Lee County Florida Statewide Science Assessment Review Life Science -Cells -Classification -Ecosystems -Photosynthesis/Respiration -Carbon Cycle -Levels of Organization -Human Body Systems -Reproduction -Genetics Tips for answering science questions 1. Locate and underline the question 2. Highlight, circle, or underline important words/phrases as you read the question 3. Eliminate any incorrect answer choices 4. Answer the question This review has been adopted from Volusia County. Version 18.1 1 Life Science: Cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Bacteria and amoeba are called _______________ because they are made up of only one cell. Humans, dogs, and palm trees are all called ________________ because they are made up of many cells. All cells use energy. Some cells perform specific functions that can benefit the entire organism like making proteins, getting rid of waste, or carrying oxygen to other cells. Plant and Animal Cell Structures Word Bank Label the cells below: Plant Cell Animal Cell Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Vacuole Type of Cell: Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast Type of Cell: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, while animal cells do not have a cell wall. Which of the following explains why animal and plant cells are different in this way? 2 A. Animal cells are too small to have a cell wall. B. Plants use the rigid cell wall primarily to restrict unnatural substances from entering their cells. C. Plant cells require the cell wall in order to retain their shape. D. Animals do not need to restrict substances from entering their cells. Cell Theory A cell is the smallest unit that can carry out all life functions. Most cells are so small that they can only be seen with a ___________________. New ______________________ led to more powerful microscopes which led to the development of Cell Theory. Cell Theory: • All living things are made of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of all living things. • All cells come from other living cells. Cell Processes that all living things must do: 1. The process by which all living organisms keep conditions in the body stable through obtaining and using energy from food, removing of waste, growing, and reproduction of cells is called _____________________________________. 2. All cells require _____________ in order to fuel life processes. Cells break down food to make sugar through _________________ _________________ in the mitochondria. 3. Cell reproduction allows organisms to grow larger and replace old, damaged, or injured cells. For an animal to grow or repair damaged cells, the cells have to reproduce through ________________. Word Bank: Cellular Respiration Energy Mitosis Homeostasis The cell membrane performs many functions in order to keep a cell living. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane? A. B. C. D. making nutrients for the cell holding cytoplasm within the cell regulating substances exiting the cell keeping foreign materials out of the cell One way in which a cell maintains homeostasis is through reproduction. Which of the following is a direct result of reproduction that helps maintain homeostasis? A. B. C. D. The cell is able to repair damaged organelles. The cell is able to defend against bacteria. The cell can move to safer locations. The cell remains small in size. 3 Unicellular vs. Multicelluar Organisms made up of one cell are called _________________________. Ex: Eubacteria, Archaea, most Protista, some Fungi (ex: yeast), Animals (ex: Sponges) Organisms made of more than one cell are called ____________________________. Ex: Some Protists (Algae), Some Fungi (Mushrooms), Plants, Most Animals. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Small, simple, single celled organisms with no membrane-bound organelles and no true nucleus are called _________________________________. Contains: cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA. Includes all bacteria. Larger, more complex cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus are called ____________________________________. Contains: Cell membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, cytoplasm, and vacuole (some may contain cell wall and/or chloroplasts). Includes Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Organisms that make their own food for energy and are called ____________________ or _______________________. Ex: Plants make food through photosynthesis. Organisms that eat other organisms to obtain energy and are called____________________ or _____________________. Ex: Animals eat other producers or consumers for energy. Amanda learns that some species of algae share the characteristics of being unicellular and producing sugar by photosynthesis. These species of algae fall into the category of which of the following kingdoms? A. B. C. D. 4 Animal Fungus Plant Protist Life Science: Classification Classification is the process of grouping things based on their similarities. Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that the organisms are easier to study. All living things are classified into 3 Domains, which are divided into 6 kingdoms. 3 Domains of Life Bacteria Archaea Eukarya 6 Kingdoms of Life Eubacteria - not needed Archaea - not needed Protist Fungi Plant Animal Levels of Classification More specific ___________________: cardinalis ____________________: Cardinalis : Fringillidae _____________: Passeriformes ___________________: Aves ____________ _: Chordata ________ _ _: Animalia :Eukarya When classifying organisms, the _______________ is the broadest level of organization and the ______________ is the most specific. Binomial Nomenclature is the naming system in which each organism is given a unique, two part scientific name indicating its ____________ and___________. What is the scientific name of the bird in the chart above? ___________________________ _______________________________ 5 Characteristics of 4 Kingdoms of Life Fill in the appropriate blanks in the table below: Kingdom Cell Type Energy Eukaryote Cell Wall? Unique Yes Multicelluar organisms. Most contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize. Classified as vascular and nonvascular. Animal Fungi Decomposer Protist Varies Varies EXAMPLES: Multicelluar organisms that move, and must eat for energy. No cell wall. Classified as invertebrates or vertebrates. Sponge, Jellyfish, crabs, Insects, dogs, cats, humans Most are multicellular but some are unicellular. Cell wall made of chitin. Decomposers who cannot make their own food. Unicellular: Yeast Classified as animal-like, plant-like or fungi-like depending on how they feed and move. Very diverse. Unicellular or multicellular. Animal-like: protozoa Multicellular: Plant-like: algae Fungi-like: slime molds Why is a mushroom NOT a plant? In ecosystems, decomposers are necessary to break down nutrients. What 3 kingdoms contain decomposers? 6 Life Science: Ecosystems (Biotic/Abiotic) are the parts of a habitat that are living, or once living and interact with an organism. Ex: ____________________________ (Biotic/Abiotic) are the non-living parts of an organism’s habitat. Ex: ____________________________ Label the following on the fish tank: A. producer B. consumer C. decomposer D. biotic factor E. abiotic factor Match the following: _____ Carnivore _____ Omnivore _____ Herbivore _____ Decomposer _____ Scavenger A. B. C. D. E. Eat only plants Feed on the decaying remains of plants and animals Eat only animals Organisms that chemically break down dead organisms Eat both plants and animals The food web below shows the interactions between several organisms in a grassland ecosystem. Which of the following identifies the roles of the hawk and rabbit? A. The hawk and rabbit are both primary consumers. B. The hawk and rabbit are both secondary consumers. C. The hawk is a primary consumer and the rabbit is a secondary consumer. D. The hawk is a secondary consumer and the rabbit is a primary consumer. 7 Relationships between Populations The struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resources is known as _________________________. Any condition or resource in an ecosystem that causes a population to stop growing or decrease is called a __________________ _________________. Some examples might include _____________, ________________, _____________, and ______________. An animal that kills and eats another animal is called a _______________________________. The organism that is killed and eaten by another organism is called the __________________. Symbiosis is any relationship in which two species live closely together and at least one species benefits from the relationship. There are 3 types of symbiotic relationships: 1. Mutualism occurs when both species benefit. Ex: ________________________________________________________________ 2. Commensalism occurs when one species is helped while the other is unaffected. Ex: ________________________________________________________________ 3. Parasitism occurs when one species (parasite) benefits while the other (host) is harmed but not usually killed. Ex: ________________________________________________________________ The diagram below shows how the populations of two organisms in the same area change over the course of 20 years. Based on the data above, what type of relationship exists between the two organisms? A. B. C. D. 8 Predation Mutualism Competition Commensalism Life Science: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter cannot be ___________ or ____________. The process where plants obtain energy from the sun and use the energy to fuel a chemical reaction between water and carbon dioxide is called ___________________________. Light energy + ________________ + _________________ sugar + ___________________. ALL organisms undergo the process of ___________________ _____________________. This process breaks down food for energy. Sugar + _________________ water + ________ ______________ + energy. The graph below shows how the amount of carbon dioxide has changed over the course of one year. Which of the following best explains why the amount of carbon dioxide is higher during the winter than in summer? A. B. C. D. The rate of decomposition is slower in winter than in summer. The greenhouse effect is more pronounced in winter than in summer. The number of animals that are active is less in winter than in summer. The amount of photosynthesis by plants is lower in the winter than in summer. 9 Life Science: Carbon Cycle Ocean Ocean The carbon cycle is the process by which carbon moves within and between organisms and their physical environment. A diagram of the carbon cycle is shown below. Each arrow represents a process in the cycle. Which of the following best describes the process that occurs at arrow X? A. Bacteria break down molecules in animals into carbon-based soil nutrients. B. Animals release oxygen that is used by bacteria to produce carbon dioxide. C. Animals release carbon dioxide that is used by bacteria for growth and reproduction. D. Bacteria combine carbon-based nutrients from plants and animals to produce glucose. 10 Life Science: Levels of Organization The basic unit of structure and function in living things is called a _____________________. A group of similar cells that work together and perform a specific function is called a ________________. A structure of two or more different tissues which has a specialized function is called an ________________________. A group of organs that work together, performing major functions is called an _______________ ___________________________. The heart drives the circulatory system. It is composed of cardiac muscle and pumps blood using the contraction of the muscle. Which structural level best describes the heart? A. cell B. organ system C. organ D. tissue 11 Life Science: Human Body Systems Digestive system: Structures: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and rectum Respiratory system: Structures: Circulatory system: Structures: heart and blood vessels Reproductive system: Structures: Functions: breaks down food; absorbs nutrients; removes food wastes Functions: Functions: transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes; fights infection, and helps regulate body temperature Functions: Excretory system: Structures: Immune system: Structures: Nervous system: Structures: brain, spinal cord, and nerves; Musculoskeletal system: Structures: Functions: Functions: Functions: Functions: controls body’s responses to changes in inside and outside environment In order to maintain homeostasis, the systems of the human body work together to keep a constant internal temperature. Which of the following best describes how the human body responds in a cold environment? A. The digestive system produces more hormones to warm the body. B. The nervous system signals the muscles of the muscular system to contract and warm the body. C. The circulatory system delivers less carbon dioxide to the muscular system, resulting in stiffening muscles. D. The skeletal system produces more blood cells that circulate through the blood vessels, increasing the warmth of the body. 12 Label the Human Body Systems Body systems work together. Describe how FOUR or more body systems interact together to maintain homeostasis when an athlete runs a marathon. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 13 Life Science: Reproduction Mitosis is the process of cell reproduction or cell division that produces body cells. Mitosis allows an organism to grow larger and helps replace damaged cells. Mitosis is (sexual/asexual) and produces two (identical/different) cells. Meiosis is the process of cell reproduction that produces sex cells. Male sex cells are called___________. Female sex cells are called _____________. Meiosis is (sexual/asexual) and produces four (identical/different) sex cells. Parents and offspring may share similarities but they are not identical to each other. Which of the following best explains why the second generation is not identical to the first generation? A. Sexual reproduction creates variation in the inherited traits B. Meiosis replaces the genetic code of the parent with mutations. C. Asexual reproduction copies favorable adaptations of the parent generation. D. Mitosis replicates only specific sections of parent generation’s genetic information. 14 Life Science: Genetics The passing of traits from parents to offspring is known as ____________________________. A blueprint of instructions that determine the traits of an organism is stored in ___________. Particular traits are determined by an organism’s __________________. Parents pass traits to their offspring through the process of sexual reproduction. Each parent donates one allele for each trait. _____ _____ _____ _____ Homozygous Heterozygous Genotype Phenotype A. B. C. D. the set of alleles for a trait (RR, Rr, rr) when an offspring inherits 2 identical alleles for a trait (RR & rr) the physical appearance or visible traits (red or white flower) when an offspring inherits 2 different alleles for a trait (Rr) Pedigree Chart “Family trees” used to show the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations. Punnett Square Punnett Squares are charts used to show all the possible ways and the probability of how alleles can combine in a genetic cross. R r R RR Rr r Rr rr Key Male Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Dominant RR Shows dominant trait- red flower Heterozygous Rr Shows dominant trait- red flower Homozygous Recessive rr Shows recessive trait- white flower Female Person without Sickle-cell disease Person with Sickle-cell disease The mother (without Sickle-cell) and a father (with Sickle-cell) have 5 children. Two females and one male inherit Sickle-cell disease. One female and one male do not inherit Sickle-cell disease. Two heterozygous dominant parents have a 75% probability of producing a child with the dominant trait, and a 25% probability of producing a child with the recessive trait. 15 In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to white flower color. Susan has pea plants in her garden. Most of them have purple flowers, while some have white flowers. If she crosses two pea plants that have white flowers, what color flowers will the resulting pea plants have? A. B. C. D. 100% purple 100% white 50% purple and 50% white 75% purple and 25% white The allele for dimples is dominant and the allele for no dimples is recessive. If two parents that are heterozygous for dimples produce a child, what are the chances the child will have dimples? A. B. C. D. 25% 50% 75% 100% In rabbits, brown fur color (F) is dominant to white fur color (f). If two rabbits with brown fur produce a baby with white fur, what are the genotypes of the parents? A. B. C. D. 16 FF and Ff Ff and Ff FF and FF ff and ff *All included diagrams and images are public domain and used for educational purposes only.
