a. what / definition
b. why is it important?
c. what would happen if these were not followed in research? (parang connected sa b.)
d. examples of cases / situations that violate or go against these principles.
justice
 deals with the concept of fairness wherein it requires that researchers are always fair to the participants
in their research and that the needs of research participants should always come before the objectives
of the study.
 aims to ensure that the benefits and burdens are shared equitably and that no groups are being
exploited.
 includes considerations around avoiding bias when sampling from a larger population and not
exposing participants to a research protocol that could disadvantage them in some way.
 researchers designing trials should consider what is fair in terms of recruitment of participants and
choice of location to conduct a trial.
 why is it important?
 provides the framework for thinking about these decisions in ways that are fair and equitable.
 what are the consequences if this is not followed?
 ????
honesty
 component of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous attributes, such as integrity,
truthfulness, and openness.
 implies a general prohibition against falsifying, fabricating, or misrepresenting data, results, or other
types of information pertaining to scientific publication.
 fabrication = making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
 falsification = manipulating, changing, or omitting research materials, such that the research
is not accurately represented in the research record.
 report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
 honesty in all aspects of research includes:
 presentation of research goals, intentions, and findings
 reporting on research methods and procedures
 gathering data
 using and acknowledging the work of other researchers
 conveying valid interpretations and making justifiable claims based on research findings
 why is it important?
 basis for researchers to trust each other as well as the research record.
 basis of society's trust in research evidence and expertise.
 because otherwise, the research cannot be trusted.
 what are the consequences if this is not followed?
 leads to false or distorted scientific results or gives misleading information about an
individual contribution to research.
 scientists have rules pertaining to data fabrication and falsification that are enforced with
significant punishments, such as loss of funding, termination of employment, or imprisonment.