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Purposive Communication Reviewer
Accountancy (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila)
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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES
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David Berlo’ SMCR Model of Communication
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symbols, we are not the only creatures that engage in
nonverbal communication.
Tends to do the work of communicating emotions
more than verbal.
no official grammar guides govern our use of
nonverbal signals.
we are not the only creatures that engage in
nonverbal communication.
Verbal Communication
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Westley & Maclean Model
Communication includes sounds, words, language, and
speech. Speaking is an effective way of communicating and
helps in expressing our emotions in word
4 Types of Verbal Communication
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COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Communication -a two-way process of giving and receiving
information through any number of channels.
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Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a
conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report,
the following basic principles apply:
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Know your audience.
Know your purpose.
Know your topic.
Anticipate objections.
Present a rounded picture.
Achieve credibility with your audience.
Follow through on what you say.
Communicate a little at a time.
Present information in several ways.
Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback.
Use multiple communication techniques
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STYLES OF COMMUNICATION
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Friendly, Sociable
Directive,Persuasive, Demanding, Blaming
Speculative, Intuitive, Searching, Exploring, or
Intellectual
Disclosing, Revealing, Explicit, Responsive, Accepting,
and Aware
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Non-verbal Communication
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a process of generating meaning using behavior other
than words.
typically governed by the right side of the brain and
verbal, the left.
In terms of composition, although there are rules of
grammar that structure our verbal communication, no
such official guides govern our use of nonverbal
signals.
Whereas we humans are unique in our capacity to
abstract and transcend space and time using verbal
Intrapersonal Communication
o This form of communication is extremely private
and restricted to ourselves
o It includes the silent conversations we have with
ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between the
sender and receiver who are processing our
thoughts and actions
o This process of communication when analyzed
can either be conveyed verbally to someone or
stay confined as thoughts.
Interpersonal Communication
o This form of communication takes place between
two individuals and is thus a one-on-one
conversation.
o The two individuals involved will swap their roles
of sender and receiver in order to communicate
in a clearer manner.
Small Group Communication
o This type of communication can take place only
when there are more than two people involved.
o the number of people will be small enough to
allow each participant to interact and converse
with the rest
o Press conferences, board meetings, and team
meetings are examples of group communication.
o *Unless a specific issue is being discussed, small
group discussions can become chaotic and
difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in
understanding information completely can result
in miscommunication.
Public Communication
o This type of communication takes place when
one individual addresses a large gathering of
people
o Election campaigns and public speeches are
example of this type of communication.
o In such cases, there is usually a single sender of
information and several receivers who are being
addressed.
Principles of Verbal Communications
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Language Has Rules - Language is a code, a collection of
symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are
arranged according to the rules of syntax and are used to
communicate.
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Syntactic rules - govern the order of words
in a sentence.
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Semantic rules - govern the meaning of
words and how to interpret them.
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Contextual rules - govern meaning and
word choice according to context and social
custom.
Our Reality Is Shaped by Our Language
Language Is Arbitrary and Symbolic
2 type of word meanings:
o Denotative - the common meaning, often found
in the dictionary
o Connotative - not found in the dictionary but in
the community of users itself. It can involve an
emotional association with a word, positive or
negative, and can be individual or collective, but
is not universal.
Language Is Abstract
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality
o We all use systems of classification to navigate
through the world.
o Imagine how confusing life would be if we had
no categories such as male/female, young/old,
tall/short, doctor/nurse/teacher.
o These categories only become problematic when
we use them to uphold biases and ingrained
assumptions that are no longer valid.
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality
o We all use systems of classification to navigate
through the world. Imagine how confusing life
would be if we had no categories such as
male/female, young/old, tall/short,
doctor/nurse/teacher. These categories only
become problematic when we use them to
uphold biases and ingrained assumptions that
are no longer valid.
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COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
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ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
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Communication - The impairing or exchanging of information or
news.
Ethical communication
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Is fundamental to thoughtful decision making and
responsible thinking
It is about developing and nurturing relationships and
building communities within & across context, cultures,
channels and media
Accepting responsibilities for the message you convey to
others and the short term / long term consequences of
your communication
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All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to the
communication needs of its speakers.
Some varieties, however, are more prestigious than others
because of social attitudes about the speakers of these
varieties.
The idea, in writing, is to adhere to the Standard English of
one’s country because each variety, including those of the
US and UK, has its own peculiar or individual features.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Beneficence – to promote good
Nonmaleficence – to do no harm
Autonomy – respect for others
Veracity – honesty
Justice – fairness
Ways to Become Effective Intercultural Communicators:
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Understanding what a culture is
Identifying how cultures differ from one another
Realizing how those differences influence communication
Culture and Related Concepts:
Characteristics of an Ethical communicator
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we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that
were outside of our scope before; opens up your sense of
what parts of the world are accessible to you, which in
turn lays the foundation for an evolved worldview.
the world becomes more accessible and equitable in
general; Globalization creates a space for ideas to
transcend borders and social strata.
When you can see the world through new eyes, you have
the opportunity to innovate and really develop new
educational opportunities, rethink how and why we
communicate and create new systems to do both.
WORLD ENGLISHES
Principles of Ethical communication
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Can be seen as referring to a process whereby the
introduction of external elements changes the context in
which a given collectivity has hitherto evolved (Raboy,
2002)
Described as a structural phenomenon of increasing
interdependence among various parts of the world, for
which the effects of an action feel at a distance has
produced a variety of economic, cultural, and social
changes that have shaped the world over the past 50 years
(Cornalli & Tirocchi, 2016)
Globalization (baxter, 2018)
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Ethics - The study of values & morals, of what is right and wrong.
Courtesy – sensitivity to cultural values / belief
Respectful – values other as an integral part
Credit
Honesty – encourages free flow of ideas
Confidentiality – protecting the privacy
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Culture - is the system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes,
and norms that guide what is considered appropriate
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among an identifiable group of people. (Samovan,Porter,&
McDaniel, 2009)
Values - are the commonly accepted standards of what is
considered right and wrong, good and evil, fair and unfair,
just and unjust.
Intercultural Communication - refers to interactions that
occur between people whose cultures are so different that
the communication between them is altered.
Dominant culture - refers to the learned system of norm
held by the majority group of empowered people in a
society.
Co-culture - is a group comprised of a smaller number of
people who have common values, beliefs, attitudes and
customs that differ from those of the dominant culture.
Cultural identity - is the part of our self-concept that is a
based on how closely we associate with both the dominant
culture and various co-cultures
Ethnicity - is a classification of people based on
combinations of shared characteristics such as nationality,
geographic origin, language, religion, ancestral customs,
and traditions
Factors that Contribute to the Formation of Co-cultures:
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Race
Ethnicity
Sex and Gender
Sexual Orientation
Religion
Socioeconomic Status
Age/Generation
Disability
Individualistic Cultures - value personal rights and
responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom,
innovation, and self-expression.
Collectivist Cultures - value community, collaboration,
shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding
embarrassment.
3. These influence how people make group decisions
Context
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Uncertainty Avoidance
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2. Highly individualistic cultures lead members to be assertive
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Monochronic cultures - view time as a series of small units
that occur sequentially. These cultures value punctuality,
uninterrupted task completion, meeting deadlines,
following plans, and doing things one thing at a time.
Polychronic cultures - view time as a continuous flow.
People who abide by this time orientation are comfortable
doing several things at once, having a flexible schedule or
none at all, and disregarding deadlines to satisfy other
needs.
is the extent to which people desire to predict what is
going to happen.
Low uncertainty avoidance cultures - tolerate uncertainty
and are less driven to control unpredictable people,
relationships, or events.
High uncertainty avoidance cultures - have low tolerance
for uncertainty and a high need to control unpredictable
people, relationships, or events.
Masculine culture - members are expected to adhere to
traditional gender roles.
Feminine culture - people assume a variety of roles and
are valued for doing so regardless of sex.
Long-term /Short-term Orientation
1. These affect self-concept and self-esteem
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Influence of Individualism / Collectivism on communication:
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Individualism / Collectivism
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Chronemics
Masculinity/Femininity
How Cultures Differ:
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be offensive; Recognize that they might not notice or
understand indirect contextual cues.
Low-context cultures - speakers use words to convey most
of the meaning; verbal messages are direct, specific and
detailed.
High-context cultures - speakers’ messages are understood
from the context.
Low-context communicators to High - Be mindful that
building a good relationship first is important for long-term
effectiveness; NV messages and gestures will probably be
more important than what is actually said.
High-context communicators to Low - Recognize that the
verbal message should be taken at face value and direct
questions, assertions, and observations are not meant to
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Short-term oriented culture - tends to value rewards in the
here and now and thus, emphasizes quick results, fulfilling
social obligations, and getting to the bottom line efficiently.
Long-term oriented culture - emphasizes potential future
rewards that will eventually be realized after slow and
steady perseverance toward achieving a mutually
acceptable result.
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence:
Potential Barriers
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Anxiety
Assumed Similarity or Difference
Ethnocentrism
Stereotyping
Incompatible Communication Codes
Incompatible Norms and Values
Competent Communication Strategies
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Acquire Accurate Knowledge
a) Formal Study
b) Observation
c) Immersion
Adopt an Appropriate Attitude
a) Tolerate ambiguity
b) Be open-minded
c) Be altruistic
Develop Culture-Centered Skills
a) Practice Listening
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b)
Practice Intercultural Empathy
c) Develop Flexibility
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