Building Chat 4 Ozzy Maldonado Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Adjectives order Already and Yet Been and Gone Subjunctive Form We use it to talk about experiences in your life. Things that happened at an unspecified time before now. Something that started in the past and has continued up until now. We do not say the past time because the time means Experiences In my life In the past You have written a book. They have cleaned the car. Duration To talk about ‘how long’ for something that´s not finished. I have lived in Colombia since 2010. She has played the violin for many years. Past actions with present results He hasn’t come to school. I have already eaten. have has + + have has + You have written a book. You have been writing a book for two years. They have cleaned the car. They have been cleaning the car. He has worked. He has been working since this morning. It has grown a lot. It has been growing a lot. I have You have We have They have I’ve You’ve We’ve They’ve He has She has It has He’s She’s It’s have has - have has You have not written written a book. a book. You haven’t have been been writing writing a book a book forfor two two years. years. They haven’t have cleaned cleaned thethe car.car. They haven’t have been been cleaning cleaning thethe car. car. He has not worked. worked. He hasn’t has been been working working since since this this morning. morning. It hasn’t has grown grown a lot. a lot. It hasn’t has been been growing growing a lot. a lot. Have Has ? + Have Has + The word ever means in your whole life up to the present time. Have you ever been to Brazil? They’re used to express how long. for three days. Alice is in Canada. She has been there since Monday. Have Has ? + Have Has + Have You have you written ever written a book. a book? You have Have you been been writing writing aa book. book? Have They have they cleaned cleaned the thecar? car. They have been cleaning cleaning the the car? car. Have they been Has He has he ever worked. worked? He has Has he been working. working? Has It hasit grown a lot. lot? It has been growing growing aa lot? lot. Has it been Short answers Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. An action that happened at an unspecified time before now. past Time of speaking. Timeline now Action started at some point in the past. Action that started in the past, is been going on until now, is still going on and will continue for a while. past Timeline now since Indicates the exact time that the action start in the past. for Indicates how long the action has been going on. … 1. Opinion: describes your appreciation. 2. Size: describes how big or small. 3. Age: describes how old is. 4. Condition: describes the appearance. 5. Shape: describes the form or figure. 6. Color: describes the tones. 7. Material: 8. Origin: describes what something is made of. describes the nationality. 9. Purpose: describes the usefulness. chair: wooden, French, old An old, wooden, French chair. plane: Canadian, red, large The large, red, Canadian plane. jacket: black, small, leather The small, black, leather jacket. car: sport, fantastic, Italian A fantastic, Italian, sport car. teacher: nice, French, old The nice, old, French teacher. clock: red, alarm, small A small, red, alarm clock. chair: rocking, metal, rusted The rusted, metal, rocking chair. dress: yellow, cotton, pretty A pretty, yellow, cotton dress. bowl: African, interesting, new An interesting, new, African bowl. boat: blue, sailing, beautiful The beautiful, blue, sailing boat. Note: Sometimes you could play around with the opinion or size of something; depending in which quality you want to emphasize. The big, ugly car. Emphasizing the size. That’s one ugly, big car. Emphasizing the opinion. A short time ago. A. Are Mary and Peter here? B. Yes, they’ve just arrived. C. Are you thirsty? D. No, I’ve just drunk water. The action is complete. A. What time is Kim coming? B. He has already arrived. C. Get the money!!! D. I’ve already gotten the money. An action that hasn’t been performed at the moment being referred to. We can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end. A. Are you coming with us? B. I haven’t decided yet. C. Has he finished the homework yet? D. No, not yet. He’s still working on it. The movie hasn’t started yet. It’s used for actions in progress in Affirmative and Interrogatives sentences. It’s used for actions that have ceased permanently in Negative sentences and it goes at the end of the clause. She is still waiting for you. I still love her. Do they still want to surf? I don’t drink soda anymore. He doesn’t fight anymore. We don’t surf anymore. It is used instead of an auxiliary verb and it always goes in the middle of the sentence. No longer is more formal than anymore. She no longer lives here. I no longer love her. We no longer play tennis. She doesn’t live here anymore. It means that the person is still there. Peter has gone to Paraguay. I have gone to Perú. It means that the visit is over. Peter has been to Australia. I have been to Colombia. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions. It uses the basic form of the verb. I suggest that he study. Milena asked that Mark work with her assistant. Donna requested Frank come to the party. Jack recommended that you join the committee. Is it essential that we be there? The teacher insists that the students be on time. The Subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain expressions. It uses the basic form of the verb. The Subjunctive is noticeable with the third person singular (he, she, it), but it is not noticeable with the others persons (I, you, we, they). He tries to study often. It is important that he try to study often. Subjunctive form You try to study often. It is important that you try to study often. Subjunctive form Should as Subjunctive The modal verb "should" is sometimes used to express the idea of subjunctiveness and is most common after the verbs "suggest," "recommend" and "insist." The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist. Jay suggested that Wilma should study harder for the test. It is used after the following verbs: It is used after the following expressions: to advise (that) to ask (that) to command (that) to demand (that) to desire (that) to insist (that) to propose (that) to recommend (that) to request (that) to suggest (that) to urge (that) It is best (that) It is crucial (that) It is desirable (that) It is essential (that) It is imperative (that) It is important (that) It is recommended (that) It is urgent (that) It is vital (that) It is a good idea (that) It is a bad idea (that) Thanks 1. Is used to emphasize actions. Is used when indicating the time the action happened. I have been to the exhibition. I went to the exhibition last month. (here is important the action and not the time.) (here the action is important but also the time when it happened.) 2. To know if a person has done and action or not. Have you been to the exhibition? Yes, I have. I went to the exhibition last week. (Here I’m giving you the time of the action, and in this case I use the Past Simple.) 3. It’s both Past and Present I have lived in Toronto since 1997. I have been living in Toronto since 1997. 4. To indicate Unfinished action. It hasn’t snowed this week. I have been to the cinema recently. I lived in Toronto for 27 years. Do I live in Toronto? No, I don’t. 3. Use for Finished action It snowed yesterday. I went to the cinema last week. We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Action that started in the past and is complete at the time of speaking. Action that started in the past and is still in progress. Still / Yet / Already / Anymore Still (actions in progress) •Affirmative sentences and Interrogatives •Subject + to be + still •Subject + still + verb Yet (action that hasn’t been performed at the moment being referred to) •Negative sentences and Interrogatives •Subject + to have + yet + past participle Already (action is complete) •Affirmative sentences and Interrogatives •Subject + to have + already + past participle Anymore (action has ceased permanently) •Negative sentences •Goes at the end of the clause Adverbs of Time - ago / already / anymore / just / yet / still These adverbs give additional information about when something happens. Ago Ago simply means in the past. For example: - I graduated university 3 years ago. - We moved to Canada just 2 months ago. Already Already is used when something is complete. - He's only 13, but he already speaks three languages. - Can you finish this by tomorrow? Sure, it's already finished. - You don't need to feed the dog, I've already done it. Anymore Anymore is used when something has ceased permanently. - I want to email her, but her address isn't working anymore. (It worked before, but not now) - My friend used to live here, but she doesn't live here anymore. - I don't want to work here anymore. (I wanted to work here, but no I don't like working here.) Just Just is used for something that happened very recently. - I just found out my test score, I got an A! - What was that noise? - Sorry, I just broke a glass. You can also use Just about for something that will happen very soon. - Are you finished? - Yes, I'm just about to go home. - I'm hungry. - If you wait 5 minutes, I'm just about to make some lunch. Still Still is used when an actions in progress. - Did you get a new job? No, I'm still working at my old one. - She's 65 years old, but she still exercises 3 times a week. Still is also used to confirm that an activity or situation is continuing and that nothing has changed. For example: - Are you still studying English? Yep, I still study a little every day. - Do you still want to go abroad? Of course, I'd love to! Yet Yet is used when something hasn't happened that is expected. It is used negative sentences and questions. For example: - Are you finished? No, I'm not finished yet. - Has the mail come yet? No, it's not here yet. Still can be used with a similar meaning. For example: - My parents haven't arrived yet. - My parents still haven't arrived. Still in negative sentences and questions often shows impatience or that something is unexpected. Note that yet is usually at the end of the sentence, whereas still comes before the negative form.
