The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum 0.1nm 5.36 PHz 20.9 eV u u u u u 503 nm 563 THz 1.01 µm 281 THz TRUM VISIBLE SPEC u u u u u z TH 669 eV 2.61 335 THz 281 eV 5.55 nm 9.34 nm 141 eV 36.0 PHz 25.5 PHz 11.1 nm 118 eV 10nm 30.3 PHz • UV light is beyond the range of human vision. A bumblebee can see light in the UVA range which helps them identify certain flowers. 18.0 PHz 26.4 nm 49.7 eV 12.7 PHz 15.1 PHz 70.3 eV 22.2 nm 59.1 eV 18.7 nm • Short-term UV-A exposure causes sun-tanning which helps to protect against sunburn. Exposure to UV-B is beneficial to humans by helping the skin produce vitamin D. Excessive UV exposure causes skin damage. UV-C is harmful to humans but is used as a germicide. 7.57 PHz 37.4 nm 35.2 eV 9.01 PHz 29.6 eV 52.8 nm t) EUV (Extreme Ultraviole 44.4 nm 6.37 PHz 24.9 eV • As EMR passes through elements, certain wavelength bands get absorbed and some new ones get emitted. This absorption and emission produces characteristic spectral lines for each element which are useful in determining the makeup of distant stars. These lines are used to prove the red-shift amount of distant stars. • When a photon hits an atom it may be absorbed if the energy is just right. The energy level of the electron is raised – essentially holding the radiation. A new photon of specific wavelength is created when the energy is released. The jump in energy is a discrete step and many possible discrete levels of energy exist in an atom. 2.01 µm 141 THz u 167 THz 653 meV 100nm 12.4 eV 3.18 PHz 6.22 eV 400nm u UV-A1 796 THz u 3.11 eV 423 nm 1.69 µm 777 meV 20.9 THz 81.7 meV 388 meV 6.76 µm Thermal Infrared 49.8 THz 194 meV 13.5 µm 30µm Microwave mm-band MICROWAVE SHF Super High Frequency EHF Extremely High Frequency Microwave µmm − band Terahertz rays 3THz UHF Ultra High Frequency ULF Ultra Low Frequency ELF Extremely Low Frequency VLF Very Low Frequency Long Wave radio LF Low Frequency MF Medium Frequency RADIO WAVES Short Wave radio HF High Frequency VHF Very High Frequency 300GHz 30GHz 3GHz 300MHz 30MHz ut ut 3MHz ut ut 300kHz ut ut 30kHz 35.2 THz 17.6 THz 57.7 meV 19.1 µm 68.7 meV 22.7 µm 14.8 THz 7.40 THz 38.3 µm 8.80 THz 28.9 meV 34.3 meV 45.5 µm 4.40 THz 14.4 meV 76.5 µm 17.2 meV 91.0 µm 3.70 THz 153 µm 8.58 meV 182 µm 1.85 THz 2.20 THz 7.22 meV 1.10 THz 306 µm 612 µm 2.15 meV 389 GHz 728 µm 462 GHz 550 GHz 1.80 meV 275 GHz 194 GHz 902 µeV 1.22 mm 231 GHz z O2 absorption 118.75GH 1.07 meV 1.46 mm 536 µeV 451 µeV 2.45 mm 116 GHz Hz 60G tion O2 absorp 4.90 mm 268 µeV 68.7 GHz rtz Above) Microwave Ka-band (Ku 134 µeV 9.79 mm 28.9 GHz 34.4 GHz 56GHz u 57.8 GHz 226 µeV 11.6 mm 113 µeV u 12.1 GHz 23.3 mm ut 56.4 µeV mpromise) Microwave C-band (Co 28.2 µeV 46.6 mm 6.07 GHz ) Microwave S-band (Short 14.1 µeV 93.2 mm 3.04 GHz ut ut ut ut ut ut ut rtz Under) Microwave Ku-band (Ku 67.1 µeV 19.6 mm 14.4 GHz ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut 39.2 mm 7.22 GHz • EMR will travel through space linearly with no rotation, or elliptically or circularly where its axis of electrical and magnetic fluctuations are rotated. The Linear Elliptical electrical field is shown here: • Some crystals cause the photon to rotate its polarization. • Refraction, or bending of EMR, is dependent on wavelength. All wavelengths of EMR can be refracted by using the proper materials. White light can be spread by refraction into a spectrum of its composite colors with a glass prism. urc -B So e eng So th M ag ne c ti urc e ace ld ie F St re ng th Wave Nature Sp Circular • Receivers that expect polarized photons will not accept photons that are in other polarities. (ex. satellite dish receivers have horizontal and vertical polarity positions). Sp -E 8.59 GHz 16.8 µeV 4.29 GHz ITF 78.3 mm W-LAN 3.61 GHz en 2.45GHz Microwave Ov z GH 2.4 ne pho ss Cordle 11.9 µeV 111 mm 2GHz GPS 2.55 GHz u 9.97 µeV Ion. mm 132 GPS (Long) z GH 2.15 2.15 GHz and L-b Civil 8.38 µeV ve S wa GP cro Mi mm H 157 z GH 1 1.8 . S Nuc GP µeV S 5 GP 7.0 GPS 186 mm PPP P Mil. 1GHz SoL 1.52 GHz Space 83 5.93 µeV 158 76 77 78 79 80 8182 222 mm z 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 GH 68 8 67 1.2 66 65 64 63 61 62 u 4.98 µeV 55 56 57 58 59 60 264 mm 49 50 51 52 53 54 48 47 46 1.07 GHz 45 1.07 GHz 44 43 4.19 µeV 37 38 39 40 41 42 mm 313 32 33 34 35 36 31 z 30 100 MH 29 94 28 903 93 25 26 27 89 90 91 92 24 µeV 88 2 23 87 3.5 22 86 85 21 GMRS 373 mm 18 19 20 81 82 83 84 P P 14 15 16 17 76 77 78 79 80 76 759 MHz FRS (Previous) 71 72 73 74 75 2.96 µeV m Ham 3/4 mm v Microwave P-band 443 67 68 69 70 Go 66 65 S z 64 SO 638 MH 60 61 62 63 9 µeV 58 59 2.4 57 56 mm 55 54 527 53 52 51 50 537 MHz 537 MHz 49 48 Military 47 2.10 µeV 46 45 44 627 mm 43 42 41 40 451 MHz 39 38 µeV 6 37 1.7 36 35 mm 745 34 33 32 380 MHz Military 1.48 µeV SOS 886 mm 1 14 m 31 30 319 MHz 29 28 µeV 5 13 1.2 27 12 m 26 1.05 25 11 24 10 MHz 23 268 MHz 268 9 13 8 µeV 5 12 1.0 7 11 1.25 m 10 PP 09 P MHz rine Mobile 226 08 Ma 07 neV 881 22 2m 1.49 m W 20 W 21 190 MHz 19 Aeronautical 18 741 neV SOS 17 1.77 m 16 dio Ra z FM MH 160 15 107.9 .1 neV 104 14 623 .1 100 m 1 99 2.1 1 96. 98 92.1 134 MHz 134 MHz 7 97 87. neV 524 m 1 96 2.5 6 95 113 MHz 5 neV 441 06 m 2.98 4 05 94.9 MHz 370 neV 3 Remote Ctrl 4 3.55 m 2 79.8 MHz 3 y neV Bab Ham Radio 312 (In) 6m m 2 4.2 . t) mon 2 (Ou ne z Cordless Pho 67.1 MH 67.1 MHz neV 262 T-14 m 1 5.0 z MH 4 56. T-13 220 neV 5.96 m 47.5 MHz T-12 185 neV 7.09 m T-11 10m Ham z MH 9 39. CB 11m 156 neV 8.43 m 33.6 MHz 33.6 MHz Marine T-10 131 neV 15m 13m 10.0 m Aero 2 MHz 28. neV 110 16m 11.9 m T-9 Marine 23.7 MHz 19m 92.6 neV 20m 14.2 m T-8 z MH 0 22m 20. neV 9 rine 77. Ma m 9 25m 16. o Aer T-8 16.8 MHz 16.8 MHz 65.5 neV 20.1 m International Intnl. and relays 14.1 MHz Aero neV Marine 1 55. m 9 23. T-7 11.9 MHz 46.3 neV 28.4 m 40m Ham 9.98 MHz Aero neV 9 38. Marine 33.7 m 49m 8.39 MHz 8.39 MHz 32.7 neV 40.1 m z MH 5 Aero 7.0 60m neV 27.5 47.7 m Tropics 5.93 MHz 23.2 neV Marine 56.7 m Marine z MH 9 4.9 80m Ham Radio 19.5 neV 67.5 m 90m Aero 4.19 MHz 4.19 MHz neV 4 16. m 80.2 Aeronautical 3 MHz 3.5 neV 8 13. s rine Ma 95.4 m 120m Tropic SOS 2.97 MHz 11.6 neV Marine 113 m z MH 9 2.4 Marine 160 Meters Ham Radio neV 4 9.7 135 m 1600 ns 2.10 MHz 2.10 MHz aco 0 Be 150 9 neV and 8.1 X-B 0 m 140 160 1300 1.76 MHz neV 8 0 6.8 120 m 191 1100 1.48 MHz 5.79 neV 1000 227 m 1.25 MHz 900 neV 7 dio 4.8 Ra AM m 270 800 z MH 1.05 1.05 MHz 4.09 neV 700 321 m z kH 882 neV 4 3.4 600 382 m 540 741 kHz SOS W 2.89 neV 454 m z kH 623 Beacons 3 neV 2.4 m e 540 Morse cod 524 kHz 524 kHz neV 5 2.0 m 642 441 kHz ns aco Be neV nal 2 EU&Asia AM atio 1.7 vig Na dio 763 m Marine Ra 371 kHz 1.45 neV 908 m Marine Radio z kH rope and Asia AM 312 Eu neV 2 1.2 1.08 km 262 kHz 262 kHz Navigational Beacons 1.02 neV 1.28 km 220 kHz peV rk 860 two Ne y enc km 3 erg 1.5 185 kHz Ground Wave Em Maritime Mobile 724 peV Maritime Mobile 1.82 km 156 kHz peV 608 km 6 Radiolocation 2.1 z kH 131 131 kHz 512 peV 7 km 2.5 LORAN-C navigation z kH 110 peV 430 3.05 km 92.7 kHz 362 peV 3.63 km Maritime Mobile z kH 9 77. Maritime Mobile 304 peV 4.32 km 65.5 kHz 65.5 kHz peV 256 km 3 5.1 55.1 kHz peV 215 40.75kHz 6.11 km 46.3 kHz b 181 peV b b b b b b b z 7.26 km b b 30.0kH b b b b b Maritime Mobile 39.0 kHz b b b b b b b b b peV b b b b 152 b b b b b km 4 b 8.6 Hz 32.8 kHz 32.8 kHz 24k z 128 peV 10.3 km 21.4kHz 22.3kH 27.6 kHz me Mobile peV riti Ma 108 z 6kH 18. km 2 z 12. 17.8kH 23.2 kHz 90.4 peV 14.5 km 14.7kHz Maritime Mobile 19.5 kHz peV 1 13.6kHz 76. 15.5kHz 17.3 km Maritime Mobile 16.4 kHz 16.4 kHz 64.0 peV km 5 20. z kH 8 13. Radionavigation peV 8 53. 24.4 km 11.6 kHz 45.2 peV 29.0 km z kH 4 9.7 38.0 peV 34.5 km 8.19 kHz 8.19 kHz 32.0 peV 41.1 km 6.89 kHz peV 9 26. 48.8 km 5.79 kHz 22.6 peV 58.1 km 4.87 kHz peV 0 19. 69.1 km 4.10 kHz 4.10 kHz 16.0 peV 82.2 km z kH 4 3.4 peV 13.4 97.7 km 2.90 kHz 11.3 peV 116 km z kH 4 2.4 9.51 peV 138 km 2.05 kHz 2.05 kHz 7.99 peV 164 km 1.72 kHz peV 2 6.7 195 km 1.45 kHz 5.65 peV 232 km z kH 2 1.2 peV 4.75 276 km 1.02 kHz 1.02 kHz 4.00 peV 329 km 861 Hz peV 6 3.3 km 391 724 Hz 2.83 peV 465 km 609 Hz A4 400Hz peV 8 2.3 553 km 512 Hz 512 Hz Airplane Power 2.00 peV 657 km Hz 431 peV 8 1.6 782 km 362 Hz 1.41 peV 929 km Hz 304 1.19 peV 1.11 Mm 180Hz 256 Hz 256 Hz 999 feV 1.31 Mm 3rd harmonic 150Hz 215 Hz feV 840 1.56 Mm 3rd harmonic 120Hz Lights 181 Hz 707 feV 1.86 Mm hts Lig Hz Hz 152 p= 100 feV 594 2.21 Mm 128 Hz 128 Hz p= 500 feV Mm 3 2.6 108 Hz feV 420 Mm 3 76Hz 3.1 90.5 Hz 60Hz Power 353 feV 3.72 Mm 76.1 Hz 50Hz Power v= feV 297 4.42 Mm 64.0 Hz 64.0 Hz v= S 250 feV Mm 6 5.2 Hz 8 53. S ) feV ves wa 210 6.25 Mm γ (Gamma brain S 45.3 Hz 177 feV 30Hz 7.44 Mm Hz 1 38. 149 feV S ) 8.84 Mm ves wa in bra ta 32.0 Hz 32.0 Hz Be gh β (Hi 125 feV 10.5 Mm S 26.9 Hz feV 105 z ) 18H 12.5 Mm 22.6 Hz β (Mid Beta brain waves 88.3 feV 15Hz 14.9 Mm S 19.0 Hz ) feV 3 74. β (Low Beta brain waves 17.7 Mm 12Hz 16.0 Hz 16.0 Hz 62.5 feV 21.0 Mm 13.5 Hz α (Alpha brain waves) feV 5 52. Mm 0 25. 11.3 Hz 8Hz 8Hz S 44.2 feV 29.7 Mm 9.51 Hz feV 1 37. Mm 4 35. ) Hz ves 0 wa 8.0 8.00 Hz θ (Theta brain 31.2 feV 42.1 Mm 6.73 Hz feV 3 26. 50.0 Mm 5.66 Hz 22.1 feV 59.5 Mm Hz 6 4.7 18.6 feV 70.7 Mm 3Hz 4.00 Hz 4.00 Hz 15.6 feV 84.1 Mm 3.36 Hz feV 1 13. 100 Mm 2.83 Hz 11.0 feV 119 Mm 2.38 Hz feV 8 9.2 141 Mm 2.00 Hz 2.00 Hz 7.81 feV 168 Mm 1.68 Hz 6.56 feV Mm 200 1.41 Hz 5.52 feV 238 Mm 1.19 Hz feV 4 4.6 283 Mm 1.00 Hz 1.00 Hz δ (Delta brain waves) 3.90 feV 337 Mm 841 mHz feV 8 3.2 400 Mm 707 mHz 2.76 feV 476 Mm z mH 595 feV 2.32 566 Mm 500 mHz 500 mHz 1.95 feV 673 Mm 420 mHz feV 4 1.6 800 Mm 354 mHz 1.38 feV 952 Mm 297 mHz feV 6 1.1 1.13 Gm 250 mHz 250 mHz 976 aeV 1.35 Gm z mH 210 aeV 821 1.60 Gm 177 mHz 690 aeV 1.90 Gm z mH 149 580 aeV 0.1Hz 2.26 Gm 125 mHz 125 mHz 488 aeV 2.69 Gm 105 mHz aeV 410 3.20 Gm 88.4 mHz 345 aeV 3.81 Gm z mH 3 74. aeV 290 4.53 Gm 62.5 mHz 62.5 mHz 244 aeV 5.38 Gm 52.6 mHz aeV 205 Gm 6.40 44.2 mHz 173 aeV 7.61 Gm 37.2 mHz aeV 145 9.05 Gm 1 31.2 mHz 31.2 mHz Hz 122 aeV 10.8 Gm ∞ z mH 3 26. aeV 103 ∞m 12.8 Gm 22.1 mHz 1 86.3 aeV eV Energy 15.2 Gm th ∞ eng vel Wa ncy Freque S ace Particle Nature • Polarized filters (like PolaroidTM sunglasses) can be used to demonstrate polarized light. One filter will only let photons that have one polarity through. Two overlapping filters at right angles will almost completely block the light that exits. The Dirac three polarizers experiment shows that a third filter inserted between the first two at 45◦ allows some light to come out the end of all three filters. • The particle nature is exhibited when a dimly lit solar cell emits individual electrons. The wave nature is demonstrated by the double slit experiment that shows cancellation and addition of waves. • Reflections from an electrical insulator are polarized. Conductive reflectors do not polarize EMR. • The wavelength of EMR is changed when the source is receding or approaching. Red-shift makes high-speed receding stars and galaxies appear more red. • Moonlight is slightly polarized. Rotating a polarized sunglass lens causes the moonlight to dim and brighten slightly. • Light from a rainbow is polarized due to the reflection inside the water droplets. Hα • Convex and concave lenses make objects appear closer and further and are used to correct far-sightedness and near-sightedness. • Heavy objects like dense galaxies, stars, and large planets cause light to bend due to gravitational lensing as seen here in galaxy cluster Abell 2218: Glass prism White Hot Red Hot Hot CMB Hγ Hδ Hǫ Hθ Hζ • Max Planck determined the relationship between the temperature of an object and its radiation profile; where Rλ is the radiation power, λ is the wavelength, T is the temperature: Rλ = 37418 14388 − 1 λ ǫ λT 5 Visible Spectrum • Other creatures see different ranges of visible light; for example bumble-bees can see ultraviolet light and dogs have a different response to colors than do humans. • The sky is blue because our atmosphere scatters light and the shorter wavelength blue gets scattered the most. It appears that the entire sky is illuminated by a blue light but in fact that light is scattered from the Sun. The longer wavelengths like red and orange move straight through the atmosphere which makes the Sun look like a bright white ball containing all the colors of the visible spectrum. • Interestingly, the visible spectrum covers approximately one octave (doubling/halving of frequency). • Astronomers use filters to capture specific wavelengths and reject unwanted wavelengths. The major astronomical (visual) filter bands are depicted as X CMB Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB) • CMB radiation is the leftover heat from the hot early universe, which last scattered about 400,000 years after the Big Bang. • CMB permeates the entire universe at a temperature of 2.725 ± 0 001K. • Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered CMB while working for Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1965. • The intensity is measured in Mega Jansky (Jy) per steradian. 1Jy = 10−26 W/m2 /Hz • Close examination of slight CMB intensity variations in different parts of the sky help cosmologists study the formation of galaxies. WMAP photo by NASA • A LASER is a device that produces coherent monochromatic EMR of high intensity . • With proper equipment, any EMR like visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays can be made to operate like a LASER. A MASER functions similarly to the LASER and is made with with microwaves and radio waves. Television (TV) • Terrestrial broadcast TV uses the VHF and UHF ranges (30MHz - 3GHz) 05 . and Ku-band (12 - 18 GHz) where one of • Satellite television is transmitted in the C-band (4 - 8 GHz) many satellites is shown. To eliminate interference, the stations are broadcast in alternating polarities, for example, Ch 1 is vertical and Ch 2 is horizontal and vice versa on neighboring satellites. 05 • TV channels transmitted through cable (CATV) are shown as fed back to the cable TV station (like news feeds). 05 ut . CATV channels starting with “T-" are channels 6MHz • Air and cable analog TV stations are broadcast with 4.5MHz 1.25MHz 3.58MHz the separate video, color, and audio frequency carriers Video grouped together in a channel band as follows: • The 15.7 kHz horizontal sweep signal is a common contaminant to VLF listening . u u u Color Audio • Digital compression methods are used for HDTV broadcasts in order to pack more channels into the same 6MHz bandwidth as analog TV. Radio Bands • The radio spectrum (ELF to EHF) is populated by many more items than can be shown on this chart. Only a small sampling of the bands used around the world are shown. Each country has its own rules and regulations for , CRTC , OFCOM , BNA , CII ... allotting bands in this region. FCC • Communication by EMR is done by modulating the carrier waveform: Amplitude Modulation (AM) No modulation Frequency Modulation (FM) • RAdio Detecting And Ranging (RADAR) uses microwaves to detect the distance and speed of objects. • Citizens Band Radio (CB) contains 40 stations between 26.965 - 27.405MHz CB . Schumann resonances are produced in the cavity between the Earth and the ionosphere S . Hydrogen gas emits radio band EMR at 21cm H . Time / frequency standards shown as . Other individual frequencies are represented as icons: Submarine xxHz xxm Ham / international P GMRS General Mobile Radio Service Pager W Weather FRS Family Radio Service Short wave Wireless Mic. Cellular Phones 3G 4G 5G International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard morse code. K U 0 A B L V 1 C M W 2 D N X 3 E O Y 4 F P Z 5 G Q 6 H R . 7 I S @ 8 J T : 9 & = , ’ + ? " / SOS Sound • Although sound, ocean waves, and heartbeats are not electromagnetic, they are included on this chart as a frequency reference. Other properties of electromagnetic waves are different from sound waves. • Sound waves are caused by an oscillating compression of molecules. Sound cannot travel in a vacuum such as outer space. • The speed of sound in air at sea level is 1240kph (770mph), and much faster in water at 5328kph (3311mph). • Humans can only hear sound between ≈20Hz to ≈20kHz. Some bats can hear sound up to 200kHz. • Infrasound (below 20Hz) can be sensed by internal organs and touch. Frequencies in the 0.2Hz range are often the cause of motion sickness. • The 88 piano keys of the Equal Temperament scale are accurately located on the frequency chart. The musical note A (A4 or A440 at 440Hz) is depicted on the chart as A4 . • Over the ages people have striven to divide the continuous audio frequency spectrum into individual musical notes that have harmonious relationships besides the octave. Microtonal musicians study various scales. One recent count lists 4700 different musical scales. Gravitational Waves • Gravity is the mysterious force which holds large objects together and binds our planets, stars, and galaxies together. No links have been established between gravity and electromagnetic radiation or the other physical forces like; the Weak force, the Electromagnetic force, and the Strong force. • Gravity is theorized to warp space and time. In fact, gravity is responsible for bending light as observed by the gravity-lens example of distant stars and galaxies. • “Gravitational waves” appear as ripples in space-time travelling at the speed of light. Long theorized, a gravitational wave was first detected in 2015, and was caused by the merger of two black holes 1.4 billion light years away. Brain Waves • By connecting electrodes from the human head to an electroencephalograph (EEG), it is possible to measure very small cyclic electrical signals. • There has been much study on this topic, but like all effects on humans, the findings are not as sound as the science of materials. • Generally, lower brain wave frequencies relate to sleep, and the higher frequencies relate to alertness. • Devices have been made for measuring and stimulating brain waves to achieve a desired state. Symbol Heart beats Ocean waves yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo m µ n p f a z y milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 100 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24 Septillion Sextillion Quintillion Quadrillion Trillion Billion Million Thousand Thousandth Millionth Billionth Trillionth Quadrillionth Quintillionth Sextillionth Septillionth 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 1 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 001 0.000 000 000 000 001 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 Measurements on this chart Name Speed of Light Planck’s Constant Planck’s Constant (freq) Frequency (cycles / second) Wavelength (meters) Energy (Joules) c h h̄ f λ E Pressure waves Système International d’Unités prefixes (SI unit prefixes) Prefix Exp. Name Multiplier Y Z E P T G M k Symbol Formulas Value E = h·f λ = c f f = c λ 1Å = 0.1nm 2.997 924 58 ×108 m s−1 6.626 1 ×10−34 J·s 1.054 592 ×10−34 J·s Hz m J (6.24 ×1018 eV) 1nm = 10Å Reflection Infrared Radiation (IR) • Reflection of EMR is dependent on wavelength as demonstrated when visible light and radio waves bounce off objects that X-Rays would pass through. Microwaves, which have a large wavelength compared to visible light, will bounce off metal mesh in a microwave oven whereas visible light will pass through. • IR is sensed by humans as heat and is below the range of human vision. All creatures emit IR, and snakes can detect it. Source Convex Hβ Balmer series name Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) 17.2 GHz 33.5 µeV 4GHz 18 20 22 24 12 14 16 02 04 06 08 10 21 23 11 13 15 17 19 01 03 05 07 09 u Wavelength 137 GHz 8GHz u m2 2 m − n2 • The range of EMR visible to humans is called “Light". The visible spectrum also closely resembles the range of EMR that filters through our atmosphere from the Sun. 925 GHz 12.5GHz Ku-band TV ut 3kHz 9.56 µm 137 meV 11.4 µm 29.6 THz 2.91 mm • Much of the interstellar matter is made of the simplest atom hydrogen. The hydrogen visible-spectrum emission and absorption lines are shown below: Hη Emission line 70.4 THz 115 meV • EMR is emitted in discrete units called photons but has properties of waves. EMR can be created by the oscillation or acceleration of electrical charge or magnetic field. EMR travels through space at the speed of light (c = 2.99792458 × 108 m s−1 ). EMR consists of an oscillating electrical and magnetic field at right angles to each other and spaced at a particular wavelength. Str 275 meV λ = 364.56nm 141 THz 231 meV Refraction ic Fie ld 281 THz 3.61 meV 24.3 GHz ut 30Hz 4.78 µm Polarization ctr 549 meV 2.39 µm 118 THz 462 meV Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Ele u 563 THz • Johann Balmer created this formula defining the photon emission wavelength (λ); where m is the initial electron energy level integer number and n is the final electron energy level integer number: Absorption line u ut 23.7 µeV 1.10 eV 1.20 µm 237 THz 924 meV 27.25GHz ut 55.4 mm u J Telecom Microwave V-band 5.82 mm 48.6 GHz ut 5.11 GHz V 364 µm 97.2 GHz 379 µeV ECTRUM u VISIBLE SP u u u u u 2.20 eV 598 nm 473 THz 1.13 PHz 4.39 eV 299 nm u u u u 280nm UV-B 4.29 meV u ut 3Hz 2.25 PHz 100GHz ut Microwave W-band 3.46 mm 81.7 GHz 759 µeV ut Sizes of EMR 1.73 mm ut Human Brain 65.9 mm 4.29 GHz One cycle per second 1.52 meV 866 µm z Water absorption 183GH ut Earth 12,756 km 3.03 meV ut Induction Heating 163 GHz 433 µm 46GHz u Microwave Q-band Hz 36G µeV 190 mm 3 u 6.9 40.9 GHz µeV 160 mm 4 8.2 Hz 34.4 GHz Water absorption 22G rtz) (Ku and K-b ve wa cro Mi 18GHz 94.8 µeV u 13.9 mm 20.4 GHz 79.8 µeV mm 5 16. z 17.2 GH t) z SI-time standard Microwave X-band (X marks the spo Cs-133 9,192,631,770H 47.4 µeV 27.7 mm 10.2 GHz 39.9 µeV 32.9 mm 8.59 GHz Wireless LAN 19.9 µeV 8.79 eV 5.69 µm 777 GHz ut Radio tower 327 GHz 216 µm ut Football Field 100m 68.7 GHz 319 µeV 149 nm 59.2 THz 1.55 THz 6.07 meV ut House 12m 4.12 mm 638 µeV 654 GHz 108 µm 100µm 3TuHz 3.11 THz V me 1 12. ut People 1.8m 2.06 mm 137 GHz 1.28 meV 1.31 THz 24.3 meV ut Cell phone 1.03 mm 275 GHz 2.55 meV 2.62 THz 6.22 THz 54.1 µm ut Football 308mm 515 µm 550 GHz 5.10 meV 5.23 THz ut Microwave oven 257 µm 1.10 THz 10.2 meV 1.89 PHz 320 315nm 1.85 eV 711 nm Far Infrared ut Radar 129 µm 2.20 THz 20.4 meV 12.4 THz 48.6 meV ut Honey Bee 1.2cm 64.3 µm 4.40 THz 40.8 meV 27.1 µm ut 32.2 µm 8.80 THz 10.5 THz 24.9 THz 97.1 meV ut INFRARED 41.8 THz 163 meV u 17.6 eV 947 THz u u u u 2.84 µm 99.5 THz 3.38 µm ut 16.1 µm 17.6 THz 83.7 THz ut 8.04 µm 35.2 THz u u Near Infrared 1.42 µm 199 THz EDFA EDFA ut 4.02 µm 70.4 THz u u u u u 74.7 nm R 398 THz 1.55 eV 845 nm 7.39 eV 340nm UV-A UV-A2 eV 0 3.7 355 nm 178 nm 1.59 PHz Emission and Absorption 3.79 PHz 14.8 eV 88.9 nm Ultraviolet Light (UV) • The Sun produces a wide range of wavelengths including all the UV light, however, UVB is partially filtered by the ozone layer and UVC is totally filtered out by the earth’s atmosphere. 4.50 PHz 3µm 327 meV People Sources of EMR 99.4 eV u Single Cell 10µm Power Lines (50,60Hz) 51.0 PHz 199 eV H K Bacteria 3µm 800nm 4.67 nm Datacom I 1.31 eV 72.1 PHz 60.6 PHz B u • Alpha, beta, and delta radiation are not electromagnetic but are actually parts of the atom being released from a radioactive element. In some cases this can cause gamma radiation. These are not to be confused with brain waves of similar names. 237 eV 102 PHz 398 eV 211 nm 1.34 PHz 144 PHz 2.33 nm 106 nm 2.68 PHz • Gamma radiation is the highest energy radiation (up to ≈ 1020 eV) that has been measured. At this energy, the radiation could be from gamma-rays, protons, electrons, or something else. 600 GHz 41.8 eV 288 PHz 65 GHz Light bulb 10.7 PHz 1.13 keV 0 VISIBLE 83.6 eV 242 PHz 1.17 nm Gamma Rays 121 PHz 13.2 nm 21.4 PHz 2.25 keV 473 eV 6.60 nm 42.8 PHz 167 eV 584 pm 2.78 nm 3.30 nm 85.7 PHz 335 eV 5.23 eV 251 nm 946 eV 485 PHz 563 eV UV-C 1.13 PHz 1.89 keV Soft XRay 10.5 eV 126 nm 2.25 PHz • Values labels: Frequency in Hertz, Wavelength in meters, Energy in electronVolts. 576 PHz Power NUV 62.8 nm 4.50 PHz 1.15 EHz • There is no limit to either end of this chart, however, due to limited space, only the “known" items have been shown here. A frequency of 0Hz is the lowest possible frequency but the method of depicting octaves used here does not allow for ever reaching 0Hz, only approaching it. Also, by the definition of frequency (Cycles per second), there is no such thing as negative frequency. T=2 725K MUV 31.4 nm 9.01 PHz ULTRAVIOLET Virus 17− 300nm 300 nm 400 nm 200 nm 100 nm VUV EUV 969 PHz 4.50 keV 3.78 keV 292 pm 347 pm • Frequency increases in the upward direction. and wrap around from far right to far left. MJy/sr 15.7 nm 18.0 PHz 146 pm • This chart is organized in octaves (frequency doubling/halving) starting at 1Hz and going higher (2,4,8, etc) and lower (1/2, 1/4, etc). The octave is a natural way to represent frequency. 400 10 nm 7.85 nm 36.0 PHz 1.94 EHz How to read this chart Ultrasonic 3.93 nm 72.1 PHz 2.31 EHz 7.57 keV 1.39 nm 204 PHz 796 eV 1.65 nm 171 PHz 669 eV 1.96 nm 144 PHz FUV 1.34 keV 4.61 EHz Human Audible range 288 PHz 73.0 pm 18.0 keV 174 pm 694 pm 408 PHz 1.59 keV 826 pm 343 PHz 9.22 EHz Subsonic - Infrasound X-RAYS X-Ray machines 1nm 982 pm 815 PHz 3.18 keV 413 pm 686 PHz 36.0 keV 9.00 keV Hard XRay 2.68 keV 491 pm 576 PHz 1.63 EHz 3.88 EHz 15.1 keV 86.8 pm 3.26 EHz 12.7 keV 6.36 keV 206 pm 1.37 EHz 5.35 keV 245 pm 1.15 EHz 103 pm 2.74 EHz 10.7 keV 123 pm 2.31 EHz Water Molecule 0.3 nm Gamma Ray 36.5 pm θi θr Concave Reflector STScI Radioactive elements 61.4 pm 4.61 EHz ∞Hz 1 m ∞ ∞eV 7.76 EHz 30.3 keV 43.4 pm 6.52 EHz 25.5 keV 51.6 pm 5.48 EHz 21.4 keV Ionizing radiation : Harmful to living tissue. GAMMA RAYS Sizes of EMR ut Sources of EMR • EMR of any wavelength can be reflected, however, the reflectivity of a material depends on many factors including the wavelength of the incident beam. • The angle of incidence (θi ) and angle of reflection (θr ) are the same. • IR remote control signals are invisible to the human eye but can be detected by some electronic cameras. Night vision scopes/goggles use a special camera that senses IR and converts the image to visible light. Some IR cameras employ an IR lamp to help NASA/IPAC illuminate the view. • A demonstration of IR is to hold a metal bowl in front of your face. The IR emitted by your body will be reflected back using the parabolic shape of the bowl and you will feel the heat. • • IR LASERs are used for cutting material. • Fiber-optic based infrared communication signals are sometimes amplified with Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers EDFA c unihedron.com 20190514
