STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Industrialisation: The First Five Year Plans
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First FYP: October 1928 - December 1932
Second FYP: January 1933 - December 1937
Third FYP: January 1938 - June 1941
Fourth FYP: January 1946 - December 1950
Fifth FYP: January 1951 - December 1955
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Stalin described his industrialisation plans for the USSR as an attempt to establish a
war economy - Declared that he was making war on the failings of Russia’s past and
on the class enemies within the nation - Believed that Russia was ‘50 to 100 years
behind the advanced countries in the West’
Thought that the USSR would adopt a similar industrialisation plan to Western
Europe and Northern America to enforce its drive towards modernisation - Following
a plan of socialism rather than capitalism
Chose to advance his economic programme for industry through a series of Five
Year Plans which set attainment targets for industrial enterprises
Stalin also believed that the successful production of heavy industry, such as Iron,
Steel and Coal would guarantee the strength and readiness of the nation in the face
of the impending war in Europe
Soviet industrialisation drive in the 1930’s coincided with the Great Depression in
the Western World - Socialist planning would supposedly enable the USSR to avoid
the errors that had begun to undermine the Western economies - Marxists regarded
the Great Depression as the collapse of Capitalism
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Gosplan, the State Planning Agency, was given responsibility for drawing up plans
and establishing output targets for every economic enterprise in accordance with
Party directives
The job of Gosplan was to ensure that overall economic objectives of the FYP’s were
met - By matching input against output
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First Five-Year Plan: 1928-1932
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First plan laid down what was to be achieved, but did not say how it was to be done Simply assumed that the quotas set by Gosplan would be met
Could be suggested that the first FYP represented a set of targets rather than a plan
Approved by the Sixteenth Party Congress in April 1929
Targets were said to be extremely over-ambitious and was not based off of secure
data:
Output Targets
1927-1928 actual production
1932-1933 target production
Coal (million tonnes)
35.4
75
Oil (million tonnes)
11.7
22
Steel (million tonnes)
4
10.4
Pig Iron (million tonnes)
3.3
10
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
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Demanded that certain areas of heavy industry were to increase by 300% - Hugely
unrealistic targets
Did achieve in this period - Huge growth in certain areas of the economy e.g.
electricity production
Industrial workforce doubled - rose from 11 million to 23 million - Drive to encourage
peasants to come to work - Wasn’t controlled meant that there was an impact on
collectivisation as it left too few people in some areas
One major problem was however, that people were too afraid to question Stalin’s
regime as criticism could easily be labelled as disloyalty, sabotage or treason
First FYP focused on the development of heavy industries - Such as coal, iron and
steel - Raw materials that were the bases for making other products
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Aims:
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Increase production by over 300%
Focus on the development of coal, iron, steel, oil and machinery
Boost electrical production by 600%
Double the output from light industry - e.g. chemicals
Publicity surrounding the First FYP’s launch provoked an enthusiastic response
throughout the population - Such was its success that Stalin had claimed that the
targets had been met within four years
Most likely that this was due to the ‘over-enthusiastic’ reporting of local officials
Common for local officials and managers to falsify their production figures to give the
impression that they had met their targets where they had fallen short - Precise
statistics for the First FYP are difficult to determine:
Product (in
millions of
tonnes)
1927-28: First
Plan
1932-3: ‘Optimal’
1932: Amended
1932: Actual
Coal
35.0
75.0
95-105
64.0
Oil
11.7
21.7
40-55
21.4
Iron Ore
6.7
20.2
24-32
12.1
Pig Iron
3.2
10.0
15-16
6.2
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In reality, none of the major targets were really met, although investment brought
about an impressive increase in production - Electricity output trebled, coal and
iron output doubles and steel production increased by a third
New railways, engineering plants, Hydroelectric Power Schemes and industrial
complexes sprung up - e.g. Magnitogorsk
Despite Stalin’s claims, the targets for chemical industry were not met and housebuilding, food-processing and other consumer industries were neglected - Too few
skilled workers and too little effective central-coordination for efficient development
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Propaganda and Collective Effort:
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At the time it was the ‘grand design’ that was the key focus rather than the detail The plan was a huge propaganda effort aimed at convincing the Soviet people that
they were personally engaged in a vast industrial enterprise
Not completely a matter of enforcement - Especially among the young, there was a
great enthusiasm and a commitment that suggested that many Soviet citizens
believed they were genuinely building a new and better world
John Scott - American Communist and pro-Soviet Western industrial advisor came
to the USSR during this time and was impressed with the mixture of idealism and
coercion (force) that characterised the early stages of Stalinist industrialisation Worked in building Magnitogorsk
Stalin wished to prove how successful the USSR was - Show piece constructions for
propaganda value e.g. Dams to provide hydroelectric power - Dnieprostroi Dam in
the Ukraine (hydroelectric power) - Publicised as a magnificent piece of Communist
technology
Successes and Failures of First Five-Year Plan
Success
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No matter how much the figures may
have been rigged at the time, the first
FYP was an extraordinary achievement
overall - Coal, iron and the generation of
electricity increased considerably
Industrial workforce doubles - rose from
11 million to 23 million
Around 1500 new large enterprises Factories given particular products to
build
Impressive tractor factories built at
Stalingrad and Kharkov - Once these
complexes are up and running, it is
easier to change what you are
producing - Tractor factory could be
changed into using military vehicles
when it became a higher priority
Failure/Problems
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The production of steel and chemicals
was less impressive and the output of
finished textiles actually declined
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No effort was made to reward the
workers by providing them with
affordable consumer goods
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Living conditions had deteriorated Accommodation in towns and cities
remained substandard - -30 considered
normal
Conditions in factory towns and cities
were most of the time, much worse than
in the countryside
Plan had never actually been intended
to raise living standards - Collective
purpose rather than individual
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Drive to encourage peasants to come to
work wasn’t controlled meant that there
was an impact on collectivisation as it
left too few people in some areas
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Lack of training e.g. Donbass miners
dug less coal as they could not use the
pneumatic drills because they had not
been trained to/could not repair broken
drills
Bottlenecks due to the lack of supplies Making something that has many
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STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
components from different places - Not
going to complete targets
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Infrastructure needed to meet targets
did not exist e.g. factories, railways,
tools had to be built
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Some factory managers produced
inflated figures - Due to them being so
fearful if they were not to meet their
targets
Competitions between factories and
corruption - Managers made illegal
deals to get supplies and hijacked the
supplies of rival factories
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Industrial ‘show trials’ e.g. Shakhty
trial 1928
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All mistakes blamed on class enemies
so mistakes covered up and problems
not resolved
‘Bourgeois Specialists’ (Industrial
equivalent of the kulaks) were blamed
and attacked - loss of valuable expertise
caused more problems
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The Belomor Canal - Connecting the
Baltic and the White Sea, completed in
1933 - Intended to provide the USSR’s
navy with an escape route from the
Baltic Sea was too shallow to take any
of the warships it was designed for Built by the prisoners from concentration
camps - Huge human cost in the
building process - Built by Zeks
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Quality of materials produced was not of
the best standard - Quantity over quality
Stalin justified the severity of his regime by stating that it was necessary for national
survival - A series of public trials took place in the prosecution of industrial ‘wreckers’
which included a number of foreign workers
Shakhty Trial 1928 - Stalin claimed to have discovered an anti-soviet conspiracy
among the mining community in Shakhty in the Donbass region of the Ukraine - The
public trial was intended to frighten the workers into line
Showed that the privileges of the ‘skilled workers’ (bourgeois experts) was not to be
tolerated
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
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Stalin blamed the poor quality of goods produced on the industrial ‘saboteurs’
Actively used OGPU agents and party Cadres (party members sent into factories) to
terrorise the work force
Workers could be labelled as saboteurs for the simplest of errors - being late for
work, mislaying tools etc.
Additionally, factory managers who did not meet their production goals could find
themselves held on a public trial as enemies of the state - Therefore it was common
for output prices to be inflated
Interpretation:
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Historian, Norman Stone, interprets Stalin’s policies not as far-sighted strategy but
as, ‘simply putting one foot in front of the other as he went along.’
In reality, there was very little planning within Soviet industrial policies made from
above
The Second Five-Year Plan: 1933-1937
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Built off of the infrastructure that was provided by the first plan - Gave more attention
to consumer goods than the first plan, but heavy industry was still the overall
priority
Aims:
- To continue to develop heavy industry
- To promote the growth of light industries, such as chemicals, electricals and
consumer goods - Chemical industry grew e.g. fertilizer for agriculture
- Develop communications to provide links between cities and other industrial areas
- Foster engineering and tool-making
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Target schemes were made more realistic - New training schemes - To make
industry as efficient as possible - More realistic targets e.g. 14% increase - wasn’t as
much needed
Moscow Metro opened in 1935, Volga Canal in 1937 and the Dnieprostroi Dam in
1932 - Improvement in communication and propaganda as large-scale Soviet
architecture - The Dam was also extended through four further generations to make it
the largest dam in Europe
Electrical production and chemical industries grew rapidly - New metals such as
copper, zinc and tin we mined for the first time
Steel output trebled and coal production doubled
By 1937, the USSR was virtually self-sufficient with regards to metal goods - USSR
became less dependent on foreign imports
Emergence of Stakhanovism
1936 - Focus changed to hold a greater emphasis on rearmament - Rose from 4% in
‘33 to 17% in ‘37 - More resources diverted into arms due to deteriorating
international situation e.g. 1933-38 production of armament trebled
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Failures of the Second FYP:
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Oil production failed to meet its quota
Despite the slight increase in the expansion of the production of footwear and foodprocessing, there was no considerable increase in consumer goods - 1935 bread
rationing ended but there was still a problem over food production
Continued to hold the emphasis of quantity over quality
The Third Five-Year Plan: 1938-1942
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Focus on the needs of the defence sector in light of the growing threat that Nazi
Germany posed to the USSR
Disrupted by the approach of war in 1941
Aims:
- To place a renewed emphasis on the development of heavy industry
- Promote rapid rearmament
- Complete the transition to Communism
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Heavy industries - Main priority was improving the USSR’s military potential Producing armaments - Workers pressured to produce more
Hitler had practiced many of his tactics on Russian soil - Stalin was well aware of his
intentions
Did have a heavy industrial base in time for WW2
Spending on resources for rearmament doubled between 1938 and 1940
By 1940 the USSR had overtaken Britain (the first industrial nation) in iron and steel
production - SHOULD BE. Russia is considerably larger than the UK - Has a greater
reserve of raw materials so should be able to outproduce
Abandoned plans to produce more consumer goods - Try to link in other things that it
going on
Steel production stagnated
Oil failed to meet targets which led to a fuel crisis
Biggest problem in the third FYP was the lack of good managers, specialists and
technicians following Stalin’s purges - Caused economic slowdown - lost valuable
personnel - If you remove key individuals because you think they are getting too
powerful then it will affect your economical output
1938 - Exceptionally harsh winter
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Showpiece Projects:
Project
What it was
Additional Details
Dnieprostroi Dam construction began in
1927 and opened in Oct
1932
Biggest hydroelectric power
station on the Dnieper
River, placed in
Zaporizhia, Ukraine
Generating some 560 MW,
it became the largest Soviet
power plant at the time and
one of the largest in the
world
Built on deserted land in the countryside.
Planned to provide electricity for several
aluminium production plants and a high
quality steel production plant that were
also to be constructed in the area.
Began generating electricity during the
First FYP. By the second plan, it had
increased Soviet electric power fivefold
(1932)
Industrial power centres of Zaporizhia,
Kryvyi Rih and Dnipropetrovsk grew
from the power provided by this station
The Turksib (Turkestan
to Siberia) Railway Built between 1926 and
1931 - Passenger
service began in 1929
Also known as the Central
Asiatic Railway, connected
Central Asia with Siberia
Ran from Tashkent to
Novosibirsk where it met
the West Siberian portion of
the Trans-Siberian Railway
A huge construction project built for
political as well as economic reasons.
Designed to create a working class in the
semi-deserts of Central Asia - Built by
nearly 50,000 workers.
Facilitated the transport of cotton from
Turkestan to Siberia and cheap siberian
grain from Russia to the Fergana Valley.
Viktor Alexandrovitch Turin directed a
1929 Soviet documentary film about the
building of the railway.
Moscow Metro Opened in 1935
Opened with one 11km line
and 13 stations. It was the
first underground railway
system in the USSR.
Extended in the second
stage in 1938, third stage
delayed by WW2
Part of the second FYP, which focused
on urbanisation and needed to cope with
the influx of peasants to the city in the
1930’s.
Ambitious architectural project designed
to prove that a socialist metro could
surpass capitalist designs.
The project drew resources and
specialist workers from the entire USSR included massive recruitment campaigns
were launched for unskilled labourers.
Artists and architects were employed to
produce a system that reflected a ‘radiant
future’
Moscow-Volga Canal Constructed between
1932 and 1937
Connects the Muskva and
Volga rivers. One of the
world’s tallest statues of
Lenin, 25m high, built in
1937 at the confluence of
the Volga River and Canal
Built by prisoners from the Dmitlag labour
camp - largest of its kind in 1934
Almost 200,000 prisoners were
employed, 22,000 of which died
The White Sea Baltic Canal of 1933 was
simply built by forced labour
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
The Use of Foreigners:
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USSR was forced to turn to foreign companies and individuals with managerial and
technical skills to provide necessary expertise for the vast projects – Henry Ford,
American expert in the car industry, trained Russian engineers in the USA and
helped design the car-plant in Gorky
The Dnieprostroi Dam project used experience given by the construction of the
hydroelectric power stations in Canada – 1932, six American engineers were
awarded the Russian ‘Order of the Red Banner of Labour’ for their work on the
dam
Walter Rukeyser helped to develop the asbestos industry at ‘Asbest’ in the Urals
Construction of the Moscow Metro relied on the help of construction engineers from
Britain – Built and decorated by native workers, the engineering designs, routes and
construction plans were handled by specialists who had worked on the London
Underground
Ordinary workers also travelled to the USSR in search for work during the Great
Depression – e.g. John Scott – Communism was said to attract those who genuinely
believed that they were contributing to the new world order
Foreigners were sometimes looked upon with suspicion and it was easy to blame
them when things went wrong – Secret police arrested a number of British engineers
in Moscow because they had gained an in-depth knowledge of the city’s
geographical layout
The Stakhanovite Movement: 1935
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Living conditions of the workers failed to improve – The party’s control of the radio,
newspapers and cinema meant that only a favourable view was presented
1935 – Officially claimed that Alexei Stakhanov, a miner in the Donbass region cut
102 tons of coal in a 5 hour shift – 14x more than the average shift – ‘The Soviet
Hercules
Alexei’s achievement was seized by authorities as a glorious example of what was
possible in a Soviet Union under Stalin – Helped the State’s propaganda effort in
hiding the real conditions that the workers lived in
Ideal propaganda for the Party in regards to trying to form a proletarian culture based
on teamwork and selfless sacrifice
Workers across the country were urged to match Stakhanov’s dedication by similar
storming (An intensive period of work to meet a high set target)
Storming proved higher loss than gain – Stakhanovite groups claimed higher output,
it was only rewarded with better equipment and work plans were changed to
accommodate them
Led to an overall loss in production in the areas where the Stakhanovite movement
was at its highest
Movement not universally popular with everyone – a sense of jealousy attached to
the Stakhanovites’ receipt of superior accommodation and material benefits –
Records of Stakhanovites being victimised and attacked by colleagues
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Workers’ Rights:
Managers –
● Industrial enterprises held under the control of directors or managers who had the
task of ensuring output targets were met
● Did not have full control over their own resources, prices, wages and other costs
● Main focus of the manager was to make sure the output target was surpassed –
Manager would receive up to a 40% bonus if their output was higher than expected
● Normal for managers to falsify statistics – could be put on trial, imprisoned and
executed if they failed to meet targets
● From 1936, factories were put in charge of paying for their own fuel, raw materials
and labour from their ‘profits’ so managers had to account carefully
● In such conditions, bribery and corruption were embedded within the system
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There were national ‘work-norms’ that had to be applied within the workplace –
Governed how much work a labourer was expected to do and absenteeism became
illegal in 1940
Work norms were raised in 1936 by 10-50% - Became even harder for managers to
deal with protesting workers however, any attempt to bypass or lower the norms
could result in accusations of sabotage
Stakhanovites posed a particular problem to managers – Too much effort by
Stakhanovites would lead to factory targets being revised
Managers also faced labour shortages during the 1930’s due to the Worldwide Great
Depression – Also as a result of improving conditions on collective farms improving,
decrease in immigration to the cities and due to increased numbers of men being
conscripted into the military
Workers –
● After 1917, Trade Unions became powerless
● 1920 – Trotsky had taken violent steps to destroy the independence of the unions
and bring them directly under Bolshevik control – Meant that after 1920, the unions
were simply the means by which Bolshevik government enforced its requirements on
workers
● Under Stalin’s industrialisation programme, workers rights basically disappeared:
- Strikes were prohibited
- The traditional demands for higher pay and better conditions was regarded as selfish
in the time of national crisis
- A code of ‘Labour Discipline’ was drawn up – Demanding maximum effort and
output – Failure to conform could result in a loss of pay or imprisonment in a Gulag
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Living and Working Conditions:
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On paper, workers wages improved during the Second FYP - HOWEVER due to
rationing and high prices, living standards were lower in 1937 than they had been in
1928
Despite the State’s talk of a ‘proletarianisation’ and the creation of a ‘socialist
man’, the living and working conditions experienced by most industrial workers was
far from ‘socialist paradise’
Workers material interests were of little interest to the state:
Forced to work a seven day week with longer working hours - Arriving late or missing
work could result in dismissal, eviction from housing and loss of benefits
Damaging machinery or leaving a job without permission was a criminal offence
1938 - ‘Labour Books’ recorded worker's’ employment, skills and any disciplinary
issues
Nearly all workers lived in cramped apartments, many in thin tents - Lived in these for
months at a time, in the spring the mud was terrible and in the summer, the heat was
almost unbearable - Not uncommon for people to freeze to death
Weather conditions were extreme - Winter, it was normal for temperatures to be
around -30 degrees
As production increased, the public housing policy did produce a large number of
tenement blocks in towns and cities - Usually 5 stories high with no lifts
Such buildings were a hazard to workers health - Overcrowding was common
Not unusual for five families to share a single bathroom and kitchen
1931 - Stalin criticised equal wages saying this was only possible when true
communism had been achieved… wage differential introduced, bonuses paid,
rewards for staying in the same job - Called ‘socialist competition’ - Wages lower in
1937 than they had been in 1928
Govt spent the money available for improving living conditions on armaments Between 1933 and 37, defence expenditure rose from 4 to 17% of the overall
industrial budget
By the end of the Third FYP, a third of the USSR’s expenditure was on arms
Forced Labour was also common - The Belomor Canal was built almost entirely by
manual labour between ‘31 and ‘33 - 300,000 workers at its peak and many died of
being overworked, poor treatment, lack of food and disease - Death rate was 700 per
day and the average survival time was 2 years
1929 - Female workers were largely concentrated in the lowest paid jobs requiring
the least skill - Particularly textiles and other light industry
1935 - women constituted to 42% of all industrial workers - Also found jobs in
education, healthcare and administration
Desperate attempts of factory workers
A sense of enthusiasm amongst workers still remained in the early years of
industrialisation
‘Shock Brigades’ - Young workers who were never absent and competed to
increase output - Received privileges, watched other workers and pressurised them
to work harder
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
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Extensive training programmes were set up and opportunites for advancement by
learning new skills meant that some workers did well
Stalin’s purges in the 1930’s targeted the intellectuals and white-collar workers Reducing the numbers competing for jobs and creating plenty of vacancies at ‘the
top’
1933 - Stalin stated that, “...life has become better, comrades, life has become
more joyous.” - Reality, little improvement was seen within worker’s daily life
Interpretation:
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Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2008
“The decline in living standards and quality of life affected almost all classes of the
population, urban and rural. Peasants suffered the most as a result of collectivisation. But life
in the towns was made miserable by food rationing, queues, constant shortages of
consumer goods including shoes and clothing, acute overcrowding of housing, the endless
inconveniences associated with the elimination of private trade, and deterioration of urban
services of all kinds.”
Strengths of the first three Five Year Plans:
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The Five-Year Plans undoubtedly helped to transform the USSR into a modern
industrial economy - Relentless drive created by the overly ambitious targets
stimulated economic growth and increased output
Soviet economy grew at 5-6% per year between 1928 and 1940 - Allowing the USSR
to become a major industrial power in little over ten years
The first plan saw impressive gains in several areas of heavy industry - especially
engineering - Coal production increased 5x, steel increased 6x and oil output had
more than doubled
Generation of electricity quintupled
Second plan saw huge growth in construction and transport
Between 1928 and 1939, the industrial workforce doubled - Between 1926 and 1939,
the urban population increased from 26million to 56million
Shift in population - People poured into industrial towns - 17% lived in towns by 1926,
this rose to 33% by 1939 - Still ⅔ of population lived in the countryside
Experienced three ‘good years’ between 1934 and 1936 - Increase in consumer
goods (some goods, such as gramophones, made their first appearance in the
USSR for the ordinary citizen) - Productivity and wages rose, while prices fell
USSR able to withstand German invasion - lost WW1 but successful in WW2 - The
USSR of the 1920’s could not have withstood German attack
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Weaknesses of the Five Year Plans:
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Stalin’s economic reforms only succeeded in the traditional areas of heavy industry
e.g. building factories, bridges, refineries and canals - Unskilled and forced labour
could easily be used
Soviet economy remained unbalanced - Gave little thought to developing an overall
economic strategy - Also got rid of Lenin’s NEP
Modern industrial methods were not adopted - Relied on work done by mass
labour rather than efficient machinery
No attention given to producing quality goods that could be sold profitably abroad to
raise money for the USSR
Vainglorious over the USSR’s ‘Showpiece projects’ e.g. Magnitogorsk or the White
Sea Canal
Stalin’s policies had deprived the Soviet Union of any chance of genuinely competing
with the modernising economies of Europe and the USA
Serious failing of the FYP’s was their lack of attention to agriculture - Needs were
regarded as wholly secondary to that of industry so funds continued to deteriorate
Lack of agricultural growth led to food shortages - Soviet Famine of 1932-33 - Killed
around 8.5 million in the grain producing areas of the Soviet Union
Meant that the only option was to buy produce from foreign countries - Drained the
USSR’s financial resources
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Despite signing the non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany in Aug 1939, there
was no relaxation within the USSR of the war atmosphere
Continued deterioration of ordinary people’s living conditions
Official decree in 1940 allowed Stalin to encroach further on workers’ liberties by
imposing measures such as:
Direction of labour
Enforced settlement of undeveloped areas
Severe penalties for slacking and absenteeism
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1941 - German invasion destroyed the Third FYP
Conditions of industrial workers was less than in 1928
Propaganda focused on the strong economy rather than the workers’ conditions
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STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION
Summary Diagram: Industrialisation: the First Three FYPs
What was the purpose of the plan?
Economic - ‘gigantomania’
Political propaganda
Was Stalin the
master-planner?
First FYP:
Key
Questions
How far did it
achieve its
objectives?
What problems were
there in measuring the
plan?
What resistance was
there to the plan?
Means: Five Year Plans
Aim: Modernise Russia
Industrialisation
Method: Enforced and
rapid industrialisation
Successes:
Massive expansion of
industrial output
This enabled the
USSR to survive the
1941-45 war
Purpose: To catch up with
the advanced Western
economies
Limitations to the policy:
Overemphasis on
heavy industry
Poor balance between
sectors of industry
No attention to
workers’ needs
Soviet Union not
modernised enough to be
fully competitive
STALIN’S ECONOMIC POLICIES: 5 YEAR PLANS & INDUSTRIALISATION