_______________________________________________________________________________________________ TRUE TRUE 7 HABITS OF EFFECTIVE READERS FALSE 1. Visualization • use of 5 different senses: sight, smell, hear, touch, taste. FALSE 2. Monitoring for Meaning • by re-reading, skipping if it’s not the main idea, looking for context clues, choice of words / sentences (the way you phrase it), sounding a word out (pronounce out loud), IPA symbols (dictionary) TRUE 3. Questioning the self, the author, and the text • when you stop and ponder; “why am i reading?” • question your attitude towards reading. • purpose of the text and the author: inform, entertain, persuade, propaganda, etc. FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE 4. Determining the Importance every sentence must have a predicate. the subject of a sentence is often found in a prepositional phrase. an exclamatory sentence asks a question. it is okay to connect two sentences with a comma. connecting two sentences with a comma is called comma splicing. what part of speech a word is depends on how the word is used in a sentence. an interrogative sentence always expresses strong emotion. a verb often tells what the subject of a sentence is doing, has done, or will do. exclamation points should be use frequently when writing. most sentences are declarative and end with a period. two sentences run together without any punctuation between them is called a run-on sentence. 5. Predicting and Inferring • always be logical. must be connected to the other details of the story. read between the lines. • “what does the situations imply?”, “what will happen next?” 1. semi-colon 2. conjunction 3. period 6. Retelling / Summarizing / Synthesizing • [ retelling ] using your own words / strategies without missing any details. • [ summarizing ] “which passage gives the main idea?”, “what conclusions can you draw from the situation?”, “do you agree with the author?” 1. I moved to the United States when I was young it was easy to learn English, my parents were already here, they knew English already. I moved to the United States when I was young. It was easy to learn English. My parents were already here so they knew English already. 7. Activating relevant, prior knowledge 2. Juan and David recognized each other they had been in the first grade together. Juan and David recognized each other because they had been in the first grade together. SENTENCES TRUE FALSE (you) TRUE TRUE (s-p-v agreement) FALSE (no complete thought) TRUE TRUE every sentence must have a subject. the sentence, “help your sister carry the groceries.” has no subject. an imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. a sentence must have a subject and a predicate and express a complete thought. a fragment is a short sentence. the subject of a sentence is usually a noun or a pronoun. every predicate must contain a verb. THREE WAYS TO AVOID THE FOLLOWING THINGS AVOIDING RUN-ONS 3. Her car would not start she was late for class. Her car would not start so she was late for class. 4. The parents ate the baby slept in her stroller. The parents ate while the baby slept in her stroller. 5. Eli wants to quit smoking this habit is too expensive. Eli wants to quit smoking because this habit is too expensive. AVOIDING COMMA SPLICING 1. The dog bit the cat’s tail, the cat meowed loudly. The dog bit the cat’s tail so the cat meowed loudly. 2. The left side of a ship is called port side, the right side is called starboard. The left side of a ship is called port side while the right side is called starboard. 3. A crock-pot is a handy cooking device, it can produce excellent meals. A crock-pot is a handy cooking device and it can produce excellent meals. 4. Every student of geometry knows Pythagoras, a theorem is named after him. Every student of geometry knows Pythagoras because a theorem is named after him. 5. Rabies is a deadly viral infection, it is spread through the bite of an infected animal. Rabies is a deadly viral infection since it is spread through the bite of an infected animal. AVOIDING FRAGMENTS 1. The dog loved his new toys. Especially the ones that squeaked. The dog loved his new toys especially the ones that squeaked. 2. Maggie remembered her childhood. Her mother making pancakes for dinner in the small apartment. Maggie remembered her childhood, especially when her mother was making pancakes for dinner in the small apartment. 3. She decided to meet her new friend in a public place. That they had arranged over e-mail. She decided to meet her new friend in a public place. That they had arranged over e-mail. 4. Because she met him on MySpace. She thought it was a good idea to be cautious. Because she met him on MySpace, she thought it was a good idea to be cautious. 5. I cannot wait until EDSA Day. Finally, a day off. I cannot wait until EDSA Day. Finally, we have a day off. MISPLACED MODIFIER / DANGLING MODIFIER / CORRECT 1. Always eager for cake, the birthday party was attended by everyone. MM – Always eager for cake, everyone attended the birthday party. 2. Water from the sprinklers started to rust the brandnew child’s bike. MM – Water from the sprinklers started to rust the child’s brand-new bike. 3. Driving to the party, the present rattled around the trunk. DM – Driving to the party, we heard the present rattling around the trunk. 4. Forgetting that the microphone was on, the whole audience heard the singers fight with his wife. MM – Forgetting that he microphone was on, the singer fought with his wife for the whole audience to hear. 5. Wagging her tail, the puppy climbed into my lap. SENTENCE ANALYSIS 1. History deals with periods while geography deal with places. deals 2. Geography is very significant in the school curriculum because it dealt with physical environment. deals 3. Demonstrations are widely used to teach students how to use materials and equipment, musical instruments, compasses, rulers, and others. 4. The veterans exchanged stories, ate hamburgers, and made a list of everyone’s name and phone number. same tense / parallelism 5. Whenever the river rises to dangerous level, the citizens are evacuated from their homes. evacuates 6. Pre-colonial African literature often takes in the form of written narratives that sometimes went with music. goes 7. If a man in the morning hears the right way, they may die in the evening without regret. he 8. Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if we were to live forever. you 9. Nothing is far and difficult to one who are really determined. is 10. Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone deeply gives you courage. TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SENTENCES Exercise 1. 1. The lazy checkout clerk forced the six-pack of cola into the bottom of the bag, tearing it. Then she shrugged her shoulders and said, ‘I guess you’ll have to carry the bag from the bottom.” Time 2. Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke correctly predicted that satellites would be used for communication. Moreover, in 1947 he correctly predicted that 1959 would be the year the first rocket to the moon was launched. Addition 3. Some people in LA Union built their houses very close to the shoreline. Consequently, they have had to spend a lot of money trying to protect their property from the sea. Cause & Effect 4. Running can make people more aware of their physical surroundings, such as the scent of honeysuckle or the changing moods of the trees. Illustration / Example 5. Residents complain bitterly about potholes in the streets and sloppy trash pick-up, yet these same people resist paying higher taxes for the improvement of these services. Contrast Exercise 2. 1. Before the invention of television, people probably spent more of their leisure time reading. Time 2. If you’re having company for dinner, try to get as much done in advance as possible. For instance, set the table the day before. Illustration / Example 3. Even though I’m very allergic to flowers, my boyfriend bought a bouquet of roses. Contrast 4. My grandfather loves to say, “You’re as nervous as a long-tailed cat in a roomful of rocking chairs.” Comparison 5. Because Manny’s car stereo was on full blast, I could see his lips moving, but I had no idea what he was saying. Cause and Effect • • signal words that create a smooth transition from one topic to another. addition, cause & effect, time, illustration / example, compare & contrast CONJUCTIONS • connects 2 phrases or clauses together. A. Subordinating Conjunctions 1. I visit the Grand Canyon whenever I go to Arizona. 2. This is the place where we stayed last time we visited. 3. If you win first place, you will receive a prize. 4. You won’t pass the test unless you study. 5. I could not get a seat, though I came early. • • always connect main clause to a dependent clause. mc – sc – dc B. Correlative Conjunction Pair 1. Both flowers and trees grow during warm weather. 2. Not only do we enjoy summer vacation, but we also enjoy winter break. 3. Calculus is not easy but difficult. 4. It’s either going to rain or snow tonight. 5. Savory flavors are neither sweet nor sour. • always comes in pair. C. Coordinating Conjunctions 1. My car has a radio and a CD player. 2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, nor will she tolerate heavy metal. 3. Carol wanted to drive in Colorado, but Bill insisted that they fly. 4. I’m afraid of heights, yet I appreciate the view from the top of this building. 5. I have to be on time, for my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. • • • • always connect words / phrases / clauses. always in the middle. words that are of equal importance. fanboys.
