PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
PRACTICE 1
OVERVIEW OF THE MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY/MEDICAL LABORATORY
SCIENCE PROFESSION
OUTLINE

Historical Perspective

Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science Practices

Medical Technology Education
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Trace the history of Medical Technology Globally and in the Philippines.

Enumerate the scope of Medical Technology Practices.

Discuss the scope of medical technology curriculum and different job
opportunities.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
is also known as:
Clinical Laboratory Science
Medical Laboratory Science
What is Medical Technology (according to) ?
Ruth Heinemann
-is the application of natural, physical and biological
sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures
which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Anne Fagelson
-is the branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations and analyses
used in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and
maintenance of health.
Walters
-is the health profession concerned with performing
laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information
necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as
well as in the maintenance of good health.
RA 5527 (The Philippine Medical Technology Act
of 1969)
-is an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which
deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and
excretion of human body and body fluids by various
chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic and other medical
laboratory procedures of technic which will aid the
physician in the diagnosis strictly and treatment of
disease and in the promotion of health in general.
What is common among them?
- Performing
laboratory
procedures
(samples)
- Analysis (results)
- Diagnosis and treatment (disease)
CLINICAL LABORATORY
It is a facility that performs chemical and microscopic
examinations of various body fluids (e.g. blood
tissues).
Inside the Clinical Laboratory
- Pathologist
- Medical Technologist
- Medical Technician
Medical Technologist acts as…
MEDICAL DETECTIVES
Roles of Medical Technologist
 Observe, identify, and analyze organisms
and cells causing infection and disease.
 Perform blood tests.
 Measure substance in blood and other body
fluids.
 Operate complex apparatus, instruments and
machines.
 Use standards and controls to improve
reliability of results.
 Work under pressure with accuracy and
precision.
 Adhere to high ethical standards of
performance.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
GLOBAL AND LOCAL
EARLY BEGINNINGS
400 B.C.
- Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) described
the “four humors” in man; BLOOD,
PHLEGM, YELLOW BILE and BLACK
BILE
- Urine was regarded as composite of these
humors.
600 B.C.
- Hindu physicians recorded the sweet taste of
diabetic urine as well as polyuria in diabetes.
1500 B.C.
- Vivian Herrick identified Taenia and
Ascaris.
- “Ebers Papyrus” was discovered.
- “Ebers Papyrus” – the oldest preserved
Egyptian compilation of medical texts.
1632
-
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the
compound microscope.
He was the first to describe the red blood cells,
protozoa, and to classify bacteria according
to shape.
1628-1694
- Marcelo Malphigi (Founder of Pathology)
- Greatest of the early microscopists.
- Contributed to Embryology and Anatomy.
1847
-
1848
-
Rudolph Virchow
Founder of the “Archives of Pathology” in
Berlin.
Herman Fehling
Performed the first quantitative test for urine
sugar.
-
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Jan. 9, 1945
- First Clinical Laboratory in Phil. at
Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila ws established
and is known as Public Health Laboratory.
Oct. 1, 1945
- Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Mariano Icasiano
reopened Manila Public Health Laboratory.
1947
-
th
15 Century
- Discovery of dyes (aniline dyes) made
possible the staining and study of
microorganisms such as bacteria.
IN THE UNITED STATES
1878
-
1896
-
1908
-
1921
-
Dr. William H. Welch
Established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital
Medical College.
Became the first professor of Pathology at
John Hopkins University (1885).
Quality control programs.
1954
-
Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana
offered a training for highschool and
paramedical graduates.
6-month laboratory training was offered.
Formal education of Medical Technology
began.
HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
MRS. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK
Founder of Medical Technology Education in the
Philippines
Dr. William Osler opened the first clinical
laboratory at John Hopkins Hospital.
William Pepper Laboratory was also opened
at the University of Pennsylvania.
1954
-
Dr. James C. Todd wrote “A Manual of
Clinical Diagnosis” which became the
standard reference for laboratories.
1957-1959
- Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes
of UST offered MT as an elective to pharmacy
students. Due to its popularity, it was decided
to be offered as a course.
Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was
organized.
American Board of Pathology was organized
in 1936.
1960
-
Philippine Union College of Baesa
First to offer BS Medtech.
Dr. Jesse Umali was its first graduate after 2
years.
CEU offered MT course
First batch graduated in 1962.
World War I
- Produced a great demand for technicians.
- University of Minessota is one of the first
schools to establish trainings for workers in
1922 and first to offer degree program in 1923.
1662-1662
- Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin Juliano
applied for the offering of BSMT courses in
FEU which was approved in 1662.
- First batch graduated in 1663.
World War II
- “Closed system” of blood collection was
adopted.
- Advanced instrumentation.
- Automated equipment.
U.P – offers the same course but the degree is conferred
to as B.S. Public Health.
Professional Organizations of Medical Technology
in the Philippines:
-The Philippine Association of Schools of Medical
-Technology and Public Health, Inc. (PASMETH)
The Philippine Association of Medical Technologists
(PAMET)
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Nature of the Field of Study
Program course shall be called as:
-Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology or
-Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science
- It is a four year program consisting of a one
year internship with rotational duties in
different sections during the 4th level in a
CHED-accredited training laboratory.
- A licensure examination is given to all
applicants for registration as Medical
Technologist.
Program Goals
The program aims for the graduates to:
- Develop knowledge, skills, professional
attitude and values in the performance of
laboratory procedures.
- Acquire critical thinking skills.
- Engage in research and community-related
activities.
- Participate in activities promoting the
profession and engage in the life-long learning
undertakings.
- Develop collaborative and leadership qualities.
Expected Performance Outcomes of Graduates
The graduates must be able to:
- Demonstrate technical competence in the
performance of clinical laboratory tests.
- Demonstrate analytical and critical thinking
skills in the workplace.
- Engage in the proper collection, analysis and
projection of health information.
- Demonstrate inter-personal skills, leadership
qualities and ethical practice of the
profession.
- Apply research skills in relevance to areas to
areas of Medical Technology/Laboratory
Science practice.
- Participate in community oriented activities.
- Engage in life-ling learning activities.
- Demonstrate
effective
teaching
and
communication skills.
Program Curriculum
The Course shall be at least four years, including a 12month long internship in accredited laboratories and
shall include the following subjects:
GENERAL EDUCATION
CORE COURSES
PROFESSIONAL COURSES
Scope of Licensure Examination
The given examination covers the following subjects
with its specific percentage:
Clinical Chemistry
20%
Microbiology and Parasitology
20%
Hematology
20%
Blood Banking and Serology
20%
Clinical Microscopy
10%
Histopathologic Techniques and MT Laws10%
Employment Opportunities of Medical Technology
Graduates









Medical technologist (generalist/specialist)
Clinical laboratory supervisors
Chief medical technologist
Laboratory owners
Sales and public relations representative
Educational representatives (company/health
program)
Researcher (industrial/medical)
Teachers/Instructors
(secondary/tertiary
levels)
Employment abroad
(Medical Technologist Specialist, Phlebotomist,
Industrial/Medical Researcher, Medical Doctors,
Medical Sales Representatives)
UNIT 2
CLINICAL LABORATORY
OUTLINE







General overview
Classification of medical laboratories
Organization of the laboratory
Laboratory Sections
Information flow in the clinical laboratory
Three phases of the laboratory testing
Laboratory policies
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Identify and differentiate the classification of clinical laboratory settings.

Construct an organizational chart/architectural plan.

Explain the roles, functions and services offered by the different sections
of the laboratories.

Justify and explain various information on a laboratory requisition.

Identify the different phases of laboratory testing.
CLINICAL LABORATORY
 Facility
 Specimens (whole blood, serum, plasma,
urine, stool, etc.) from the human body
 Collected, processed, examined or analyzed
 Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
CLASSIFICATION
LABORATORY
OF
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Administrative Order no. 20017-0027
A. Based on ownership
1. Government
2. Private
B. Based on Function
1. Clinical Pathology
2. Anatomical Pathology
Clinical Pathology:
1. Clinical Chemistry
2. Hematology
3. Microbiology
4. Clinical Microscopy
5. Immunology
6. Molecular Biology
7. Immunohematology
8. Cytogenetics
9. Endocrinology
10. Toxicology
11. Therapeutic drug monitoring
Anatomical Pathology:
1. Surgical Pathology
2. Immunohistopathology
3. Cytology
4. Autopsy
5. Forensic Pathology
6. Molecular Pathology
C. Based on Institutional Character
1. Institution-based
2. Freestanding
CLINICAL
D. Based on Service Capability
1. General Clinic Laboratory
2. Special Laboratory
General Clinical Laboratory
a. Primary Category
1. Routine hematology (CBC)
2. Qualitative platelet determination
3. Routine urinalysis and fecalysis
4. Blood typing – for hospital-based
b. Secondary Category
1. Routine clinical chemistry
2. Quantitative platelet determination
3. Cross matching
4. Gram staining
5. KOH staining for fungal disease
c. Tertiary Category
1. All secondary lab services
2. Special chemistry (Cardiac markers)
3. Special hematology (coagulation tests)
4. Immunology/Serology (HIV, hepa profile,
tumor markers)
5. Microbiology – culture of sensitivity
d. Limited Service Capability
Special Clinical Laboratory
a. Assisted reproduction technology laboratory
b. Molecular and cellular technology
c. Molecular pathology, Forensic pathology, and
Anatomic laboratory
E. National Reference Laboratory
1. Confirmatory testing
2. Surveillance
3. Resolution of conflicting results
4. Training and research
5. Evaluation of diagnostic kits and reagents
F. Satellite Testing Sites
 Testing site owned by a licensed laboratory but
situated in a location some distance from the
main laboratory.
G. Mobile Clinical Laboratories
 Laboratory testing unit
 Moves form one testing site to another testing
site
 Has a temporary testing location
 Shall have a base laboratory
 Permitted to collect specimen only
 Operate within a 100-km radius from its main
lab
ORGANIZATION OF THE LABORATORY
…….
LABORATORY SECTIONS
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
SPECIMEN PROCESSING
HEMATOLOGY SECTION
COAGULATION SECTION
CLINICAL MICROSCOPY
PARASITOLOGY
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY/SEROLOGY SECTION
SEROLOGY TESTS
 Pregnancy test – detects B-HCG
 Dengue Test
 HbsAg – for hepatits
 Bacterial Agglutination test
a. Widal test –typhoid fever
b. Weil-Felix – nonspecific test for
typhus fever
I. IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY/BLOOD
BANK
J. HISTOPATHOLOGY/
CYTOPATHOLOGY
Why is Laboratory Testing Performed?
1. To assign a diagnosis
**confirm clinical diagnosis
**to establish an appropriate plan of action
2. Prevention by early detection of diseases
through screening tests.
3. Ongoing assessment of the patient’s progress
and treatment.
INFORMATION FLOW IN THE CLINICAL
LABORATORY
 Laboratory requisition
 A form used by physician to document the tests
that are to be performed on patients.
 Contains the following
 Patient’s demographic data, name data,
address, birth data
 Test selection – should be marked clearly
 Date and time of collection
 Identification of the person who performed
the collection, name of ordering physician
 Additional comments
 Laboratory Directory
 Stability of the specimen
 Minimum volume
 Test schedule
 Specimen processing
 Method
LABORATORY REPORTS
 to transmit test results
 Reference rangers
 Date and time of the specimen collection




Name, address of the laboratory
Name and identification number of patient
Source of specimen
Date and time the report was generated
THREE PHASES OF LABORATORY TESTING
A. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
 occurs first in the laboratory process
 Patient preparation
 Paper work and data entry
 Specimen collection, processing, storage, and
transportation
 Responsible Personnel
***Phlebotomist, laboratory technician
B. PREANALYTICAL PHASE
 Considered the “actual” laboratory testing or
the diagnostic procedures, processes and
products
 Proper instrument maintenance
 Reagent supplies
 Quality control
 Responsible Personnel
***Medical Technologist or Medical Lab
Scientist
 Ensure accuracy, precision, reliability of
the test procedure
 Validates the following:
 Test reagents/kits
 Testing process
 Training of the lab personnel
performing the test
C. POST-ANALYTIC PHASE
 Includes the following:
 Review and analysis of results
 Recording and reporting of test results
 Storage and disposal of specimen
 Releasing of results
 Responsible Personnel
***Medical
Technologist,
Section
Supervisor, Chief Medical Technologist,
office clerk or staff
LABORATORY POLICIES
A. Laboratory hour and emergency work
 Definite working hours
 Outside regular working hours organize a
system for testing urgent specimens.
B. Range of tests to be performed and those to be
referred to higher level
 Range of tests to be performed
1. The number of staff available
2. The availability of material resources
3. The types of health institutions
(hospital or health center)
 Referral of specimens (when necessary)
Example specimens for HIV detection
and water samples for bacteriological
analysis.
C. Collection of laboratory specimen
1. The specimen containers should be clearly
labeled with the patient’s name, identification
number, date of collection and time of
collection
2. A fully completed, request form should
accompany each specimen with the detail
mentioned above.
D. Workload capacity of a laboratory
- Should match to the number of staff
- Their level of training
- Size of the laboratory
- The availability of laboratory facilities