Glucose, which is the necessary energy source for the brain to function, can be generated from protein and fat. However, just because the body has robust system "fail-safe" mechanisms in times of nutrient scarcity does not mean that is an optimal process. While carbs are often a problem in most diets, it is the processed carbs eaten excessively that are problematic. It is not the fruit and vegetable carbohydrates that most people are not even eating enough of (which hopefully you are convinced of at this point!). The real problem with these more extreme low-carb/meat-based diets is that natural carb sources are great ways to get vitamins, minerals, fiber, and phytochemicals. And when you look at meat, you can get a nice – albeit not optimal – coverage of the micronutrients, but you have eliminated fiber and phytochemicals from the diet which are routinely associated with better health. You have also drastically reduced the likelihood anyone will stick with it for any length of time due to boredom and palatability. We do not need to swing between the complete opposite ends of the spectrum from the Standard American Diet to eating zero carbs. We just need to eat the right amount of carbs; the #800gChallenge® is easily part of that right amount. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 104 #16 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 SHOULD I GO PLANT BASED? (Individuals may make decisions about their food choices based on environmental or ethical beliefs; that is not the point of this discussion. Rather, this is about foods as sources of calories, macronutrients, micronutrients, fiber, and phytochemicals.) Part of the problem with the “plant-based” diet trend is the lack of a uniform definition for what “plant-based” means. It could mean the diet is largely made up of plant foods, but it could also mean the diet is 100% plant foods (i.e., vegan). There is also the issue of how we are defining “largely.” As discussed in Section 7, volume does not equal calories. Someone may consume an #800gChallenge® as part of a diet with meat and other foods like nuts and grains. On a volume basis, the #800gChallenge® was likely the largest contributor, but usual servings of say eggs, cheese, and beef can easily result in more calories from animal products than fruits and vegetables. And there is no shortage of “plant-based” processed foods and snacks like chocolate and cream “plant-based” cookies. As you know from Section 7 and Section 14, eating a plant-based cookie diet will have a drastically different outcome than a diet full of carrots and apples. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 105 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 So when people say they are eating “plant-based,” we really don’t know much about their diet. We don’t know how much (in calories or macronutrients) the plants are contributing to their diet, and we don’t know what foods they consider plant based. This is the problem with single word diet descriptors. Even vegan diets can be full of candy, and Paleo diets might be all almond butter and bacon. This is even true of the #800gChallenge®; it only describes a portion of the foods you are eating. And the positive (or negative) effect of a diet is the precise way the rules are applied at the individual level in all of their food choices. And so when we focus on one aspect of the diet, we get variable results. “Plant-based” usually works when people add more fruits and vegetables to their diet but will have less of a positive effect when plant-based products like cookies or fast-food burgers are diet staples. The plant-based discussion, however, is usually when individuals are curious as to whether meat is harmful. Red meat in particular has been the subject of many headlines that suggest you are better off without the hamburger, specifically for preventing colon cancer. A lot of your nutrition confusion will go away when you think about food as a mixture of the macronutrients and micronutrients you need. And the goal is to eat a variety of foods to obtain optimal quantities of calories, macronutrients, micronutrients, fiber, and phytochemicals. It is a game of food Tetris, effectively. And that’s why we cannot have these yes/no nutrition rules. Food is a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients with no single food offering the ideal amount of each nutrient. We want our choices to fit together like a puzzle across the days and weeks. Can you eat donuts? Sure, but there is some volume of donuts where you are getting too many carbs and fats without protein and micronutrients. Can a 100% plant-based vegan diet work? Sure, but you will need to be more precise in your choices to get enough protein without overshooting carbs (and you will also need to use some supplements). Can you eat red meat and be healthy? Yes, of course, as it adds protein and valuable nutrients to the diet. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 106 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Is eating meat “optimal”? Not necessarily. Some people eat meat and still have a poor diet (lots of fast food). Conversely, some people eat plant based and lack proper nutrient intake. It is never yes/no. It comes down to 1) how much of each item are you eating; and 2) what are the rest of the foods in your diet? THE#800gCHALLENGE® Want more? Check out The Consistency Project podcast episode: on Plant-based vs. Animal-Based. 107 #17 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 WHAT ABOUT SUPPLEMENTS? Supplements have become so ubiquitous that it seems almost impossible to imagine they aren’t necessary. It’s become accepted that even a multivitamin “should” be part of one’s nutritional strategy, yet you should focus your time and attention elsewhere. And you already know where: eat those fruits and veggies! But does the #800gChallenge® provide all one’s necessary vitamins and minerals? No, it does not, nor should it. Remember the #800gChallenge® is about 400-500 calories on average, representing 25% or less of the calories most people are eating each day. That means we can’t expect that 25% of our calories will cover all the micronutrients we need. Yet, it has a great return on nutrition investment. For up to one-third of your daily calories, and you can get more than 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of many micronutrients (Figure 29). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 108 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Figure 29. This plate contains 800g for 640 calories, which is relatively high in calories for an #800gChallenge® due to the whole avocado. It still represents just ~32% of a 2,000 calorie diet. It also provides these percentages of the RDA of the following micronutrients: 57% thiamine (Vitamin B1), 44% riboflavin (B2), 40% niacin (B3), 98% pyridoxine (B6), 74% pantothenic acid, 266% Vitamin C,133% folate, 19% calcium, 64% phosphorus, 69% magnesium, 113% copper, 37% iron, 147% manganese, and 52% zinc. But these statistics are based on the fruits and vegetables shown in that picture and will vary based on your fruit and vegetable choices. This is why it’s hard to predict one’s micronutrient composition from their #800gChallenge®. As another example, Figure 30 has 800 grams with a good calorie to micronutrient ratio, but the values are less than in Figure 29. This simply reflects the fact that different fruits and veggies have different nutrients. Also, Figure 30 has about 300 fewer calories. Even though it contains fewer micronutrients overall, the fewer calories allow for other foods in the diet to reach adequate nutrition. THE#800gCHALLENGE® Figure 30. This plate contains 846g for 347 calories, which is just ~17% of a 2,000 calorie diet. It also provides these percentages of the RDA of the following micronutrients: 43% thiamine (Vitamin B1), 12% riboflavin (B2), 33% niacin (B3), 69% pyridoxine (B6), 35% pantothenic acid, 459% Vitamin C, 46% folate, 27% calcium, 28% phosphorus, 44% magnesium, 83% copper, 19% iron, 139% manganese, and 15% zinc. 109 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 So, where do you get the rest of your micronutrients? In the other calories you have left: meat, dairy, grains, nuts, and oils can round out your micronutrient intake (in fact, processed foods can too to a lesser degree). What about supplements as insurance? Even though people see it’s possible to achieve the micronutrients they need from a diet of mostly whole foods, the thought is often it’s still worth taking them for the insurance. It’s better to have more of everything, right? Not exactly. You only need a certain amount of each nutrient each day (i.e., 100% of the RDA). That’s it. You don’t need 150% or 200%. More is not better because the body only needs so much, and depending on the micronutrient, the excess will either be lost in urine, or if stored, there is a toxicity potential at some point. If you look at some of the vitamin brands, you see multiple nutrients over 100%. Why? Likely to convince you that you are getting more “value,” when in reality you are paying for expensive urine. The 100% value, the RDA, is already set at a conservative level to meet the requirements of 97.5% of healthy individuals (Kennedy and Meyers, 2005). It’s not set at the average value; it’s set at two standard deviations above the average such that most of the population needs less than the RDA! Again, this makes doses above 100% completely irrelevant (absent of any diagnosed condition). THE#800gCHALLENGE® 110 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 In fact, we don’t even have evidence to recommend multivitamins to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer, which are the two leading causes of death (Jia et al., 2022). Despite the lack of evidence for even the most basic supplements, the US supplement industry has grown to more than $40 billion and 80,000 products (~10x growth in 25 years) (Gottlieb, 2019). This is largely the result of changes in the regulations of the supplement industry in 1994 that made it easier to bring products to market. It has helped the supplement industry not the consumer, and plenty of quality, purity, and efficacy issues remain. Supplements don’t solve a major problem Almost universally, people want to lose weight (or at least control their current weight) in addition to being healthy. You know from Section 14, weight control comes down to eating the right number of calories or macronutrients. We also need the right amount of quality nutrients for our health. And it’s a diet of mostly whole unprocessed foods that provides that best match between quantity and quality, particularly without weighing and measuring everything you eat. Whole unprocessed foods help fill us up with a lower caloric density while getting all the micronutrients (usually to a greater breadth and depth than that in a supplement). Supplements do not help us better match quantity and quality. They give us some quality but are not filling and therefore do not affect quantity. This is also true of powdered greens. One of the great things about actual leafy greens is that they are a good filler! They can help fill you up at a low caloric cost and provide tons of nutrients. While using powdered greens isn’t harmful, you have missed the entire benefit of eating real food. You still have a mismatch of quality and quantity. Processed foods are high in quantity and low in quality, and supplements are high in quality and low to non-existent in quantity. Theoretically, you could eat the right amount of processed foods, and just add all the supplements – pills or powdered greens – to get the quality nutrients THE#800gCHALLENGE® 111 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 you need. The problem is we don’t see people are effective at doing that. Time and time again, it’s the diets of mostly whole unprocessed foods that are routinely associated with health. This suggests that despite our best efforts to come up with superior food products and alternatives to whole foods, the basics of eating mostly whole unprocessed foods is still the best option. THE#800gCHALLENGE® Want more? Check out The Consistency Project podcast episode: on Supplements and the Worried Well. 112 #18 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 THE MYTHS OF MOTIVATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY Motivation is a wonderful thing. The problem is: it’s fleeting when we need it. While we are often motivated at the start of a new diet, we usually are dreaming of donuts and pizza on day three. What gives? Did you just miss out on the “motivation” gene? Unlikely. We need to stop looking for motivation to propel us forward, because typically, the sustained motivation that everyone wants comes with proficiency. People tend to be motivated to continue and sustain habits that they are good at. With nutrition, this means seeing results usually provides motivation to keep going. This means you can’t be looking for motivation to reach for the fruit over the cookie. You must put in a lot of work before obvious results will be realized. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 113 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 The other thing you can’t be looking for is external accountability. You can’t only be doing this because you signed up with a coach. You become successful in nutrition when you become accountable to yourself. Coaches and courses are great to help the process! They can set a plan, provide clarity and support, and get you on your way toward results. But ultimately, you are successful when you implement the day-to-day changes and do the work. This is true in anything in life be it your job, a side hustle, and even relationships. Success in any area is up to you. While everyone needs “ You become successful in nutrition when you become accountable to yourself. a coach or support at times, there is a point when you have read and learned enough and you just need to be accountable to yourself. It is when you expect to subcontract out accountability indefinitely is when you stay in the infinite pattern of working on your nutrition without progress. The way not to rely on motivation and external accountability is to build habits. Habits work regardless of motivation because you have done it so many times before. Habits are like being on autopilot: you go through the motions even on the days you don’t want to. To build habits, you set a doable plan and follow through with it. It will be hard at first. And it also will not be perfect (Section 11). But the more you follow through with your plan, the easier it gets. And you know what else you get? Motivation. The reward of your hard work creating sound habits is now you have the motivation to keep going. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 114 #19 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 WHAT ABOUT KIDS? The #800gChallenge® is doable for kids on a caloric needs basis. By middle school, even sedentary children need 1,600 calories or more per day (and an average #800gChallenge® is only about 400-500 calories). The key with children, however, is to make nutrition flexible and fun. The goal is to make children associate eating healthy with fun and not to enforce strict rules or unachievable targets. Since the #800gChallenge® focuses on addition versus restriction and allows for one’s preferences, it is flexible for kids. It can also be fun because the scale becomes a toy and there is math involved (a win for parents). Some friendly competition with siblings may be fun too. Setting targets based on “servings” to satiety is a fine approach for kids, such as six different fruits and veggies a day instead of a specific gram total. Some rough guidelines might be: • • 400 grams or 4 items in elementary school, 600 grams or 6 items in middle school, THE#800gCHALLENGE® 115 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 • 800 grams in high school. These are just guidelines, where some younger children will eat 800 grams without issue, some high schoolers may be better off focusing on 400 grams to develop consistency. Parents are encouraged to observe their child’s eating habits to select an appropriate target. Ideally, we find a target that provides a little bit of a challenge, but we also want it to be (*key words*) flexible and fun. In the first few days of the challenge for any child, consider a more open-ended approach such as, “let’s see where you end up” each day. This can help set the realistic daily target as well as whether tracking the number of items or total grams is the best approach. On days where fruit and vegetable consumption was nowhere near the planned target, use those days as a teaching tool about “where could we have made different food choices today?” versus as grounds for punishment. This helps instill the notion of progress over perfection (which is a hurdle many adults struggle with in their diet). There are two ways to help kids be successful with the #800gChallenge®: 1. Have healthy food ready to go in the fridge. Kids (and adults!) will be far more willing to grab the fruit or veggies already washed and cut up. Pre-bagging snacks or jars of items provide “to-go” options when walking out the door to sports practice or school events. 2. Do not obsess over which fruits and veggies they are eating. If your kids are in a strawberry phase, run with it. It might be a roasted potato phase next, followed by carrots (dipped in peanut butter, yum!). Whatever the phase is, embrace it. Diversity in the diet is a good strategy to cover one’s nutrients, but so much of the goal with children is building basic eating habits around choosing whole foods over processed ones. It’s much better to allow their #800gChallenge® be only strawberries and roasted sweet potatoes versus having them rebel against the idea entirely. And those choices aren’t even “less than”; in most cases other foods in their diet round out their nutrient needs. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 116 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Finally, it is worth stating that while calories and weight are a focus for many adults, parents are encouraged to keep the conversation related to health and fitness only and avoid any weight goals. Conversations with children can highlight things like the nutrients in fruits and vegetables support strong bones and a robust immune system and can even help them run faster on the soccer field. If the child presses for more information on calories, it can always be phrased in terms of providing energy to have a heartbeat and to run up the stairs versus controlling one’s weight. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 117 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 WHAT’S NEXT? #20 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 WHERE DO I GO FROM HERE? One of the classic faults in nutrition is trying to do everything at once. While the #800gChallenge® is a foundational approach to nutrition, it also addresses just part of the diet. (The book title gave that away, right?!). It’s impossible to get everyone the results they want with this one tool alone. It’s best to consider it an initial step to better align your diet with your goals. And you should stay on this step as long as it takes to become a habit before rushing into greater complexity. Conceptually, you will understand the #800gChallenge®, its rules, and how to make a day successful much more quickly than you will do it in real life. It takes about 66 days for a diet change to become a habit (Lally et al., 2010), and it’s worth taking every one of those days to focus on it. That’s a blip in your overall life to work on a habit that has the potential to benefit you throughout it. You want to be able to pull this off on weekends, during travel, with late nights at the office, and at social events before thinking you need “more.” Rushing ahead to more rules and steps can end up making you overwhelmed and falling off any diet at all. And here’s the other thing: you might not need more! You might not need more precision and THE#800gCHALLENGE® 119 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 rules, so why not see how far this takes you before thinking you need more? Ideally, you do the least amount of work in nutrition to get the results you want. That being said, if and when you are ready for the next step, that is called Lazy Macros®. It’s about building on the foundation of the #800gChallenge® with the addition of a protein target. Like the #800gChallenge®, it focuses on adding foods to the diet, not eliminating them. You can learn more about Lazy Macros® here. The third and final step in your diet (if necessary) would be to establish quality and protein within the proper total number of calories. This gives us the most comprehensive picture of what your diet really looks like, but also requires a lot of work. Adequate quality, protein, and calories form the three pillars of our diet that drive the overwhelming percentage of results. But now is not the time to focus on that: set the requisite foundation of the #800gChallenge® and only add on Lazy Macros® when ready. Become an #800gChallenge Coach ® Since its inception, the idea and basic how-to for the #800gChallenge® has been freely available on the OptimizeMe Nutrition website for personal use. It is a registered trademark, however, and programs are available for gyms or corporate wellness groups to run organized programs. You cannot market or use the #800gChallenge® without buying a program or becoming affiliated with OptimizeMe Nutrition. If you would like to become an #800gChallenge® coach to teach others this method, the Masterclass is your next step. This provides the framework for the entire OptimizeMe Nutrition methodology (“Three Pillars Method”) and is the first requirement to become an affiliated coach. THE#800gCHALLENGE® 120 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 more from ec synkowski Want more nutrition content from the creator of the #800gChallenge®? Stay connected with EC Synkowski through these resources: • • • • • Podcast: The Consistency Project Email list Instagram Facebook YouTube THE#800gCHALLENGE® 121 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 references Aune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadness, L.T., Keum, N., Norat, T., … Tonstad, S. (2017). Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality-a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(3), 1029-1056. doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319 American Heart Association (AHA). (2021). Added Sugars. Retrieved Jun 25, 2022, from: https:// www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/sugar/added-sugars Bhutani, S., Khan, E., Tasali, E., & Schoeller, D.A. (2017). Composition of two-week change in body weight under unrestricted free-living conditions. Physiological Reports, 5(13), 1-7. doi:10.14814/ phy2.13336 Canavan, C., West, J., & Card, T. (2014). The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Clinical Epidemiology, 6, 71-80. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S40245 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). National Center for Health Statistics: Obesity and Overweight. Retrieved Jun 25, 2022, from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/ obesity-overweight.htm Domke, A., Keller, J., Heuse, S., Wiedemann, A.U., Lorbeer, N., & Knoll, N. (2021). Immediate effects of a very brief planning intervention on fruit and vegetable consumption: A randomized controlled trial. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 13(2), 377-393. doi:10.1111/aphw.12254 Duthie, S.J., Duthie, G.G., Russell, W.R., Kyle, J.A.M., Macdiarmid, J.I., Rungapamestry, V., … Bestwick, C.S. (2018). Effect of increasing fruit and vegetable intake by dietary intervention on nutritional biomarkers and attitudes to dietary change: a randomized trial. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(5), 1855-1872. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1469-0 Freire, R. (2020). Scientific evidence for diets for weight loss: Different macronutrient composition, intermittent fasting, and popular diets. Nutrition, 69, 110549. doi:10.1016/j. nut.2019.07.001 THE#800gCHALLENGE® 122 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 Gottlieb, S. (2019). Statement from FDA Comissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency’s new efforts to strengthen regulation of dietary supplements by modernizing and reforming FDA’s oversight. Retrieved Jun 25, 2022, from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/pressannouncements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-agencys-new-effortsstrengthen-regulation-dietary Haber, G.B., Heaton, K.W., Murphy, D., & Burroughs, L.F. (1977). Depletion and disruption of dietary fiber. Effects on satiety, plasma-glucose, and serum-insulin. Lancet, 2(8040), 679-682. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)90494-9. Jang, C., Hui, S., Lu, W., Cowan, A., Morscher, R.J., Lee, G., … Rabinowitz, J.D. (2018). The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids. Cell Metabolism, 27(2), 351361. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.12.016 Jia, J., Cameron, N.A., & Linder, J.A. (2022). Multivitamins and Supplements-Benign Prevention or Potentially Harmful Distraction? JAMA, 327(23), 2294-2295. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.9167. Kennedy, E., & Meters, L. (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes: development and uses for assessment of micronutrient status of women – a global perspective. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(5), 1194S-1197S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1194 Lally, P., van Jaarveld, C.H.M., Potts, H.W.W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modeling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 998-1009. doi:10.1002/ejsp.674 Pressman, P., Clemens, R., Hayes, W., & Reddy, C. (2017). Food additive safety: A review of toxicologic and regulatory issues. Toxicology Research and Application, 1, 1-22. doi:10.1177/2397847317723572 Roordink, E.M., Steenhuis, I.H.M., Kroeze, W., Schoonmade, L.J., Sniehotta, F.F., & van Stralen, M.M. (2021). Predictors of lapse and relapse in physical activity and dietary behavior: a systematic search and review on prospective studies. Psychology & Health, 1, 1-24. doi:10.1080/08870446.2 021.1981900 THE#800gCHALLENGE® 123 t_j_riley@hotmail.com 05 Dec 2022 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2010). 2005-2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Retrieved Jun 25, 2022, from: https://health.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/ DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (2020). 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Retrieved Jun 25, 2022, from: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/ files/2020-12/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans_2020-2025.pdf Wong, W.M. (2016). Restriction of FODMAP in the management of bloating in irritable bowel syndrome. Singapore Medical Journal, 57(9), 476-484. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2016152 Yeh, M.C., Glick-Bauer, M., & Wechsler, S. (2016). Fruit and vegetable consumption in the United States: patterns, barriers and federal nutrition assistance. Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs, 411–422. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802972-5.00019-6 Zeevi, D., Korem, T., Zmora, N., Israeli, D., Rothschild, D., Weinberger, A., … Segal, E. (2015). Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses. Cell, 163(5), 1079-1094. doi:10.1016/j. cell.2015.11.001 THE#800gCHALLENGE® 124