UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
FKIP/PENBING 2023
Phonetics & Phonology
GROUP 3
Group Members
Akromu Wajihan
Nito Septian Putra
Vigo Dikaprio
Rizky Mubaroq
M. Hade Pratama
Table of Contents
Vowel Classification
The vowel space &
Cardinal Vowel
Further Classification
The Vowels of English
Some Vowel Systems of
English
VOWEL CLASSIFICATION
Vowel, in human speech, sound in which the flow of air from the lungs
passes through the mouth, which functions as a resonance chamber, with
minimal obstruction and without audible friction.
Vowels are classified according to the position of the tongue and lips and,
sometimes, according to whether or not the air is released through the nose.
• A high vowel
• A low vowel
• Midvowels
vowels are also classified according to a front-to-back dimension.
• Front vowels
• Back vowels
VOWEL CLASSIFICATION
The shape and position of the lips yields a third articulatory dimension by
which vowels are classified. The lips may be rounded or unrounded, in what is
called labialization.
Additional articulatory features describing vowel articulation are “wide” and
“narrow,” “tense” (fortis) and “lax” (lenis).
All vowels can be divided into two main categories: diphthongs and
monophthongs.
THE VOWEL SPACE AND CARDINAL VOWELS
The Vowel Space :
The dimensions of high vs, low and front vs. back allow us to establish a
limit to vowel articulation, known as the vowel space,
Cardinal Vowels :
Cardinal vowels are a set of reference vowels used by phoneticians in
describing the sounds of languages.
FURTHER CLASSIFICATIONS
LONG AND SHORT VOWELS
Long vowel sound is made when the vowels sit next to each other
in a word.
Short Vowel is produced when the vowel in a syllable is followed
by a consonant.
Seat [i:]
Rowed [ro:d]
Days [de:z]
Sit [I]
Road [rod]
Daze [dez]
The Colon (:) indicates a long vowel
MONOPHTHONG AND DIPHTHONG
A Monophthong is where there is one vowel sound in a syllable
Example :
Funny
ʌ and i – divided into two syllables by the consonant sound n.
A Diphthong is where there are two vowel sounds in syllable
Example :
Guy
ʌ and i – they are stuck together in one syllable, without any
consonant dividing them.
THE VOWEL OF ENGLISH
High front vowel :
Most Englishes have two high front vowels; the long monophthong fit.
Mid front vowels :
Some forms of non-rhotic varieties of English, such as Australian English,
Cockney or RP.
Low front vowels :
English has one short low front vowel, found in words like "rat: the RP
and GenAm vowel is represented as [æ], midway between cardinals 3
and 4 (C3 and C4).
Low back vowel :
There are two common low back vowels in English: long low back unround
(a:) as in the stressed vowel in RP and GenAm father, and short low back
round [D].
Mid back vowels :
Most kinds of English have a low mid back round vowel [5] in words like
"bought.
High back vowels :
Most kinds of English have two high back vowels: long [u] as in 'shoe'
and short [u] as [u:) is often diphthongised, starting out lower and more
central: [uu).
Central vowel :
For most speakers of English, words like "cup", "luck. Although this
represents a low mid unround back vowel in the cardinal vowel system, its
articulation is typically further forward than back.
SOME VOWEL SYSTEMS OF ENGLISH
RP (Received Pronunciation)
Example :
General American
10 Vowels Including :
The similarities with RP
-Consonant are the same (with minor exceptions in "R", "L", and "I")
-Many vowels are the same :
-Some vowels are nearly the same :
The Difference between RP and GA : Single Vowels
(the main difference here is in rhotic, in american it stressed (khet)
and for british (ket) otherwise)
Nothern English
(tThe main difference here are three extra mid long vowels and the
schwa final diphtongs.)
Lowland Scottish
This one is closer to RP even though it is clearly different with vowel
length behaving in a way not found elsewhere.
UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
FKIP/PENBING 2023
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