ASTUDYMATERI
AL
ON
PAPER-1
CI
VI
LPROCEDURECODEAND
LI
MI
TATI
ONACT
(
PAPERCODE:
K-501)
I
NDRAPRASTHALAW COLLEGE,
GREATER
NOI
DA.
UNI
T1
PRELI
MI
NARY,DEFI
NI
TI
ONS,
SUI
TSOFCI
VI
LNATURE,
PRI
NCI
PLESOF
RESJUDI
CATA AND RESSUBJUDI
CE,FOREI
GN JUDGEMENT,PLACE
OFSUI
NG.
TheCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
ei
ni
t
spr
eambl
e,quot
ed,“
AnActt
oconsol
i
dat
eand
amendt
hel
awsr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hepr
ocedur
eoft
heCour
t
sofCi
v
i
lJudi
cat
ur
e.
” Ci
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
eCodei
sapr
ocedur
all
aw ,asdi
st
i
ngui
shedf
r
om t
hesubst
ant
i
v
el
aw.I
f
y
ouhav
edoubt
sr
egar
di
ngt
heconceptofsubst
ant
i
v
el
aw &pr
ocedur
all
aw,don’
t
wor
r
yIwi
l
lexpl
ai
n/cl
ar
i
f
yt
hem f
ory
ou.i
t
’
seasy
.Subst
ant
i
v
el
awgi
v
esusr
i
ghtor
def
i
nesar
i
ghtwhi
l
epr
ocedur
all
awgi
v
esusmeansandpr
ocedur
esbywhi
cht
hose
r
i
ght
scanbeenf
or
ced.pr
ocedur
all
awshel
pst
oi
mpl
ement
,admi
ni
st
ersubst
ant
i
v
e
l
aws.f
orexampl
e,
t
heI
ndi
anPenalCode(
1860)i
sasubst
ant
i
v
el
awi
ncr
i
mi
nall
aw.
t
he l
aw ofCont
r
act,t
r
ansf
erofpr
oper
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y
,negot
i
abl
ei
nst
r
ument
set
c.Ar
et
he
exampl
esofsubst
ant
i
v
el
awi
nci
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i
ll
aw.Whi
l
eCodeofCr
i
mi
nalPr
ocedur
eandt
he
l
aw ofEv
i
dencear
eexampl
esofcr
i
mi
nal pr
ocedur
all
aw butTheCodeofci
v
i
l
pr
ocedur
ei
sapr
ocedur
all
aw i
nci
v
i
ll
aw.Pr
ocedur
all
aw nei
t
hercr
eat
esnort
akes
awayanyr
i
ght
.I
tonl
yhel
psi
npr
ov
i
ngori
mpl
ement
i
ngt
he'
Subst
ant
i
v
eLaw'
andt
he
pur
posei
st
odel
i
v
erj
ust
i
ce.
Thel
aw ofpr
ocedur
ei
sal
socal
l
edt
he“
l
aw ofact
i
on”
.I
ti
st
hatbr
anchwhi
ch
gov
er
nst
hepr
ocessofl
i
t
i
gat
i
on.I
fwei
nt
er
pr
ett
het
er
m act
i
on,i
tcanbebot
hci
v
i
l
andcr
i
mi
nalbutt
heCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e,1908speci
f
i
cal
l
yt
al
ksaboutt
heci
v
i
l
act
i
on.Codeofci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
e pr
ov
i
des“
t
hemodeofpr
oceedi
ngsbywhi
chal
egal
r
i
ghti
senf
or
ced.
Enumer
at
i
ngonwhatcomesundert
heumbr
el
l
aoft
hepr
ocedur
all
aw,i
ti
ncl
udes
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
t
s,
pr
oceedi
ngi
nt
hecour
t
,
i
ssueofpr
ocesseswhi
chi
ncl
udes
summons,war
r
ant
s,et
c,pl
eadi
ngs,t
r
i
al pr
ocedur
e,r
ecor
di
ng of ev
i
dence,
appear
anceofpar
t
i
es,adv
ocat
es,pr
osecut
or
s,et
c,j
udgementoft
hecour
t
s,cost
s,
r
ev
i
ew,r
ev
i
si
on,appeal
s et
c.
,and f
i
nal
l
yt
he execut
i
on ofdecr
ee oror
deror
puni
shmenti
ncr
i
mi
nal
cases.
t
heCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
ecar
r
i
eswi
t
hi
t
sel
ft
heessenceoft
heci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
al
r
i
ght
soft
heci
t
i
zenswhi
chenabl
est
hem t
ocl
ai
mt
hei
rr
i
ghtandcauseofact
i
onwi
t
h
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i
ol
at
i
ont
her
eofexpedi
ent
l
yandwi
t
hbestef
f
or
tt
i
l
lendoft
hesui
tt
omeett
he
endsofj
ust
i
ce.
TheCodecont
ai
ns158Sect
i
onsand51Or
der
s.
Ext
ent
,
Appl
i
cabi
l
i
t
yandCommencement
:
I
text
endst
ot
hewhol
eofI
ndi
a,
exceptt
heSt
at
eofJammu&Kashmi
r
,
andt
heSt
at
e
ofNagal
andandTr
i
balAr
eas.I
tal
soext
endst
ot
heAmi
ndi
v
iI
sl
ands,t
heEast
Godav
ar
iandVi
shakhapat
nam Agenci
esi
nt
heSt
at
eofAr
unachalPr
adeshandt
he
Uni
on Ter
r
i
t
or
i
esofLakshadweep.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heCodehav
eal
so been
ext
endedt
ot
heSchedul
eAr
easbyt
heamendmentActof1976.Thi
sActi
sef
f
ect
i
v
e
f
r
om 01dayofJanuar
y1909.
Expl
anat
i
on.
I
nt
hi
scl
ause,"
t
r
i
balar
eas"meanst
het
er
r
i
t
or
i
eswhi
ch,i
mmedi
at
el
y
bef
or
et
he21stdayofJanuar
y
,1972,wer
ei
ncl
udedi
nt
het
r
i
balar
easofAssam as
r
ef
er
r
edt
oi
npar
agr
aph20oft
heSi
xt
hSchedul
et
ot
heConst
i
t
ut
i
on.
NOTE:JammuandKashmi
rReor
gani
sat
i
onAct
,
2019camei
nt
of
or
ceonOct
ober31
l
asty
earandt
heer
st
whi
l
est
at
ewasr
eor
gani
sedi
nt
oUni
ont
er
r
i
t
or
i
esofJammu
andKashmi
randLadakh.
Al
lt
hecent
r
all
awswhi
char
eappl
i
cabl
et
oot
herpar
t
soft
hecount
r
yar
enow
appl
i
cabl
et
oJammuandKashmi
rf
r
om Oct
ober31.
Composi
t
i
onofCode:
Thebodyoft
heCodecont
ai
ni
ngsect
i
onsi
sf
undament
alandcannotbeamended
exceptbyt
heLegi
sl
at
ur
ewhi
l
et
heFi
r
stSchedul
eoft
heCode,
cont
ai
ni
ngOr
der
sand
Rul
es,canbeamendedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
s.Thesect
i
onsandRul
esmustber
ead
t
oget
herandhar
moni
ousl
yconst
r
ued,
buti
fr
ul
esar
ei
nconsi
st
entwi
t
ht
hesect
i
ons,
t
hel
at
t
erwi
l
l
pr
ev
ai
l
.
DEFI
NI
TI
ONS
Sect
i
on2oft
hecodeofci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
ei
sadef
i
ni
t
i
oncl
ause.Pr
esent
l
y
,
t
her
e
ar
e20def
i
ni
t
i
onscl
ausesi
nal
l
.Weshal
lst
udyt
hem onebyone.Def
i
ni
t
i
oncl
ausei
s
t
hedi
ct
i
onar
yt
ot
hewor
dusedi
nt
hest
at
ut
ewhi
chi
susef
uli
ni
nt
er
pr
et
i
ngt
he
st
at
ut
e.I
tgi
v
est
hemeani
ngoft
hatwor
di
nt
hephr
aser
el
at
edt
ot
hest
at
ut
e.
Obj
ect
soft
hi
scl
ausear
et
opr
ov
i
def
orpr
operi
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
on oft
heenact
ment&t
o
shor
t
ent
hel
anguageoft
heenact
i
ngpar
t
.Pr
esent
l
y
,
t
her
ear
e20def
i
ni
t
i
onscl
auses
i
nal
l
.Weshal
l
st
udyt
hem onebyone.
2(
1)CODE:"Code"i
ncl
udesr
ul
es
Thecodeofci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
ehas2par
t
s.Themai
nbodyoft
hecodei
si
nt
hesect
i
ons
andt
her
ul
esr
ef
er
st
omat
t
er
sofmer
emachi
ner
ywhi
cht
hehi
ghcour
tmayadaott
o
l
ocalcondi
t
i
ons.Thus hi
gh cour
t ar
e al
l
owed t
o modi
f
yt
he r
ul
es as per
ci
r
cumst
ances.
2(
2)DECREE"decr
ee"meanst
hef
or
malex
pr
essi
onofanadj
udi
cat
i
onwhi
ch,
sof
ar
asr
egar
dst
heCour
texpr
essi
ngi
t
,concl
usi
v
el
ydet
er
mi
nest
her
i
ght
soft
hepar
t
i
es
wi
t
hr
egar
dt
oal
loranyoft
hemat
t
er
si
ncont
r
ov
er
syi
nt
hesui
tandmaybeei
t
her
pr
el
i
mi
nar
yorf
i
nal
.I
tshal
lbedeemedt
oi
ncl
udet
her
ej
ect
i
onofapl
ai
ntandt
he
det
er
mi
nat
i
onofanyquest
i
onwi
t
hi
nsect
i
on47orsect
i
on144,
butshal
l
noti
ncl
ude(
a)anyadj
udi
cat
i
onf
r
om whi
chanappeal
l
i
esasanappeal
f
r
om anor
der
,
or
(
b)anyor
derofdi
smi
ssal
f
ordef
aul
t
.
Expl
anat
i
on:
Adecr
eei
spr
el
i
mi
nar
ywher
ef
ur
t
herpr
oceedi
ngshav
et
obet
akenbef
or
et
hesui
t
can becompl
et
el
y di
sposed of
.I
ti
sf
i
nalwhen such adj
udi
cat
i
on compl
et
el
y
di
sposesoft
hesui
t
.I
tmaybepar
t
l
ypr
el
i
mi
nar
yandpar
t
l
yf
i
nal
.
Cl
asses/Ty
pesofDecr
eesDecr
ee
Pr
el
i
mi
nar
yDecr
eeFi
nal
Decr
eePar
t
l
yPr
el
i
mi
nar
y&Par
t
l
yFi
nal
Decr
ee
I
.Pr
el
i
mi
nar
yDecr
ee:
Wher
eanadj
udi
cat
i
ondeci
dest
her
i
ght
soft
hepar
t
i
eswi
t
hr
egar
dt
oal
loranyof
t
hemat
t
er
si
ncont
r
ov
er
syi
nt
hesui
t
,butdoesnotcompl
et
el
ydi
sposeoft
hesui
t
,i
t
i
saPr
el
i
mi
nar
yDecr
ee.
Pr
el
i
mi
nar
ydecr
eei
sonl
yast
agei
nwor
ki
ngoutt
her
i
ght
soft
hepar
t
i
es,
whi
char
et
obef
i
nal
l
y
adj
udi
cat
edbyaf
i
nal
decr
ee
Pr
ov
i
si
onsi
nt
heCodef
orpassi
ngoft
hePr
el
i
mi
nar
yDecr
ees:
a.
Sui
t
sf
orpossessi
onandmesnepr
of
i
t
;
Or
der20Rul
e12
b.
Admi
ni
st
r
at
i
v
eSui
t
s;
Or
der20Rul
e13
c.
Sui
t
sf
or,
Pr
eempt
i
on;
Or
der20Rul
e14
d.
Sui
t
sf
ordi
ssol
ut
i
onofPar
t
ner
shi
p;
Or
der20Rul
e15
e.
Sui
t
sf
oraccount
sbet
weenpr
i
nci
pal
andagent
;
Or
der20Rul
e16
f
.
Sui
t
sf
orpar
t
i
t
i
onandsepar
at
epossessi
on;
Or
der20Rul
e18
g.
Sui
t
sf
orf
or
ecl
osur
eofamor
t
gage;
Or
der34Rul
es23f
oraccount
sbet
weenpr
i
nci
pal
andagent
;
Or
der20Rul
e16
Besi
desabov
et
heCour
thasapowert
opassapr
el
i
mi
nar
ydecr
eei
ncasesnot
expr
essl
ypr
ov
i
dedi
nt
heCode.
I
nPhoolChandVsGopalLalA.
I
.
R.1967,
S.
C.1470,
t
heApexCour
thasdeci
dedt
hat"
C.
P.
C.doesnot
pr
ohi
bi
t
spassi
ngofmor
et
hatone
pr
el
i
mi
nar
ydecr
ee,i
fci
r
cumst
ancesj
ust
i
f
yt
hesameandi
tmaybenecessar
yt
odo
so.
”
I
I
.Fi
nalDecr
ee:
Adecr
eemaybef
i
nal
i
nt
woway
sa.Whennoappeali
sf
i
l
l
edagai
nstt
hedecr
eewi
t
hi
nt
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odort
he
mat
t
erhasbeendeci
dedbyt
hedecr
eeoft
hehi
ghestCour
t
;
b.
Whent
hedecr
eesof
arasr
egar
dst
heCour
tpassi
ngi
t
,compl
et
el
ydi
sposeoft
he
sui
t
.
"
Af
i
naldecr
eei
sonewhi
chcompl
et
el
ydi
sposesoft
hesui
tandf
i
nal
l
yset
t
l
esal
l
t
hequest
i
onsi
ncont
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
hepat
t
i
esandnot
hi
ngf
ur
t
herr
emai
nst
obe
deci
dedt
her
eaf
t
er
.
Undert
hespeci
alci
r
cumst
ances,mor
et
hanonef
i
nal
decr
eescanbepassedi
nt
he
samesui
t
,e.
g.Wher
et
woormor
ecausesofact
i
onsar
ej
oi
nedt
oget
her
,t
her
ecan
bemor
et
hanonef
i
nal
decr
ee.
I
I
I
.
Par
t
l
yPr
el
i
mi
nar
yandPar
t
l
yFi
nalDecr
ee:
Forexampl
e,i
nasui
tf
orpossessi
onofi
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
t
ywi
t
hmesnespr
of
i
t
s,
t
heCour
t
a)
decr
eespossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
t
y
,
and
b)
di
r
ect
sanenqui
r
yi
nt
ot
hemesnepr
of
i
t
s.
Thef
or
merpar
toft
hedecr
eei
sf
i
nal
l
ywhi
l
et
hel
at
erpar
ti
sonl
ypr
el
i
mi
nar
y
because t
he Fi
nalDecr
ee f
or
mesne pr
of
i
t
s can be dr
awn onl
y af
t
erenqui
r
y
andascer
t
ai
nmentoft
hedueamount
.I
nsuchacase,ev
ent
hought
hedecr
eei
s
onl
yone,
i
ti
sPar
t
l
yPr
el
i
mi
nar
yandPar
t
l
yFi
nal
.
Essent
i
al
El
ement
sofadecr
ee:
Thedeci
si
onofaCour
tcanbet
er
medasa"
decr
ee"upont
hesat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngel
ement
s:
I
.
Ther
emustbeanadj
udi
cat
i
on
I
I
.
Suchadj
udi
cat
i
onmusthav
ebeengi
v
eni
nasui
t
I
I
I
.
I
tmusthav
edet
er
mi
nedt
her
i
ght
soft
hepar
t
i
esi
i
iwi
t
hr
egar
dt
oal
loranyoft
he
mat
t
eri
ncont
r
ov
er
syi
nt
hesui
t
.
I
V.
Suchdet
er
mi
nat
i
onmustbeofaconcl
usi
v
enat
ur
eand
V.
Ther
emustbef
or
mal
expr
essi
onvofsuchadj
udi
cat
i
on
2(
3)"
Decr
eeHol
der
"
meansanyper
soni
nwhosef
av
ouradecr
eehasbeenpassedoranor
dercapabl
eof
execut
i
onhasbeenmade
i
nBaj
i
r
aov
er
suskashi
r
ao,AI
R,1978,Bom 350case,t
hecour
thel
dt
hatadecr
eehol
deri
sonewhosenamei
si
nscr
i
bedont
hedecr
eeandi
nwhosef
av
oursuch
decr
eehasbeenpassed.
2(
4)"
di
st
r
i
ct
"meanst
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofapr
i
nci
palCi
v
i
lCour
tof
or
i
gi
nalj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on(
her
ei
naf
t
ercal
l
eda"
Di
st
r
i
ctCour
t"
)
,andi
ncl
udest
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
soft
heor
di
nar
yor
i
gi
nal
ci
v
i
l
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofaHi
ghCour
t
:
{
Subs.byAct2of1951,
s.
4.
}
2(
5)"
f
or
ei
gnCour
t
"meansaCour
tsi
t
uat
eout
si
deI
ndi
aandnotest
abl
i
shedor
cont
i
nuedbyt
heaut
hor
i
t
yoft
heCent
r
al
Gov
er
nment
:
]
2(
6)"f
or
ei
gnj
udgment"meanst
hej
udgmentofaf
or
ei
gnCour
t
2(
7)"
Gov
er
nmentPl
eader
"i
ncl
udesanyof
f
i
cerappoi
nt
edbyt
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at
eGov
er
nment
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o per
f
or
m al
loranyoft
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unct
i
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essl
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mposed byt
hi
sCodeont
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er
nmentPl
eaderand al
so any pl
eaderact
i
ng undert
he di
r
ect
i
ons oft
he
Gov
er
nmentPl
eader
.
2(
7A)"Hi
ghCour
t"
,
i
nr
el
at
i
ont
ot
heAndamanandNi
cobarI
sl
ands,
meanst
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gh
Cour
ti
nCal
cut
t
a.
2(
7B)"
I
ndi
a"
,
excepti
nsect
i
ons1,
29,
43,
44,
{
I
ns.
byAct42of1953,
s.
4andSch.
I
I
I
.
}
[
44A,
]78,79,32,83and87A,meanst
het
er
r
i
t
or
yofI
ndi
aexcl
udi
ngt
heSt
at
eof
JammuandKashmi
r
.
2(
8)"
Judge"meanst
hepr
esi
di
ngof
f
i
cerofaCi
v
i
l
Cour
t
.
2(
9)"j
udgment"meanst
hest
at
ementgi
v
enbyt
heJudgeoft
hegr
oundsofa
decr
eeoror
der
.
2(
10)"
j
udgment
debt
or
"meansanyper
sonagai
nstwhom adecr
eehasbeenpassed
oranor
dercapabl
eofexecut
i
onhasbeenmade.
2(
11)"l
egalr
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esent
at
i
v
e"meansaper
sonwhoi
nl
awr
epr
esent
st
heest
at
eofa
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ncl
udesanyper
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nt
er
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t
ht
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at
eoft
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t
ysuesori
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esent
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i
v
echar
act
ert
heper
son
onwhom t
heest
at
edev
ol
v
esont
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hoft
hepar
t
ysosui
ngorsued.
2(
12)"mesnepr
of
i
t
s"ofpr
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t
ymeanst
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of
i
t
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ual
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gencehav
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om,t
oget
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ude
pr
of
i
t
sduet
oi
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ov
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smadebyt
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nwr
ongf
ul
possessi
on.
2(
13)"
mov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
"i
ncl
udesgr
owi
ngcr
ops.
2(
14)"
or
der
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hef
or
malex
pr
essi
onofanydeci
si
onofaCi
v
i
lCour
twhi
chi
s
notadecr
ee.
2(
15)"
pl
eader
"meansanyper
sonent
i
t
l
edt
oappearandpl
eadf
oranot
heri
nCour
t
,
andi
ncl
udesanadv
ocat
e,
av
aki
l
andanat
t
or
neyofaHi
ghCour
t
.
2(
16)"
pr
escr
i
bed"meanspr
escr
i
bedbyr
ul
es.
2(
17)"publ
i
cof
f
i
cer"meansaper
sonf
al
l
i
ngunderanyoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngdescr
i
pt
i
ons,
namel
y
:
(
a)ev
er
yJudge;
(
b)ev
er
ymemberoft
heI
ndi
anCi
v
i
l
Ser
v
i
ce;
(
c)ev
er
ycommi
ssi
onedorgazet
t
edof
f
i
ceri
nt
hemi
l
i
t
ar
y{
Subs.byAct35of1934,
s.
2andSch.
,f
or"ornav
al"
.
}[
nav
alorai
r
]f
or
cesof{
Subs.byt
heA.
O.
1950f
or"
Hi
s
Maj
est
y
"
.
}[
t
heUni
on]{
Thewor
ds"
i
ncl
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ngHi
sMaj
est
y
'
sI
ndi
anMar
i
neSer
v
i
ce"
r
ep.
byAct35of1934,
s.
2.
}whi
l
eser
v
i
ngundert
heGov
er
nment
;
(
d)ev
er
yof
f
i
cerofaCour
tofJust
i
cewhosedut
yi
ti
s,
assuchof
f
i
cer
,
t
oi
nv
est
i
gat
e
orr
epor
tonanymat
t
erofl
aworf
act
,
ort
omake,
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hent
i
cat
eorkeepanydocument
,
ort
ot
akechar
geordi
sposeofanypr
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t
y
,
ort
oexecut
eanyj
udi
ci
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ocess,
ort
o
admi
ni
st
eranyoat
h,ort
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nt
er
pr
et
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eser
v
eor
der
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nt
heCour
t
,andev
er
y
per
sonespeci
al
l
yaut
hor
i
zedbyaCour
tofJust
i
cet
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f
or
m anyofsuchdut
i
es;
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e)ev
er
yper
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dsanyof
f
i
cebyv
i
r
t
ueofwhi
chhei
sempower
edt
opl
aceor
keepanyper
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nconf
i
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er
yof
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i
ceroft
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er
nmentwhosedut
yi
ti
s,assuchof
f
i
cer
,t
opr
ev
ent
of
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ences,t
ogi
v
ei
nf
or
mat
i
onofof
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ences,t
obr
i
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ender
st
oj
ust
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ce,ort
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ot
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t
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t
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et
yorconv
eni
ence;
(
g)ev
er
yof
f
i
cerwhosedut
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ti
s,
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f
i
cer
,
t
ot
ake,
r
ecei
v
e,
keeporexpendany
pr
oper
t
yon behal
foft
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er
nment
,ort
o make anysur
v
ey
,assessmentor
cont
r
actonbehal
foft
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er
nment
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oexecut
eany r
ev
enuepr
ocess,ort
o
i
nv
est
i
gat
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or
epor
ton,anymat
t
eraf
f
ect
i
ngt
hepecuni
ar
yi
nt
er
est
soft
he
Gov
er
nmentort
omake,
aut
hent
i
cat
eorkeepanydocumentr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hepecuni
ar
y
i
nt
er
est
soft
heGov
er
nment
,
ort
opr
ev
entt
hei
nf
r
act
i
onofanyl
awf
ort
hepr
ot
ect
i
on
oft
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ar
yi
nt
er
est
soft
heGov
er
nment
;
and
(
h)ev
er
yof
f
i
ceri
nt
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v
i
ceorpayoft
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er
nment
,orr
emuner
at
edbyf
eesor
commi
ssi
onf
ort
heper
f
or
manceofanypubl
i
cdut
y
.
2(
18)"
r
ul
es"meansr
ul
esandf
or
mscont
ai
nedi
nt
heFi
r
stSchedul
eormadeunder
sect
i
on122orsect
i
on125:
2(
19)"
shar
ei
nacor
por
at
i
on"shal
lbedeemedt
oi
ncl
udest
ock,debent
ur
est
ock,
debent
ur
esorbonds:
and
2(
20)"
si
gned"
,
sav
ei
nt
hecaseofaj
udgmentordecr
ee,
i
ncl
udesst
amped.
{
Cl
.
(
21)whi
chwasi
ns.byt
heA.
O.
1950,
r
ep.byAct2of1951,
s.
4.
}
SUI
TSOFCI
VI
LNATURE
Ther
ear
esev
er
alpat
hst
haty
oucanchoosei
fy
ourr
i
ght
sgetv
i
ol
at
ed.amongt
he
ot
her
,t
hemai
nt
wobr
anchesofl
aw ar
eCr
i
mi
nalCaseandCi
v
i
lSui
t
.Gener
al
l
y
,a
per
soncanchoosebet
weenacr
i
mi
nalcaseandaci
v
i
lsui
t
.Cr
i
mi
nalcasepuni
shes
t
hewr
ongdoerbyi
mpr
i
sonmentandf
i
neont
heot
herhandci
v
i
lsui
tor
der
sf
or
compensat
i
onorspeci
f
i
cr
el
i
ef
.Tost
ar
taci
v
i
lsui
tt
hesubj
ectmat
t
erorsui
tmust
beasui
tofci
v
i
lnat
ur
e,
t
her
ef
or
ei
ti
si
mpor
t
antt
ounder
st
andt
het
er
m Sui
t
sofCi
v
i
l
Nat
ur
e.TheCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e,
1908dealwi
t
hsui
t
sofci
v
i
lnat
ur
e.Let
’
shav
ea
l
ooki
nt
oi
t
.
I
nCPCsui
t
sofci
v
i
lnat
ur
emeansasui
tt
hati
spr
esent
edbef
or
eaCi
v
i
lCour
tf
or
adj
udi
cat
i
onofaci
v
i
lmat
t
er
,
mor
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f
i
cal
l
yt
odet
er
mi
net
her
i
ghtofpr
oper
t
yor
of
f
i
ce.
Her
ei
n bot
h phr
ases, “
r
i
ghtt
o pr
oper
t
y
”and “
r
i
ghtt
o of
f
i
ce”deser
v
es mor
e
cl
ar
i
f
i
cat
i
on. “
Ri
ght t
o pr
oper
t
y
” means and i
ncl
udes mov
abl
e,i
mmov
abl
e,
i
nt
el
l
ect
ual
,i
nher
i
t
abl
e pr
oper
t
y and pr
oper
t
yt
hatar
i
se outofany cont
r
act
,
agr
eement
,l
i
t
i
gat
i
on,oroutofanyot
herci
v
i
lr
i
ght
s.Asopposedt
o,“
r
i
ghtt
oof
f
i
ce”
meansar
i
ghtt
ohol
daposi
t
i
onandexer
ci
set
hepoweroft
hatposi
t
i
on.I
tcoul
dbea
j
obpost
,
ar
el
i
gi
ous,
oranysecul
arpost
.
Sect
i
on9
Pr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
o“
sui
t
sofci
v
i
lnat
ur
e”hav
ebeenl
ai
ddowni
nsect
i
on9ofCPC.
I
tr
eads“
Cour
tshal
lhav
et
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
ot
r
yal
l
sui
t
sofci
v
i
l
nat
ur
eexceptt
hoseof
whi
cht
hei
rcogni
zancei
sexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
ybar
r
ed.
”
I
nt
hel
andmar
kcase,
ShankarNar
ay
anPot
t
ivKSr
eedev
i
,(
1998)3SCC751t
he
apexcour
thel
dt
hat”
i
ti
sobv
i
oust
hati
nal
lt
y
peofci
v
i
ldi
sput
eci
v
i
lcour
t
shav
e
i
nher
i
t
edj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onaspersect
i
on9oft
heCPCunl
essapar
tofJur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
s
car
v
edoutf
r
om suchj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,ex
pr
essl
yorbynecessar
yi
mpl
i
cat
i
onbyany
st
at
ut
or
ypr
ov
i
si
onconf
er
r
edonanyot
hert
r
i
bunal
oraut
hor
i
t
y
.
”
Ci
v
i
lSui
texampl
es
Fol
l
owi
ngar
et
hesui
t
sofci
v
i
lnat
ur
e
s
ui
tr
el
at
i
ngt
opr
oper
t
y
.
s
ui
tf
ordamageofci
v
i
l
wr
ong.
s
ui
tf
orSpeci
f
i
cRel
i
ef
.
s
ui
tf
ordamagef
orbr
eachofcont
r
act
.
s
ui
tf
orr
ent
.
Butt
hesear
enotsui
t
sofci
v
i
lnat
ur
e,
As
ui
tf
oradecl
ar
at
i
onofamemberofcast
er
ef
r
ai
nedf
r
om i
nv
i
t
at
i
ont
oa
cast
edi
nner
.
As
ui
tf
orexpul
si
onofamemberf
r
om cast
e.
Su
i
t
si
nv
ol
v
i
ngpur
el
yr
el
i
gi
ouscer
emoni
es.
RESJUDI
CATAANDRESSUBJUDI
CE
I
nLat
i
n,
ResJudi
cat
ameansamat
t
ert
hathasbeenj
udged.Whenacasehas
al
r
eadybeendeci
dedandt
hef
i
nalj
udgementbeengi
v
ensucht
hatt
hemat
t
eri
sno
l
ongersubj
ectt
oappeal
,t
hedoct
r
i
neofr
esj
udi
cat
abar
sorpr
ecl
udescont
i
nued
l
i
t
i
gat
i
onofsuchmat
t
erbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
es.
Ont
heot
herhand,
SubJudi
cemeans‘
underj
udgment
’
.I
ti
mpl
i
est
hatamat
t
eri
s
bei
ngconsi
der
edbycour
torj
udge.I
nascenar
i
owhent
woormor
ecasesar
ef
i
l
ed
bet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
esont
hesamesubj
ectmat
t
er
,t
hecompet
entcour
thast
he
powert
ost
aypr
oceedi
ngs.So,
t
hedoct
r
i
neofResSubJudi
cemeansst
ayofsui
t
.
I
nor
dert
oensur
et
hatt
hecour
t
s’
t
i
mei
sef
f
ect
i
v
el
yusedaswel
lasj
ust
i
cef
oral
li
s
obt
ai
ned,
t
hesedoct
r
i
nespl
ayani
mpor
t
antr
ol
e.Theydot
hi
sbyensur
i
ngt
hatasui
t
endsaf
t
ert
hej
udgmenti
spassedandt
hatt
hesamesui
tont
hesamesubj
ect
mat
t
eri
snotf
i
l
edmul
t
i
pl
et
i
mes.Thi
sensur
essmoot
hf
unct
i
oni
ngoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
y
.
ResJudi
cat
a
I
ncaseofResJudi
cat
a,amat
t
eroncedeci
dedcannotber
ai
sedagai
n,ei
t
heri
nt
he
samecour
tori
nadi
f
f
er
entcour
t
.Thi
si
swhyi
ti
sal
socal
l
edas‘
cl
ai
m pr
ecl
usi
on’
as
i
tpr
ecl
udesorpr
ohi
bi
t
sanyf
ur
t
hercl
ai
msaf
t
ert
hef
i
nalj
udgment
.I
ti
sacommon
l
awpr
act
i
cemeantt
obarr
el
i
t
i
gat
i
onofcasesbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
esi
nt
hecour
t
.
Thedoct
r
i
neofResJudi
cat
acomef
r
om t
hef
ul
lmaxi
m‘
Resj
udi
cat
apr
ov
er
i
t
at
e
acci
pi
t
ur
’
.TheconceptofResJudi
cat
aev
ol
v
ed f
r
om t
heEngl
i
sh Common Law
sy
st
em,and was der
i
v
ed f
r
om t
he ov
er
r
i
di
ng conceptof j
udi
ci
aleconomy
,
consi
st
ency
,andf
i
nal
i
t
y
.Fr
om t
hecommonl
aw,i
tgoti
ncl
udedi
nt
heCodeofCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
e,
whi
chwasl
at
erasawhol
ewasadopt
edbyt
heI
ndi
anl
egal
sy
st
em.
Pur
poseofResj
udi
cat
a
ResJudi
cat
aai
mst
opr
ev
ent
;
1.I
nj
ust
i
cet
ot
hepar
t
i
esofacaset
hathasbeensupposedl
yconcl
udedby
pr
ov
i
di
ngcl
osur
et
oaj
udgmentandpr
ecl
udi
nganyf
ur
t
hercl
ai
ms
2.Unnecessar
ywast
eofcour
tr
esour
ces
3.Mul
t
i
pl
y
i
ngofj
udgment
sasf
ur
t
hercl
ai
mswoul
dl
eadt
osev
er
alv
ar
i
ed
j
udgement
sont
hesamemat
t
erwhi
chwi
l
l
l
eadt
oconf
usi
on
4.Recov
er
yofdamagesf
r
om t
hedef
endantt
wi
cef
ort
hesamei
nj
ur
y
Resj
udi
cat
ai
ncl
udes
Cl
ai
m pr
ecl
usi
on:i
tf
ocusesonbar
r
i
ngasui
tf
r
om bei
ngbr
oughtagai
non
al
egalcauseofact
i
on,t
hathasal
r
eadybeen,f
i
nal
l
ydeci
dedbet
weent
he
par
t
i
es.
I
ssuepr
ecl
usi
on:bar
st
her
el
i
t
i
gat
i
onoff
act
uali
ssuest
hathav
eal
r
eady
beennecessar
i
l
ydet
er
mi
nedbyaj
udgeaspar
tofear
l
i
ercl
ai
m.
Thoughi
tmustbenot
edt
hat
,t
hi
sdoesn’
ti
ncl
udet
hepr
ocessofappeal
,asan
appeali
sconsi
der
edt
heappr
opr
i
at
ewayt
ochal
l
engeaj
udgement
.Oncet
heappeal
pr
ocess i
s exhaust
ed orbar
r
ed byl
i
mi
t
at
i
on,t
her
es j
udi
cat
awi
l
lappl
yt
ot
he
deci
si
on.Ther
ef
or
e,
i
t
sappl
i
cat
i
oni
sonl
yont
hef
i
nal
deci
si
onpostappeal
s.
Maxi
ms
Doct
r
i
neofr
esj
udi
cat
aorr
ul
eofconcl
usi
v
ej
udgementi
sbasedont
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
t
hr
eemaxi
ms:
1.Nemodebetl
i
svexar
ipr
oeadem causa–nomant
obev
exedt
wi
cef
ort
he
samecause.
2.I
nt
er
estr
epubl
i
caeutsi
tf
i
ni
sl
i
t
i
um–i
ti
si
nt
hei
nt
er
estoft
hest
at
et
hat
t
her
eshoul
dbeendt
ol
i
t
i
gat
i
on.
3.Rej
udi
cat
apr
ov
er
i
t
at
eocci
pi
t
ur
–aj
udi
ci
aldeci
si
onshoul
dbeaccept
edas
cor
r
ect
.
I
nt
hecaseofAshokKumarvNat
i
onalI
nsur
anceCompany1998,
t
heSupr
eme
Cour
tobser
v
edt
hatt
hef
i
r
stl
egalmaxi
mt
akescar
eoft
hepr
i
v
at
ei
nt
er
estandt
he
nextt
wooft
hel
ar
geri
nt
er
estoft
hesoci
et
y
.
ResJudi
cat
aunderI
ndi
anl
aw
Resj
udi
cat
aort
her
ul
eofconcl
usi
v
enessoft
hej
udgmenthasbeenembodi
edi
nt
he
I
ndi
anl
awunderSect
i
on11oft
hecodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e,
1908.I
tenact
st
hatonce
amat
t
eri
sf
i
nal
l
ydeci
dedbyacompet
entCour
t
,
nopar
t
ycanbeper
mi
t
t
edt
or
eopen
i
ti
nasubsequentl
i
t
i
gat
i
on.Sect
i
on11st
at
est
hat
;
“
NoCour
tshal
lt
r
yanysui
tori
ssuei
nwhi
cht
hemat
t
erdi
r
ect
l
yandsubst
ant
i
al
l
yi
n
i
ssuehasbeendi
r
ect
l
yandsubst
ant
i
al
l
yi
ni
ssuei
naf
or
mersui
tbet
weent
hesame
par
t
i
es,orbet
weenpar
t
i
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
ai
m,l
i
t
i
gat
i
ngunder
t
hesamet
i
t
l
e,i
naCour
tcompet
entt
ot
r
ysuchsubsequentsui
tort
hesui
ti
nwhi
ch
suchi
ssuehasbeensubsequent
l
yr
ai
sed,andhasbeenhear
dandf
i
nal
l
ydeci
dedby
suchCour
t
.
”
I
nt
he case ofSat
y
adhy
an Ghosalv.Deor
j
i
n Debi
,Hon’
bl
e Just
i
ce Das Gupt
a
expl
ai
nedt
hedoct
r
i
neofResJudi
cat
aas;
“
Thepr
i
nci
pl
eofr
esj
udi
cat
ai
sbasedont
heneedofgi
v
i
ngaf
i
nal
i
t
yt
oj
udi
ci
al
deci
si
ons.Whati
tsay
si
st
hatoncear
esi
sj
udi
cat
a,i
tshal
lnotbeadj
udgedagai
n.
Pr
i
mar
i
l
yi
tappl
i
esasbet
weenpastl
i
t
i
gat
i
onandf
ut
ur
el
i
t
i
gat
i
on.Whenamat
t
er
,
whet
heronaquest
i
onoff
actoraquest
i
onofl
aw,hasbeendeci
dedbet
weent
wo
par
t
i
esi
nonesui
torpr
oceedi
ngandt
hedeci
si
oni
sf
i
nal
,ei
t
herbecausenoappeal
wast
akent
oahi
gherCour
torbecauset
heappealwasdi
smi
ssed,ornoappeall
i
es,
nei
t
herpar
t
ywi
l
lbeal
l
owedi
naf
ut
ur
esui
torpr
oceedi
ngbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
es
t
ocanv
asst
hemat
t
eragai
n.
”
I
ngr
edi
ent
sandessent
i
al
sofsect
i
on11
Ac
cor
di
ngt
ot
hi
ssect
i
on,
nocour
tshal
l
t
r
yanysui
tori
ssuei
nwhi
ch:
1.Themat
t
eri
ni
ssue(
di
r
ect
l
yandsubst
ant
i
al
l
y
)
hasbeendi
r
ect
l
yand
subst
ant
i
al
l
yi
ni
ssuei
naf
or
mersui
t
2.Suchmat
t
eri
nt
hef
or
mersui
thadbeenbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
esor
bet
weenpar
t
i
escl
ai
mi
ng undert
hem
3.Themat
t
ermustbel
i
t
i
gat
edundert
hesamet
i
t
l
ei
nacour
tcompet
ent
t
ot
r
ysuchsui
torasui
ti
nwhi
cht
hemat
t
erhasbeensubsequent
l
y
r
ai
sedandhasbeenhear
dandf
i
nal
l
ydeci
dedbysuchcour
t
Ma
ndat
or
yPr
ov
i
si
on:
1.Fur
t
her
,i
tmustbenot
edt
hatSect
i
on11i
samandat
or
ypr
ov
i
si
onand
notdi
r
ect
or
yi
nnat
ur
e.Theonl
yexcept
i
oni
nwhi
chaf
or
mersui
tcan
beav
oi
dedi
sbyt
aki
ngr
ecour
seofSect
i
on44oft
heI
ndi
anEv
i
dence
Act
,
1872ongr
oundsoff
r
audorcol
l
usi
on.
2.Thesamewasdi
scussedi
nt
hecaseofBel
iRam andBr
ot
her
sv
Chaudr
iMohammadAf
zal
,wher
et
hecour
thel
dt
hatwheni
twas
est
abl
i
shedt
hatt
heguar
di
anoft
hemi
norhadact
edi
ncol
l
usi
onwi
t
h
t
hedef
endant
,i
tdoesn’
toper
at
easr
esj
udi
cat
aandcanbesetasi
de
byi
nv
oki
ngSect
i
on44oft
heI
ndi
anEv
i
denceAct
.
3.Fur
t
her
,i
nt
he case ofJal
l
urVenkat
a Seshay
y
av
.Tahdav
i
conda
Kot
eswar
aRao,1937t
hecour
thel
dt
hat
,gr
ossnegl
i
gencei
nf
or
mer
sui
tdoesn’
tamountt
of
r
audorcol
l
usi
onandt
husact
sasbart
o
subsequentsui
t
.
Th
ef
ol
l
owi
ngar
eal
sot
obet
akeni
nt
oaccount
:
1.f
or
mersui
tdenot
esasui
twhi
chhasbeendeci
dedpr
i
ort
ot
hesui
ti
n
quest
i
on,andnoti
fi
twaspr
i
ort
ot
hi
ssui
t
.i
.
e.Thecut
of
fi
sdat
eof
j
udgementandnott
hedat
eofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
t
.
2.compet
encyofacour
ti
st
obedeci
ded,i
r
r
espect
i
v
eoft
her
i
ghtt
o
appeal
f
r
om af
or
mersui
t
.
3.t
hemat
t
err
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nt
hi
ssui
tmusthav
ebeenal
l
egedbyonepar
t
y
andei
t
heraccept
edorr
ef
usedbyt
heot
herpar
t
y(
expr
essl
y
/
i
mpl
i
edl
y
)
.
4.anymat
t
erwhi
ch mi
ghtoroughtt
o hav
e been made gr
ound of
at
t
ack/
def
encei
nsuchf
or
mersui
tshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeena
mat
t
erdi
r
ect
l
yandsubst
ant
i
al
l
yi
ni
ssuei
nsuchsui
t(
const
r
uct
i
v
er
es
j
udi
cat
a)
.
5.i
fanyr
el
i
efwascl
ai
medi
npl
ai
ntandwasnotgr
ant
edexpr
essl
y
,i
t
woul
dbedeemedt
ohav
ebeenr
ef
usedi
nsuchf
or
mersui
t
.
6.when per
sonsl
i
t
i
gat
ebonaf
i
dei
nr
espectofapubl
i
c/
pr
i
v
at
er
i
ght
cl
ai
medi
ncommonf
ort
hemsel
v
esandot
her
s,al
lper
sonsi
nt
er
est
ed
f
ort
hepur
poseofsect
i
on11,wi
l
lbedeemedascl
ai
mi
ngunder
per
sonsl
i
t
i
gat
i
ng,
7.i
ti
sal
sot
ober
emember
edt
hat
,acour
tofl
i
mi
t
edj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwher
e
t
hef
or
mersui
twasi
nst
i
t
ut
edanddeci
dedupon,shal
loper
at
easr
es
j
udi
cat
a,ev
eni
ft
hecour
tofl
i
mi
t
edj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
snotcompet
entt
ot
r
y
t
hesubsequentsui
t
.
8.t
hi
ssect
i
on11appl
i
est
oex
ecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngsal
so.
Pu
bl
i
cI
nt
er
estLi
t
i
gat
i
ons:
1.I
ncaseofr
esj
udi
cat
a,aPubl
i
cI
nt
er
estLi
t
i
gat
i
oncanbeappl
i
cabl
e
onl
ywhent
hef
or
mersui
twasbonaf
i
dei
nnat
ur
eandt
hati
twi
l
lnotact
asashi
el
di
ncaseswher
epubl
i
cgoodi
st
hr
eat
enedorquest
i
oned.
2.I
nt
hecaseofRur
all
i
t
i
gat
i
onandEnt
i
t
l
ementKendr
avSt
at
eofUt
t
ar
Pr
adesh,t
heSupr
emeCour
tobser
v
edt
hatt
hewr
i
tpet
i
t
i
onbef
or
e
t
hem wasnotani
nt
er
par
t
ydi
sput
eandt
hecont
r
ov
er
syi
ni
twas
whet
hermi
ni
ngwast
obeal
l
owedornot
.Thusi
twasamat
t
ert
hat
deci
dedt
hesoci
alsaf
et
yandpr
ov
i
di
nghazar
dousf
r
eeenv
i
r
onment
.I
t
wasf
ur
t
herdi
scussedbyt
hecour
tt
hatt
hi
smat
t
erwasofgr
av
epubl
i
c
i
mpor
t
anceandt
her
ef
or
e,
r
esj
udi
cat
acoul
dnotbeusedasashi
el
d.
3.Fur
t
heri
nt
hecaseofRamdasNay
akvUni
onofI
ndi
a,cour
tobser
v
ed
t
hat
,byi
nv
oki
ngr
ej
udi
cat
a,i
twashi
ght
i
mef
ort
hecour
tt
oend
r
epet
i
t
i
v
el
i
t
i
gat
i
onscomi
ngundert
hegr
abofpubl
i
ci
nt
er
estl
i
t
i
gat
i
ons.
Cases
1.I
nSl
ochanaAmmav.Nar
ay
anaNai
r1994,t
hecour
thel
d,t
hedoct
r
i
neofr
es
j
udi
cat
aappl
i
est
oquasi
j
udi
ci
al
pr
oceedi
ngsbef
or
et
r
i
bunal
sal
so.
2.I
nt
hecaseofGov
i
ndaswamyv.Kast
ur
iAmmal1998,
i
twashel
dbyt
hecour
t
t
hat
,t
he doct
r
i
ne ofr
es j
udi
cat
aappl
i
es t
ot
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
fas wel
las t
he
def
endant
.
3.Thecour
thel
di
nt
hecaseofUmay
alAchivMPM Ramanat
hanChet
t
i
art
hat
t
hecor
r
ect
nessorot
her
wi
seofaj
udi
ci
aldeci
si
onhasno bear
i
ng upon
whet
herornoti
toper
at
esasr
esj
udi
cat
a.
Appl
i
cat
i
onsofr
esj
udi
cat
a
Th
edoct
r
i
neofr
esj
udi
cat
acanbei
nv
okedev
eni
nt
hesubsequentst
ageof
t
hesamepr
oceedi
ngs.I
nt
hecaseofY.
B.Pat
i
lv.Y.
L.
Pat
i
l
,t
hecour
thel
d
t
hatonceanor
deri
smadei
nt
hecour
seoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs,
i
tbecomesf
i
nal
andt
her
ef
or
ewoul
dbebi
ndi
ngupont
hepar
t
i
esatanysubsequentst
agesof
t
hesamepr
oceedi
ngs.
Th
i
sdoct
r
i
necanal
soappl
yagai
nstcodef
endant
s.I
nt
hecaseofMahaboob
SahabvSy
edI
smai
l
,t
hecour
thel
dt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngf
ourcondi
t
i
onsmustbe
sat
i
sf
i
edf
ort
heappl
i
cat
i
onofr
esj
udi
cat
a:
1.t
her
emustbeaconf
l
i
ctofi
nt
er
estbet
weent
hedef
endant
sconcer
ned.
2.i
tmustbenecessar
yt
odeci
desuchconf
l
i
ct
s,i
nor
dert
ogi
v
er
el
i
eft
o
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
3.t
hequest
i
onsbet
weent
hedef
endant
st
obef
i
nal
l
ydeci
ded.
4.codef
endant
st
obenecessar
yandpr
operpar
t
i
est
ot
hesui
t
.
F
ur
t
her
,t
hi
sdoct
r
i
necanbeappl
i
edev
enbet
weencopl
ai
nt
i
f
f
s.I
nt
hecase
ofI
f
t
i
kharAhmedv
.Sy
edMehar
banAl
i
,t
hecour
thel
dt
hati
ft
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
f
ourcondi
t
i
onsar
esat
i
sf
i
edr
esj
udi
cat
awi
l
l
beappl
i
cabl
e:
1.t
her
emustbeaconf
l
i
ctofi
nt
er
estbet
weent
hecopl
ai
nt
i
f
f
s
2.i
tmustbenecessar
yt
odeci
desuchconf
l
i
ct
s,i
nor
dert
ogi
v
er
el
i
eft
o
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
3.t
hequest
i
onsbet
weent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
st
obef
i
nal
l
ydeci
ded.
Nonappl
i
cat
i
onofr
esj
udi
cat
a
1.Habeascor
puspet
i
t
i
ons:I
nt
hecaseofSuni
lDut
tvUni
onofI
ndi
a,
i
twashel
d
t
hathabeascor
pus,f
i
l
edunderf
r
eshgr
oundsandchangedci
r
cumst
ances
wi
l
l
notbebar
r
edbyapr
ev
i
oussuchpet
i
t
i
on.
2.Di
smi
ssalofwr
i
tpet
i
t
i
oni
nl
i
mi
ne:I
nPuj
ar
iBaivMadanGopal
,
i
twashel
d
r
esj
udi
cat
anotappl
i
cabl
ewhendi
smi
ssedi
nl
i
mi
ne(wi
t
houtspeaki
ngor
der
s)
orongr
oundsofl
achesorav
ai
l
abi
l
i
t
yofal
t
er
nat
er
emedi
es.
3.Mat
t
ercol
l
at
er
al
l
yandi
nci
dent
al
l
yi
ni
ssuedoesn’
toper
at
easr
esj
udi
cat
aas
di
scussedi
nt
hecaseofSay
edMohammadvMusaUmmer
4.Resj
udi
cat
anotappl
i
cabl
et
oi
tpr
oceedi
ngsorf
i
xi
ngoff
ai
rr
entpr
oceedi
ngs
ResSubJudi
ce
Whent
woormor
ecasesar
ef
i
l
edbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
esont
hesamesubj
ect
mat
t
er
,i
nt
woormor
edi
f
f
er
entCour
t
s,t
hecompet
entcour
thaspowert
o“
St
ay
Pr
oceedi
ngs”ofanot
herCour
t
.Thedoct
r
i
neofr
essubj
udi
ceai
mst
opr
ev
entcour
t
s
ofconcur
r
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onf
r
om si
mul
t
aneousl
yent
er
t
ai
ni
ngandadj
udi
cat
i
ngupon
t
wopar
al
l
ell
i
t
i
gat
i
onswi
t
hr
espectt
ot
hesamecauseofact
i
on,samesubj
ect
mat
t
erandsamer
el
i
efcl
ai
med.
Appl
i
cat
i
onofResSubJudi
cei
nI
ndi
a
Sect
i
on10ofCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
eCodedef
i
nes‘
St
ayofsui
t
’
asf
ol
l
ows:
“
NoCour
tt
opr
oceedwi
t
ht
r
ai
lofanysui
ti
nwhi
cht
hemat
t
eri
ni
ssue,
i
sal
sodi
r
ect
l
y
andsubst
ant
i
al
l
yi
ni
ssue.I
npr
ev
i
ousl
yi
nst
i
t
ut
edsui
tbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
es,or
bet
weenpar
t
i
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
ai
m,l
i
t
i
gat
i
ngundert
hesame
t
i
t
l
e,wher
esuch sui
ti
spendi
ng i
n sameoranyot
herCour
t
,i
nI
ndi
a,Hav
i
ng
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
ogr
antr
el
i
efcl
ai
med.Expl
anat
i
on:Thependencyofasui
ti
naFor
ei
gn
Cour
tdoesn’
tpr
ecl
udet
heCour
t
si
nI
ndi
af
r
om,
t
r
y
i
ngasui
tf
oundedonsamecause
ofact
i
on.
”
ScopeandObj
ect
i
v
eofsect
i
on10
1.Scope:Sect
i
on10deal
swi
t
ht
heconceptofResSubJudi
ce.
1.Obj
ect
i
v
e:Theobj
ectofSect
i
on10i
st
opr
ev
entCour
t
sofconcur
r
ent
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onf
r
om si
mul
t
aneousl
y
,
t
r
y
i
ngt
wopar
al
l
elcases,
i
nr
espectof
samemat
t
eri
ni
ssue.Thet
wof
ol
dobj
ect
sar
e:
1.Av
oi
dwast
i
ngCour
tResour
ces.
2.Av
oi
dConf
l
i
ct
i
ngdeci
si
ons.
Condi
t
i
onsoressent
i
al
s
Th
emat
t
eri
ni
ssuei
nbot
ht
hecasesar
et
obesubst
ant
i
al
l
yt
hesame
Pr
ev
i
ousl
yi
nst
i
t
ut
edsui
tmustbependi
ngi
nt
hesameoranyot
hercour
t
compet
entt
ogr
ant
:
1.Rel
i
efcl
ai
medi
nt
hesui
t
.
2.Rel
i
efcl
ai
medi
nsubsequentt
hesui
t
.
Su
i
t
st
ot
hepar
t
i
esar
et
obet
hesameorbet
weenpar
t
i
esunderwhom t
heyor
anyoft
hem cl
ai
m,
l
i
t
i
gat
i
ngundert
hesamet
i
t
l
e.
Pe
ndencyofsui
ti
nFor
ei
gnCour
tdoesn’
tact
i
v
at
eSect
i
on10CPC.
I
fsui
ti
spendi
ngbef
or
eaCour
tandsubsequent
l
yanappl
i
cat
i
oni
sf
i
l
ed
bef
or
eaThasi
l
dhar
,
i
tdoesn’
ti
nv
okeSect
i
on10asThasi
l
dhari
snota“
Cour
t
”
F
orpur
poseofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
on,t
hedat
eofpr
esent
at
i
onofpl
ai
ntandnott
hedat
e
ofadmi
ssi
oni
sconsi
der
ed.Thet
er
m sui
ti
ncl
udesappeal
.
An
ydecr
eepassedi
nv
i
ol
at
i
onofSect
i
on10i
snul
l
andv
oi
d.
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
on:Papi
t
a,anagentofBabi
t
aatDel
hiagr
eedt
osel
lBabi
t
a’
sgoodsi
n
Chennai
.Papi
t
a,t
heagentf
i
l
essui
tf
orbal
anceofaccount
si
nChennai
.Babi
t
asues
t
heagentPapi
t
af
oraccount
sandhi
snegl
i
gencei
nDel
hi
;whi
l
ecasei
spendi
ngi
n
Chennai
.I
nt
hi
scase,Del
hiCour
ti
spr
ecl
udedf
r
om conduct
i
ngt
r
ai
landPapi
t
acan
pet
i
t
i
onChennai
Cour
tt
odi
r
ectst
ayofpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstDel
hi
Cour
t
.
Cases
Escor
t
sConst
.Equi
pment
sLt
dVAct
i
onConstEqui
pment
sLt
d1998
1.Fact
s:Thedef
endanthadf
i
l
edf
orst
ayofpr
esentsui
t
,anappl
i
cat
i
on
u/
s10CPC,ongr
oundt
hatt
hemat
t
eri
ncont
r
ov
er
syi
spendi
ngi
n
JamshedpurCour
tal
so.Thi
swasopposedbypl
ai
nt
i
f
fongr
oundt
hat
,
t
hedef
endant
shadr
ai
sedi
ssueofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofJamshedpurCour
tt
o
ent
er
t
ai
nsamesui
t
;
andt
hatappl
i
cat
i
onu/
s10CPCcanbef
i
l
edi
nt
he
pr
esentsui
t
,onl
yi
fobj
ect
i
onwi
t
hr
espectt
ol
ackofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwas
wi
t
hdr
awni
nJamshedpurCour
t
.
2.Judgment
:Cour
thel
dt
hatt
hecondi
t
i
onsr
equi
si
t
et
oi
nv
okeS.
10CPC
ar
e:
1.Mat
t
eri
ni
ssuei
nbot
ht
hesui
t
st
obesubst
ant
i
al
l
yt
hesame.
2.Sui
tt
obebet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
esorpar
t
i
esl
i
t
i
gat
i
ngunder
t
hem
3.Pr
ev
i
ousl
yi
nst
i
t
ut
edsui
tt
obei
nt
hesameCour
toradi
f
f
er
ent
Cour
t
,
whi
chhasj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
ogr
antt
her
el
i
efasked.
4.Ther
ei
s not
hi
ng t
ot
he ef
f
ectt
hatdef
endantshoul
d not
quest
i
ont
hecompet
encyofpr
ev
i
ousl
yCour
ti
nt
hepr
ev
i
ousl
y
i
nst
i
t
ut
edsui
t
,andt
her
er
emai
nst
hef
actt
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
n
t
hei
rdef
enseagai
nstS.
10CPC,hadnotst
at
edt
heJamshedpur
Cour
ti
scompet
ent
.Thusr
el
i
efwasgr
ant
edt
ot
hedef
endant
.
DeesPi
st
onLt
d VSt
at
eBankofI
ndi
a1991:I
nt
hi
scase,i
twashel
dt
hat
.
whenamat
t
eri
sbef
or
eacompet
entCi
v
i
l
Cour
t
,
t
heNat
i
onal
Commi
ssi
onwi
l
l
notent
er
t
ai
napet
i
t
i
oni
nr
espectofi
dent
i
calsubj
ectmat
t
erunderConsumer
Pr
ot
ect
i
onAct
.
I
ndi
an
Bank
V
Mahar
asht
r
a
St
at
e
CoOper
at
i
ve
Mar
ket
i
ng
Feder
at
i
on1998:Thecour
ti
nt
hi
scasehel
dt
hat
,t
heobj
ectofpr
ohi
bi
t
i
oni
n
S.
10CPC,
i
st
o,
pr
ev
entcour
t
sofconcur
r
entJur
i
sdi
ct
i
onf
r
om si
mul
t
aneousl
y
t
r
y
i
ngt
wopar
al
l
el
casesav
oi
di
nconsi
st
entf
i
ndi
ngsont
hemat
t
eri
ni
ssue.
Concl
usi
on
Wi
t
ht
heev
er
i
ncr
easi
ngcasesi
nt
hecour
t
sandt
hehei
ght
enedbur
denont
hecour
t
s
becauseofsev
er
alf
r
i
v
ol
ousand r
epet
i
t
i
v
esui
t
s,i
ti
si
nev
i
t
abl
et
hatt
o ensur
e
smoot
hf
unct
i
oni
ngoft
hej
udi
ci
alsy
st
em aswel
lasf
orpr
ov
i
di
ngj
ust
i
cet
oneedy
par
t
i
est
hatt
heset
wodoct
r
i
nesar
er
i
gor
ousl
yi
mpl
ement
ed.Thesedoct
r
i
nesar
enot
andmustnotbeusedf
ort
hepur
poseofav
oi
danceofj
ust
i
ce.Rat
her
,
t
hepur
posei
s
t
omaket
hej
udi
ci
ar
ymor
eef
f
i
ci
ent
.
Thedoct
r
i
neofResSubJudi
ceoper
at
esasast
ayf
r
om t
hesamesubj
ectmat
t
eri
n
i
ssuebei
ngpar
al
l
eli
nst
i
t
ut
edi
nt
wodi
f
f
er
entCour
t
sandt
het
wi
nobj
ect
i
v
esof
Sect
i
on10CPCar
e,
Av
oi
di
ngconf
l
i
ct
i
ngdeci
si
onsandf
i
ndi
ngs.Av
oi
di
ngwast
ageof
Cour
tr
esour
cesandt
i
me.
Thedoct
r
i
neofResJudi
cat
a,ont
heot
herhand,ai
mst
oensur
et
hatamat
t
eronce
cl
osedaf
t
erexhaust
i
onofal
lr
emedi
esi
snotr
eopened.Thi
si
si
mpor
t
antasi
fi
t
wer
enoti
npl
ace,t
hecaseswoul
dgooni
nper
pet
ui
t
yandt
her
ewoul
dbeno
concl
usi
oni
nanymat
t
er
.
FOREI
GNJUDGMENTS
The I
ndi
an Code ofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e,1908 (
CPC)l
ay
s down t
he pr
ocedur
ef
or
enf
or
cementoff
or
ei
gnj
udgment
sanddecr
eesi
nI
ndi
a.CPC,1908haddef
i
nedt
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngas-
Se
ct
i
on2(
5)“
f
or
ei
gnCour
t
”meansaCour
tsi
t
uat
eout
si
deI
ndi
aandnot
est
abl
i
shedorcont
i
nuedbyt
heaut
hor
i
t
yoft
heCent
r
alGov
er
nment
Se
ct
i
on2(
6)“
f
or
ei
gnj
udgment
”meanst
hej
udgmentofaf
or
ei
gnCour
t
.
Nat
ur
eandScopeofFor
ei
gnJudgment
s
Sect
i
on13embodi
est
hepr
i
nci
pl
eofr
esj
udi
cat
ai
nf
or
ei
gnj
udgment
s.I
tembodi
es
t
hepr
i
nci
pl
eofPr
i
v
at
eI
nt
er
nat
i
onall
awt
hataj
udgmentdel
i
v
er
edbyaf
or
ei
gncour
t
ofcompet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oncanbeex
ecut
edandenf
or
cedi
nI
ndi
a.
Obj
ectofRecogni
zi
ngFor
ei
gnJudgment
s
Thej
udgmentofaf
or
ei
gncour
ti
senf
or
cedont
hepr
i
nci
pl
et
hatwher
eaf
or
ei
gn
cour
tofcompet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onhasadj
udi
cat
eduponacl
ai
m,al
egalobl
i
gat
i
on
ar
i
sest
osat
i
sf
yt
hatcl
ai
mi
nt
hecount
r
ywher
et
hej
udgmentneededt
obeenf
or
ced.
Ther
ul
esofpr
i
v
at
ei
nt
er
nat
i
onall
awofeachst
at
edi
f
f
eri
nmanyr
espect
,
butbyt
he
comi
t
yofnat
i
onscer
t
ai
nr
ul
esar
er
ecogni
zedascommont
oci
v
i
l
i
zedJur
i
sdi
ct
i
ons.
Thr
oughpar
toft
hej
udi
ci
alsy
st
em ofeachst
at
et
hesecommonr
ul
eshav
ebeen
adopt
edt
oadj
udi
cat
eupondi
sput
esi
nv
ol
v
i
ngaf
or
ei
gnel
ementandt
oenf
or
ce
j
udgment
soff
or
ei
gncour
t
s,orasar
esul
tofI
nt
er
nat
i
onalconv
ent
i
ons.Sucha
r
ecogni
t
i
oni
saccor
dednotasanactofcour
t
esybutonconsi
der
at
i
onofbasi
c
pr
i
nci
pl
eofj
ust
i
ce,equi
t
yandgoodconsci
ence.Anawar
enessoff
or
ei
gnl
awi
nt
he
par
al
l
elj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwoul
dbeausef
ulgui
del
i
nei
ndet
er
mi
ni
ngournot
i
onsofj
ust
i
ce
andpubl
i
cpol
i
cy
.Wear
eaSov
er
ei
gnNat
i
onwi
t
hi
nourt
er
r
i
t
or
ybut“i
ti
snot
der
ogat
i
onofsov
er
ei
gnt
yt
ot
akeaccount
soff
or
ei
gnl
aw”
.
“
Wear
enotpr
ovi
nci
alast
o sayt
hatever
ysol
ut
i
onoft
hepr
obl
em i
swr
ong
becausewedealwi
t
hi
tot
her
wi
seathome”
Ther
ef
or
e,weshal
lnotbr
ushasi
def
or
ei
gnj
udi
ci
alpr
ocessunl
essdoi
ngso,“
woul
d
v
i
ol
at
esomef
undament
alpr
i
nci
pl
eofj
ust
i
ce&deepr
oot
edt
r
adi
t
i
onsofcommon
weal
”
.
Jur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofFor
ei
gnCour
t
s
I
n Pr
i
v
at
eI
nt
er
nat
i
onalLaw,unl
ess a f
or
ei
gn cour
t has j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on i
nt
he
i
nt
er
nat
i
onalsense,aj
udgmentdel
i
v
er
edbyt
hatcour
twoul
dnotber
ecogni
zedi
n
I
ndi
a[
5]
.Buti
tconsi
der
sonl
yt
het
er
r
i
t
or
i
alcompet
enceofcour
tov
ert
hesubj
ect
mat
t
eranddef
endant
.I
t
scompet
enceorj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
nanyot
hersensei
snot
r
egar
dedasmat
er
i
al
byt
hecour
ti
nt
hi
scount
r
y
.
Pr
esumpt
i
onast
of
or
ei
gnj
udgment
s
Sect
i
on14st
at
est
hepr
esumpt
i
ont
hatanI
ndi
ancour
tt
akeswhenadocument
supposi
ngt
obeacer
t
i
f
i
edcopyofaf
or
ei
gnj
udgmenti
spr
esent
edbef
or
ei
t
.The
I
ndi
anCour
t
spr
esumet
hataf
or
ei
gnCour
tofcompet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onpr
onouncedt
he
j
udgmentunl
ess t
he cont
r
ar
yappear
s on t
he r
ecor
d,butbypr
ov
i
ng wantof
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onmayov
er
r
ul
esuchpr
esumpt
i
on.
Sect
i
on14.Pr
esumpt
i
onast
of
or
ei
gnj
udgment
s–TheCour
tshal
lpr
esume,upon
t
hepr
oduct
i
onofanydocumentpur
por
t
i
ngt
o beacer
t
i
f
i
edcopyofaf
or
ei
gn
j
udgment
,t
hatsuchj
udgmentwaspr
onouncedbyaCour
tt
ocompet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,
unl
esst
hecont
r
ar
yappear
sont
her
ecor
d;butsuchpr
esumpt
i
onmaybedi
spl
aced
bypr
ov
i
ngwantofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
Concl
usi
v
enessofFor
ei
gnJudgment
s
Sect
i
on13l
ay
sdownt
hef
undament
alr
ul
eswhi
chshoul
dnotbev
i
ol
at
edbyany
f
or
ei
gncour
ti
npassi
ngadecr
eeorj
udgment
.Thedecr
eeorj
udgmentoff
or
ei
gn
cour
twi
l
lbeconcl
usi
v
eexceptwher
ei
tcomesunderanyoft
hecl
auses(
a)t
o(
f
)of
Sect
i
on13.
13.
When f
or
ei
gn j
udgment not concl
usi
v
e.
A f
or
ei
gn j
udgment shal
lbe
concl
usi
v
east
oanymat
t
ert
her
ebydi
r
ect
l
yadj
udi
cat
eduponbet
weent
he
samepar
t
i
esorbet
weenpar
t
i
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hem cl
ai
m
l
i
t
i
gat
i
ngundert
hesamet
i
t
l
eexcept
,
—
(
a)Wher
ei
thasnotbeenpr
onouncedbyaCour
tofcompet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on;
(
b)Wher
ei
thasnotbeengi
v
enont
hemer
i
t
soft
hecase;
(
c)Wher
ei
tappear
sont
hef
aceoft
hepr
oceedi
ngst
obef
oundedonani
ncor
r
ect
v
i
ewofi
nt
er
nat
i
onall
aworar
ef
usalt
or
ecogni
zet
hel
awofI
ndi
ai
ncasesi
nwhi
ch
suchl
awi
sappl
i
cabl
e;
(
d)Wher
et
hepr
oceedi
ngsi
nwhi
cht
hej
udgmentwasobt
ai
nedar
eopposedt
o
nat
ur
alj
ust
i
ce;
(
e)Wher
ei
thasbeenobt
ai
nedbyf
r
aud;
(
f
)Wer
ei
tsust
ai
nsacl
ai
mf
oundedonabr
eachofanyl
awi
nf
or
cei
nI
ndi
a.
I
nBr
i
j
l
alRamj
i
dasv
.Gov
i
ndr
am Gor
dhandasSeksar
i
a,Supr
emeCour
thel
dt
hat
Sect
i
on 13 speaks notonl
y of“
Judgment
”but“
any mat
t
ert
her
eby di
r
ect
l
y
adj
udi
cat
edupon”
.Thewor
d‘
any
’
cl
ear
l
yshowst
hatal
lt
headj
udi
cat
i
v
epar
t
soft
he
j
udgmentar
eequal
l
yconcl
usi
v
e.
For
ei
gnJudgment
swhencannotbeEnf
or
cedi
nI
ndi
a
Bef
or
eenf
or
ci
ngaf
or
ei
gnj
udgmentordecr
ee,t
hepar
t
yenf
or
ci
ngi
tmustensur
e
t
hatt
hef
or
ei
gnj
udgmentordecr
eemustnotf
al
lundert
hese6cases.I
ft
hef
or
ei
gn
j
udgmentordecr
ee f
al
l
sunderanyoft
hese t
est
s,i
twi
l
lnotbe r
egar
ded as
concl
usi
v
eandhencenotenf
or
ceabl
ei
nI
ndi
a.UnderSect
i
on13,
t
her
ear
esi
xcases
whenaf
or
ei
gnj
udgmentshal
l
notbeconcl
usi
v
e.Si
xt
est
sar
edi
scussedbel
ow.
For
ei
gnJudgmentnotbyacompet
entcour
t
I
ti
sabasi
cf
undament
alpr
i
nci
pl
eofl
awt
hatt
hej
udgmentoror
derpassedbyt
he
cour
twhi
chhasnoj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
sv
oi
d.Thus,aj
udgmentofaf
or
ei
gncour
tt
obe
concl
usi
v
ebet
weent
hepar
t
i
esmustbeaj
udgmentpr
onouncedbyacour
tof
compet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.Suchj
udgmentmustbebyacour
tcompet
entbot
hbyl
awof
t
hest
at
ewhi
chhasconst
i
t
ut
edi
tandi
nani
nt
er
nat
i
onalsenseandi
tmusthav
e
di
r
ect
l
yadj
udi
cat
edupont
hemat
t
erwhi
chi
spl
eadedasResj
udi
cat
a.
I
nt
hecaseofR.
M.
V.Vel
l
achiAchiv
.R.
M.
A.Ramanat
hanChet
t
i
ar
,
i
twasal
l
egedby
t
her
espondentt
hatsi
ncehewasnotasubj
ectoft
hef
or
ei
gncount
r
y
,andt
hathe
hadnotsubmi
t
t
edt
ot
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heFor
ei
gnCour
t(
Si
ngapor
eCour
t
)
,t
he
decr
eecoul
dnotbeexecut
edi
nI
ndi
a.TheAppel
l
ant
,i
ndef
enseoft
hi
sar
gument
,
st
at
edt
hatt
heRespondentwasapar
t
nerofaf
i
r
m whi
chwasdoi
ngbusi
nessi
n
Si
ngapor
eandhadi
nst
i
t
ut
edv
ar
i
oussui
t
si
nt
heSi
ngapor
eCour
t
s.Ther
ef
or
e,t
he
Respondenthadaccept
edt
heSi
ngapor
eCour
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.TheCour
thel
dt
hati
t
wast
hef
i
r
m whi
chhadaccept
edt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hef
or
ei
gnCour
tandt
he
Respondent
,i
nani
ndi
v
i
dualcapaci
t
y
,hadnotaccept
edt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.Thus,Hi
gh
Cour
thel
dt
hatt
hedecr
eeagai
nstt
heRespondentwasnotexecut
abl
e.
PROPOSI
TI
ON
UnderSect
i
on13(
a)ofCPC,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
oposi
t
i
onmaybel
ai
d
I
ncaseofact
i
onsi
nper
sonam,af
or
ei
gncour
tmaypassanor
derorj
udgment
agai
nstanI
ndi
andef
endant
,whoi
sser
v
edwi
t
ht
hesummonsbuther
emai
nsex
par
t
e.Buti
tmaybeenf
or
ceabl
eagai
nstsuchI
ndi
andef
endant
,byf
ul
f
i
l
l
i
nganyof
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcondi
t
i
ons.
I
ft
heper
soni
sasubj
ectoft
hef
or
ei
gncount
r
yi
nwhi
cht
hej
udgmentor
decr
eehasbeenobt
ai
nedagai
nsthi
m onpr
i
oroccasi
ons.
I
ft
heper
soni
sar
esi
denti
nf
or
ei
gncount
r
ywhent
heact
i
oni
scommenced.
I
faper
sonsel
ect
st
hef
or
ei
gnCour
tf
ort
aki
ngact
i
oni
nt
hecapaci
t
yofa
pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,
i
nwhi
chhei
ssuedl
at
er
I
ft
hepar
t
yonbei
ngsummonedv
ol
unt
ar
i
l
yappear
sbef
or
et
hef
or
ei
gncour
t
I
fbyanagr
eementaper
sonhascont
r
act
edt
osubmi
thi
msel
ft
ot
heCour
ti
n
whi
cht
hej
udgmenti
sobt
ai
ned.
For
ei
gnJudgment
snotonMer
i
t
s
I
nor
deraf
or
ei
gnj
udgmentt
ooper
at
easResJudi
cat
a,i
tmusthav
ebeengi
v
enon
mer
i
t
soft
hecase.Aj
udgmenti
ssai
dt
ohav
ebeengi
v
enonmer
i
t
swhenaf
t
er
t
aki
ngev
i
denceandaf
t
erappl
y
i
nghi
smi
ndr
egar
di
ngt
het
r
ut
horf
al
si
t
yofcase.
TheAct
ualt
estf
ordeci
di
ngwhet
hert
hej
udgmenthasbeengi
v
enonmer
i
t
sornoti
s
t
oseewhet
heri
twasmer
el
ypassedasamat
t
erofcour
se,orbywayofpenal
t
yof
anyconductoft
hedef
endant
,
ori
sbaseduponaconsi
der
at
i
onoft
het
r
ut
horf
al
si
t
y
oft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
”
scl
ai
m.
I
nt
hecaseofGur
dasMannv
.Mohi
nderSi
nghBr
ar
,t
hePunj
ab&Har
ay
anaHi
gh
Cour
thel
dt
hatanexpar
t
ej
udgmentanddecr
eewhi
chdi
dnotshowt
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
hadl
edev
i
dencet
opr
ov
ehi
scl
ai
m bef
or
et
heCour
t
,wasnotexecut
abl
eunder
Sect
i
on13(
b)oft
heCPCsi
ncei
twasnotpassedont
hemer
i
t
soft
hecl
ai
m.
PROPOSI
TI
ON
UnderSect
i
on13(
b)ofCPCt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
oposi
t
i
onmaybel
ai
d
Aj
udgmentordecr
eepassedbyaFor
ei
gnCour
tagai
nstanI
ndi
andef
endant
,who
hasr
emai
nexpar
t
e,maynotbeenf
or
ceabl
eagai
nsthi
m,unl
essi
tcanbeshown
t
hatt
hesai
dj
udgmentwaspassedaf
t
eri
nv
est
i
gat
i
oni
nt
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
’
scl
ai
m.
For
ei
gnJudgment
sagai
nstI
nt
er
nat
i
onalorI
ndi
anLaw
AJudgmentwhi
chi
scont
r
ar
yt
ot
hebasi
cf
undament
alr
ul
esofI
nt
er
nat
i
onall
awor
ar
ef
usal
t
or
ecogni
zet
hel
awofI
ndi
awher
esuchl
awi
sappl
i
cabl
ei
snotconcl
usi
v
e.
Wher
easui
ti
nst
i
t
ut
edi
nEngl
andont
hebasi
sofcont
r
actmadei
nI
ndi
a,
t
heEngl
i
sh
cour
ter
r
oneousl
yappl
i
edEngl
i
shl
aw,t
hus,t
hej
udgmentoft
hecour
ti
scov
er
edby
t
hi
scl
auseast
hegener
alpr
i
nci
pl
eofPr
i
v
at
eI
nt
er
nat
i
onalLawi
st
hatt
her
i
ght
sand
l
i
abi
l
i
t
i
esofpar
t
i
est
oacont
r
actar
egov
er
nedbyt
hepl
acewher
et
hecont
r
acti
s
made(
l
exl
ocicont
r
act
us)
.
I
nt
hecaseofI&GI
nv
est
mentTr
ustv
.Raj
aofKhal
i
kot
e,
asui
twasf
i
l
edundert
he
Engl
i
shJur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
oav
oi
dt
heconsequencesoft
heOr
i
ssaMoneyLender
sAct
.
The Cour
thel
dt
hatt
he j
udgmentwas passed on an i
ncor
r
ectv
i
ew oft
he
i
nt
er
nat
i
onall
aw.TheCour
tf
ur
t
herobser
v
edt
hat
,
al
t
hought
hej
udgmentwasbased
ont
heav
er
menti
nt
hepl
ai
ntt
hatt
heI
ndi
anl
awdi
dnotappl
y
,
howev
er
,
t
her
ewasno
“
r
ef
usal
”t
or
ecogni
set
hel
ocall
awsbyt
heCour
t
.
PROPOSI
TI
ON
UnderSect
i
on13(
c)ofCPC,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
oposi
t
i
onmaybel
ai
d
Aj
udgmentpassedbyaf
or
ei
gnCour
tuponacl
ai
mf
ori
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,
si
t
uat
ed i
nt
he I
ndi
an t
er
r
i
t
or
ymaynotbe enf
or
ceabl
e si
nce i
tv
i
ol
at
es
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalLaw.
Aj
udgmentpassedbyt
hef
or
ei
gnCour
t
,wher
ebef
or
eacont
r
ar
yI
ndi
anl
aw
hadbeenshown,butt
heCour
thadr
ef
usedt
or
ecogni
zesuchl
aw,t
hent
hat
Judgmentordecr
eemaynotbeenf
or
ceabl
e,exceptwher
et
hepr
operl
awof
cont
r
acti
st
hef
or
ei
gnl
aw.
For
ei
gnJudgment
sopposedt
ot
hepr
i
nci
pl
eofNat
ur
alJust
i
ce
I
ti
st
he essence ofa j
udgmentofcour
tt
hati
tmustbe obt
ai
ned af
t
erdue
obser
v
anceoft
hej
udi
ci
alpr
ocedur
ei
.
e.
,t
hecour
tr
ender
i
ngt
hej
udgmentmust
obser
v
et
hemi
ni
mum r
equi
r
ement
sofnat
ur
alj
ust
i
ce.I
tmustbecomposedof
i
mpar
t
i
alper
sons,whomustacti
naf
ai
randj
ust
i
f
i
edmanner
,wi
t
houtbi
as,andi
n
goodf
ai
t
h,
i
tmustgi
v
er
easonabl
enot
i
cet
ot
hepar
t
i
est
ot
hedi
sput
eandeachpar
t
y
shoul
dbegi
v
enequaloppor
t
uni
t
yofpr
esent
i
ngt
hei
rcase.Aj
udgmentwhi
chsuf
f
er
s
f
r
om suchi
nf
i
r
mi
t
i
esont
hepar
tofaj
udgewi
l
lber
egar
dedasanul
l
i
t
yandt
het
r
i
al
“
cor
am nonj
udi
ce”
I
nt
hecaseofLal
j
iRaj
a&Sonsv
.Fi
r
m Hansr
ajNat
hur
am[
16]
,t
heSupr
emeCour
t
hel
dt
hatj
ustbecauset
hesui
twasdecr
eedexpar
t
e,al
t
hought
hedef
endant
swer
e
ser
v
edwi
t
ht
hesummons,
doesnotmeant
hatt
hej
udgmentwasopposedt
onat
ur
al
j
ust
i
ce.
PROPOSI
TI
ON
UnderSect
i
on13(
d)ofCPC,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
oposi
t
i
onmaybel
ai
d
Thef
or
ei
gncour
tmustf
ol
l
ow t
hepr
i
nci
pl
eofnat
ur
alj
ust
i
cewhi
l
edel
i
v
er
i
ngt
he
j
udgment
.Judgementmustbei
mpar
t
i
al
,gi
v
enf
ai
r
l
y
,mor
eov
er
,t
hepar
t
i
est
ot
he
di
sput
eshoul
dbegi
v
enappr
opr
i
at
enot
i
ceoft
hei
ni
t
i
at
i
onofl
egalpr
oceedi
ngs.
Equaloppor
t
uni
t
yofpr
esent
i
ngt
hei
rcase,i
nor
dert
oav
oi
danyal
l
egat
i
onofnot
f
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ngt
hepr
i
nci
pl
esofnat
ur
alj
ust
i
cei
ncaset
hej
udgmentordecr
eecomest
ot
he
I
ndi
ancour
tf
orenf
or
cement
.Unl
esst
hi
si
sdonet
hej
udgmentordecr
eepassedby
af
or
ei
gnCour
tmayv
i
ol
at
et
hePr
i
nci
pl
esofNat
ur
al
Just
i
ce.
F
or
ei
gnj
udgmentobt
ai
nedbyf
r
aud
I
ti
sawel
lset
t
l
edpr
i
nci
pl
eofPr
i
v
at
eI
nt
er
nat
i
onalLawt
hati
ff
or
ei
gnj
udgment
sar
e
obt
ai
nedbyf
r
aud,
i
twi
l
l
notoper
at
easr
esj
udi
cat
a.
I
thasbeensai
d“
Fr
audandJust
i
cenev
erDwel
lt
oget
her
”(
f
r
ausetj
usnunquam
cohabi
t
ant
)
;or“Fr
audanddecei
toughtt
obenef
i
tnone”(
f
r
ausetdol
usnemi
ni
pat
r
oci
nar
idebent
)
.
I
nt
hecaseofSat
y
av
.Tej
aSi
nght
heSupr
emeCour
thel
dt
hatsi
ncet
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fhad
mi
sl
edt
hef
or
ei
gncour
tast
oi
t
shav
i
ngj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onov
ert
hemat
t
er
,
al
t
houghi
tcoul
d
nothav
ehadt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,t
hej
udgmentanddecr
eewasobt
ai
nedbyf
r
audand
hencei
nconcl
usi
v
e.
I
nS.
P.Chengal
v
ar
ay
aNai
duv
.Jagannat
h Supr
emeCour
thel
dt
hati
ti
swel
lset
t
l
ed
pr
oposi
t
i
onofl
awt
hataj
udgmentordecr
eeobt
ai
nedbypl
ay
i
ngf
r
audont
hecour
t
i
sanul
l
i
t
yandnonesti
nt
heey
esofl
aw.
PROPOSI
TI
ON
UnderSect
i
on13(
e)ofCPC,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
oposi
t
i
onmaybel
ai
d
Wher
et
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
fmi
sl
eadst
he For
ei
gn cour
tand t
he j
udgmentordecr
ee i
s
obt
ai
nedont
hatbasi
s,t
hesai
dJudgmentmaynotbeenf
or
ceabl
e,howev
er
,i
ft
her
e
i
ssomeer
r
ori
nt
hej
udgmentt
hent
heI
ndi
ancour
t
swi
l
lnotsi
tasaCour
tofappeal
t
or
ect
i
f
yt
hemi
st
akeorer
r
or
.
F
or
ei
gnJudgment
sf
oundedonbr
eachofI
ndi
anLaw
Whenal
awi
nf
or
cei
nI
ndi
ai
swr
ongl
yconst
r
uedsoast
of
or
mt
her
easoni
ngbehi
nd
aj
udgmentdel
i
v
er
edbyaf
or
ei
gncour
t
,i
nsuchcasest
heenf
or
ceabi
l
i
t
yoft
he
f
or
ei
gnj
udgmenti
nI
ndi
ancour
t
swi
l
l
beunderquest
i
on.
Chi
naShi
ppi
ngDev
el
opmentCo.Li
mi
t
edv
.Lany
ar
dFoodsLi
mi
t
ed,
wher
ei
nt
he
Hi
ghCour
thel
dt
hatapet
i
t
i
onf
orwi
ndi
ngupofanI
ndi
ancompanywoul
dbe
mai
nt
ai
nabl
eont
hebasi
sofj
udgmentoff
or
ei
gnCour
t
.I
nt
hi
scase,t
hef
or
ei
gn
companydel
i
v
er
edcar
got
ot
heI
ndi
ancompanyi
ncompl
i
ancewi
t
hr
equest
smade
byt
heI
ndi
ancompanyandi
nt
hepr
ocesst
hef
or
ei
gncompanyhadi
ncur
r
edcer
t
ai
n
l
i
abi
l
i
t
i
est
owar
dst
hi
r
dpar
t
i
esandi
thadt
opaycer
t
ai
namounti
nl
egalpr
oceedi
ngs
andt
her
ef
or
e,i
nt
er
msoft
hel
et
t
erofi
ndemni
t
yi
ssuedbyt
her
espondentI
ndi
an
company
,t
hef
or
ei
gncompanycl
ai
medt
heamountf
r
om t
her
espondentI
ndi
an
company
,whi
chdeni
edi
t
sl
i
abi
l
i
t
yandt
her
ef
or
et
hef
or
ei
gnpet
i
t
i
onercompany
i
ni
t
i
at
edl
egalpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstt
heI
ndi
ancompanyi
nt
heEngl
i
shCour
t
sas
pr
ov
i
dedi
nt
heLet
t
erofI
ndemni
t
y
.Ther
espondentI
ndi
ancompanydi
dnotf
i
l
e
def
enceandt
her
ef
or
et
heEngl
i
shCour
tpassedexpar
t
eor
derawar
di
ngacer
t
ai
n
amounti
nf
av
oroft
hepet
i
t
i
onerf
or
ei
gncompanyonconsi
der
at
i
onofev
i
denceand
onmer
i
t
soft
hecl
ai
mf
i
l
edbyt
hef
or
ei
gncompany
.Byanot
i
cei
ssuedunder
sect
i
ons433and434oft
heCompani
esAct
,1956,t
hepet
i
t
i
onerf
or
ei
gncompany
cal
l
edupont
her
espondentI
ndi
ancompanyt
opayt
heamountdueundert
heor
der
oft
heEngl
i
shCour
t
.
Af
t
ert
her
espondentI
ndi
ancompanyf
ai
l
edt
ohonourt
heamount
,t
hepet
i
t
i
oner
For
ei
gnCompanyf
i
l
edapet
i
t
i
onf
orwi
ndi
ngupoft
heI
ndi
ancompany
.I
nt
heabov
e
ci
r
cumst
ancessi
ncet
her
ecor
dsoft
hecasemani
f
est
l
yr
ev
eal
edt
hatt
her
espondent
I
ndi
an companywasunabl
et
o payi
t
sdebt
s,t
he pet
i
t
i
on f
orwi
ndi
ng up was
admi
t
t
edv
i
deor
derdat
ed4.
4.
2007undersect
i
ons433and434oft
heCompani
es
Act
,
1956.
PROPOSI
TI
ON
UnderSect
i
on13(
f
)ofCPC,
t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpr
oposi
t
i
onmaybel
ai
d
Aj
udgmentpassedbyaf
or
ei
gncour
t
,whi
chbr
eachesanyl
awi
nf
or
cei
nI
ndi
amay
notbeenf
or
ceabl
e,exceptwher
ei
ti
sbasedonacont
r
acthav
i
ngadi
f
f
er
ent“
pr
oper
l
awoft
hecont
r
act
”
.
Enf
or
cementofFor
ei
gnJudgment
s
Af
or
ei
gnJudgmentwhi
chi
sconcl
usi
v
eanddoesnotf
al
lwi
t
hi
nsect
i
on13(
a)t
o(
f
)
,
maybeenf
or
cedi
nI
ndi
ai
nei
t
heroft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngway
s.
Byi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngs
Af
or
ei
gn Judgmentmaybe enf
or
ced bypr
oceedi
ngs i
n execut
i
on i
n cer
t
ai
n
speci
f
i
edcasesment
i
onedi
nSect
i
on44Aoft
heCPC.
Sect
i
on44A–Execut
i
onofdecr
eespassedbyCour
t
si
nr
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
y
.
(
1)
Wher
eacer
t
i
f
i
edcopyofadecr
eeofanyoft
hesuper
i
orcour
t
sofanyr
eci
pr
ocat
i
ng
t
er
r
i
t
or
yhasbeenf
i
l
edi
naDi
st
r
i
ctCour
t
,
t
hedecr
eemaybeexecut
edi
nI
ndi
aasi
fi
t
hadbeenpassedbyt
heDi
st
r
i
ctCour
t
.
(
2)Toget
herwi
t
ht
hecer
t
i
f
i
edcopyoft
hedecr
eeshal
lbef
i
l
edacer
t
i
f
i
cat
ef
r
om
suchsuper
i
orcour
tst
at
i
ngt
heext
ent
,i
fany
,t
owhi
cht
hedecr
eehasbeensat
i
sf
i
ed
oradj
ust
edandsuchcer
t
i
f
i
cat
eshal
l
,f
ort
hepur
posesofpr
oceedi
ngsundert
hi
s
sect
i
on,
beconcl
usi
v
epr
oofoft
heext
entofsuchsat
i
sf
act
i
onoradj
ust
ment
.
(
3)Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofsect
i
on47shal
lasf
r
om t
hef
i
l
i
ngoft
hecer
t
i
f
i
edcopyoft
he
decr
eeappl
yt
ot
hepr
oceedi
ngsofaDi
st
r
i
ctCour
texecut
i
ngadecr
eeundert
hi
s
sect
i
on,andt
heDi
st
r
i
ctCour
tshal
lr
ef
useexecut
i
onofanysuchdecr
ee,i
fi
ti
s
shownt
ot
hesat
i
sf
act
i
on oft
heCour
tt
hatt
hedecr
eef
al
l
swi
t
hi
nanyoft
he
except
i
onsspeci
f
i
edi
ncl
auses(
a)t
o(
f
)ofsect
i
on13.
Expl
anat
i
onI
:“
Reci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
y
”meansanycount
r
yort
er
r
i
t
or
yout
si
deI
ndi
a
whi
cht
heCent
r
alGov
er
nmentmay
,bynot
i
f
i
cat
i
oni
nt
heOf
f
i
ci
alGazet
t
e,decl
ar
et
o
bear
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
yf
ort
hepur
posesoft
hi
ssect
i
on,and“
Super
i
orCour
t
s”
,
wi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
oanysucht
er
r
i
t
or
y
,meanssuchcour
t
sasmaybespeci
f
i
edi
nt
he
sai
dnot
i
f
i
cat
i
on.
Expl
anat
i
onI
I
:“
Decr
ee”wi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
oasuper
i
orCour
tmeansanydecr
eeor
j
udgmentofsuchcour
tunderwhi
chasum ofmoneyi
spay
abl
e,notbei
ngasum
pay
abl
ei
nr
espectoft
axesorot
herchar
gesofal
i
kenat
ur
eori
nr
espectofaf
i
neor
ot
herpenal
t
i
es,butshal
li
nnocasei
ncl
udeanar
bi
t
r
at
i
onawar
d,ev
eni
fsuchan
awar
di
senf
or
ceabl
easadecr
eeorj
udgment
.
TheLi
stoft
heReci
pr
ocat
i
ngTer
r
i
t
or
i
esaspert
hePr
ov
i
si
onsofSect
i
on44Aof
t
heCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e,
1908
1.Uni
t
edKi
ngdom
2.Si
ngapor
e
3.Bangl
adesh
4.UAE
5.Mal
ay
si
a
6.Tr
i
ni
dad&Tobago
7.NewZeal
and
8.TheCookI
sl
ands(
i
ncl
udi
ngNi
ue)
andTheTr
ustTer
r
i
t
or
i
esofWest
er
nSamoa
9.HongKong
10.
PapuaandNewGui
nea
11.
Fi
j
i
12.
Aden.
Mol
oj
iNarSi
nghRaov
sShankarSar
anSupr
emeCour
thel
dt
hataf
or
ei
gnj
udgment
whi
chdoesnotar
i
sef
r
om t
heor
derofasuper
i
orcour
tofar
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
y
cannotbeexecut
edi
nI
ndi
a.I
tr
ul
edt
hataf
r
eshsui
twi
l
lhav
et
obef
i
l
edi
nI
ndi
aon
t
hebasi
soft
hef
or
ei
gnj
udgment
.
”
Ther
ef
or
eUnderSect
i
on44Aoft
heCPC,
adecr
eeorj
udgmentofanyoft
heSuper
i
or
Cour
t
sofanyr
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
yar
eexecut
abl
easadecr
eeorj
udgmentpassed
byt
hedomest
i
cCour
t
.Thej
udgment
,
oncedecl
ar
ed,
wi
l
lbeexecut
edi
naccor
dance
wi
t
hsect
i
on51oft
heCode.Ther
eaf
t
er
,t
hecour
tmayor
dermeasur
essuchas
at
t
achmentandsal
eofpr
oper
t
yorat
t
achmentwi
t
houtsal
e,andi
nsomecases
ar
r
est(
i
fneeded)i
nenf
or
cementofadecr
ee.Thi
si
sdonebyt
hemet
hodsdi
scussed
bel
ow.
Byi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngasui
tonsuchf
or
ei
gnj
udgment
Wher
eaj
udgmentordecr
eei
snotofasuper
i
orcour
tofar
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
y
,a
sui
thast
obef
i
l
edi
nacour
tofcompet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
nI
ndi
aonsuchf
or
ei
gn
j
udgment
.Thegener
alpr
i
nci
pl
eofl
awi
st
hatanydeci
si
onofaf
or
ei
gncour
t
,
t
r
i
bunal
oranyot
herquasi
j
udi
ci
alaut
hor
i
t
yi
snotenf
or
ceabl
ei
nacount
r
yunl
esssuch
deci
si
oni
sembodi
edi
nadecr
eeofacour
toft
hatcount
r
y
.I
nsuchasui
t
,t
hecour
t
cannotgoi
nt
ot
hemer
i
t
soft
heor
i
gi
nalcl
ai
m andi
tshal
lbeconcl
usi
v
east
oany
mat
t
ert
her
ebydi
r
ect
l
yadj
udi
cat
edbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
es.Suchasui
tmustbe
f
i
l
edwi
t
hi
naper
i
odof3y
ear
sf
r
om t
hedat
eofj
udgment
.
I
nMar
i
neGeot
echni
csLLCv/
sCoast
alMar
i
neConst
r
uct
i
on&Engi
neer
i
ngLt
d.
,t
he
BombayHi
ghCour
tobser
v
edt
hati
ncaseofadecr
eef
r
om anonr
eci
pr
ocat
i
ng
f
or
ei
gn t
er
r
i
t
or
y
,t
he decr
eehol
dershoul
df
i
l
e,i
n a domest
i
cI
ndi
an cour
tof
compet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,asui
tont
hatf
or
ei
gndecr
eeoront
heor
i
gi
nal
,under
l
y
i
ng
causeofact
i
on,
orbot
h.
Howev
er
,
i
nbot
ht
hecases,
t
hedecr
eehast
opasst
het
estofSect
i
on13CPCwhi
ch
speci
f
i
es cer
t
ai
n except
i
ons under whi
ch t
he f
or
ei
gn j
udgment becomes
i
nconcl
usi
v
eandi
st
her
ef
or
enotex
ecut
abl
eorenf
or
ceabl
ei
nI
ndi
a.
For
ei
gnAwar
d
Anawar
dpassedbyf
or
ei
gnar
bi
t
r
at
ori
senf
or
ceabl
ei
nacount
r
ywher
ei
twasmade
andcanal
sobeenf
or
cedi
nI
ndi
a.Cour
t
smayr
ef
ert
oCPCoranyot
herst
at
ut
ewhi
l
e
consi
der
i
ngt
hepr
ocedur
et
obef
ol
l
owedf
orenf
or
cementoff
or
ei
gnawar
dsunder
For
ei
gnAwar
ds(
Recogni
t
i
onandEnf
or
cement
)Act(
45of1961)
Ef
f
ectofFor
ei
gnJudgment
Af
or
ei
gnj
udgmenti
sconcl
usi
v
ef
oranymat
t
eradj
udi
cat
edbet
weent
hepar
t
i
es.
Such j
udgmenti
s concl
usi
v
e and woul
d cr
eat
eRes j
udi
cat
abet
ween t
he same
par
t
i
esorbet
weenpar
t
i
esunderwhom t
heyoranyoft
hecl
ai
ms.
Li
mi
t
at
i
onper
i
odf
orEnf
or
cementofFor
ei
gnJudgment
s
Aspert
hepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heCode,f
or
ei
gnj
udgment
sf
r
om r
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
i
es
ar
eenf
or
ceabl
ei
nI
ndi
ai
nt
hesamemannerast
hedecr
eespassedbyI
ndi
ancour
t
s.
TheLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
,1963pr
escr
i
best
het
i
mel
i
mi
tf
orexecut
i
onofaf
or
ei
gndecr
ee
andf
orf
i
l
i
ngofasui
ti
nt
hecaseofj
udgmentpassedbyf
or
ei
gncour
t
.
•Thr
eey
ear
s,commenci
ngf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
hedecr
eeorwher
eadat
ei
sf
i
xedf
or
per
f
or
mance;
i
ncaseofadecr
eegr
ant
i
ngamandat
or
yi
nj
unct
i
on;
and
•Twel
v
ey
ear
sf
orexecut
i
onofanyot
herdecr
eecommenci
ngf
r
om t
hedat
ewhen
t
hedecr
eebecomesenf
or
ceabl
eorwher
et
hedecr
eedi
r
ect
sanypay
mentofmoney
ort
hedel
i
v
er
yofanypr
oper
t
yt
obemadeatacer
t
ai
ndat
e,whendef
aul
ti
nmaki
ng
t
hepay
mentordel
i
v
er
yi
nr
espectofwhi
chex
ecut
i
oni
ssought
,
t
akespl
ace.
Aj
udgmentobt
ai
nedf
r
om anonr
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngt
er
r
i
t
or
ycanbeenf
or
cedbyf
i
l
i
nga
newsui
ti
nanI
ndi
ancour
tf
orwhi
chal
i
mi
t
at
i
onper
i
odof3y
ear
shasbeenspeci
f
i
ed
undert
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
,1963commenci
ngf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
hesai
dj
udgment
passedbyf
or
ei
gncour
t
.
For
ei
gncur
r
encyconv
er
si
onr
at
e
I
nadecr
eepassedbyf
or
ei
gncour
t
,t
heamountawar
dedi
sgener
al
l
yi
naf
or
ei
gn
cur
r
ency
.Ther
ef
or
e,
whi
l
eenf
or
ci
ngt
hef
or
ei
gndecr
eei
nI
ndi
a,
t
heamounthast
obe
conv
er
t
edi
nt
oI
ndi
ancur
r
ency
.I
nFor
asolv
s.ONGCi
twashel
dt
hatt
hedat
eoft
he
decr
eeshoul
dbeusedf
ort
hecal
cul
at
i
on.
Conf
i
l
ctbet
weenDomest
i
cJudgment&For
ei
gnJudgment
Thepr
i
nci
pl
eofr
esj
udi
cat
aembodi
edi
nt
heCodepr
ohi
bi
t
sacour
tofcompet
ent
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onf
r
om t
r
y
i
ngasui
tonamat
t
ert
hathasbeensubst
ant
i
al
l
ydeci
dedi
na
pr
i
orsui
tbet
weent
hesamepar
t
i
es.Ther
ef
or
e,adecr
eeorj
udgmentpassedbya
super
i
orcour
tofaf
or
ei
gncount
r
ycannotbeenf
or
cedi
nI
ndi
ai
fi
tcont
r
adi
ct
san
ear
l
i
erconcl
usi
v
ej
udgmentpassedbyacompet
entcour
ti
nasui
tbet
weent
hesame
par
t
i
es.Af
or
ei
gnj
udgmentpassedbyacour
tofanonr
eci
pr
ocat
i
ngcount
r
ycan
onl
ybeenf
or
cedbyf
i
l
i
nganew sui
ti
nI
ndi
awher
et
hef
or
ei
gndecr
eei
smer
el
ya
pi
eceofev
i
dencewi
t
hper
suasi
v
ev
al
ue.Ther
ef
or
e,t
hej
udgmentdebt
orcanr
ai
se
t
hecl
ai
m ofr
esj
udi
cat
aandst
ayt
hesui
tatt
hepr
el
i
mi
nar
yst
age.
Concl
usi
on
Ther
ef
or
e,t
heabov
edi
scussi
onoft
hel
egali
ssuesi
nv
ol
v
edi
nenf
or
cementof
f
or
ei
gndecr
eesi
nI
ndi
aemphasi
zest
heneedf
ort
heI
ndi
anbusi
nesssect
or
snott
o
t
r
eatt
hesummonsr
ecei
v
edf
r
om f
or
ei
gncour
t
scasual
l
y
.Rat
her
,t
ocont
endata
l
at
erst
aget
hatt
hef
or
ei
gndeci
si
on/
decr
eei
snotbasedon“
mer
i
t
”orcont
r
ar
yt
ot
he
pr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heI
ndi
anCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
eCode,mayt
ur
noutt
obeunsaf
eandmay
j
eopar
di
zet
hepr
ot
ect
i
v
eumbr
el
l
awhi
cht
heI
ndi
ancompani
esar
esoaccust
omed
t
owhi
l
edeal
i
ngwi
t
hl
i
t
i
gat
i
onsi
nI
ndi
ancour
t
s.
Wher
eaj
udgmentoradecr
eei
spassedbyaf
or
ei
gnCour
tagai
nstanI
ndi
an
def
endant
,t
hej
udgmentordecr
eemaynotbeenf
or
ceabl
eagai
nsthi
m duet
ot
he
oper
at
i
onofSect
i
on13ofCPC.I
tcanbeseent
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fhast
ocomet
ot
he
I
ndi
ancour
t
st
oei
t
hergett
hef
or
ei
gnj
udgmentexecut
edorenf
or
cedi
nI
ndi
aunder
Sect
i
on44Aorf
i
l
eaf
r
eshsui
ti
nI
ndi
ancour
t
supont
hef
or
ei
gnj
udgmentf
ori
t
s
enf
or
cement
.Ther
ef
or
ebyget
t
i
ngadecr
eei
nt
hef
or
ei
gncour
t
,t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fonl
y
av
oi
dst
hei
nconv
eni
enceofl
eadi
ngev
i
dencei
nt
heI
ndi
anCour
t
sbutr
unsamuch
bi
ggerr
i
skunderSect
i
on13.Ther
ef
or
e,i
ti
sadv
i
sabl
ef
oraf
or
ei
gnpl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
o
i
nst
i
t
ut
e cl
ai
ms i
nI
ndi
ai
t
sel
fwher
et
he def
endanti
si
nI
ndi
a as gener
al
l
y
i
nt
er
nat
i
onal t
r
ansact
i
ons i
nv
ol
v
e mor
e of document
ar
y ev
i
dence and t
hat
compar
at
i
v
el
yl
eadi
ngofev
i
dencemaynotbet
hati
nconv
eni
ent
,
i
tmaybeadv
i
sabl
e
t
oav
oi
dt
her
i
skunderSect
i
on13andf
i
l
ecl
ai
msi
nI
ndi
ai
t
sel
f
.
Hence,wecanconcl
udet
hataj
udgmentoff
or
ei
gncour
tcr
eat
esest
oppelorr
es
j
udi
cat
abet
weensamepar
t
i
es,pr
ov
i
dedsuchj
udgmenti
snotsubj
ectt
oat
t
ack
underanyoft
hecl
auses(
a)t
o(
f
)ofSect
i
on13oft
heCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
eCode.I
fany
cl
ai
mi
smadebyanypar
t
yandsubsequent
l
yabandonedatt
het
r
i
alofasui
tandi
f
t
hedecr
eeorj
udgmenti
nt
hatsui
ti
mpl
i
est
hatcl
ai
m hasnotmetwi
t
haccept
anceat
t
hehandsoft
hecour
t
,t
hent
hecour
tmustbedeemedt
ohav
edi
r
ect
l
yadj
udi
cat
ed
agai
nsti
t
.
KI
NDSOFJURI
SDI
CTI
ONANDPLACEOFSUI
NG:SEC15TOSEC20
Ther
ear
ebasi
cal
l
yt
hr
eeki
ndsofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onsont
hebasi
sofwhi
cht
hepl
aceof
sui
ngmaybedet
er
mi
ned.
Thesear
e
1.Pecuni
ar
yJur
i
sdi
ct
i
on
2.Ter
r
i
t
or
i
al
Jur
i
sdi
ct
i
ons,
and
3.Subj
ectMat
t
erJur
i
sdi
ct
i
ons
I
ft
hemat
t
erputf
or
t
hbyt
hel
i
t
i
gantf
oradj
udi
cat
i
oni
nf
r
ontoft
hecour
t
,andt
he
cour
thav
eal
lt
hese(
pecuni
ar
y
,t
er
r
i
t
or
i
alandSubj
ect
Mat
t
er
)j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,t
henonl
y
t
hatcour
tcant
r
yt
hemat
t
er
ssobr
oughtbyt
hel
i
t
i
gant
s.I
ncase,
t
hecour
tdoesnot
hav
eanyoft
heabov
ement
i
onedj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onandst
i
l
lt
r
yt
hesui
t
,i
twi
l
lbeei
t
her
t
er
medasi
r
r
egul
arexer
ci
seofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onorl
ackofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwhi
chmayt
ur
nt
he
deci
si
onv
oi
dorv
oi
dabl
edependi
ngupont
hesi
t
uat
i
ons.TheconceptofI
r
r
egul
ar
Exer
ci
seofJur
i
sdi
ct
i
onandLackofJur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwi
l
lbedi
scussedsepar
at
el
yatt
he
end.
Pecuni
ar
yJur
i
sdi
ct
i
on:Sec15
Ev
er
ysui
tshal
l
bei
nst
i
t
ut
edi
nt
heCour
toft
hel
owestgr
adecompet
entt
ot
r
yi
t
.
Thewor
dcompet
entt
ot
r
yi
ndi
cat
et
hecompet
encyoft
hecour
twi
t
hr
espectt
ot
he
pecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.I
tmeans,t
hecour
t
sofl
owestgr
adewhohast
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on
wi
t
hr
espectt
opecuni
ar
yv
al
ueshal
l
t
r
yt
hesui
tatf
i
r
st
.
Now,t
hebi
ggestquest
i
oni
s,whowi
l
ldet
er
mi
net
hev
al
uat
i
onoft
hesui
tf
ort
he
pur
poseofdet
er
mi
ni
ngt
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
t
.I
ngener
al
,i
ti
st
he
v
al
uat
i
ondonebyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sconsi
der
edf
ort
hepur
poseofdet
er
mi
ni
ngt
he
pecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
t
,
unl
esst
hecour
tf
r
om t
hev
er
yf
aceoft
hesui
tf
i
nd
i
ti
ncor
r
ect
.So,
i
ft
hecour
tf
i
ndst
hatt
hev
al
uat
i
ondonebyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
snotcor
r
ect
,
t
hati
sei
t
herunder
v
al
uedorov
er
v
al
ued,
t
hecour
twi
l
ldot
hev
al
uat
i
onanddi
r
ectt
he
par
t
yt
oappr
oacht
heappr
opr
i
at
ef
or
um.
So,pr
i
ma f
aci
e,i
ti
st
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
’
sv
al
uat
i
on i
nt
he pl
ai
ntt
hatdet
er
mi
nes t
he
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
tandnott
heamountf
orwhi
chul
t
i
mat
el
ydecr
eemaybe
passed.Thus,i
ft
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
tofl
owestgr
adei
s,say
,Rs.
10,
000/
-andt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
i
l
edasui
tf
oraccount
swher
ei
nt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fv
al
uat
i
onof
t
hesui
ti
swel
lwi
t
hi
nt
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
tbutcour
tl
at
t
erf
i
ndson
t
aki
ngt
heaccount
st
hatRs.15,
000/
-ar
edue,t
hecour
ti
snotdepr
i
v
edofi
t
s
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
opassadecr
eef
ort
hatamount
.
Usual
l
y
,acour
twi
l
lacceptav
al
uat
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nt
hepl
ai
ntandpr
oceedt
o
deci
det
hemat
t
eronmer
i
t
sont
hatbasi
s,
howev
er
,
t
hatdoesnotmeant
hatpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
i
nal
lcasesar
eatl
i
ber
t
yt
oassi
gnanyar
bi
t
r
ar
yv
al
uet
ot
hesui
t
,andt
ochooset
he
cour
ti
nwhi
chhewant
st
of
i
l
et
hesui
t
.
I
fi
tappear
st
ot
hecour
tt
hatt
hev
al
uat
i
oni
sf
al
sel
ymadei
nt
hepl
ai
ntf
ort
he
pur
poseofav
oi
di
ngt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hepr
opercour
t
,t
hecour
tmayr
equi
r
et
he
pl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opr
ov
et
hatt
hev
al
uat
i
onar
epr
oper
.
Nexti
mpor
t
antquest
i
oni
st
hest
at
usofdeci
si
ongi
v
enbyt
hecour
twhodoesnot
hav
et
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
nt
hemat
t
er
.Thati
s,whati
ft
heCour
tpr
oceeded
wi
t
ht
hemat
t
erandl
at
ercomet
oknowt
hati
tdi
dnothav
et
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
(
Themat
t
erwi
l
l
bedeal
tunderheadi
ng–i
r
r
egul
arexer
ci
seofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on)
.
Ter
r
i
t
or
i
alJur
i
sdi
ct
i
on:Sec-16ToSec20
I
mmov
abl
ePr
oper
t
y
:Sec-1618
Sect
i
ons16:Sui
t
st
o bei
nst
i
t
ut
ed wher
esubj
ect
mat
t
ersi
t
uat
eSubj
ectt
ot
he
pecuni
ar
yorot
herl
i
mi
t
at
i
onspr
escr
i
bedbyanyl
aw,
sui
t
s-
(
a)f
ort
her
ecov
er
yofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
ywi
t
horwi
t
houtr
entorpr
of
i
t
s,
(
b)f
ort
hepar
t
i
t
i
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,
(
c)f
orf
or
ecl
osur
e,sal
eorr
edempt
i
oni
nt
hecaseofamor
t
gageoforchar
geupon
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,
(
d)f
ort
hedet
er
mi
nat
i
onofanyot
herr
i
ghtt
oori
nt
er
esti
ni
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,
(
e)f
orcompensat
i
onf
orwr
ongt
oi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,
(
f
)f
ort
her
ecov
er
yofmov
abl
epr
oper
t
yact
ual
l
yunderdi
st
r
ai
ntorat
t
achment
,shal
l
bei
nst
i
t
ut
edi
nt
heCour
twi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
sofwhosej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
hepr
oper
t
yi
s
si
t
uat
e:
Pr
ov
i
ded t
hatasui
tt
o obt
ai
nr
el
i
efr
espect
i
ng,orcompensat
i
onf
orwr
ong t
o,
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
yhel
dbyoronbehal
foft
hedef
endant
,maywher
et
her
el
i
ef
soughtcanbeent
i
r
el
yobt
ai
nedt
hr
oughhi
sper
sonalobedi
encebei
nst
i
t
ut
edei
t
her
i
nt
heCour
twi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
sofwhosej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
hepr
oper
t
yi
ssi
t
uat
e,ori
n
t
heCour
twi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
sofwhosej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
hedef
endantact
ual
l
yand
v
ol
unt
ar
i
l
yr
esi
des,
orcar
r
i
esonbusi
ness,
orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n.
Expl
anat
i
on-I
nt
hi
ssect
i
on“
pr
oper
t
y
”meanspr
oper
t
ysi
t
uat
ei
nI
ndi
a.
Sect
i
on17:Sui
t
sf
ori
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
ysi
t
uat
ewi
t
hi
nj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofdi
f
f
er
ent
Cour
t
s
Wher
easui
ti
st
oobt
ai
nr
el
i
efr
espect
i
ng,
orcompensat
i
onf
orwr
ongt
o,
i
mmov
abl
e
pr
oper
t
ysi
t
uat
ewi
t
hi
nt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofdi
f
f
er
entCour
t
,
t
hesui
tmaybei
nst
i
t
ut
edi
n
anyCour
twi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
sofwhosej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onanypor
t
i
onoft
hepr
oper
t
yi
s
si
t
uat
e:
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hat
,i
nr
espectoft
hev
al
ueoft
hesubj
ectmat
t
eroft
hesui
t
,t
heent
i
r
e
cl
ai
mi
scogni
zabl
ebysuchCour
t
.
Sect
i
on18:Pl
aceofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofsui
twher
el
ocall
i
mi
t
sofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofCour
t
sar
e
uncer
t
ai
n
(
1)Wher
ei
ti
sal
l
egedt
obeuncer
t
ai
nwi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onof
whi
choft
woormor
eCour
t
sanyi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
yi
ssi
t
uat
e,anyoneoft
hose
Cour
t
smay
,i
fsat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
her
ei
sgr
oundf
ort
heal
l
egeduncer
t
ai
nt
y
,r
ecor
da
st
at
ementt
ot
hatef
f
ectandt
her
euponpr
oceedt
oent
er
t
ai
nanddi
sposeofanysui
t
r
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hatpr
oper
t
y
,
andi
t
sdecr
eei
nt
hesui
tshal
lhav
et
hesameef
f
ectasi
ft
he
pr
oper
t
ywer
esi
t
uat
ewi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
sofi
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on:Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatt
hesui
t
i
sonewi
t
hr
espectt
owhi
cht
heCour
ti
scompet
entasr
egar
dst
henat
ur
eandv
al
ue
oft
hesui
tt
oexer
ci
sej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
(
2)Wher
east
at
ementhasnotbeenr
ecor
dedundersubsect
i
on(
1)
,
andobj
ect
i
oni
s
t
akenbef
or
eanAppel
l
at
eorRev
i
si
onalCour
tt
hatadecr
eeoror
deri
nasui
tr
el
at
i
ng
t
osuchpr
oper
t
ywasmadebyaCour
tnothav
i
ngj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwher
et
hepr
oper
t
yi
s
si
t
uat
e,t
heAppel
l
at
eorRev
i
si
onalCour
tshal
lnotal
l
ow t
heobj
ect
i
onunl
essi
ni
t
s
opi
ni
ont
her
ewas,
att
het
i
meoft
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
t
,
nor
easonabl
egr
oundf
or
uncer
t
ai
nt
yast
ot
heCour
thav
i
ngj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwi
t
hr
espectt
her
et
oandt
her
ehas
beenaconsequentf
ai
l
ur
eofj
ust
i
ce.
Mov
abl
ePr
oper
t
y–Sect
i
on19
Sect
i
on19:Sui
t
sf
orcompensat
i
onf
orwr
ongst
oper
sonormov
abl
es
Wher
easui
ti
sf
orcompensat
i
onf
orwr
ongdonet
ot
heper
sonort
omov
abl
e
pr
oper
t
y
,
i
ft
hewr
ongwasdonewi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofoneCour
t
andt
hedef
endantr
esi
des,orcar
r
i
esonbusi
ness,orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n,
wi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofanot
herCour
t
,t
hesui
tmaybei
nst
i
t
ut
ed
att
heopt
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nei
t
heroft
hesai
dCour
t
s.
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
ons:
(
a)A,
r
esi
di
ngi
nDel
hi
,
beat
sBi
nCal
cut
t
a.BmaysueAei
t
heri
nCal
cut
t
aori
nDel
hi
.
(
b)A,
r
esi
di
ngi
nDel
hi
,
publ
i
shesi
nCal
cut
t
ast
at
ement
sdef
amat
or
yofB.
BmaysueAei
t
heri
nCal
cut
t
aori
nDel
hi
.
Ot
herSui
t
s:Sect
i
on20
Sect
i
on20:Ot
hersui
t
st
obei
nst
i
t
ut
edwher
edef
endant
sr
esi
deorcauseofact
i
on
ar
i
ses
Subj
ectt
ot
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
onsaf
or
esai
d,ev
er
ysui
tshal
lbei
nst
i
t
ut
edi
nCour
twi
t
hi
nt
he
l
ocal
l
i
mi
t
sofwhosej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on-
(
a)t
hedef
endant
,oreachoft
hedef
endant
swher
et
her
ear
emor
et
hanone,att
he
t
i
meoft
hecommencementoft
hesui
t
,
act
ual
l
yandv
ol
unt
ar
i
l
yr
esi
des,
orcar
r
i
eson
busi
ness,
orper
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n;
or
(
b)anyoft
hedef
endant
s,wher
et
her
ear
emor
et
hanone,att
het
i
meoft
he
commencementoft
hesui
tact
ual
l
yandv
ol
unt
ar
i
l
yr
esi
des,
orcar
r
i
esonbusi
ness,
or
per
sonal
l
ywor
ksf
orgai
n,pr
ov
i
dedt
hati
nsuchcaseei
t
hert
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
ti
s
gi
v
en,ort
hedef
endant
swhodonotr
esi
de,orcar
r
yonbusi
ness,orper
sonal
l
ywor
k
f
orgai
n,
asaf
or
esai
d,
acqui
escei
nsuchi
nst
i
t
ut
i
on;
or
(
c)t
hecauseofact
i
on,
whol
l
yori
npar
t
,
ar
i
ses.
Expl
anat
i
onA cor
por
at
i
on shal
lbedeemed t
o car
r
yon busi
nessati
t
ssol
eor
pr
i
nci
palof
f
i
cei
nI
ndi
aor
,i
nr
espectofanycauseofact
i
onar
i
si
ngatanypl
ace
wher
ei
thasal
soasubor
di
nat
eof
f
i
ce,
atsuchpl
ace.
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
ons:
(
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sat
r
adesmani
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cut
t
a,Bcar
r
i
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hi
.B,byhi
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t
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sgoodsofAandr
equest
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ot
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ndi
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Company
.Adel
i
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er
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nCal
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ort
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et
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i
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(
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ml
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oget
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Benar
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epay
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ft
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hemat
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et
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ecor
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eabl
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ar
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nst
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ook
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oft
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edef
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i
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ov
i
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oral
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ot
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egoi
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ul
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Jur
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Mat
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Di
f
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t
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s hav
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ur
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er
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or
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oceedi
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et
c.cannotbeent
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ai
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i
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.Thi
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scal
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j
ur
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ct
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onast
osubj
ectmat
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er
.
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ookupt
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Obj
ect
i
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i
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on:Sect
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Sect
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on21:Obj
ect
i
onst
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ur
i
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ect
i
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eor
Rev
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esssuchobj
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sti
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ear
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estpossi
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e
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l
ement
,
andunl
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ehasbeenaconsequentf
ai
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ur
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ust
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eorRev
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ti
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t
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oni
snul
l
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t
y
.
Hal
sbur
yr
i
ght
l
yst
at
es:
“
wher
ebyr
easonofanyl
i
mi
t
at
i
oni
mposedbyst
at
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e,char
t
erorcommi
ssi
on,a
cour
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swi
t
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i
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ct
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ont
oent
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t
ai
nanypar
t
i
cul
aract
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onormat
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er
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t
hert
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acqui
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essconsentoft
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t
i
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ur
i
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ct
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onupont
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cour
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v
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ur
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oni
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t
i
onwhi
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ot
her
ootof
t
hej
ur
i
sdi
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i
onhasnotbeenper
f
or
medorf
ul
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i
l
l
ed.
”
Howev
er
,
t
hi
sdoesnotappl
yt
ot
er
r
i
t
or
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alorpecuni
ar
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ur
i
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ct
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on.I
ncaseaner
r
ori
s
commi
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edbyt
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ti
nexer
ci
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ngt
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ct
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hr
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enwi
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edas
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ghtt
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ai
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t
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i
estpossi
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oceededwi
t
ht
hemat
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ont
hesamecannotber
ai
sedatt
heappel
l
at
est
ageatal
lasobser
v
edi
n
t
hecaseofKi
r
anSi
nghV.ChamanPaswan,
AI
R1954SC340.
Howev
er
,whent
heer
r
ori
scommi
t
t
edbyt
hecour
twi
t
hr
espectt
osubj
ect
mat
t
er
j
ur
i
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ct
i
on,t
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v
enbyt
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landv
oi
dasi
tf
al
l
swi
t
hi
nt
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ambi
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ackofj
ur
i
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ct
i
on.Andt
hei
ssueofsucher
r
orcanv
al
i
dl
yber
ai
sedatany
st
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs,
ev
enatt
heappel
l
at
el
ev
el
aswel
l
.
Sect
i
on21A:Baronsui
tt
osetasi
dedecr
eeonobj
ect
i
onast
opl
aceofsui
ng
Nosui
tshal
ll
i
echal
l
engi
ngt
hev
al
i
di
t
yofadecr
eepassedi
naf
or
mersui
tbet
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t
hesamepar
t
i
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weent
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t
i
esunderwhom t
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hem cl
ai
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l
i
t
i
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i
t
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e,onanygr
oundbasedonanobj
ect
i
onast
ot
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ofsui
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anat
i
on.
Theexpr
essi
on"
f
or
mersui
t
"meansasui
twhi
chhasbeen
deci
ded pr
i
ort
ot
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oni
nt
hesui
ti
nwhi
cht
hev
al
i
di
t
yoft
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s
quest
i
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ousl
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nst
i
t
ut
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i
ort
ot
hesui
t
i
nwhi
cht
hev
al
i
di
t
yofsuchdecr
eei
squest
i
oned.
UNI
T2
PARTI
ESTOSUI
T,
FRAMEOFSUI
T,
PLEADI
NG:PLAI
NT,
WRI
TTEN
STATEMENT,
SETOFF,
COUNTERCLAI
M,
SUI
TSBYI
NDI
GENT
PERSONS,
SUI
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CULARCASES.
PARTI
ESTOSUI
T
•Par
t
i
est
osui
tar
epl
ai
nt
i
f
fanddef
endant
.
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age,
occupat
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epl
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el
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i
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f
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i
end.
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Pl
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i
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ft
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.Oneormor
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edef
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•Mor
et
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.Al
lper
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whet
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,sev
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al
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nt
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t
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v
e;and b.I
fsuch per
sons br
ought
separ
at
esui
t
s,
anycommonquest
i
onofl
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dar
i
se.
[Or
derIRul
e1.
]
•Wher
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ot
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hat
,
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oi
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nt
i
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i
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Joi
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•Mor
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.Al
lper
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,sev
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ar
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se.
[Or
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e3]
•I
ft
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emor
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i
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edasnonj
oi
nderofpar
t
y
.
•Whenaper
sonwhoi
snei
t
hernecessar
ynorpr
operpar
t
y
;i
sj
oi
nedaspar
t
yi
s
cal
l
edasmi
sj
oi
nderofpar
t
y
.
•Asui
twi
l
lnotbedef
eat
edbynonj
oi
nderormi
sj
oi
nderofpar
t
i
es.AndCour
tmay
pr
oceedi
nt
hemat
t
eri
nr
espectofr
i
ght
sofpar
t
i
espr
esentbef
or
eCour
t
.
[Or
derI
Rul
e9]
•Al
lobj
ect
i
onsont
hegr
oundofnon-j
oi
nderormi
sj
oi
nderofpar
t
i
esshal
lbet
aken
att
heear
l
i
estpossi
bl
eoppor
t
uni
t
y
.[
Or
derIRul
e13]
St
r
i
keoutorAddpar
t
y
•Wher
eawr
ongper
soni
si
ncl
udedaspl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,Cour
tmayatanyst
ageoft
hesui
t
,
uponsat
i
sf
act
i
on,
or
deranyot
herper
sont
obesubst
i
t
ut
edoraddedaspl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.
•Wher
e name ofanypar
t
yi
si
mpr
oper
l
yj
oi
ned as pl
ai
nt
i
f
fordef
endant
,on
appl
i
cat
i
onorot
her
wi
semayst
r
uckoutsuchpar
t
y
.
•Cour
tmayaddnameofpar
t
ywhosepr
esencei
snecessar
yf
oref
f
ect
i
v
eand
compl
et
eadj
udi
cat
i
onoft
hesui
t
.[Or
derI
,
Rul
e10]
Oneper
sonmaysueordef
endonbehal
fofal
li
nsamei
nt
er
est
[
Or
derIRul
e8]
•Whenoneormor
eper
son,
onbehal
foft
hemsel
v
esandot
her
s,
f
i
l
esasui
ti
scal
l
ed
as‘
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
esui
t
’
.
•Oneormor
eofsuchper
sonsmay
,
wi
t
ht
heper
mi
ssi
onoft
heCour
t
,
sueorbesued,
ormaydef
endsuchsui
t
,
onbehal
fof
,
orf
ort
hebenef
i
tof
,
al
l
per
sonssoi
nt
er
est
ed.
•Forsuch r
epr
esent
at
i
v
e sui
tspeci
alpr
ocedur
ei
s pr
escr
i
bed whi
ch mustbe
f
ol
l
owed.[
Or
derIRul
e8]
•Ther
ear
esomecondi
t
i
onf
orsuchi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofsui
t
i
. Par
t
i
es mustbe numer
ous.Numer
ous means,many orgr
eat
/
l
ar
ge i
n
number
s.Ther
ei
snospeci
f
i
cnumberofpar
t
i
es.
i
i
. Theymusthav
esameorcommoni
nt
er
esti
nt
hesui
t
.Theymusthav
ea
commongr
i
ev
ancebuti
ti
snotnecessar
yt
hatt
heyshoul
dhav
esamecause
ofact
i
on.i
i
i
.Per
mi
ssi
onoft
heCour
tmustbeobt
ai
ned.Af
t
err
ecei
ptofsuch
appl
i
cat
i
on,Cour
tshal
l
,atpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
sexpensesgi
v
enot
i
cet
oal
lper
sonsso
i
nt
er
est
ed.Such not
i
ce maybe gi
v
en byper
sonalser
v
i
ce orbypubl
i
c
adv
er
t
i
sement
.Af
t
ert
hi
s,Cour
tmayal
l
ow appl
i
cat
i
on and sui
twi
l
lbe
pr
oceededasr
epr
esent
at
i
v
esui
t
.
•Anypar
tofcl
ai
m shal
lnotbeabandoned,nosuchsui
tshal
lbewi
t
hdr
awn,no
agr
eement
,
compr
omi
seorsat
i
sf
act
i
onshal
lber
ecor
dedi
nanysuchsui
tunl
esst
he
Cour
thasgi
v
en,att
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
sex
pense,not
i
cet
oal
lper
sonssoi
nt
er
est
edi
nt
he
sui
t
.
•Adecr
eepassedi
nasui
tundert
hi
sr
ul
eshal
lbebi
ndi
ngonal
lper
sonsonwhose
behal
f
,
orf
orwhosebenef
i
t
,
t
hesui
ti
si
nst
i
t
ut
ed,
ordef
ended,
ast
hecasemaybe.
Appear
anceofoneofsev
er
alpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
sordef
endant
s
•I
ft
her
ear
emor
et
hanonepl
ai
nt
i
f
fordef
endant
,t
henanyoneoft
hem maybe
aut
hor
i
sedt
oappear
,
pl
eadandactf
orot
her
s.[
Or
derIRul
e12]
FRAMEOFSUI
T[
ORDERI
IRULE2]
Or
derI
Ioft
heCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
eCodedeal
swi
t
ht
hef
r
ami
ngofsui
t
.I
tl
ay
sdownt
he
r
ul
esast
ohowasui
tshoul
dbef
r
amed.
Whi
l
edr
af
t
i
ngapl
ai
nt
,t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fmustdr
af
thi
spl
ai
nti
nsuchawayt
hati
ncl
udes
al
lt
hei
mpor
t
antasser
t
i
onsandt
hecl
ai
mst
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fwi
shest
oputbef
or
et
he
cour
t
.Not
hi
ngi
mpor
t
antshoul
dbel
ef
tf
ori
ncl
usi
oni
nt
hepl
ai
nt
.
I
ti
st
hepl
ai
ntoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhi
chspeaksi
ncour
tbef
or
eaj
udge.Thepl
ai
ntshoul
d
besuchwhi
chcant
akeacaset
owar
dst
heconcl
usi
onf
oraf
i
naldeci
si
on.Al
lt
he
subj
ectmat
t
eri
ndi
sput
emustbedeci
dedatonce.
Sui
tt
oI
ncl
udeWhol
eCl
ai
m,
Or
derI
IRul
e2
Thepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nhi
spl
ai
ntmusti
ncl
udet
hewhol
eoft
hecl
ai
m,whi
chhewi
shest
o
seekf
r
om t
hecour
t
.Fort
hepur
poseofbr
i
ngi
ngt
hesui
twi
t
hi
nt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofany
cour
t
,
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fmayr
el
i
nqui
shorabandonanypar
tofhi
scl
ai
m.
Exampl
e1
Af
i
l
esasui
tagai
nstBf
orr
ecov
er
yofmoney
.Theamountt
ober
ecov
er
edi
st
hr
ee
cr
or
es.Fort
hepur
poseoff
al
l
i
ngi
nt
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hedi
st
r
i
ctcour
t
,A
f
i
l
esasui
tf
orr
ecov
er
yofmoneyoft
wocr
or
esonl
y
.
Her
eAhasr
el
i
nqui
shedhi
spar
toft
hecl
ai
m(
ofr
upeesonecr
or
e)f
ort
hepur
poseof
br
i
ngi
ngsui
twi
t
hi
nt
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hedi
st
r
i
ctcour
t
.Ast
hepecuni
ar
y
l
i
mi
t
sofDel
hidi
st
r
i
ctcour
ti
supt
ot
wocr
or
es.I
fhewoul
dhav
et
omaket
hewhol
e
ofhi
scl
ai
m,
t
hent
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onwoul
dhav
ef
al
l
enunderDel
hi
Hi
ghCour
t
.
Rel
i
nqui
shedPar
tofCl
ai
m
Oncear
el
i
nqui
shmental
way
sar
el
i
nqui
shment
.I
ft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fomi
t
st
oasser
thi
s
cl
ai
m ori
nt
ent
i
onal
l
yr
el
i
nqui
shesanypar
toft
hecl
ai
m,
t
henhel
osest
her
i
ghtt
osue
f
ori
taf
t
er
war
ds.Lat
eron,
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fcan’
tasser
tf
ort
hecl
ai
m hehasr
el
i
nqui
shed.
Thecour
twi
l
l
notent
er
t
ai
nt
hecl
ai
m.
Exampl
e2
Wi
t
hr
ef
er
ence t
o exampl
e 1 ment
i
oned abov
e:The cl
ai
m whi
ch t
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
r
el
i
nqui
shedi
nor
dert
obr
i
ngt
hesui
twi
t
hi
nt
hepecuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofDel
hi
di
st
r
i
ct
cour
t
,can’
tber
ai
sedsubsequent
l
yi
nadi
f
f
er
entsui
t
.I
ft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fhasomi
t
t
edor
i
nt
ent
i
onal
l
yr
el
i
nqui
shedhi
spor
t
i
onoft
hecl
ai
m,
t
henhecan’
tsuef
ori
taf
t
er
war
ds.
Omi
ssi
ont
oSueForOneofSev
er
al
Rel
i
ef
s
I
ft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sent
i
t
l
edt
omor
et
hanoner
el
i
eff
ort
hesamecauseofact
i
on,he
mustsuef
oral
lsuchr
el
i
ef
s.I
fheomi
t
st
osuef
oranyoneofsev
er
alr
el
i
ef
s,
t
henhe
can’
tbr
i
nganot
hersui
tf
orcl
ai
mi
ngsuchr
el
i
ef
.
Except
i
ont
ot
heAbov
eRul
e
I
ft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
akest
hel
eav
eoft
hecour
tf
orr
el
i
nqui
shi
nganyofhi
sr
el
i
ef
,t
henhe
maysuef
orsuchr
el
i
efaf
t
er
war
ds.Wi
t
ht
hel
eav
eoft
hecour
t
,
Or
derI
IRul
e2does
notbarsuchr
el
i
ef
.Buti
ft
hel
eav
enott
aken,t
hent
her
ewi
l
lbeabarunderOr
derI
I
Rul
e2ofCPC.
Exampl
e3
Ai
st
hel
andl
or
dandBat
enant
.Bhasnotpai
dr
entf
ort
hel
astt
hr
eey
ear
sandi
si
n
wr
ongf
ulpossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
t
y
.Af
i
l
esasui
tagai
nstBf
ort
hepossessi
onof
t
hepr
oper
t
y
.Ai
nasubsequentsui
tcl
ai
msf
ort
hear
r
ear
sofr
entagai
nstB.The
subsequentsui
ti
sbar
r
edunderOr
derI
IRul
e2oft
heCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
eCode.
CaseLawsonOr
derI
IRul
e2,
CPC
Mohd.Khal
eelKhanv
s.Mohd.Mi
aAl
i
,1949:Pr
i
v
yCounci
lhel
dt
hati
ft
her
el
i
ef
cl
ai
medi
nanewsui
ti
sbasedupont
hesamecauseofact
i
onasoff
or
mersui
t
,
t
hen
i
tshal
lat
t
r
actt
hebarunderOr
derI
IRul
e2.I
ft
her
el
i
efcl
ai
medi
sdi
st
i
nctf
r
om t
he
f
or
mercauseofact
i
on,t
heni
twi
l
lnotbebar
r
edunderOr
derI
IRul
e2oft
heCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
eCode.
Gur
ubuxSi
nghv
s.Bhoor
aLal
,1964:Thesupr
emecour
tl
ai
ddownsomecondi
t
i
ons
f
orappl
y
i
ngOr
derI
IRul
e2.I
ft
hecondi
t
i
onssat
i
sf
y
,t
hent
hebarofOr
derI
IRul
e2
comesunderoper
at
i
on.Thecondi
t
i
onsar
easf
ol
l
ows:
1.Causeofact
i
oni
nt
hesubsequentsui
tornew sui
tmustbet
hesameast
hatof
t
hepr
ev
i
oussui
t
.
2.Wher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sent
i
t
l
edt
omor
et
hanoner
el
i
efandr
el
i
nqui
shesanyoneof
suchr
el
i
ef
swi
t
houtt
hel
eav
eoft
hecour
tandf
i
l
esanewsui
tf
ort
her
el
i
efofwhi
ch
hewasent
i
t
l
edt
oi
npr
ev
i
oussui
t
.
3.Thepr
ev
i
oussui
tmusthav
ebeendeci
dedonmer
i
t
s.
Obj
ectofOr
derI
IRul
e2
Theobj
ectbehi
ndOr
derI
IRul
e2i
st
opr
ev
entt
hemul
t
i
pl
i
ci
t
yofcases.Al
r
eadyt
he
cour
ti
sbur
denedwi
t
hl
akhsofcases.Thepur
posebehi
ndt
hi
sr
ul
ei
st
hatdef
endant
shoul
dnotbeputi
nt
r
oubl
et
wi
cef
ort
hesamecauseofact
i
on.Themat
t
ershoul
d
bedeci
dedatonceonmer
i
t
s.Mul
t
i
pl
ecl
ai
msr
ai
seconf
usi
onanddest
r
oyt
he
pr
eci
oust
i
meoft
hecour
t
.Hence,
t
hesi
gni
f
i
canceofOr
derI
IRul
e2i
sappr
eci
at
edi
n
t
hef
r
ami
ngofasui
t
.
Pl
eadi
ngs:
(
Or
der6)
Whatar
et
hePl
eadi
ngs?
Bef
or
eunder
st
andi
ngamendmentofpl
eadi
ngs,t
her
ei
saneedt
oexpl
ai
nwhati
s
Pl
eadi
ngsandi
t
sRul
e.Pl
eadi
ngsar
et
hest
at
ement
swhi
char
et
hebackboneof
ev
er
yci
v
i
lsui
t
.Noci
v
i
lsui
twi
l
lcomei
nt
oexi
st
encei
ft
her
ear
enoPl
eadi
ngs.
Pl
eadi
ngshav
ebeendef
i
nedunderOr
der6Rul
e1ofCPCwhi
chst
at
est
hatPl
eadi
ng
shal
lbePl
ai
ntorWr
i
t
t
enSt
at
ement
s.Pl
ai
nti
st
hest
at
ement
sf
i
l
edbyt
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
n
aCi
v
i
lCour
tt
opr
ov
ehi
scl
ai
m wher
easWr
i
t
t
ef
eenst
at
ement
sar
et
hest
at
ement
s
def
i
nedi
nOr
der8Rul
e1ofCPC whi
chst
at
est
hatdndantshoul
df
i
l
ewr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ement
si
n 30 day
sf
r
om t
he dat
e ofi
ssuance oft
he summons.Wr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ement
sar
ef
i
l
edbyt
hedef
endantf
orhi
sdef
ense.Pl
ai
nthasnotbeendef
i
nedi
n
CPCbuti
tcanbet
er
medaspl
eadi
ngsofPl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
r
om whi
chci
v
i
lsui
ti
si
ni
t
i
at
ed.
Pl
eadi
ngs shoul
d be pr
oper
l
ydr
af
t
ed and i
tshoul
d notcont
ai
n anyv
ague or
unambi
guousst
at
ement
s.Pl
eadi
ngsar
et
hosemat
er
i
alf
act
swhi
chhel
pspl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
o
def
i
net
hecauseofact
i
onandt
hedef
endantt
oest
abl
i
shhi
sdef
ensei
naci
v
i
l
sui
t
.
Whatr
ul
est
obef
ol
l
owedwhi
l
edr
af
t
i
ngofpl
eadi
ngs?
Pl
eadi
ngshoul
dcont
ai
nt
hef
act
sbutnol
awshoul
dbeappl
i
edi
npl
eadi
ngs.Onl
yt
he
cour
thast
hepowert
oappl
yt
hel
awont
hebasi
soff
actst
at
edi
nt
hePl
eadi
ngs.I
n
t
hecaseofGour
iDut
tGaneshLalFi
r
mv
.MadhoPr
asad,
1honor
abl
ecour
tst
at
ed
t
hatPl
eadi
ngsshoul
dbedef
i
nedi
nf
ourwor
ds–“
Pl
eadFact
s,
notl
aws”
.
Pl
eadi
ngsshoul
dcont
ai
nmat
er
i
alf
act
s.Par
t
i
esshoul
dav
oi
dusi
ngi
mmat
er
i
alor
i
r
r
el
ev
antf
act
si
nt
hePl
eadi
ngs.I
nt
hecaseofVi
r
enderNat
hv
.Sat
palSi
ngh2,t
he
cour
tst
at
edt
hatmat
er
i
alf
act
sar
et
hosef
act
swhi
chhel
psPl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
odef
i
nehi
s
causeofact
i
onordef
endantt
ost
r
onghi
sdef
ense.
Par
t
i
esshoul
dnotgi
v
et
heev
i
dencei
nt
hepl
eadi
ngsf
r
om whi
chf
act
sar
epr
ov
ed.
Pl
eadi
ngsshoul
dcont
ai
nt
hemat
er
i
alf
act
si
nt
hebr
i
eff
or
m.Par
t
i
esshoul
dav
oi
d
usi
ngi
r
r
el
ev
antori
mmat
er
i
al
st
at
ement
swhi
l
edr
af
t
i
ngt
hePl
ai
nt
.
Or
derVIRul
e17CodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e:
Amendmentofpl
eadi
ngs–TheCour
tmayatanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsal
l
ow
ei
t
herpar
t
yt
oal
t
eroramendhi
spl
eadi
ngsi
nsuchmannerandonsucht
er
msas
maybej
ust
,andal
lsuchamendment
sshal
lbemadeasmaybenecessar
yf
ort
he
pur
poseofdet
er
mi
ni
ngt
her
eal
quest
i
onsi
ncont
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
hepar
t
i
es.
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatnoappl
i
cat
i
onf
oramendmentshal
lbeal
l
owedaf
t
ert
het
r
i
alhas
commenced,
unl
esst
hecour
tcomest
ot
heconcl
usi
ont
hati
nspi
t
eofduedi
l
i
gence,
t
hepar
t
ycoul
dnothav
er
ai
sedt
hemat
t
erbef
or
et
hecommencementoft
r
i
al
.
”
I
nwhi
chst
ageofci
v
i
lsui
tpl
eadi
ngcanbeamended?
ThePr
ov
i
si
onr
el
at
edt
oAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngsgi
v
espowert
ot
heci
v
i
lcour
tt
o
al
l
owpar
t
i
est
oal
t
er
,amendormodi
f
yt
hepl
eadi
ngsatanyst
ageofpr
oceedi
ngs1.
Pr
ov
i
si
onf
orAmendmentofpl
eadi
ngshasbeenst
at
edi
nOr
der6Rul
e17oft
he
Codeofci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
e.Butt
hecour
twi
l
lal
l
owamendmentonl
yi
ft
hi
samendment
i
snecessar
yt
odet
er
mi
net
hecont
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
hepar
t
i
es.Thepur
poseoft
hi
s
pr
ov
i
si
oni
st
opr
omot
eendsofj
ust
i
ceandnott
odef
eatt
hel
aw.
ThePr
ov
i
so ofOr
der6 Rul
e17 st
at
est
hatcour
twi
l
lnotal
l
ow appl
i
cat
i
on of
amendmentaf
t
ert
he t
r
i
alhas been commenced unl
ess cour
tcomes t
ot
he
concl
usi
ont
hatpar
t
ydi
dnotr
ai
set
her
el
ev
antf
act
sbef
or
et
hecommencementof
t
het
r
i
al
.Thi
spr
ov
i
so gi
v
esdi
scr
et
i
onar
ypowert
ot
hecour
tt
o deci
deon t
he
appl
i
cat
i
onofpl
eadi
ngsaf
t
ert
hecommencementoft
heTr
i
al
.Ani
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
he
sui
ti
snecessar
yf
orappl
y
i
ngf
oramendmentofpl
eadi
ngs.
Thi
spr
ov
i
si
onwasdel
et
edbyt
heCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e(
Amendment
)Code,1999.Thi
s
omi
ssi
onwasmadet
oensur
econsi
st
encyi
nnewchangesi
nt
heci
v
i
l
code.Butl
at
er
,
i
twasr
est
or
edbyt
heCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e(
Amendment
)Code,2000.Thi
samendment
hasgi
v
enpowert
ot
hecour
tt
o al
l
ow appl
i
cat
i
on oft
hepl
eadi
ngswi
t
h some
l
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
I
nt
hecaseofGur
di
alSi
nghv.RajKumarAnej
a,t
hecour
tst
at
edt
hatanyper
son
whoi
sappl
y
i
ngf
ort
heamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsshoul
dst
at
et
hatwhati
st
obe
al
t
er
ed,
amendedormodi
f
i
edi
nt
heor
i
gi
nal
pl
eadi
ngs.
I
nt
hecaseoft
heRaj
eshKumarAggar
wal&Or
sv.K.
K.Modi&Or
s,t
hecour
tst
at
ed
t
hatAmendmentofpl
eadi
ngsconsi
st
soft
wopar
t
s:
I
nt
hef
i
r
stpar
t
,t
hewor
d‘
may
’gi
v
esdi
scr
et
i
onar
ypowert
ot
hecour
tt
oal
l
ow or
di
sal
l
owappl
i
cat
i
onofpl
eadi
ngs.
I
nt
hesecondpar
t
,
t
hewor
d‘
shal
l
’
gi
v
esobl
i
gat
or
ydi
r
ect
i
ont
ot
heci
v
i
l
cour
tt
oal
l
ow
t
heappl
i
cat
i
onofpl
eadi
ngsi
ft
hi
samendmenti
snecessar
yf
ort
hepur
poseof
det
er
mi
ni
ngt
her
eal
quest
i
onsi
ncont
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
hepar
t
i
es.
Whydocour
t
sal
l
owamendmentofPl
eadi
ngs?
Thepr
i
mar
yobj
ect
i
v
ef
ort
hecour
tt
oal
l
owappl
i
cat
i
onf
orAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngs
i
ssecur
et
heendsoft
hej
ust
i
ceandpr
ev
enti
nj
ust
i
cet
oot
herpar
t
i
es.Al
so,t
hi
s
amendmenti
snecessar
yf
ort
hepur
poseofdet
er
mi
ni
ng t
her
ealquest
i
onsi
n
cont
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
hepar
t
i
es.Amendment
sofpl
eadi
ngshel
pt
hepar
t
i
est
o
cor
r
ecti
t
smi
st
akesi
nt
hepl
eadi
ngs.I
nt
hecaseofCr
opperv
.Smi
t
h,t
hecour
t
st
at
edt
hatt
heobj
ectbehi
ndamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
st
opr
ot
ectt
her
i
ght
soft
he
par
t
i
esandnott
opuni
sht
hem f
ort
hemi
st
akemadebyt
hem i
nt
hepl
eadi
ngs.
Whatcanbeamendedi
npl
eadi
ng?
Pl
ai
ntf
i
l
edbyt
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
f
Wr
i
t
t
enSt
at
ement
sf
i
l
edbyt
heDef
endant
I
mpor
t
anceoft
heDoct
r
i
neofRel
at
i
onbacki
nAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngs
Whent
hecour
tal
l
owst
heappl
i
cat
i
onoft
heAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngst
heni
tr
el
at
es
backt
ot
hedat
eofsui
t
.Buti
nt
hecaseofSampat
hKumarv
.Ay
y
akannu6,t
hecour
t
st
at
edt
hati
nsomespeci
alcases,
t
hecour
tcandi
r
ectt
hatamendmentofpl
eadi
ngs
wi
l
l
notr
el
at
ebackt
ot
hedat
eofsui
t
.
AmendmentofPl
eadi
ngswhengr
ant
ed:
I
nt
hecaseofKi
shanDas Vi
t
hobaBachel
or
,t
hecour
tst
at
edt
hatt
her
ear
et
wo
necessar
ycondi
t
i
ons t
o be sat
i
sf
i
ed bef
or
e gr
ant
i
ng l
eav
ef
oramendmentof
pl
eadi
ngs:
Th
i
sgr
antofl
eav
eshoul
dnotl
eadst
ot
hei
nj
ust
i
cet
oot
herpar
t
y
.
Th
i
sAmendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
snecessar
yf
ordet
er
mi
ni
ngt
her
ealquest
i
on
ofcont
r
ov
er
sybet
weenpar
t
i
es.
I
nt
hecaseofRaj
kumarGur
awar
a(
Dead)Thr
.L.
Rs.vsS.
K.Sar
awagiAndCo.Pvt
.
Lt
d.And Anr
,t
he honor
abl
e Supr
eme Cour
tst
at
ed cer
t
ai
n condi
t
i
ons when
amendment
sofPl
eadi
ngscanbeal
l
owedt
heyar
e:
Wh
ennat
ur
eoft
hecasewi
l
lchangebyal
l
owi
ngappl
i
cat
i
onf
oramendment
ofappeal
Wh
enanewcauseofact
i
onar
i
sebyal
l
owi
ngappl
i
cat
i
onofanamendment
Wh
enAmendment
sofPl
eadi
ngsdef
eat
st
hel
awofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
Ot
herpoi
nt
sonwhi
chAmendment
sofPl
eadi
ngsi
sgr
ant
ed:
Wh
ent
heappl
i
cat
i
onofamendmenti
sf
i
l
edt
oav
oi
dmul
t
i
pl
i
ci
t
yofsui
t
s.
Wh
enpar
t
i
esi
nt
hepl
ai
ntorwr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
sar
ewr
ongf
ul
l
ydescr
i
bed.
Wh
ent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fomi
t
st
oaddsomepr
oper
t
i
est
ot
hepl
ai
nt
.
AmendmentofPl
eadi
ngswhenr
ef
used:
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
onofamendmentofPl
eadi
ngsi
sr
ej
ect
edbyt
hecour
twhent
hi
s
amendmenti
snotnecessar
yf
ordet
er
mi
ni
ngt
her
ealquest
i
onofcont
r
ov
er
sy
bet
weenpar
t
i
es.
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
on ofamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
sr
ej
ect
ed when i
tl
eadst
ot
he
i
nt
r
oduct
i
onofat
ot
al
l
ynewcase.I
nt
hecaseoft
heModiSpg.Mi
l
l
sv
.Ladha
Ram &sonsSupr
emeCour
thel
dt
hat“t
hedef
endantcannotbeal
l
owedt
o
change compl
et
el
yt
he case made i
n cer
t
ai
n par
agr
aphs oft
he wr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ementandsubst
i
t
ut
eanent
i
r
el
ydi
f
f
er
entandnewcase”
.
Wh
ent
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
fordef
endanti
snegl
i
gent
Wh
enpr
oposedal
t
er
at
i
onormodi
f
i
cat
i
oni
sunj
ust
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
onf
orAmendment
sofPl
eadi
ngsi
sr
ef
usedwheni
tv
i
ol
at
est
hel
egal
r
i
ght
sorcausei
nj
ust
i
cet
ot
heot
herpar
t
y
L
eav
et
oamendi
sr
ef
usedwheni
tl
eadst
ot
heneedl
esscompl
i
cat
i
onsi
nt
he
case.
L
eav
et
oamendi
sr
ef
usedwhent
her
ehasbeenexcessi
v
edel
aybyt
he
par
t
i
esi
nf
i
l
i
ngt
hesui
t
.
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
onofAmendmenti
sr
ef
usedwheni
tchangest
henat
ur
eoft
he
di
sput
es
Th
ecour
twi
l
lnotgr
antappl
i
cat
i
onofamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
fi
ti
smade
wi
t
hmal
af
i
dei
nt
ent
i
on.
Wh
er
esev
er
aloppor
t
uni
t
i
esar
egi
v
ent
opar
t
i
est
oappl
yf
oramendmentof
pl
eadi
ngs.Butt
heyf
ai
l
edt
omakeanappl
i
cat
i
on.
St
epbySt
eppr
ocedur
ef
orf
i
l
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onf
orAmendmentofPl
eadi
ngs:
St
ep1–Fi
r
st
l
yt
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
forDef
endantwhowant
st
oamendi
t
spl
eadi
ngscan
wr
i
t
eanappl
i
cat
i
onf
ort
heamendmentofpl
eadi
ngst
ot
heconcer
nedci
v
i
l
cour
t
St
ep2– Af
t
erdr
af
t
i
ngt
heappl
i
cat
i
onappl
i
cantneedst
opr
oducet
heappl
i
cat
i
on
bef
or
et
heconcer
nedci
v
i
l
j
udge.
St
ep3–Hehast
opayar
equi
r
edcour
tf
eeundercour
tf
eesAct
,
1870.
St
ep4-Appl
i
cantneedst
ot
el
l
t
hepur
poseoft
heal
t
er
at
i
oni
nhi
sappl
i
cat
i
on.
St
ep5–Judgewi
l
lr
eadt
heappl
i
cat
i
onandi
fhet
hi
nksf
i
tt
hatt
hi
sal
t
er
at
i
onor
amendmenti
snecessar
yf
ort
hepur
poseofdet
er
mi
ni
ng t
her
ealquest
i
onsi
n
cont
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
hepar
t
i
esThanhewi
l
lgr
antper
mi
ssi
onf
oramendmentf
or
pl
eadi
ng.
St
ep6– Af
t
erget
t
i
ngt
heor
derf
r
om t
hecour
t
,t
heappl
i
cantneedst
of
i
l
enew
pl
eadi
ngswi
t
hi
nt
hepr
escr
i
bedt
i
meandi
fnot
i
mehasbeenpr
escr
i
bedbyt
hecour
t
t
henheneedst
of
i
l
ei
ti
n14day
sf
r
om t
hedat
eofor
der
.
St
ep7–Heal
soneedst
ogi
v
eacopyofal
t
er
edpl
eadi
ngst
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
Cant
hepl
eadi
ngsbeamendedi
ft
hesui
ti
sdebar
r
edbyt
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
I
nt
hecaseofL.
J.Leach&Co.Lt
d.v.Jar
di
neSki
nner&Co,t
heSupr
emeCour
t
st
at
edt
hatcour
tcandecl
i
net
heappl
i
cat
i
onofamendmentofpl
eadi
ngsi
fi
ti
s
debar
r
edbyt
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
.Butt
hecour
thasdi
scr
et
i
onar
ypowert
oal
l
ow t
hi
s
appl
i
cat
i
ont
osecur
eendsofj
ust
i
ce.Thel
i
mi
t
at
i
oncanbegr
oundf
orr
ej
ect
i
ngt
he
appl
i
cat
i
onbutt
hecour
tcanal
l
owi
ft
hecour
tt
hi
nkst
hatamendmenti
snecessar
y
.
I
nt
hecaseofSout
hKonkanDi
st
i
l
l
er
i
es&Anrv
.Pr
abhakarGaj
ananNai
k&Or
s9,
t
hecour
tst
at
edt
hati
ti
sset
t
l
edpr
i
nci
pl
et
hatcour
tcandi
sal
l
owt
heappl
i
cat
i
onof
amendmenti
font
hedat
eoft
hef
i
l
i
ngofAppl
i
cat
i
oni
ti
sbar
r
edbyt
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
on.But
t
hi
snotmeant
hatcour
tcannotor
dergr
antf
orAppl
i
cat
i
on.Forsecur
i
ngt
hei
nt
er
est
ofj
ust
i
ce,t
hecour
thasdi
scr
et
i
onar
ypowert
oal
l
ow appl
i
cat
i
onofamendmentof
pl
eadi
ng.
I
nt
hecaseofPankaj
a&Anrv.Yel
l
appa(
D)byLRs&Or
s,t
hecour
thel
dt
hatt
her
e
i
snoset
t
l
edpr
i
nci
pl
et
hatwhi
chst
at
est
hatcour
tcanr
ej
ectt
heappl
i
cat
i
onof
amendmenti
font
hedat
eoff
i
l
i
ngt
heappl
i
cat
i
oni
ti
sbar
r
edbyl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.Thecour
t
st
at
edt
hedi
scr
et
i
ont
oal
l
ow ornott
oal
l
ow appl
i
cat
i
ondependsont
hef
act
ual
backgr
oundoft
hecase.I
ff
act
s&ci
r
cumst
anceoft
hecasecl
ear
l
yest
abl
i
shest
hat
t
hi
samendmenti
snecessar
yt
odet
er
mi
net
hecauseofact
i
onandt
oav
oi
df
ur
t
her
l
i
t
i
gat
i
ont
hent
hecour
tshoul
dal
l
owt
hi
sappl
i
cat
i
on.
I
nt
hecaseofRaguThi
l
akD.Johnv.S.Ray
appan,t
hecour
tst
at
edt
hati
ti
s
di
sput
edf
actt
hatappl
i
cat
i
onofamendmentwi
l
lbeal
l
owedornotwheni
ti
sbar
r
ed
byt
heLi
mi
t
at
i
on.Buti
nmanycases,t
hei
ssueofl
i
mi
t
at
i
oni
smadeani
ssuei
nt
he
sui
t
,
I
nt
hosecases,
appl
i
cat
i
onofamendmenti
sal
l
owedf
ordi
sposi
ngoft
hecase.
I
nt
hecaseofVi
shwambharv.Laxmi
nar
ay
an,
t
hecour
thel
dt
hatappl
i
cat
i
onf
or
amendmentofPl
eadi
ngi
st
ot
her
el
at
ebackt
oaf
i
l
l
i
ngoft
hedat
eofappl
i
cat
i
onnot
t
ot
hedat
eoff
i
l
i
ngoft
hesui
t
.
Whyi
sOr
der6Rul
e17cr
i
t
i
ci
zed?
Ap
pl
i
cat
i
onoft
heAmendment
sdel
ay
sJust
i
ce.Ar
unMohan,seni
orl
awy
er
-
aut
horoft
hebookcal
l
ed“
Just
i
ce,Cour
t
s,anddel
ay
s”t
el
l
si
nhi
sbookt
hat
al
most80% oft
heappl
i
cat
i
on f
ort
heamendmenti
sf
i
l
ed wi
t
ht
hesol
e
obj
ect
i
v
eofdel
ay
i
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngs.
On
eoft
hebi
gchal
l
engesf
acedbyt
heI
ndi
ancour
t
si
st
hebackl
ogoft
he
cases.Ci
v
i
lcour
ti
sal
r
eadybur
denedwi
t
hl
otmanycasesandamendmentof
pl
eadi
ngsput
smor
ebur
denont
heci
v
i
l
cour
t
s.
Or
der6Rul
e17i
st
hemostmi
susedl
aw.
I
ti
sahi
ndr
ancet
ospeedydi
sposal
oft
hemat
t
er
I
thasmor
epossi
bi
l
i
t
i
es&chancesofv
i
ol
at
i
onofl
egalr
i
ght
sont
heot
her
si
de.
Somet
i
mesi
ti
sdi
f
f
i
cul
tt
of
i
ndt
her
ealquest
i
onofcont
r
ov
er
sybet
ween
par
t
i
es
Th
econt
r
ov
er
sybet
weent
heAmendmentofpr
oceedi
ngsandt
heLi
mi
t
at
i
on
i
sst
i
l
lnotset
t
l
ed.I
ndi
f
f
er
entcases,
t
her
ear
edi
f
f
er
enti
nt
er
pr
et
at
i
onsoft
hi
s
r
ul
e.
Manyappl
i
cant
swi
t
ht
hemal
af
i
dei
nt
ent
i
onar
ef
i
l
i
ngt
heappl
i
cat
i
onf
or
amendment
.I
ti
snoteasyf
ort
heci
v
i
lcour
tt
oest
abl
i
shmal
af
i
dei
nt
ent
i
onof
t
hepar
t
i
es.
Whathappenswhenanappl
i
cantf
ai
l
st
oamendi
napr
escr
i
bedt
i
me?
Pr
ov
i
si
onon:Or
derVIRul
e18Ci
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e
Fai
l
ur
et
oamendaf
t
eror
der:
I
fapar
t
ywhohasobt
ai
nedanor
derf
orl
eav
et
oamend
doesnotamendaccor
di
ngl
ywi
t
hi
nt
het
i
mel
i
mi
t
edf
ort
hatpur
posebyt
heor
der
,
or
i
fnot
i
mei
st
her
ebyl
i
mi
t
edt
henwi
t
hi
nf
our
t
eenday
sf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
heor
der
,he
shal
l
notbeper
mi
t
t
edt
oamendaf
t
ert
heexpi
r
at
i
onofsuchl
i
mi
t
edt
i
measaf
or
esai
d
orofsuchf
our
t
eenday
s,ast
hecasemaybe,unl
esst
het
i
mei
sext
endedbyt
he
Cour
t
.
Or
derVIr
ul
e18st
at
est
hatwhenapar
t
yhadappl
i
cat
i
onf
oramendmentandi
ti
s
al
l
owedbyt
hecour
tt
hr
oughanor
der
.Butt
hepar
t
ydoesnotamendi
twi
t
hi
nt
he
t
i
mepr
escr
i
bedi
nt
heor
derori
fnot
i
mei
spr
escr
i
bed,
wi
t
hi
nt
hef
our
t
eenday
sf
r
om
i
ssuanceofor
dert
hent
hepar
t
ywi
l
l
benotper
mi
t
t
edt
oamend.
PLAI
NTANDWRI
TTENSTATEMENT(
ORDER7,
8)
Pl
ai
nt
APl
ai
nti
sal
egaldocumentt
hatcont
ai
nst
hecont
entofanyci
v
i
lsui
twhi
chshows
t
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
f
’
scl
ai
m af
t
erf
i
l
i
ngsui
t
.Thepl
ai
nti
st
hef
i
r
stst
epoft
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nt
he
f
or
m ofal
egaldocumentf
ort
hecommencementofsui
tandi
tshowswhata
Pl
ai
nt
i
f
fwant
sf
r
om t
hatsui
t
.Theconceptofapl
ai
nti
sment
i
onedi
nt
heCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
eCode.Thr
ought
hehel
pofpl
ai
nt
,t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fnar
r
at
esordescr
i
best
he
causeofact
i
onandr
el
at
edi
nf
or
mat
i
onwhi
chi
sconsi
der
edasessent
i
alf
r
om t
he
v
i
ewpoi
ntoft
hesui
t
.
I
nt
hecaseofpl
ai
nt
,t
hecauseofact
i
onconsi
st
soft
wodi
v
i
si
ons,f
i
r
sti
st
hel
egal
t
heor
y(
t
hef
act
ualsi
t
uat
i
onbasedonwhi
cht
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fcl
ai
mst
ohav
esuf
f
er
ed)
andsecondi
st
hel
egalr
emedyt
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fseeksf
r
om t
hecour
t
.Apl
ai
nti
s
consi
der
edani
mpor
t
antconceptbecausei
ti
st
hef
or
emostandi
ni
t
i
alst
aget
o
i
ni
t
i
at
eanyl
awsui
tandhel
pst
of
i
ndaci
v
i
l
cour
tofappr
opr
i
at
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
Or
derVI
Ioft
heCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
edeal
s,par
t
i
cul
ar
l
ywi
t
hpl
ai
nt
.I
nOr
derVI
Iof
CPC,t
her
ear
emanydi
f
f
er
entr
ul
eswhi
chdealwi
t
hdi
f
f
er
entconst
i
t
uent
sofpl
ai
nt
.
Rul
es1t
o8dealwi
t
ht
hepar
t
i
cul
ar
soft
hepl
ai
nt
.Rul
e9ofCPCdeal
swi
t
hhowt
he
pl
ai
ntwi
l
lbeadmi
t
t
edandaf
t
ert
hatRul
e10t
o10Bt
al
ksaboutt
her
et
ur
noft
he
pl
ai
ntandt
heappear
anceofpar
t
i
es.Andt
hemai
nRul
esi
.
e11t
o13dealwi
t
ht
he
r
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
ntandi
nwhi
chci
r
cumst
ancest
hepl
ai
ntcanber
ej
ect
ed.
Sect
i
on26oft
heCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
est
at
es“
Ev
er
ysui
tshal
lbei
nst
i
t
ut
edbyt
he
pr
esent
at
i
onofapl
ai
ntori
nsuchot
hermannerasmaybepr
escr
i
bed.
”Thi
ssect
i
on
cl
ear
l
yshowst
hatpl
ai
nti
sv
er
ymuchnecessar
yf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofasui
t
bef
or
et
heci
v
i
l
orcommer
ci
al
cour
t
.
Necessar
yCont
ent
sofAPl
ai
nt
Apl
ai
nti
sal
egaldocumentt
hatcont
ai
nsal
otofnecessar
ycont
ent
si
nt
heabsence
ofwhi
ch,
i
tcannotbeconsi
der
edasapl
ai
nt
.Thecont
ent
snecessar
yf
orapl
ai
ntar
e
ment
i
onedi
nRul
es1t
o8ofOr
derVI
IofCPC.Thesear
ement
i
onedbel
ow:
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dcont
ai
nt
henameoft
hecommer
ci
alorci
v
i
lcour
twher
easui
t
wi
l
l
bei
ni
t
i
at
ed.
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dcont
ai
ndet
ai
l
soft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fsuchast
hename,addr
ess,and
descr
i
pt
i
on.
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dcont
ai
nt
hename,
r
esi
dence,
anddescr
i
pt
i
onoft
hedef
endant
.
Wh
enapl
ai
nt
i
f
fhassomedef
ect
sorpr
obl
emsi
nheal
t
horanyt
y
peof
di
sabi
l
i
t
y
,
t
hePl
ai
ntshoul
dcont
ai
nast
at
ementoft
heseef
f
ect
s.
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dcont
ai
nt
hef
act
sduet
owhi
chcauseofact
i
onar
i
sesandwher
e
t
hecauseofact
i
onar
i
sesi
tshoul
dal
sobement
i
oned.
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dnotonl
yment
i
onf
act
sduet
owhi
chcauseofact
i
onar
i
sesbut
al
sot
hosef
act
swhi
chhel
pi
nr
ecogni
zi
ngt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dal
socont
ai
naboutt
hatr
el
i
efwhi
cht
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fseeksf
r
om t
he
cour
t
.
Wh
ent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sr
eadyt
osetof
fapor
t
i
onofhi
scl
ai
m,t
hePl
ai
ntshoul
d
cont
ai
nt
hatamountwhi
chhasbeensoal
l
owed.
Pl
ai
ntshoul
dcont
ai
nast
at
ementoft
hev
al
ueoft
hesubj
ect
mat
t
erofsui
t
notonl
yf
ort
hepur
poseofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onbutal
sof
ort
hepur
poseofcour
t
f
ees.
At
l
ast
,
t
hecont
entt
hatshoul
dbeonpl
ai
nti
st
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fv
er
i
f
i
cat
i
ononoat
h.
Thi
sshowst
hatt
hepl
ai
nti
sanecessar
ycomponentf
ort
hesuccessf
uli
ni
t
i
at
i
onof
sui
t
si
ncommer
ci
al
orci
v
i
l
cour
t
sandpl
ay
sav
er
yi
mpor
t
antr
ol
et
hr
oughoutt
hesui
t
.
Someaddi
t
i
onalpar
t
i
cul
ar
swhi
chwer
enotment
i
onedabov
ei
ncl
udet
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
Pl
ai
nt
i
f
fshal
l
st
at
et
heexactamountofmoneyt
obeobt
ai
nedf
r
om t
hedef
endantas
gi
v
enunderRul
e2ofor
derVI
Iwher
easRul
e3ofor
derVI
IofCPCst
at
est
hatwhen
t
hepl
ai
ntcont
ai
nssubj
ectmat
t
erofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,
t
hent
hepr
oper
t
ymustbe
dul
ydescr
i
bed.
Rej
ect
i
onofpl
ai
nt
ThePl
ai
ntshal
lber
ej
ect
edi
ncer
t
ai
nsi
t
uat
i
onswhenr
equi
r
ement
sar
enotf
ul
f
i
l
l
ed.
Someoft
hesi
t
uat
i
onsi
nwhi
cht
hepl
ai
nti
sr
ej
ect
edar
easf
ol
l
ows:
Th
epl
ai
nti
sr
ej
ect
edi
nacasewher
et
hecauseofact
i
oni
snotdi
scl
osed.I
f
t
hecauseofact
i
oni
snotdi
scl
osedt
heni
ti
snotpossi
bl
et
opr
ov
et
he
damagecausedt
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.Toseekr
el
i
efagai
nstt
hedef
endant
,
t
hef
act
s
needt
obement
i
onedcl
ear
l
y
.I
nt
hecaseofSnpShi
ppi
ngSer
v
i
cePv
t
.Lt
d.v
.
Wor
l
d TankerCar
r
i
erCor
por
at
i
on,t
he pl
ai
ntwas r
ej
ect
ed and t
he sui
t
di
smi
ssedunderOr
der7,
Rul
e1(
a)oft
heC.
P.
C.
,
1908.
Th
epl
ai
nti
sal
sor
ej
ect
edi
nacasewher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fr
el
i
efi
sunder
v
al
ued
andt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sr
equest
edbyt
hecour
tt
ocor
r
ectt
hev
al
uat
i
onwi
t
hi
nt
he
gi
v
ent
i
mef
r
amebutt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
st
odoso.
Th
epl
ai
nti
sr
ej
ect
edi
nacasewher
eal
lt
hedocument
sar
enotpr
oper
l
y
st
ampedandt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fonbei
ngr
equi
r
edbyt
hecour
tt
osuppl
yt
her
equi
r
ed
st
amppaperwi
t
hi
nat
i
met
obef
i
x
edbycour
tf
ai
l
st
odoso.
Th
epl
ai
nti
smost
l
yr
ej
ect
edduet
ot
hest
at
ementment
i
onedi
nt
hepl
ai
nt
secur
edbyanyl
aworst
at
ut
et
hatdoesn’
tgi
v
eanyr
i
ghtt
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
of
i
l
e
t
hesui
t
.
Wh
enadupl
i
cat
ecopyoft
hepl
ai
nti
snotsubmi
t
t
edwher
easi
ti
sment
i
oned
t
hati
ti
smandat
or
yt
osubmi
tt
hedupl
i
cat
ecopyt
heni
nt
hatcondi
t
i
onpl
ai
nt
i
sl
i
abl
et
obedi
smi
ssed.
Th
epl
ai
nti
sr
ej
ect
edwhent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
st
ocompl
ywi
t
ht
hepr
ov
i
si
onsof
Rul
e9ofOr
derVI
IofC.
P.
C.
Pr
ov
i
si
onsont
heRej
ect
i
onofPl
ai
ntunderC.
P.
C.
Aswehav
eal
r
eadysai
di
nwhatci
r
cumst
ancest
hepl
ai
ntcanber
ej
ect
edandnow
whatar
et
hepr
ov
i
si
onst
hatar
er
el
at
edt
ot
her
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
ntunderCodeof
Ci
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e.Someoft
hepr
ov
i
si
onsr
egar
di
ng t
her
ej
ect
i
on ofapl
ai
ntar
e
ment
i
onedbel
ow:
Or
derVI
IRul
e12ofC.
P.
Cst
at
est
hepr
ocedur
eonr
ej
ect
i
ngt
hepl
ai
ntsot
hat
i
tcanbeusedasapr
ecedentf
orf
ut
ur
ecases.
Or
derVI
IRul
e13ofC.
P.
Cst
at
est
hatr
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
ntdoesnotst
opt
he
pr
esent
at
i
onorf
i
l
l
i
ngoft
hef
r
eshpl
ai
nt
.
Twomodeswhi
char
ement
i
onedt
oshow t
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
hepl
ai
ntcanbe
r
ej
ect
ed:
Th
e def
endanthas t
he r
i
ghtt
of
i
l
e an appl
i
cat
i
on i
nt
he f
or
m ofan
i
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yappl
i
cat
i
onatanyst
ageofpr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
her
ej
ect
i
onoft
he
pl
ai
nt
.
Su
omot
o(
oni
t
sown)
:Themeani
ngoft
hesuomot
oi
t
sel
fdef
i
nest
hewayof
r
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
.Suomot
or
ej
ect
i
oni
sunderOr
der7Rul
e11whi
ch
st
at
esRej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
.Acour
tcani
t
sel
ft
r
yasui
tunderOr
der7Rul
e
11i
ft
hepl
ai
ntf
ul
f
i
l
l
st
hecondi
t
i
onsdi
scussedi
nt
hef
i
r
stpoi
nt
.
Landmar
kCasesonRej
ect
i
onofPl
ai
nt
Manycasescamei
nf
r
ontofcour
tr
el
at
edt
ot
her
ej
ect
i
onofpl
ai
ntbutsomeoft
he
casesgi
v
en bel
ow ar
enow consi
der
ed asal
andmar
kf
orot
hercaseson t
he
r
ej
ect
i
onofpl
ai
nt
:
Kal
epurPal
aSubr
ahmany
am vTi
gut
iVenkat
a:I
nt
hi
scase,i
twassai
dt
hatapl
ai
nt
cannotber
ej
ect
edi
npar
tandr
et
ai
nedpar
tundert
hi
sr
ul
e.I
tmustber
ej
ect
edasa
whol
eand notwi
t
ht
her
ej
ect
i
onofonepar
tand accept
anceofanot
her
.Thi
s
j
udgmenti
sconsi
der
edasal
andmar
kj
udgmentont
her
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
.
SopanSukhdeoSabl
ev.Asst
t
.Char
i
t
yCommr
.
:I
nt
hi
scase,i
twashel
dt
hatwher
e
t
hesui
twasatt
hest
ageofr
ecor
di
ngofev
i
denceandanappl
i
cat
i
onunderOr
der7
Rul
e11oft
hecodewasf
i
l
edt
odel
ayt
hepr
oceedi
ngsoft
hesui
t
,t
heappl
i
cat
i
on
underOr
der7r
ul
e11oft
hecodewasr
ej
ect
ed.
Bi
bhasMohanMukher
j
eev.Har
iChar
anBaner
j
ee:I
nt
hi
scase,i
twashel
dt
hatan
Or
derr
ej
ect
i
ngapl
ai
nti
sadecr
eeandhencei
ti
sappl
i
cabl
eandbi
ndi
ngi
not
her
caseswhi
chi
nv
ol
v
est
her
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
.
1.ROJA v
s.U.
S.RAYU:Cour
t
,i
nt
hi
scase,hel
dt
hatanyappl
i
cat
i
onf
ort
he
r
ej
ect
i
onoft
hepl
ai
ntunderOr
der7Rul
e11oft
hecodeofci
v
i
lpr
ocedur
ecan
bef
i
l
ed atanyst
ageand t
hecour
thast
o di
sposeoft
hesamebef
or
e
pr
oceedi
ngwi
t
ht
het
r
i
al
.
Kul
deepSi
nghPat
hani
avs.Bi
kr
am Si
nghJar
y
a:I
nt
hi
s,t
hecour
thel
dt
hatf
oran
appl
i
cat
i
onunderOr
derVI
IRul
e11(
a)ofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e,onl
yt
hepl
eadi
ngs
oft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fcanbel
ookedi
nt
oandnei
t
hert
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementnorav
er
ment
s
canbeconsi
der
edf
ori
nqui
r
y
.
Whati
sWr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
?
Theexpr
essi
on“
wr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
”hasnotbeendef
i
nedi
nt
heCopde,i
ti
s“
at
er
m
ofspeci
f
i
cconnot
at
i
onor
di
nar
i
l
ysi
gni
f
y
i
ngar
epl
yt
ot
hepl
ai
ntf
i
l
edbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
”
.
I
not
herwor
ds,
awr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementi
st
hepl
eadi
ngoft
hest
at
ementwher
i
nhedeal
s
wi
t
hev
er
ymat
er
i
al
f
actal
l
egedl
ybyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nhi
spl
ai
ntandal
sost
at
esanynew
f
act
si
nhi
sf
av
ourort
akesl
egal
obj
ect
i
onsagai
nstt
hecl
ai
m oft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.
Whati
st
hemeani
ngofNewf
act
smustbespeci
al
l
ypl
eaded?Whati
sDeni
alt
obe
speci
f
i
c?Whati
sEv
asi
v
edeni
al
?Whati
sSpeci
f
i
cdeni
al
?Rul
e1,2,3,4and5of
Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
e1908
Wr
i
t
t
en st
at
ement
,New f
act
smustbespeci
al
l
ypl
eaded,Deni
alt
o bespeci
f
i
c,
Ev
asi
v
edeni
alandSpeci
f
i
cdeni
alar
edef
i
nedunderRul
e1,
2,
3,
4and5ofOr
derVI
I
I
ofCodeofCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
e1908.Pr
ov
i
si
onsundert
heseRul
esar
e:
Rul
e1Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Wr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
"
(
1)Thedef
endantshal
l
,
atorbef
or
et
hef
i
r
sthear
i
ngorwi
t
hi
nsucht
i
meast
heCour
t
mayper
mi
t
,
pr
esentawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementofhi
sdef
ence.
(
2)Sav
easot
her
wi
sepr
ov
i
ded i
nr
ul
e8A,wher
et
he def
endantr
el
i
eson any
document(
whet
herornoti
nhi
spossessi
onorpower
)i
nsuppor
tofhi
sdef
enceor
cl
ai
mf
orset
of
forcount
er
.cl
ai
m,
heshal
l
ent
ersuchdocument
si
nal
i
st
,
andshal
l
,
(
a)I
fawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementi
spr
esent
ed,
annext
hel
i
stt
ot
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
:
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatwher
et
hedef
endant
,i
nhi
swr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
,cl
ai
msaset
of
for
makesacount
er
cl
ai
m basedonadocumenti
nhi
spossessi
onorpower
,heshal
l
pr
oducei
ti
nCour
tatt
het
i
meofpr
esent
at
i
onoft
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementandshal
lat
t
hesamet
i
medel
i
v
ert
hedocumentorcopyt
her
eoft
obef
i
l
edwi
t
ht
hewr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ement
;
(
b)i
fawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementi
snotpr
esent
ed,pr
esentt
hel
i
stt
ot
heCour
tatt
hef
i
r
st
hear
i
ngoft
hesui
t
.
(
3)Wher
eanysuchdocumenti
snoti
nt
hepossessi
onorpoweroft
hedef
endant
,
he
shal
l
,
wher
ev
erpossi
bl
e,
st
at
ei
nwhosepossessi
onorpoweri
ti
s.
(
4)I
fnosuchl
i
sti
ssoannexedorpr
esent
ed,t
hedef
endantshal
lbeal
l
owedsuch
f
ur
t
herper
i
odf
ort
hepur
poseast
heCour
tmayt
hi
nkf
i
t
.
(
5)Adocumentwhi
choughtt
obeent
er
edi
nt
hel
i
str
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nsubr
ul
e(
2)
,and
whi
chi
snotsoent
er
ed,shal
lnot
,wi
t
houtt
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
t
,ber
ecei
v
edi
n
ev
i
denceonbehal
foft
hedef
endantatt
hehear
i
ngoft
hesui
t
.
(
6)Not
hi
ng i
n subr
ul
e(
5)shal
lappl
yt
o document
s pr
oduced f
ort
he cr
ossexami
nat
i
onofpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
'
swi
t
nessesori
nanswert
oanycasesetupbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
subsequentt
ot
hef
i
l
i
ngoft
hepl
ai
nt
,orhandedov
ert
oawi
t
nessmer
el
yt
or
ef
r
esh
hi
smemor
y
.
(
7)Wher
eaCour
tgr
ant
sl
eav
eundersubr
ul
e(
5)
,i
tshal
lr
ecor
di
t
sr
easonsf
orso
doi
ng,andnosuchl
eav
eshal
lbegr
ant
edunl
essgoodcausei
sshownt
ot
he
sat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
heCour
tf
ort
henonent
r
yoft
hedocumenti
nt
hel
i
str
ef
er
r
edt
oi
n
subr
ul
e(
2)
.
Rul
e 2 Or
derVI
I
IofCode ofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e 1908 "
Sui
t
s on l
ostnegot
i
abl
e
i
nst
r
ument
s"
Thedef
endantmustr
ai
sebyhi
spl
eadi
ngal
lmat
t
er
swhi
chshow t
hesui
tnotbe
mai
nt
ai
nabl
e,
ort
hatt
het
r
ansact
i
oni
sei
t
herv
oi
dorv
oi
dabl
ei
npoi
ntofl
aw,
andal
l
suchgr
oundsofdef
enceas,i
fnotr
ai
sed,woul
dbel
i
kel
yt
ot
aket
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
bysur
pr
i
se,
orwoul
dr
ai
sei
ssuesoff
actnotar
i
si
ngoutoft
hepl
ai
nt
,
as,
f
ori
nst
ance,
f
r
aud,
l
i
mi
t
at
i
on,
r
el
ease,
pay
ment
,
per
f
or
mance,
orf
act
sshowi
ngi
l
l
egal
i
t
y
.
Rul
e3Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Deni
alt
obespeci
f
i
c"
I
tshal
l
notbesuf
f
i
ci
entf
oradef
endanti
nhi
swr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementt
odenygener
al
l
yt
he
gr
oundsal
l
egedbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,butt
hedef
endantmustdealspeci
f
i
cal
l
ywi
t
heach
al
l
egat
i
onoff
actofwhi
chhedoesnotadmi
tt
het
r
ut
h,
exceptdamages.
Rul
e4Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Ev
asi
v
edeni
al
"
Wher
eadef
endantdeni
esanal
l
egat
i
onoff
acti
nt
hepl
ai
nt
,hemustnotdoso
ev
asi
v
el
y
,butanswert
hepoi
ntofsubst
ance.Thus,i
fi
ti
sal
l
egedt
hather
ecei
v
eda
cer
t
ai
n sum ofmoney
,i
tshal
lnotbesuf
f
i
ci
entt
o denyt
hather
ecei
v
ed t
hat
par
t
i
cul
aramount
,
buthemustdenyt
hather
ecei
v
edt
hatsum oranypar
tt
her
eof
,
or
el
sesetouthow muchher
ecei
v
ed.Andi
fanal
l
egat
i
oni
smadewi
t
hdi
v
er
se
ci
r
cumst
ances,
i
tshal
l
notbesuf
f
i
ci
entt
odenyi
tal
ongwi
t
ht
hoseci
r
cumst
ances.
Rul
e5Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Speci
f
i
cdeni
al
"
(
1)Ev
er
yal
l
egat
i
onoff
acti
nt
hepl
ai
nt
,i
fnotdeni
edspeci
f
i
cal
l
yorbynecessar
y
i
mpl
i
cat
i
on,orst
at
edt
obenotadmi
t
t
edi
nt
hepl
eadi
ngoft
hedef
endant
,shal
lbe
t
akent
obeadmi
t
t
edexceptasagai
nstaper
sonunderdi
sabi
l
i
t
y
:
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatt
heCour
tmayi
ni
tdi
scr
et
i
onr
equi
r
eanyf
actsoadmi
t
t
edt
obepr
ov
ed
ot
her
wi
set
hanbysuchadmi
ssi
on.
(
2)Wher
et
hedef
endanthasnotf
i
l
edapl
eadi
ng,i
tshal
lbel
awf
ulf
ort
heCour
tt
o
pr
onouncej
udgmentont
hebasi
soft
hef
act
scont
ai
nedi
nt
hepl
ai
nt
,exceptas
agai
nstaper
sonunderadi
sabi
l
i
t
y
,butt
heCour
tmay
,i
ni
t
sdi
scr
et
i
on,r
equi
r
eany
suchf
actt
obepr
ov
ed.
(
3)I
nexer
ci
si
ngi
t
sdi
scr
et
i
onundert
hepr
ov
i
sot
osubr
ul
e(
1)orundersubr
ul
e(
2)
,
t
heCour
tshal
lhav
eduer
egar
dt
ot
hef
actwhet
hert
hedef
endantcoul
dhav
e,
orhas,
engagedapl
eader
.
(
4)Whenev
eraj
udgmenti
spr
onouncedundert
hi
sr
ul
e,
adecr
eeshal
l
bedr
awnupi
n
accor
dancewi
t
hsuchj
udgmentandsuchdecr
eeshal
lbeart
hedat
eonwhi
cht
he
j
udgmentwaspr
onounced.
SETOFFANDCOUNTERCLAI
M
Rul
e6Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Par
t
i
cul
ar
sofset
of
ft
obegi
v
en
i
nwr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
"
(
1)Wher
ei
nasui
tf
ort
her
ecov
er
yofmoneyt
hedef
endantcl
ai
mst
oset
of
fagai
nst
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
'
sdemandanyascer
t
ai
nedsum ofmoneyl
egal
l
yr
ecov
er
abl
ebyhi
mf
r
om
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,notexceedi
ngt
hepecuni
ar
yl
i
mi
t
sl
i
t
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
,and
bot
hpar
t
i
esf
i
l
lt
hesamechar
act
erast
heyf
i
l
li
nt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
ssui
t
,t
hedef
endant
may
,
att
hef
i
r
stheat
i
ngoft
hesui
t
,
butnotaf
t
er
war
dsunl
essper
mi
t
t
edbyt
heCour
t
,
pr
esent
sawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementcont
ai
ni
ngt
hepar
t
i
cul
ar
soft
hedebtsoughtt
obeset
of
f
.
(
2)Ef
f
ectofset
of
f
-Thewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementshal
lhav
et
hesameef
f
ectasapl
ai
nti
na
cr
osssui
tsoast
oenabl
et
heCour
tt
opr
onouncedaf
i
nalj
udgmenti
nr
espectbot
h
oft
heor
i
gi
nalcl
ai
m andoft
heset
of
f:butt
hi
sshal
lnotaf
f
ectt
hel
i
en,upont
he
amountdecr
eed,ofanypl
eaderi
nr
espectoft
hecost
spay
abl
et
ohi
m undert
he
decr
ee.
(
3)Ther
ul
esr
el
at
i
ngt
oawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementbyadef
endantappl
yt
oawr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ementi
nanswert
oacl
ai
m ofset
of
f
.
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
ons
(
a)Abequeat
hsRs.2,
000t
oBandappoi
nt
sChi
sexecut
orandr
esi
duar
yl
egat
ee.B
di
esandDt
akesoutadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
ont
oB'
saf
f
ect
s,Cpay
sRs.1,
000assur
et
yf
orD:
t
henDsuesCf
ort
hel
egacy
.Ccannotset
of
ft
hedebtofRs.1,
000agai
nstt
he
l
egacy
,
f
ornei
t
herCnorDf
i
l
l
st
hesamechar
act
erwi
t
hr
espectt
ot
hel
egacyast
hey
f
i
l
l
wi
t
hr
espectt
ot
hepay
mentofRs.1,
000.
(
b)Adi
esi
nt
est
at
eandi
ndebtt
oB.Ct
akesoutadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
ont
oA'
sef
f
ect
sandB
buy
spar
toft
heef
f
ect
sf
r
om C.I
nasui
tf
ort
hepur
chasemoneybyCagai
nstB,
t
he
l
at
t
ercannotset
of
fdebtagai
nstt
hepr
i
ce,
f
orCf
i
l
l
st
wodi
f
f
er
entchar
act
er
s,
oneas
t
hev
endort
oB,
i
nwhi
chhesuesB,
andt
heot
herasr
epr
esent
at
i
v
et
oA.
(
c)AsuesBonabi
l
lofexchange.Bal
l
egest
hatAhaswr
ongf
ul
l
ynegl
ect
edt
o
i
nsur
eB'
sgoodsandi
sl
i
abl
et
ohi
mi
ncompensat
i
onwhi
chhecl
ai
mst
oset
of
f
.The
amountnotbei
ngascer
t
ai
nedcannotbeset
of
f
.
(
d)AsuesBonabi
l
lofexchangef
orRs.500.Bhol
dsaj
udgmentagai
nstAf
orRs.
1,
000.Thet
wocl
ai
msbei
ngbot
hdef
i
ni
t
e,
pecuni
ar
ydemandsmaybeset
of
f
.
(
e)AsuesBf
orcompensat
i
ononaccountoft
r
espass.Bhol
dsapr
omi
ssor
ynot
ef
or
Rs.1,
000f
r
om Aandcl
ai
mst
oset
of
ft
hatamountagai
nstanysum t
hatAmay
r
ecov
eri
nt
hesui
t
.Bmaydoso,f
orassoonasAr
ecov
er
s,bot
hsumsar
edef
i
ni
t
e
pecuni
ar
ydemands.
(
f
)AandBsuesCf
orRs.1,
000.Ccannotset
of
fadebtduet
ohi
m byAal
one.
(
g)AsuesBandCf
orRs.1000.Bcannotset
of
fadebtduet
ohi
m al
onebyA.
(
h)Aowest
hepar
t
ner
shi
pf
i
r
m ofBandCRs.1,
000.Bdi
es,l
eav
i
ngCsur
v
i
v
i
ng.A
suesCf
oradebtofRs.1,
500duei
nhi
ssepar
at
echar
act
er
.Cmayset
of
ft
hedebt
ofRs.1,
000.
Rul
e6AOr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Count
er
cl
ai
m bydef
endant
"
(
1)Adef
endanti
nasui
tmay
,
i
naddi
t
i
ont
ohi
sr
i
ghtofpl
eadi
ngaset
of
funderr
ul
e6,
setup,
bywayofcount
er
cl
ai
m agai
nstt
hecl
ai
m oft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,
anyr
i
ghtorcl
ai
mi
n
r
espectofacauseofact
i
onaccr
ui
ngt
ot
hedef
endantagai
nstt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fei
t
her
bef
or
eoraf
t
ert
hef
i
l
i
ngoft
hesui
tbutbef
or
et
hedef
endanthasdel
i
v
er
edhi
s
def
enceorbef
or
et
het
i
mel
i
mi
t
edf
ordel
i
v
er
i
nghi
sdef
encehasexpi
r
ed,whet
her
suchcount
er
cl
ai
mi
si
nt
henat
ur
eofacl
ai
mf
ordamagesornot:
Pr
ov
i
ded t
hatsuch count
er
cl
ai
m shal
lnotexceed t
he pecuni
ar
yl
i
mi
t
s oft
he
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
.
(
2)Suchcount
er
cl
ai
m shal
lhav
et
hesameef
f
ectasacr
osssui
tsoast
oenabl
et
he
Cour
tt
opr
onounceaf
i
nalj
udgmenti
nt
hesamesui
t
,bot
hont
heor
i
gi
nalcl
ai
m and
ont
hecount
er
cl
ai
m.
(
3)Thepl
ai
nt
i
f
fshal
lbeatl
i
ber
t
yt
of
i
l
eawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementi
nanswert
ot
hecount
er
cl
ai
m oft
hedef
endantwi
t
hi
nsuchper
i
odasmaybef
i
xedbyt
heCour
t
.
(
4)The count
er
cl
ai
m shal
lbe t
r
eat
ed as a pl
ai
ntand gov
er
ned byt
he r
ul
es
appl
i
cabl
et
opl
ai
nt
s.
Rul
e6BOr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Count
er
cl
ai
mt
obest
at
ed"
Wher
eanydef
endantseekst
or
el
yuponanygr
oundassuppor
t
i
ngar
i
ghtofcount
er
cl
ai
m,heshal
l
,i
nhi
swr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
,st
at
especi
f
i
cal
l
yt
hathedoessobywayof
count
er
cl
ai
m.
Rul
e6COr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Excl
usi
onofcount
er
cl
ai
m"
Wher
eadef
endantset
supacount
er
cl
ai
msar
i
dt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fcont
endst
hecl
ai
m
t
her
ebyr
ai
sedoughtnott
o bedi
sposedofbywayofcount
er
cl
ai
m buti
nan
i
ndependentsui
t
,
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fmay
,
atanyt
i
mebef
or
ei
ssuesar
eset
t
l
edi
nr
el
at
i
ont
o
t
hecount
er
cl
ai
m,appl
yt
ot
heCour
tf
oranor
dert
hatsuchcount
er
cl
ai
m maybe
excl
uded,
andt
heCour
tmay
,
ont
hehear
i
ngofsuchappl
i
cat
i
onmakesuchor
deras
i
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
.
Rul
e6DOr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Ef
f
ectofdi
scont
i
nuanceof
sui
t
"
I
fi
nanycasei
nwhi
cht
hedef
endantset
supacount
er
cl
ai
m,
t
hesui
toft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
i
s st
ay
ed,di
scont
i
nued ordi
smi
ssed,t
he count
er
cl
ai
m may nev
er
t
hel
ess be
pr
oceededwi
t
h.
Rul
e6EOr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Def
aul
tofpl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
or
epl
yt
o
count
er
cl
ai
m"
I
ft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fmakesdef
aul
ti
nput
t
i
ngi
nar
epl
yt
ot
hecount
er
cl
ai
m madebyt
he
def
endant
,t
heCour
tmaypr
onouncej
udgmentagai
nstt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nr
el
at
i
ont
ot
he
count
er
cl
ai
m madeagai
nsthi
m,
ormakesuchor
deri
nr
el
at
i
ont
ot
hecount
er
cl
ai
m
asi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
.
Rul
e6FOr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Rel
i
eft
odef
endantwher
e
count
ercl
ai
m succeeds"
Wher
ei
nanysui
taset
of
forcount
er
cl
ai
mi
sest
abl
i
shedasadef
enceagai
nstt
he
pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
'
scl
ai
m andanybal
ancei
sf
oundduet
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fort
hedef
endant
,
ast
he
casemaybe,
t
heCour
tmaygi
v
ej
udgmentt
ot
hepar
t
yent
i
t
l
edt
osuchbal
ance.
Rul
e6G Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908 "
Rul
esr
el
at
i
ng t
o wr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ementt
oappl
y
"
Ther
ul
esr
el
at
i
ngt
oawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementbyadef
endantshal
lappl
yt
oawr
i
t
t
en
st
at
ementf
i
l
edi
nanswert
oacount
er
cl
ai
m.
Rul
e7Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Def
enceorset
of
ff
oundedupon
separ
at
egr
ounds"
her
et
hedef
endantr
el
i
esuponsev
er
aldi
st
i
nctgr
oundsofdef
enceorset
of
for
count
er
cl
ai
mf
oundedsepar
at
eanddi
st
i
nctf
act
s,
t
heyshal
l
best
at
ed,
asf
arasmay
be,
separ
at
el
yanddi
st
i
nct
l
y
.
Rul
e8Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Newgr
oundofdef
ence"
Anygr
oundofdef
encewhi
chhasar
i
senaf
t
ert
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
tort
he
pr
esent
at
i
onofawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementcl
ai
mi
ngaset
of
forcount
er
cl
ai
m mayber
ai
sed
byt
hedef
endantorpl
ai
nt
i
f
fast
hecasemaybe,
i
nhi
swr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
.
Rul
e8AOr
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Dut
yofdef
endantt
opr
oduce
document
suponwhi
chr
el
i
efi
scl
ai
medbyhi
m"
(
1)Wher
eadef
endantbaseshi
sdef
enceuponadocumenti
nhi
spossessi
onor
power
,heshal
lpr
oducei
ti
nCour
twhent
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementi
spr
esent
edbyhi
m
andshal
l
,att
hesamet
i
me,del
i
v
ert
hedocumentoracopyt
her
eof
,t
obef
i
l
edwi
t
h
t
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ement
.
(
2)Adocumentwhi
choughtt
obepr
oducedi
nCour
tbyt
hedef
endantundert
hi
sr
ul
e,
buti
snotsopr
oduced,shal
lnot
,wi
t
houtt
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
t
,ber
ecei
v
edi
n
ev
i
denceonhi
sbehal
fatt
hehear
i
ngoft
hesui
t
.
(
3)Not
hi
ngI
nt
hi
sr
ul
eshal
l
appl
yt
odocument
spr
oduced,
(
a)f
ort
hecr
ossexami
nat
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
'
swi
t
nesses,
or
(
b)i
nanswert
oanycasesetupbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fsubsequentt
ot
hef
i
l
i
ngoft
hepl
ai
nt
,
or
(
c)handedov
ert
oawi
t
nessmer
el
yt
or
ef
r
eshhi
m memor
y
.
Rul
e9Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Subsequentpl
eadi
ngs"
Nopl
eadi
ngsubsequentt
ot
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementofadef
endantot
hert
hanbyway
ofdef
encet
oaset
of
ff
orcount
er
cl
ai
m shal
lbepr
esent
edexceptbyt
hel
eav
eof
t
heCour
tanduponsucht
er
msast
heCour
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,
butt
heCour
tmayatanyt
i
me
r
equi
r
eawr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementoraddi
t
i
onalwr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementf
r
om anyoft
hepar
t
i
es
andf
i
xat
i
mef
orpr
esent
i
ngt
hesame.
Rul
e10Or
derVI
I
IofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908"
Pr
ocedur
ewhenpar
t
yf
ai
l
st
o
pr
esentwr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementcal
l
edf
orbyCour
t
"
Wher
eanypar
t
yf
r
om whom awr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementi
sr
equi
r
edunderr
ul
e1orr
ul
e9
f
ai
l
st
opr
esentt
hesamewi
t
hi
nt
het
i
meper
mi
t
t
edorf
i
xedbyt
heCour
t
,
ast
hecase
maybe,t
heCour
tshal
lpr
onouncej
udgmentagai
nsthi
m,ormakesuchor
deri
n
r
el
at
i
ont
ot
hesui
tasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
tandont
hepr
onouncementofsuchj
udgment
,a
decr
eeshal
l
bedr
awnup.
I
NDI
GENTPERSON
Meani
ngAndScope:I
ndi
gentPer
son
Theconcepti
swel
lexpl
ai
nedbyt
heOr
i
ssahi
ghcour
ti
nt
hecaseofMangl
uChat
t
ar
v
.MaheshwarBhoias f
ol
l
ows,t
he t
ool
s ofar
t
i
sans ar
e exempt
ed f
r
om t
he
at
t
achment
.I
nt
hei
nst
antcaseaccor
di
ngt
ot
hef
i
ndi
ngsoft
het
r
i
alcour
t
,t
he
appel
l
antpossessedoft
ool
sandweav
i
ngmat
er
i
al
sandt
heygetdai
l
ywages.Bot
h
t
hesei
t
emsar
ecov
er
edundert
heSect
i
on60(
1)ofCODEOFCI
VI
LPROCEDURE,
1908.Ther
ei
snoot
herev
i
denceadducedf
r
om t
hesi
deoft
hedef
endantt
oshow
t
hatt
hepet
i
t
i
oner
sar
epossessedofanyot
herpr
oper
t
y
.Ther
ef
or
et
her
ei
sno
di
sput
eaboutt
hef
actt
hatt
heappel
l
ant
sar
eal
l
weav
er
sandt
hei
rweav
i
ngmat
er
i
al
s
consi
stoft
ool
sofar
t
i
sans.Thesepr
oper
t
i
esar
enott
obet
akeni
nt
oconsi
der
at
i
on
t
of
i
ndoutwhet
hert
heywi
l
l
beabl
et
opayt
hecour
tf
ee.Soal
sot
hedai
l
ywagest
hey
getcannotbet
akeni
nt
oconsi
der
at
i
onf
ort
heaf
or
esai
dpur
pose.Ont
heaf
or
esai
d
anal
y
si
s,i
tshoul
dbehel
dt
hatt
heappel
l
ant
sar
ei
ndi
gentper
sonsand,t
her
ef
or
e,
t
heyshoul
dbeal
l
owedt
osueasi
ndi
gentper
son.
TheSupr
emeCour
tofI
ndi
ahasset
t
l
edt
hei
ssuet
hat
,
whet
herapubl
i
ccompanycan
f
i
l
easui
tasani
ndi
gentper
sonwhi
l
ehol
di
ngt
hej
udgementofUOIv
.Khader
I
nt
er
nat
i
onalConst
r
uct
i
on,hel
dt
hat
,t
hewor
d“
per
son”hast
obegi
v
eni
t
smeani
ng
i
nt
hecont
exti
nwhi
chi
ti
sused.I
tr
ef
er
st
oaper
sonwhoi
scapabl
eoff
i
l
l
i
ngasui
t
and t
hi
sbei
ng abenev
ol
entpr
ov
i
si
on;i
ti
st
o begi
v
en an ext
ended meani
ng.
Ther
ef
or
e,
apubl
i
cl
i
mi
t
edcompany
,
whi
chi
sot
her
wi
seent
i
t
l
edt
omai
nt
ai
nsui
tasa
l
egalper
son,
canev
er
ywel
l
mai
nt
ai
nappl
i
cat
i
onunderOr
derXXXI
I
I
,
Rul
e1,
CODEOF
CI
VI
LPROCEDURE,
1908.
Thewor
d“
per
son”ment
i
onedi
nOr
derXXXI
I
Ii
ncl
udesnotonl
yanat
ur
alper
sonbut
ot
herj
udi
ci
al
per
sonal
so.
I
I
I-CostWher
eI
ndi
gentPer
sonSucceeds
Wher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fsucceedsi
nt
hesui
t
,
t
hecour
tshal
lcal
cul
at
et
heamountofcour
t
f
eeswhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenpai
dbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
fhehadnotbeenper
mi
t
t
edt
osue
asani
ndi
gentper
son;suchamountshal
lber
ecov
er
abl
ebyt
hest
at
egov
er
nment
f
r
om anypar
t
yOr
der
edbyt
hedecr
eet
opayt
hesameandshal
lbeaf
i
r
stchar
geon
t
hesubj
ectmat
t
eroft
hesui
t
.
Suchadecr
eei
sexecut
edbyt
hecol
l
ect
ort
oi
nst
i
t
ut
enewpr
oceedi
ngst
opur
suef
or
t
her
ecov
er
yoft
heamountofcour
tf
eef
r
om t
heper
sonorpr
oper
t
yl
i
abl
et
opayt
he
cour
tf
ee,t
hatt
ooasar
r
ear
sofl
andr
ev
enuehence,separ
at
er
ecov
er
ypr
oceedi
ngs
cannotbepur
suedi
nexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngs.
Butt
hesi
t
uat
i
oni
sdi
f
f
er
entwhenwet
al
kofI
ndi
gentper
son,i
nasi
t
uat
i
onwher
ea
sui
ti
sf
i
l
l
edbyt
hei
ndi
gentper
sonf
orr
eal
i
z
at
i
onoff
ul
lcont
r
act
ualamountf
r
om
gov
er
nment
.Decr
eewaspassed i
nf
av
ourofpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.Di
r
ect
i
on wasi
ssued t
o
def
endantSt
at
eGov
er
nmentt
opaycostofpl
ai
nt
i
f
fasl
i
abi
l
i
t
ywasi
mposedon
def
endantt
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tf
eepay
abl
et
oGov
er
nment
,hence,pr
oceedi
ngsi
ni
t
i
at
ed
agai
nstpl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
orr
ecov
er
yofcour
tf
eewasnotmai
nt
ai
nabl
e.
Vi
ewOfHi
ghCour
t
s
Thi
si
ssue was al
so t
her
ef
orconsi
der
at
i
on bef
or
et
he Madr
as Hi
gh cour
ti
n
Chandr
ar
ekav
.Secr
et
ar
yofSt
at
eofI
ndi
a,adi
v
i
si
onbenchhel
dt
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
n
t
hatpar
t
i
cul
arsui
twhoobt
ai
nedadecr
eef
orRs.100bei
ngamoi
et
yoft
hepr
oper
t
y
cl
ai
medi
sl
i
abl
et
opaycour
tf
eewi
t
hr
egar
dt
ot
hesum ofRs.100andt
hef
i
r
st
def
endantwhocont
est
edt
hesui
ti
sl
i
abl
et
opaycour
tf
eef
ort
hebal
anceamount
undersect
i
on411ofCODEOFCI
VI
LPROCEDURE,
1908of1881.
Thi
squest
i
onal
socamebef
or
et
heAl
l
ahabadHi
ghCour
ti
nt
hecaseofGangaDahal
v
.M.
T.Gaur
a,adi
v
i
si
onbenchoft
heAl
l
ahabadHi
ghcour
thashel
dt
hatunderRul
e
10ofOr
der33oft
heCODEOFCI
VI
LPROCEDURE,1908,t
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
edeal
swi
t
h
t
hecaseofapauperpl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhosucceedsi
nt
hesui
tandunderRul
e11wi
t
ht
he
caseofapauperpl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhof
ai
l
si
nt
hesui
t
.Ther
ei
snosepar
at
epr
ov
i
si
onf
ora
casel
i
ket
hepr
esent
,
i
nwhi
chapauperpl
ai
nt
i
f
fhaspar
t
l
ysucceedandpar
t
l
yf
ai
l
ed.
Pr
esumabl
yt
he cour
ti
si
nt
ended t
o dealwi
t
h such a case bycombi
ni
ng t
he
pr
ov
i
si
onoft
het
woRul
es.I
ti
scl
eart
hat
,
i
fpl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhoi
sper
mi
t
t
edt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
et
he
sui
tasani
ndi
gentper
sonsucceededi
nt
hepar
ti
nasui
t
,t
hecour
tf
eepay
abl
eby
hi
mf
ort
hesui
t
,
t
hecour
tf
eepay
abl
ebyhi
m ont
hepl
ai
ntormemor
andum ofappeal
hast
obeappor
t
i
onedbet
weent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fandt
hedef
endanti
nt
hepr
opor
t
i
ont
o
t
hesuccessoft
heeachpar
t
y
.Ther
ef
or
et
hel
i
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhosuedas
i
ndi
gentper
sonori
nt
he“
f
or
mapauper
i
s”t
opayt
hecour
tf
eei
fhesucceedsent
i
r
el
y
i
nt
hesui
tandt
opayt
hecour
tf
eei
npr
opor
t
i
ont
ot
hesuccessi
fhesucceedspar
t
l
y
i
nt
hesui
tundert
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ov
i
si
onofRul
e10andt
opayt
heent
i
r
ecour
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eei
fhef
ai
l
si
n
t
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tunderRul
e11oft
heOr
der33oft
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esentcodeandundert
heanal
ogous
pr
ov
i
si
onsf
ort
hepr
ev
i
ouscodei
swel
l
est
abl
i
shed.
I
V-Pr
ocedur
eWher
eI
ndi
gentPer
sonFai
l
s
Rul
e11ofOr
der33ofCODEOFCI
VI
LPROCEDURE,1908deal
swi
t
ht
hi
saspectof
Sui
t
sbyi
ndi
gentper
son.Wher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
si
nt
hesui
tort
heper
mi
ssi
on
gr
ant
edt
ohi
mt
osueasani
ndi
gentper
sonhasbeenwi
t
hdr
awn,
orwher
et
hesui
ti
s
wi
t
hdr
awnofdi
smi
ssed.
1.Becauset
hesummonsf
ort
hedef
endant
st
oappearandt
heanswerhasnotbeen
ser
v
eduponhi
mi
nconsequencesoft
hef
ai
l
ur
eoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opayt
hecour
tf
eeor
post
alchar
ges,char
geabl
ef
orsuchser
v
i
cesort
opr
esentcopi
esoft
hepl
ai
ntor
conci
sest
at
ement
,
or
2.Becauset
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fdoesnotappearwhent
hesui
ti
scal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ngt
he
cour
tshal
lOr
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,
oranyper
sonaddedasacopl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
ot
hesui
t
,
t
opay
t
hecour
tf
eeswhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenpai
dbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
fhehadnotbeen
per
mi
t
t
edt
osueasani
ndi
gentper
son.
Amendment
sByTheHi
ghCour
tofThi
sRul
eofOr
der33
1.Andhr
aPr
adesh:Theexi
st
i
ngRul
e11,whi
chi
ssameast
hatofMadr
as,shal
lbe
(
2)t
her
eof
:
Wher
et
hesui
thasbeenadj
ust
edwhol
l
yori
npar
tbyanyl
awf
ulagr
eementor
compr
omi
seorwher
et
hedef
endantsat
i
sf
i
est
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nr
espectoft
hewhol
eor
anypar
toft
hesubj
ect–mat
t
ersui
t
,butnopr
ov
i
si
oni
smadef
r
om t
hepay
mentof
t
hecour
tf
eeoranypr
opor
t
i
onat
epar
tt
her
eof
,
asi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
.
2.Kar
nat
aka:Subst
i
t
ut
et
heRul
e11wi
t
h:
11(
1)wher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
si
nt
hesui
tori
sdi
spauper
esorwher
et
hesui
ti
s
wi
t
hdr
awnorwher
epar
toft
hecl
ai
mi
sabandonedort
hesui
ti
sdi
smi
ssedbecause
t
hesummonsoft
hedef
endantt
oappearandanswerhasnotbeenser
v
eduponhi
m
i
nt
heconsequenceoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
ur
et
opayt
her
equi
si
t
echar
gesf
orser
v
i
ceor
t
hesui
ti
ssodi
smi
ssedbecauset
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fdoesnotappearwhent
hesui
ti
scal
l
ed
onf
r
ohear
i
ng,
t
hecour
tshal
lOr
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
foranyper
sonaddedasacopl
ai
nt
i
f
f
t
ot
hesui
tt
opayt
hecour
tf
eeandi
nt
hecaseofabandonmentofpar
toft
hecl
ai
m
t
hepr
opor
t
i
onat
ecour
tf
eewhi
chwoul
dhav
ebeenpay
abl
ebyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
fhehad
notbeenper
mi
t
t
edt
osueasapauper
.
(
2)i
nt
hecaseswher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sdi
sspauper
ed t
hecour
tmay
,i
nst
ead of
pr
oceedi
ngsundersubRul
e1Or
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opayt
her
equi
si
t
ecour
tf
eewi
t
hi
n
at
i
met
obef
i
xedbyi
tandi
ndef
aul
tdi
smi
ssedt
hesui
tandmakeanOr
derf
ort
he
pay
mentofcour
tf
eeasi
nsubRul
e1.
(
3)Wher
et
he cour
tf
i
nds t
hatt
he sui
thas been i
nst
i
t
ut
ed unr
easonabl
y or
i
mpr
oper
l
ybyanextf
r
i
endonbehal
fofami
norpl
ai
nt
i
f
fonacauseofact
i
onwhi
ch
accr
ueddur
i
ngt
hemi
nor
i
t
yofsuchpl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
hecour
tmayOr
dert
henextf
r
i
endt
o
per
sonal
l
ypayt
hecour
tf
ee.
3.Ker
al
a:Sameast
hatoft
heMadr
as
4.Pondi
cher
r
y
:Sameast
hatofMadr
as
5.Madr
as:
Subst
i
t
ut
et
hef
ol
l
owi
ngf
ort
heexi
st
i
ngRul
e11:wher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
s
i
nt
hesui
tori
sdi
spauper
edorwher
et
hesui
ti
swi
t
hdr
awnorwher
et
hesui
ti
s
di
smi
ssed–
(
A)
.becauset
hesummonsf
ort
hedef
endantt
oappearandanswerhasnotbeen
ser
v
eduponhi
mi
nconsequencesoft
hef
ai
l
ur
eoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opayt
hecour
tf
ees
orpost
al
char
geschar
geabl
ef
oranyser
v
i
ce.
(
B)becauset
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fdoesnotappearwhent
hesui
ti
scal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ngt
he
cour
tshal
lOr
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
foranyper
sonaddedasacopl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
ot
hesui
t
,
t
opay
t
hecour
tf
eeandi
nt
hecaseofabandonmentofpar
toft
hepay
abl
ebyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
hehadnotbeenper
mi
t
t
edt
osueasapauper
.
I
ncaseswher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sdi
spauper
edt
hecour
tmayi
nst
eadofpr
oceedi
ng
undert
hepr
ev
i
ouspar
agr
aph,
Or
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opayt
her
equi
si
t
ecour
tf
eewi
t
hi
n
at
i
met
obef
i
xedbyi
tandi
ndef
aul
tdi
smi
sst
hesui
tandmakeanOr
derf
ort
he
pay
mentoft
hecour
tf
ee.
Wher
et
hecour
tf
i
ndst
hatt
hesui
thasbeeni
nst
i
t
ut
edunr
easonabl
yori
mpr
oper
l
yby
anextf
r
i
endonbehal
fofmi
norpl
ai
nt
i
f
fonacauseofact
i
onwhi
chaccr
ueddur
i
ng
t
hemi
nor
i
t
yofsuchpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,t
hecour
tmayOr
dert
henextf
r
i
endt
oper
sonal
l
ypay
t
hecour
tf
ee.
"
SUI
TSI
NPARTI
CULARCASES
Sui
t
sbyorAgai
nstt
heGov
er
nmentort
hePubl
i
cOf
f
i
cer
si
nt
hei
rOf
f
i
ci
alCapaci
t
y
(
Sect
i
on79t
o82andOr
derXXVI
I
)
Ti
t
l
et
oSui
t
:
Theaut
hor
i
t
yt
o benamed asa pl
ai
nt
i
f
fordef
endant
,i
nanysui
tbyoragai
nst
Gov
er
nment
shal
l
be.
1.
t
heUni
onofI
ndi
a:
Wher
et
hesui
ti
sbyoragai
nstt
heCent
r
al
Gov
er
nment
,
or
2.
t
heSt
at
e:
Wher
et
hesui
ti
sbyoragai
nstt
heSt
at
eGov
er
nment
.
Requi
r
ementofNot
i
ce:
No sui
tshal
lbe i
nst
i
t
ut
ed,ex
ceptas pr
ov
i
ded i
n subsect
i
on (
2)ofsect
i
on
80agai
nstt
heGov
er
nmentoragai
nstapubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
nr
espectofanyactpur
por
t
i
ng
t
obedonebysuchpubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
nhi
sof
f
i
ci
al
capaci
t
yunl
essaNot
i
cei
nwr
i
t
i
nghas
beeni
ssuedandunt
i
l
t
heexpi
r
at
i
onoft
womont
hsnextaf
t
ernot
i
ce.
Not
i
cet
owhom:
a.Agai
nstGov
er
nment
:TheNot
i
cei
ssuedundersect
i
on80(
1)shal
lbedel
i
v
er
edt
o,
orl
ef
tatt
heof
f
i
ceof–1)I
nt
hecaseofasui
tagai
nstCent
r
al
Gov
er
nmenti
)aSecr
et
ar
yt
ot
hatGov
er
nment
:
wheni
tdoesnotr
el
at
et
oar
ai
l
way
,
and
i
i
)t
heGener
al
ManagerofRai
l
way
:
wheni
tr
el
at
est
oar
ai
l
way
.
2)
I
nt
he case ofasui
tagai
nstt
heSt
at
e Gov
er
nmentofJammuand Kashmi
ri
)aChi
efSecr
et
ar
yt
ot
hatGov
er
nment
;
or
i
i
)anyot
herper
sonaut
hor
i
zedi
nt
hi
sbeha
l
fbyt
heSt
at
eGov
er
nment
.
3)
I
n
t
hecase
of
asui
tagai
nst
anyot
her
St
at
e
Gov
er
nment-
i
)aSecr
et
ar
yt
ot
hatGov
er
nment
;
or
i
i
)t
hecol
l
ect
oroft
hedi
st
r
i
ct
.
b)Agai
nstPubl
i
cOf
f
i
cer
:
I
nt
hecaseofasui
tagai
nstPubl
i
cOf
f
i
cernot
i
ceshal
lbedel
i
v
er
edt
ohi
morl
ef
tat
hi
sof
f
i
ce.
Cont
ent
sofNot
i
ce:
Thenot
i
ceshal
l
cont
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngpar
t
i
cul
ar
s–
i
)t
hename,
descr
i
pt
i
onandpl
aceofr
esi
denceoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
;
i
i
)t
hecauseofact
i
on;
and
i
i
i
)t
her
el
i
ef
,
whi
cht
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fcl
ai
ms
Exempt
i
onf
r
om Not
i
ce:
A sui
tmay
,wi
t
ht
he l
eav
eoft
heCour
t
,be i
nst
i
t
ut
ed t
o obt
ai
n an ur
gentor
i
mmedi
at
er
el
i
efwi
t
houtser
v
i
nganynot
i
ceasr
equi
r
edundersect
i
on80(
1)
.
But
,i
n
suchsui
t
,t
heCour
tshal
lnotgr
antanyr
el
i
ef
,whet
heri
nt
er
i
m orot
her
wi
se;except
af
t
ergi
v
i
ngt
ot
heGov
er
nmentorPubl
i
cOf
f
i
cer
,ast
hecasemaybe,ar
easonabl
e
oppor
t
uni
t
yofshowi
ngcausei
nr
espectoft
her
el
i
efpr
ay
edi
nt
hesui
t
.I
ti
sal
so
pr
ov
i
dedt
hatt
heCour
tshal
lr
et
ur
nt
hepl
ai
ntf
orpr
esent
at
i
ont
oi
taf
t
ercompl
y
i
ng
wi
t
ht
her
equi
r
ement
sofsect
i
on80(
1)
,i
faf
t
erhear
i
ngt
hepar
t
i
es,t
heCour
ti
s
sat
i
sf
i
edt
hatnour
gentori
mmedi
at
er
el
i
efneedt
obegr
ant
ed.NoDi
smi
ssalofsui
t
:
Anysui
ti
nst
i
t
ut
ed agai
nstt
heGov
er
nmentorsuch publ
i
cof
f
i
cershal
lnotbe
di
smi
ssed,byr
easonofanyer
r
orordef
ecti
nt
henot
i
ce,i
fsuchnot
i
cecont
ai
nsI
.
Thename,
descr
i
pt
i
onandr
esi
denceoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,
soast
oenabl
et
heGov
er
nment
orsuchpubl
i
cof
f
i
cert
oi
dent
i
f
yt
heper
sonser
v
i
ngt
henot
i
ce;
I
I
.
Not
i
cehas been del
i
v
er
ed or l
ef
t at t
heof
f
i
ces of t
heappr
opr
i
at
e
aut
hor
i
t
yspeci
f
i
edU/
s80(
1)
;andI
I
I
.
Thecauseofact
i
onandt
her
el
i
efcl
ai
medhav
e
beensubst
ant
i
al
l
yi
ndi
cat
ed.
Pr
ocedur
ei
nSui
t
:
Si
gnat
ur
eandVer
i
f
i
cat
i
onofPl
ai
ntOrWr
i
t
t
enSt
at
ement
AgentandAut
hor
i
zedAgent
:
TheCour
tshal
lal
l
owar
easonabl
et
i
mei
nf
i
xi
ngadayf
ort
heGov
er
nment
t
oanswer
t
he pl
ai
nt
,f
ort
he pur
pose ofnecessar
ycommuni
cat
i
on wi
t
ht
he Gov
er
nment
t
hr
oughpr
oper
channelandf
ort
hei
ssueofi
nst
r
uct
i
onst
ot
heGov
er
nmentpl
eader
t
oappearandansweronbehal
foft
heGov
er
nment
.Thet
i
mesoal
l
owedmay
,att
he
di
scr
et
i
onoft
heCour
t
,beext
endedbutt
het
i
mesoext
endedshal
lnotexceedt
wo
mont
hs i
nt
he aggr
egat
e.
Wher
ei
n any case t
he Gov
er
nmentPl
eaderi
s not
accompani
edbyanyper
sonont
hepar
toft
heGov
er
nment
,whomaybeabl
et
o
answeranymat
er
i
al
.quest
i
ons r
el
at
i
ng t
ot
he sui
t
,t
he Cour
tmay
,di
r
ectt
he
at
t
endanceofsuchaper
son.
Dut
yofCour
t
:
I
tshal
lbet
hedut
yoft
heCour
tt
omakeev
er
yendeav
our
,i
fpossi
bl
et
odoso
consi
st
ent
l
ywi
t
ht
henat
ur
eandci
r
cumst
ancesoft
hecase,t
oassi
st
st
hepar
t
i
es
i
nar
r
i
v
i
ngataset
t
l
ementi
nr
espectoft
hesubj
ect
mat
t
eroft
hesui
tandi
nev
er
y
suchsui
torpr
oceedi
ng,atanyst
age,i
fi
tappear
st
ot
heCour
tt
hatt
her
ei
sa
r
easonabl
eoppor
t
uni
t
yofset
t
l
ementbet
weent
hepar
t
i
es,
t
heCour
tmayadj
our
nt
he
pr
oceedi
ngf
orsuchper
i
od,asi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,
t
oenabl
eat
t
empt
st
obemadet
oef
f
ect
suchaset
t
l
ement
.Thepowert
oadj
our
npr
oceedi
ngundersubr
ul
e(
2)shal
lbei
n
addi
t
i
ont
oanyot
herpoweroft
heCour
tt
oadj
our
npr
oceedi
ngs.
Pr
ocedur
ei
nSui
tagai
nstPubl
i
cOf
f
i
cer
:
Thedef
endant(
publ
i
cof
f
i
cer
)onr
ecei
v
i
ngt
hesummonsmay
appl
yt
ot
heCour
tt
o
gr
antt
he ext
ensi
on oft
i
me f
i
xed i
nt
he summons,t
o enabl
et
o hi
m t
omake
r
ef
er
encet
ot
heGov
er
nment
,and t
or
ecei
v
e or
der
st
her
eon t
hr
ough t
hepr
oper
channeF6andt
heCour
tshal
l
,onsuchappl
i
cat
i
onext
endt
het
i
mef
orsol
ongasi
t
appear
st
oi
tt
obenecessar
y
.
TheGov
er
nmentshal
lbej
oi
nedasapar
t
yt
ot
hesui
t
,
wher
et
hesui
ti
si
nst
i
t
ut
edagai
nstt
hepubl
i
cof
f
i
cerf
ordamagesorf
oranyot
her
r
el
i
efi
nr
espectofanyactal
l
egedt
ohav
ebeendonebyhi
mi
nhi
sof
f
i
ci
alcapaci
t
y
.
Wher
et
hegov
er
nmentunder
t
akest
hedef
enceofasui
tagai
nstapubl
i
cof
f
i
cer
,t
he
gov
er
nmentpl
eader
,uponbei
ngf
ur
ni
shedwi
t
haut
hor
i
t
yt
oappearandanswert
he
pl
ai
nt
,shal
lappl
yt
ot
heCour
t
,anduponsuchappl
i
cat
i
ont
heCour
tshal
lcausea
not
eofhi
saut
hor
i
t
yt
obeent
er
edi
nt
her
egi
st
erofci
v
i
lsui
t
s.Wher
enoappl
i
cat
i
on
undersubr
ul
e(
1)i
smadebyt
hegov
er
nmentpl
eaderonorbef
or
et
hedayf
i
xedi
n
t
henot
i
cef
ort
hedef
endantt
oappearandanswer
,
t
hecaseshal
l
pr
oceedasi
n
asui
tbet
weenpr
i
v
at
epar
t
i
es.
Noneedofsecur
i
t
yf
r
om gov
er
nmentorapubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
ncer
t
ai
ncases:
Nosuchsecur
i
t
yasi
sment
i
onedi
nr
ul
es5and6ofor
derXLIshal
lber
equi
r
edf
r
om
t
hegov
er
nmentor
,wher
et
hegov
er
nmenthasunder
t
akent
hedef
enceoft
hesui
t
,
f
r
om anypubl
i
cof
f
i
cersuedi
nr
espectofanactal
l
egedt
obedonebyhi
mi
nhi
s
of
f
i
ci
al
capaci
t
y
.
Exempt
i
onf
r
om Ar
r
est
,
Per
sonalAppear
anceandAt
t
achmentofPr
oper
l
y
:
Accor
di
ngt
osect
i
on81oft
heCode,i
ft
hesui
ti
sagai
nstapubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
nr
espect
ofanyactpur
por
t
i
ngt
obedonebyhi
mi
nhi
sof
f
i
ci
al
capaci
t
y–
a.
t
hedef
endantshal
lnotbel
i
abl
et
oar
r
estnorhi
spr
oper
t
yt
oat
t
achmentot
her
wi
se
t
hani
nexecut
i
onofadecr
ee,
and
b.
wher
et
hecour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
hedef
endantcannotabsenthi
msel
ff
r
om hi
sdut
y
wi
t
houtdet
r
i
mentt
ot
hepubl
i
cser
v
i
ce,
i
tshal
l
exempthi
mf
r
om appear
i
ngi
nper
son.
Execut
i
onofdecr
ee:
Wher
e,i
nasui
tbyoragai
nstt
heGov
er
nmentorbyoragai
nstapubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
n
r
espectofanyactpur
por
t
i
ngt
obedonebyhi
mi
nhi
sof
f
i
ci
alcapaci
t
y
,anydecr
ee
passedagai
nstt
heUni
onofI
ndi
aoraSt
at
eor
,
ast
hecasemaybe,
t
hepubl
i
cof
f
i
cer
,
shal
lnotbeexecut
edexcepti
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofsubsect
i
on(
2)
ofS.82.
i
.
e.An execut
i
on shal
l
not be i
ssued onany such decr
eeunl
ess i
t
r
emai
nsunsat
i
sf
i
edf
ort
heper
i
odoft
hr
eemont
hscomput
edf
r
om t
hedat
eofsuch
decr
ep.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofsubsect
i
ons(
1)and(
2)shal
lappl
yi
nr
el
at
i
ont
oanor
der
orawar
dast
heyappl
yi
nr
el
at
i
ont
oadecr
ee,
i
ft
heor
derorawar
d85–a.
i
spassedor
madeagai
nstt
heUni
onofI
ndi
aoraSt
at
eorapubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
nr
espectofany
suchactasaf
or
esai
d,whet
herbyaCour
torbyanyot
heraut
hor
i
t
y
;andb.
i
scapabl
e
ofbei
ng execut
ed undert
hepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
hi
sCodeorofanyot
herl
aw f
ort
he
t
i
mebei
ngi
nf
or
ceasi
fi
twer
eadecr
ee.
Def
i
ni
t
i
onof'
Gov
er
nment
'
and'
Gov
er
nmentPl
eader
'
:
Rul
e88ofOr
derXXVI
Ipr
ov
i
dest
hati
nOr
derXXVI
I'
Gov
er
nment
'and'
Gov
er
nment
Pl
eader
'
meanr
espect
i
v
el
y
"
i
.
i
nr
el
at
i
ont
oanysui
tbyoragai
nstt
heCent
r
alGov
er
nmentoragai
nstapubl
i
c
of
f
i
cer i
nt
he ser
v
i
ce of t
hatGov
er
nment
-t
heCent
r
alGov
er
nmentand such
pl
eaderast
hatGov
er
nmentmayappoi
nt
.
i
i
.
i
nr
el
at
i
ont
oanysui
tbyoragai
nstaSt
at
eGov
er
nmentoragai
nstapubl
i
cof
f
i
ceri
n
t
heser
v
i
ceofaSt
at
e-t
heSt
at
eGov
er
nmentandsuchGov
er
nmentpl
eaderas
def
i
nedi
nSect
i
on2(
7)
,
orsuchot
herpl
eaderast
heSt
at
eGov
er
nmentmay,
appoi
nt
.
I
NTERPLEADERSUI
T(
SECTI
ON88ANDORDERXXXV)
Meani
ng:
Ani
nt
er
pl
eadersui
ti
sasui
ti
nwhi
cht
her
eal
di
sput
ei
snotbet
weent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fand
t
hedef
endantbutbet
ween t
he def
endant
s onl
yand t
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
s notr
eal
l
y
i
nt
er
est
edi
n.t
hesubj
ectmat
t
eroft
hesui
t
.
Obj
ect
:
The pr
i
mar
y obj
ectofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ng ani
nt
er
pl
eadersui
ti
st
o getcl
ai
m ofr
i
v
al
def
endant
sadj
udi
cat
ed.
Pr
i
nci
pl
e:
Accor
di
ngt
oSect
i
on88,
"
Wher
et
woormor
eper
sonscl
ai
m adv
er
sel
yt
ooneanot
hert
hesamedebt
s,
sum of
moneyorot
her
pr
oper
t
y
,
mov
eabl
eori
mmov
eabl
e,
f
r
om anot
herper
son,
whocl
ai
ms
noi
nt
er
estt
her
ei
not
hert
hanf
or
char
gesandcost
sandwhoi
sr
eadyt
opayordel
i
v
er
i
tt
ot
her
i
ght
f
ulcl
ai
mant
,suchot
herper
sonmay
i
nst
i
t
ut
easui
tofi
nt
er
pl
eader
agai
nstal
lt
hecl
ai
mant
sf
ort
hepur
poseofobt
ai
ni
ngadeci
si
onast
ot
heper
sont
o
whom t
he pay
mentordel
i
v
er
yshal
lbe made and ofobt
ai
ni
ng i
ndemni
t
yf
or
hi
msel
f
:
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatwher
eanysui
ti
spendi
ngi
nwhi
cht
her
i
ght
soft
hepar
t
i
escan
pr
oper
l
ybedeci
ded,
nosuchsui
tofi
nt
er
pl
eadershal
l
bei
nst
i
t
ut
ed.
Condi
t
i
onsf
orAppl
i
cat
i
on:
Bef
or
e t
he i
nst
i
t
ut
i
on of ani
nt
er
pl
eader sui
t
,
t
he f
ol
l
owi
ng condi
t
i
ons must
besat
i
sf
i
ed:
a.
Exi
st
enceofsomeDebt
,
MoneyorMov
eabl
eorI
mmov
eabl
ePr
oper
t
y
:
t
her
emustbesomedebt
,sum of
moneyorot
hermov
eabl
eori
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
t
y
i
ndi
sput
e;
b.
Adv
er
seCl
ai
m byt
woormor
eper
sons:t
woormor
eper
sonsmustbe
cl
ai
mi
ngt
heabov
edebt
,moneyor
pr
oper
t
y
,adv
er
sel
yt
ooneanot
her
;
c.
Theper
son
f
r
om whom t
hedebt
,
moneyorpr
oper
t
yi
sbei
ngcl
ai
medshoul
dnotbei
nt
er
est
edi
n
i
t
:t
heper
sonf
r
om whom suchdebt
,moneyorpr
oper
t
yi
scl
ai
med,mustnotbe
cl
ai
mi
ng anyi
nt
er
est t
her
ei
not
her t
han t
he char
ges andcost
s:
d.
The abov
e
per
sonmustber
eadyt
odel
i
v
eri
t
:
Theabov
eper
sonmustber
eadyt
opayordel
i
v
er
i
tt
ot
her
i
ght
f
ulcl
ai
mant
;
ande.
NoPendencyofSui
t
:
t
her
emustbenosui
tpendi
ngi
n
whi
cht
her
i
ght
soft
her
i
v
al
cl
ai
mant
scanbepr
oper
l
ydeci
ded.
Whomaynoti
nst
i
t
ut
eani
nt
er
pl
eadersui
t
?
AnAgentorTenant
:
An agentcannot suehi
s pr
i
nci
pal
or at
enant hi
sl
andl
or
d
f
ort
hepur
poseofcompel
l
i
ngt
hem t
oi
nt
er
pl
eadwi
t
hper
sonscl
ai
mi
ngt
hr
oughsuch
pr
i
nci
pal
sorl
andl
or
ds,
becauseor
di
nar
i
l
y
,anagentcannotdi
sput
et
het
i
t
l
eofhi
s
pr
i
nci
palandat
enantcannotdi
sput
et
het
i
t
l
eofhi
sl
andl
or
ddur
i
ngt
hesubsi
st
ence
oft
enancy
.
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
ons:
Adeposi
t
edaboxofj
ewel
swi
t
h8ashi
sagent
:
a.Cal
l
egest
hatt
hej
ewel
swer
e
wr
ongf
ul
l
yobt
ai
nedf
r
om hi
m byA,andcl
ai
mst
hem f
r
om B.8cannot
i
nst
i
t
ut
ean
i
nt
erpl
eadersui
tagai
nstAandC.(
Ccl
ai
msadv
er
sel
yt
oA,andt
her
ef
or
e,noi
nt
er
pl
eader
sui
tcanf
i
l
e.
)
b.Het
henwr
i
t
est
oCf
ort
hepur
poseofmaki
ngt
hej
ewel
sa
secur
i
t
yf
ora debtduef
r
om hi
msel
ft
o C.Aaf
t
er
war
dsal
l
egest
hatC'
sdebti
s
sat
i
sf
i
ed,
andCal
l
egest
hecont
r
ar
y
.80t
hcl
ai
mt
hej
ewel
sf
r
om B.Bmayi
nst
i
t
ut
ean
i
nt
er
pl
eadersui
tagai
nstAandC.(
Ccl
ai
mst
hr
oughAand,
t
her
ef
or
e,
i
tcanf
i
l
e.
)
Pr
ocedur
ei
nI
nt
erpl
eaderSui
t
:
Or
derXXXVpr
ov
i
dest
hepr
ocedur
ef
ort
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofani
nt
er
pl
eadersui
t
.
Pl
ai
nti
nI
nt
er
pl
eaderSui
t
:
I
nev
er
yi
nt
er
pl
eadersui
tt
hepl
ai
nti
naddi
t
i
ont
oot
herst
at
ement
snecessar
y
f
or
pl
ai
nt
,
st
at
e–
a.
t
hat t
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
f cl
ai
ms no i
nt
er
esti
n t
he subj
ectmat
t
eri
n di
sput
eot
her
t
hant
hechar
gesorcost
s;
b.
t
hecl
ai
msmadebyt
hedef
endant
ssev
er
al
l
y
;
andc.
t
her
ei
s no col
l
usi
onbet
ween
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fandanyoft
hedef
endant
s.
Pay
mentoft
hi
ngcl
ai
medi
nt
oCour
t
:
TheCour
tmayor
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opl
acet
het
hi
ngcl
ai
medi
nt
hecust
odyof
t
heCour
twhen t
het
hi
ng i
s capabl
eofbei
ng pai
di
nt
oCour
torpl
acedi
nt
he
cust
odyofCour
tandpr
ov
i
dehi
scost
sbygi
v
i
nghi
m achar
geont
het
hi
ngcl
ai
med.
Pr
ocedur
ewher
edef
endanti
ssui
ngpl
ai
nt
i
f
f(
St
ayofPr
oceedi
ngs)
:
Wher
eanyoft
hedef
endant
si
nani
nt
er
pl
eadersui
ti
sact
ual
l
ysui
ngt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
n
r
espectoft
hesubj
ectmat
t
erofsuchsui
t
,t
heCour
ti
nwhi
cht
hesui
tagai
nstt
he
pl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
spendi
ngshal
l
,onbei
ngi
nf
or
medbyt
heCour
ti
nwhi
cht
hei
nt
er
pl
eader
sui
thasbeeni
nst
i
t
ut
ed,st
ayt
hepr
oceedi
ngasagai
nsthi
m;andhi
scosti
nt
hesui
t
so st
ay
ed maybepr
ov
i
ded f
ori
n such sui
t
;buti
f
,andi
n so f
aras,t
heyar
e
notpr
ov
i
ded f
ori
nt
hatsui
t
,t
heymaybeadded t
o hi
s cost
si
ncur
r
ed i
nt
he
i
nt
er
pl
eadersui
t
.
Pr
ocedur
eofFi
r
stHear
i
ng:
1.
Att
hef
i
r
sthear
i
ng,
t
heCour
tmay
a.
Decl
ar
et
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
sdi
schar
gedf
r
om al
il
i
abi
l
i
t
i
est
ot
hedef
endant
si
n
r
espectoft
het
hi
ngcl
ai
med,
awar
dhi
m hi
scost
sanddi
smi
sshi
mf
r
om t
hesui
t
;
or
b.
i
fi
tt
hi
nkst
hatj
ust
i
ceorconv
eni
encesor
equi
r
e,r
et
ai
nsal
lpar
t
i
esunt
i
lt
hef
i
nal
di
sposal
oft
hesui
t
.
2.
Wher
e
t
he
Cour
t f
i
nds
t
hatt
headmi
ssi
onof t
he
par
t
i
esor ot
her
ev
i
denceenabl
et
heCour
tt
odoso,
i
tmayadj
udi
cat
et
het
i
t
l
et
ot
het
hi
ngcl
ai
med.
3.
Wher
et
headmi
ssi
onsoft
hepar
t
i
esdonotenabl
et
heCour
tsot
oadj
udi
cat
et
he
Cour
tmaydi
r
ect–
a)
t
hatani
ssueori
ssuesbet
weent
hepar
t
i
esbef
r
amedandt
r
i
ed,
and
b)
t
hatanycl
ai
mantbemadeapl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nl
i
euofori
naddi
t
i
ont
ot
heor
i
gi
nalpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,
andshal
l
pr
oceedt
ot
r
yt
hesui
ti
nt
heor
di
nar
ymanner
.
I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS
Q.
1.Def
i
nepl
eadi
ng.
Whatar
et
hef
undament
al
r
ul
esofpl
eadi
ng?Di
scussf
ul
l
y
.
Q.
2.What i
spl
ai
nt
? Whatar
et
henecessar
ypar
t
i
cul
ar
st
obe gi
v
eni
n apl
ai
nt
?
Onwhatgr
oundsapl
ai
nt
canber
ej
ect
ed?
Q.
3.
Whoi
sani
ndi
gentper
son?Di
scusst
hemodef
ort
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
tasan
i
ndi
gentper
son.
Q.
4.
Whatar
et
hepr
ov
i
si
onsf
ori
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofasui
tbyoragai
nstt
heGov
er
nment
orpubl
i
cof
f
i
cesi
nt
hei
rof
f
i
ci
al
capaci
t
y
?
Q.
5.
Whati
sanI
nt
er
pl
eadersui
t
?Expl
ai
n
anI
nt
er
pl
eadersui
t
?
Q.
6.
Expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ng–
a)Repr
esent
at
i
v
esui
t
b)Count
ercl
ai
m andSetof
f
c)CauseofAct
i
on
d)Necessar
yandPr
operPar
t
y
e)Joi
nderandMi
sJoi
nderofpar
t
i
es
f
)Par
t
i
est
osui
t
Q.
7.
Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weent
hef
ol
l
owi
nga)
Legal
andEqui
t
abl
eSet
of
f
b)
Count
ercl
ai
m andSetof
f
t
he
pr
ocedur
ef
or
i
nst
i
t
ut
i
onof
UNI
T–I
I
I
SUMMONSANDDI
SCOVERY,
I
SSUEOFSUMMONS,
APPEARANCEOFPARTI
ES,
SUMMONI
NGANDATTENDANCE
OFWI
TNESS,
EXECUTI
ONOFDECREES.
SUMMONSANDDI
SCOVERY,
I
SSUEOFSUMMONS(
SECTI
ON27TO29)
(
Ani
nt
i
mat
i
onsentt
ot
hedef
endant
/
wi
t
nessbyt
heCour
t
)
ToDef
endant(
Or
der5)
andToWi
t
nesses(
Or
der16)
Meani
ng:
The wor
d summonshas notbeen def
i
ned i
nt
he Code,butaccor
di
ng t
ot
he
di
ct
i
onar
ymeani
ng;
"
Asummonsi
sadocumenti
ssuedf
r
om t
heof
f
i
ceofacour
tof
j
ust
i
ce,cal
l
i
ngupont
heper
sont
owhom i
ti
sdi
r
ect
edt
oat
t
endbef
or
eaj
udgeor
of
f
i
ceoft
hecour
tf
oracer
t
ai
npur
pose.
"
Essent
i
al
sofsummons:
Ev
er
ysummonsshal
lbesi
gnedbyt
hej
udgeorsuchof
f
i
cerappoi
nt
edbyhi
m and
shal
lbeseal
edwi
t
ht
hesealoft
hecour
t[
Rul
e1(
3)
]andev
er
ysummonsshal
lbe
accompani
edbyapl
ai
ntori
fsoper
mi
t
t
ed,
byaconci
sest
at
ementt
her
eof
.
[
Rul
e2]
Cont
ent
sofVal
i
dSummons:
a.
Thesummonsmustcont
ai
nadi
r
ect
i
onwhet
hert
hedat
ef
i
xedi
sf
orset
t
l
ementof
i
ssuesonl
yorf
orf
i
nal
di
sposal
oft
hesui
t(
Rul
e5)
.
b.
I
ncasesofsummonsf
orf
i
naldi
sposaloft
hesui
t
,
t
hedef
endantshal
lbedi
r
ect
ed
t
opr
oducehi
swi
t
nesses(
Rul
e8)
.
c.
TheCour
tmustgi
v
esuf
f
i
ci
entt
i
met
ot
hedef
endantt
oenabl
ehi
mt
oappearand
answert
hecl
ai
m oft
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
font
hedayf
i
xed(
Rul
e6)
.
d.
Thesummonsshal
lcont
ai
nanor
dert
ot
hedef
endantt
opr
oduceal
ldocument
si
n
hi
spossessi
onor
poweruponwhi
chhei
nt
endst
or
el
yoni
nsuppor
tofhi
scase(
Rul
e
7)
.
Summonst
oDef
endant
:Sect
i
on27:
Wher
easui
thasbeendul
yi
nst
i
t
ut
ed,
asummonmaybei
ssuedt
ot
hedef
endantt
o
appearandanswert
hecl
ai
m andmaybeser
v
edi
nt
hemannerpr
escr
i
bedonsuch
daynotbey
ond30day
sf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hepl
ai
nt
.
Or
derV:Rul
e1(
1)
Rul
e1(
1)
:
Whenasui
thasbeendul
yi
nst
i
t
ut
ed,asummonmaybei
ssuedt
ot
hedef
endantt
o
appearandanswert
hecl
ai
m andt
of
i
l
et
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementofhi
sdef
ence,i
fany
,
wi
t
hi
nt
hi
r
t
yday
sf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
heser
v
i
ceoft
hesummonsont
hatdef
endant
;
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatnosuchsummonshal
lbei
ssuedwhenadef
endanthasappear
edat
t
hepr
esent
at
i
onofPl
ai
ntandadmi
t
t
edt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
'
scl
ai
m;
Pr
ov
i
dedf
ur
t
hert
hatwher
et
hedef
endantf
ai
l
st
of
i
l
et
hewr
i
t
t
enst
at
ementwi
t
hi
n
t
hesai
dper
i
odoft
hi
r
t
yway
s,
heshal
lbeal
l
owedt
of
i
l
et
hesameonsuchot
herday
asmaybespeci
f
i
edbyt
heCour
t
,f
orr
easonst
ober
ecor
dedi
nwr
i
t
i
ng,butwhi
ch
shal
l
notbel
at
ert
hatni
net
yday
sf
r
om t
hedat
eofser
v
i
ceofsummons.
Appear
anceofDef
endant[
Or
derVRul
e1(
2)
]
Rul
e1(
2)Adef
endantt
o whom a summons hasbeen i
ssued under subr
ul
e(
1) may
appear
a.
i
nper
son,or
b.
byapl
eaderdul
yi
nst
r
uct
edandabl
et
oansweral
lmat
er
i
al
quest
i
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hesui
t
,
or
c.
byapl
eaderaccompani
edbysomeper
sonabl
et
o
answeral
lsuchquest
i
ons.TheCour
t
,howev
er
,
mayor
dert
hedef
endantorpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
t
oappeari
nper
son(
Rul
e3)
.
Rul
e1(
3)
:
Ev
er
ysuchsummonsshal
lbesi
gnedbyt
hej
udgeorsuchof
f
i
cerasheappoi
nt
s,
andshal
l
beseal
edwi
t
ht
heseal
oft
heCour
t
.
Exempt
i
onf
r
om Per
sonalAppear
ance:Or
derVRul
e4
Nopar
t
yshal
l
beor
der
edt
oappeari
nper
son
1.unl
essher
esi
desa.wi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
soft
heCour
t
'
sor
di
nar
yor
i
gi
nal
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,
or
b.wi
t
houtsuchl
i
mi
t
sbutatapl
acel
esst
hanf
i
f
t
yor(
wher
et
her
ei
sr
ai
l
wayor
st
eamercommuni
cat
i
onorot
herest
abl
i
shedpubl
i
cconv
ey
ancef
orf
i
v
e-si
xt
hsof
t
hedi
st
ancebet
weent
hepl
acewher
eheresi
desandt
hepl
acewher
et
heCour
ti
s
si
t
uat
e)l
esst
hant
wohundr
edmi
l
esdi
st
ancef
r
om t
heCour
t
house.Or
2.Whoi
sawomannotappear
i
ngi
nper
son(
Sect
i
on132)
,
or
3.
Whoi
sent
i
t
l
edt
oexempt
i
onundert
heCode(
Sect
i
on132)
.
Modeofser
v
i
ceofsummons:
Ser
v
i
ceofsummonsshal
lbemadebydel
i
v
er
i
ngort
ender
i
ngacopyt
her
eofsi
gned
byt
heJudgeorsuchof
f
i
cerasheappoi
nt
si
nt
hi
sbehal
fandseal
edwi
t
ht
hesealof
t
hecour
t
.TheCodepr
escr
i
besf
ourpr
i
nci
palmodesofser
v
i
ngasummonst
oa
def
endant
:
i
)Per
sonal
ordi
r
ectser
v
i
ce;
(
Rul
es10t
o15and18)
i
i
)Subst
i
t
ut
edSer
v
i
ce;
(
Rul
es20,
17and19)
i
i
i
)Ser
v
i
cebyCour
t
;
(
Rul
e9)and
i
v
)Ser
v
i
cebyPl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.(
Rul
e9A)
1.Per
sonalordi
r
ectser
v
i
ce:
Thi
si
sanor
di
nar
ymodeofser
v
i
ceofsummons.Undert
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcat
egor
i
esa
ser
v
i
ceofsummonsshoul
dbemadebydel
i
v
er
i
ngort
ender
i
ngacopyt
her
eof
3t
o
t
hedef
endantper
sonal
l
yort
ohi
sagentorot
herper
sononhi
sbehal
fandf
ort
he
pr
operser
v
i
ceof
summonsf
ol
l
owi
ngpr
i
nci
pl
esmustber
emember
eda.
Wher
et
her
ear
et
woormor
edef
endant
s,ser
v
i
ceofsummonsshoul
dbemadeon
eachdef
endant
(
Rul
e11)
.
b.
Wher
ev
eri
ti
spr
act
i
cabl
e,
t
hesummonmustbeser
v
edt
ot
hedef
endanti
nper
son
ort
ohi
saut
hor
i
zedagent(
Rul
e12)
.
c.
I
nasui
tr
el
at
i
ngt
oanybusi
nessorwor
kagai
nstaper
son,notr
esi
di
ngwi
t
hi
nt
he
t
er
r
i
t
or
i
al
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
ti
ssui
ngt
hesummons,
i
tmaybeser
v
edt
ot
heman
ageroragentcar
r
y
i
ngonsuchbusi
nessorwor
k(
Rul
e13)
.
d.
I
nasui
tf
ori
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
t
y
,i
ft
heser
v
i
ceofsummonscannotbemadeon
t
hedef
endant
per
sonal
l
yandt
hedef
endanthasnoaut
hor
i
zedagent
,
t
heser
v
i
cemay
bemadeonanyagentof
t
hedef
endanti
nchar
geoft
hepr
oper
t
y(
Rul
e14)
.
e.
Wher
et
hedef
endanti
sabsentf
r
om hi
sr
esi
denceatt
het
i
meoft
heser
v
i
ceof
summonsandt
her
ei
snol
i
kel
i
hoodofhi
m bei
ngf
oundathi
sr
esi
dencewi
t
hi
na
r
easonabl
et
i
meandhehasnoaut
hor
i
zedagent
,t
hesummonsmaybeser
v
ed
onanyadul
tmal
eorf
emal
ememberoft
hedef
endant
'
sf
ami
l
yr
esi
di
ngwi
t
hhi
m
(
Rul
e15)
.
Theser
v
i
ngof
f
i
cer(
aper
sont
owhom t
hecopyi
sdel
i
v
er
edort
ender
edt
o
ser
v
eont
hedef
endant
)af
t
er
maki
ngacknowl
edgmentofser
v
i
ceofsummonsmustmakeanendor
sementont
he
or
i
gi
nalsummonsst
at
i
ngt
het
i
meand"mannerofser
v
i
cet
her
eofandt
henameand
addr
essoft
heper
son,i
fany
,i
dent
i
f
y
i
ng t
heper
son ser
v
ed andwi
t
nessi
ng t
he
del
i
v
er
yort
enderofsummons.
2.
"
Subst
i
t
ut
edSer
v
i
ce”
meanst
heser
v
i
ceofsummonsbyamodewhi
chi
ssubst
i
t
ut
edf
ort
heor
di
nar
y
modeofsummons.Theci
r
cumst
ancesf
ort
hesubst
i
t
ut
edser
v
i
cear
e:
a.i
)
Wher
et
hedef
endantorhi
sagentr
ef
usedt
osi
gnt
heacknowl
edgementor
i
i
)Wher
et
heser
v
i
ngof
f
i
cer
,af
t
er
.dueandr
easonabl
edi
l
i
gencecannotf
i
ndt
he
def
endant
,whoi
sabsentf
r
om hi
sr
esi
denceatt
het
i
mewhent
heser
v
i
cei
ssought
t
obeef
f
ect
edonhi
m athi
sr
esi
denceandt
her
ei
snol
i
kel
i
hoodofhi
m bei
ngf
ound
athi
sr
esi
dencewi
t
hi
nar
easonabl
et
i
meandt
her
ei
snoaut
hor
i
zedagentnorany
ot
herper
sononwhom ser
v
i
cecanbemade,t
heser
v
i
ngof
f
i
cershal
laf
f
i
xacopyof
t
hesummonsont
heout
erdoororsomeot
herconspi
cuouspar
toft
hehouse
i
nwhi
cht
hedef
endantor
di
nar
i
l
yr
esi
desorcar
r
i
esonbusi
nessorper
sonal
l
ywor
ks
f
orgai
n.
Theser
v
i
ngof
f
i
cershal
lt
henr
et
ur
nt
heor
i
gi
nalt
ot
heCour
tf
r
om whi
chi
twas
i
ssued,wi
t
har
epor
tendor
sedt
her
eonorannexedt
her
et
ost
at
i
ngt
hef
actabout
af
f
i
xi
ngt
hecopy
,t
heci
r
cumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
odo so,andt
henameand
addr
essoft
heper
son(
i
fany
)bywhom t
hehousewasi
dent
i
f
i
edandi
nwhose
pr
esencet
hecopywasaf
f
i
xed(
Rul
e17)
.I
ft
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edei
t
heront
he
af
f
i
dav
i
toft
heser
v
i
ngof
f
i
ceroronhi
sexami
nat
i
ononoat
ht
hatt
hesummons
hasbeendul
yser
v
ed;ormaymakef
ur
t
herenqui
r
yi
nt
hemat
t
erasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,and
shal
lei
t
herdecl
ar
et
hatt
hesummonhasbeendul
yser
v
edoror
dersuchser
v
i
ceasi
t
t
hi
nksf
i
t
.
(
Rul
e19)
I
nt
hesecondmodeaspr
ov
i
dedbyRul
e17,t
hedecl
ar
at
i
onbyt
hecour
taboutt
he
dueser
v
i
ceof
t
hesummonsi
sessent
i
al
.I
ft
hepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heRul
e19hav
enot
beencompl
i
edwi
t
h,t
heser
v
i
ceofsummonscannotbesai
dt
obei
naccor
dance
wi
t
hl
aw.
b.Wher
et
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
her
ei
sar
easont
obel
i
ev
et
hatt
hedef
endanti
s
av
oi
di
ngt
heser
v
i
ceofsummonsorf
oranyot
herr
easont
hesummonscannot
beser
v
edi
nt
heor
di
nar
yway
,
t
heCour
tshal
lor
dert
hatt
heser
v
i
cemaybeef
f
ect
ed
i
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngmanner
I
.by af
f
i
x
i
ng a copy oft
he summonsi
n someconspi
cuous pl
acei
nt
hecour
t
house;
andal
souponsomeconspi
cuouspar
toft
hehousei
nwhi
cht
hedef
endanti
s
knownt
ohav
el
astr
esi
ded,
car
r
i
edonbusi
nessorper
sonal
l
ywor
kedf
orgai
n;
or
i
i
.I
nsuchmannerast
hecour
tt
hi
nksf
i
t[
(
Rul
e20(
1)
]
;
or
i
i
i
.Byanadv
er
t
i
sementi
nt
hedai
l
ynewspaperci
r
cul
at
i
ngi
nt
hel
ocal
i
t
yi
nwhi
cht
he
def
endanti
sl
astknownt
ohav
eact
ual
l
yorv
ol
unt
ar
i
l
yr
esi
ded,
car
r
i
edonbusi
nessor
per
sonal
l
ywor
kedf
orgai
n[
(
Rul
e 20(
1A)
]
.
Subst
i
t
ut
ed ser
v
i
ce UnderRul
e 20 i
s
asef
f
ect
i
v
easper
sonalser
v
i
ce[
(
Rul
e20(
2)
]
.
3)ByCour
t
:Rul
e9ofOr
derVdeal
s
wi
t
hdel
i
v
er
yofsummonsbyCour
tandst
at
est
hati
ncases,wher
et
hedef
endantor
hi
s agent
,empower
edt
o acceptt
he ser
v
i
ce ofsummons,r
esi
des wi
t
hi
nt
he
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
ti
nwhi
cht
hesui
twasi
nst
i
t
ut
ed,t
hesummonsshal
l
,unl
ess
t
heCour
tot
her
wi
sedi
r
ect
s,
bedel
i
v
er
edorsentt
ot
hepr
operof
f
i
cerort
oappr
ov
ed
cour
i
erser
v
i
cest
obeser
v
edont
hedef
endant
.
Decl
ar
at
i
onbyCour
t
:
The Cour
ti
ssui
ng t
he summons shal
ldecl
ar
et
hatt
he summons had been
dul
y
ser
v
edont
hedef
endant
,
wher
e
a.t
hedef
endantorhi
sagenthadr
ef
usedt
ot
akedel
i
v
er
yoft
hepost
alar
t
i
cl
e
cont
ai
ni
ngt
hesummonsorhadr
ef
usedt
oacceptt
hatsummonsbyanyot
her
meansspeci
f
i
edi
nsubr
ul
e(
3)whent
ender
edort
r
ansmi
t
t
edt
ohi
m,
and
b.Wher
et
hesummonswaspr
oper
l
yaddr
essed,
pr
epai
danddul
ysentbyr
egi
st
er
ed
postacknowl
edgmentdue,not
wi
t
hst
andi
ng t
hef
actt
hatt
heacknowl
edgement
hav
i
ngbeenl
ostormi
sl
ai
d,orf
oranyot
herr
eason,hasnotbeenr
ecei
v
edbyt
he
Cour
twi
t
hi
n30Day
sf
r
om t
hedat
eofi
ssueofsummons.
4)ByPl
ai
nt
i
f
f
:
I
naddi
t
i
ont
ot
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofr
ul
e9,t
heCour
t
,ont
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
sappl
i
cat
i
onmay
per
mi
tanddel
i
v
ert
hesummonst
osuchpl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
orser
v
i
ceont
hedef
endantand
t
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofr
ul
e16and18shal
lappl
yt
oasummonsper
sonal
l
yser
v
edunder
r
ul
e9Aasi
f
,
t
heper
sonef
f
ect
i
ngser
v
i
cewer
easer
v
i
ngof
f
i
cer
.
Ser
v
i
ceofsummonswher
edef
endantr
esi
deswi
t
hi
nj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onofanot
herCour
t
:
Asummonsmay
besentbyt
heCour
tbywhi
chi
ti
si
ssued,
whet
herwi
t
hi
norwi
t
hout
t
heSt
at
e,
ei
t
herbyoneofi
t
sof
f
i
cer
sorbypostorbysuchcour
i
erser
v
i
ceasmaybe
appr
ov
edbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
,byf
axmessageorbyEl
ect
r
oni
cMai
lser
v
i
ceorbyany
ot
hermeansasmaybepr
ov
i
dedbyt
her
ul
esmadebyt
heHi
ghCour
t
st
oanyCour
t
(
notbei
ng t
heHi
gh Cour
t
)hav
i
ng j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
nt
he.pl
ace wher
et
hedef
endant
r
esi
des.Wher
eadef
endantr
esi
desout
si
det
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
ti
nwhi
ch
t
hesui
ti
si
nst
i
t
ut
ed,andt
heCour
tdi
r
ect
st
hatt
heser
v
i
ceofsummonsont
hat
def
endantmaybemadebysuchmodeofser
v
i
ceofsummonsasi
sr
ef
er
r
edt
oi
n
subr
ul
e(
3)ofr
ul
e9(
exceptbyr
egi
st
er
edpostacknowl
edgementdue)
,
hepr
ov
i
si
on
ofr
ul
e21shal
l
notappl
y
Di
scov
er
y(
5.30andOr
derXI
)
Sect
i
on30oft
heCodesay
st
hatsubj
ectt
osuchcondi
t
i
onsandl
i
mi
t
at
i
onsasmay
be pr
escr
i
bed,t
he Cour
t
may
,atany t
i
me,ei
t
herofi
t
sown mot
i
on on t
he
appl
i
cat
i
onofanypar
t
y
,
makesuchor
der
sasmaybenecessar
yorr
easonabl
ei
nal
l
mat
t
er
sr
el
at
i
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ot
hedel
i
v
er
yandanswer
i
ngofi
nt
er
r
ogat
or
i
es,t
headmi
ssi
onof
document
sandf
act
s,andt
hedi
scov
er
y
,i
nspect
i
on,pr
oduct
i
oni
mpoundi
ngand
r
et
ur
nofdocument
sorot
hermat
er
i
al
obj
ect
spr
oduci
bl
easev
i
dence.
Meani
ngofDi
scov
er
y
:
Di
scov
er
ymeanst
ocompelt
heopposi
t
epar
t
yt
odi
scl
osewhathehasi
nhi
s
possessi
onorpower
.Thedi
scov
er
ymaybeei
t
herdi
scov
er
yoff
act
sordi
scov
er
yof
document
s.Wher
ei
nf
or
mat
i
onast
of
acti
sr
equi
r
ed,t
hepar
t
yi
sal
l
owedt
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ser
i
esofquest
i
ons,knownasi
nt
er
r
ogat
or
i
est
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sadv
er
sar
y
.Wher
ei
nt
heopi
ni
on
oft
hej
udge,
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oposedquest
i
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epr
oper
,
t
henhewi
l
lcompelt
heot
hersi
de
t
oanswert
hem onoat
hbef
or
et
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i
al
.Thi
si
scal
l
eddi
scov
er
yoff
act
s,whi
l
ewher
e
i
nf
or
mat
i
onast
odocument
si
sr
equi
r
ed,t
henont
heappl
i
cat
i
onoft
hepar
t
y
,an
or
dert
o compelt
he ot
herpar
t
yt
o make a l
i
stofr
el
ev
antdocument
si
n hi
s
possessi
on orpowerand f
orper
mi
ssi
on t
oi
nspectand t
ot
ake copi
es of
t
hosedocument
s.Thi
si
sknownasdi
scov
er
yofdocument
s.Rul
es1t
o11ofOr
der
XIdealwi
t
ht
hei
nt
er
r
ogat
or
i
eswhi
l
et
her
ul
es12t
o14ofOr
derXIdealwi
t
ht
he
di
scov
er
yofdocument
s.TheCour
tmaypost
poneapr
emat
ur
edi
scov
er
y
.
SUMMONI
NGANDATTENDANCEOFWI
TNESSES(
S.
31ANDORDERXVI
)
Summons
t
oWi
t
nesses:
Accor
di
ngt
osect
i
on31,t
hepr
ov
i
si
onsi
nsect
i
ons27,
28and29shal
lappl
yt
o
summonsest
ogi
v
eev
i
denceort
opr
oducedocument
sorot
hermat
er
i
alobj
ect
s.
Rul
e8ofOr
derVXIst
at
est
hatev
er
ysummonsunderOr
derVXI
,
exceptunderr
ul
e7A,shal
lbeser
v
edi
nt
hesamemannerasasummonst
oadef
endant
,andt
her
ul
es
ofOr
derVshal
l
appl
y
.
At
t
endanceofWi
t
nesses:
Onorbef
or
esuchdat
e,whi
chmaybef
i
xedbyt
heCour
tandshal
lnotbel
at
ert
han
15day
sf
r
om t
hedat
eonwhi
chi
ssuesar
eset
t
l
ed,al
i
stofpr
oposedwi
t
nessest
o
gi
v
eev
i
denceort
opr
oducedocumentandobt
ai
nsummonsest
osuchper
sonsf
or
t
hei
rat
t
endancei
nCour
t
,
shal
l
bepr
esent
edi
nt
heCour
tbyt
hepar
t
i
es.
Apar
t
yshal
l
f
i
l
eanappl
i
cat
i
onst
at
i
ngt
her
ei
nt
hepur
posef
orwhi
cht
hewi
t
nessi
sp
r
oposedt
obesummonedt
ot
heCour
tort
osuchof
f
i
cerasmaybeappoi
nt
edbyt
he
Cour
ti
nt
hi
sbehal
fwi
t
hi
nf
i
v
eday
sofpr
esent
i
ngt
hel
i
stofwi
t
nessesunderr
ul
e
1(
1)
.
Onbei
ngshownsuf
f
i
ci
entcausef
ornotment
i
oni
ngt
hatnameoft
hewi
t
nessi
n
t
hel
i
stpr
oducedU/
r
ul
e1(
1)
,apar
t
ymaybeper
mi
t
t
edbyt
heCour
t
,t
ocal
lany
wi
t
nesswhosenamehasnotbeenment
i
onedi
nt
hel
i
stofev
i
dence.
Expensesofwi
t
nessshal
lbepai
di
nt
oCour
tbyapar
t
yappl
y
i
ngf
orsummons,
wi
t
hi
naper
i
odt
obef
i
xedwhi
chshal
lnotbel
at
ert
han7day
s18f
r
om t
hedat
eof
maki
ngappl
i
cat
i
onunderRul
e1(
4)
.Wher
et
hesummonsi
sser
v
eddi
r
ect
l
ybyt
he
par
t
yonawi
t
ness,t
hepar
t
yorhi
sagentshal
lpayt
heexpensesr
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nr
ul
e
2(
1)t
ot
hewi
t
ness.
Summonsgi
v
ent
oPar
t
yf
orSer
v
i
ce:
(
Rul
e7A)Onanappl
i
cat
i
onofanypar
t
yf
ort
hei
ssueofsummonst
heCour
tmay
per
mi
tandt
hen,shal
ldel
i
v
ert
hesummonst
osuchpar
t
yf
orser
v
i
ce,andsuch
summonsshal
lbeef
f
ect
edbyoronbehal
fofsuchpar
t
ybydel
i
v
er
i
ngort
ender
i
ngt
o
t
hewi
t
nessper
sonal
l
yacopyt
her
eof
.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofRul
e6 shal
l
appl
yt
o
summonst
opr
oducedocument
swhi
l
et
hepr
ocedur
epr
ov
i
dedi
nr
uI
e10shal
lbe
appl
i
cabl
ewher
ewi
t
nessf
ai
l
st
ocompl
yWi
t
hsummonsandr
ul
e12wher
et
he
wi
t
nessf
ai
l
st
oappear
.Wher
eanypar
t
yt
oasui
ti
sr
equi
r
edt
ogi
v
eev
i
denceort
o
pr
oduceadocument
,
t
hepr
ov
i
si
onsast
owi
t
nessesshal
lappl
yt
ohi
m sof
arast
hey
ar
eappl
i
cabl
e.Wi
t
nessesnott
obeOr
der
edt
oat
t
endi
nPer
son:Asperr
ul
e19of
Or
derXVI
,nooneshal
lbeor
der
edt
oat
t
endi
nper
sont
ogi
v
eev
i
denceunl
esshe
r
esi
des:
a.wi
t
hi
n
t
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
sof
t
heCour
t
'
s
Or
di
nar
yOr
i
gi
nal
Jur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,
or
b.wi
t
houtsuchl
i
mi
t
sbutatapl
acel
esst
hanonehundr
edor(
wher
e
t
her
ei
sar
ai
l
wayorst
eamercommuni
cat
i
onorot
herest
abl
i
shedpubl
i
cconv
ey
ance
f
orf
i
v
esi
xt
hsoft
hedi
st
ancebet
ween't
hepl
acewher
eher
esi
desandt
hepl
ace
wher
et
heCour
ti
ssi
t
uat
e)l
esst
hanf
i
v
ehundr
edki
l
omet
r
esdi
st
ancesf
r
om t
he
Cour
thouse:Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatwher
et
r
anspor
tbyai
ri
sav
ai
l
abl
ebet
weent
het
wo
pl
acesment
i
onedi
nt
hi
sr
ul
eandt
heWi
t
nessi
spai
dt
hef
ar
ebyai
r
,hemaybe
or
der
edt
oat
t
endi
nper
son.
APPEARANCEOFPARTI
ESANDEFFECTOFTHEI
RNONAPPEARANCE(
Or
derI
X)
I
nt
r
oduct
i
on:
Or
derI
Xoft
heCodepr
ov
i
dest
hel
awwi
t
hr
egar
dt
ot
heappear
anceoft
hepar
t
i
est
o
t
hesui
t
sandt
heconsequencesoft
hei
rnonappear
ance.Wher
eapar
t
y(
Pl
ai
nt
i
f
for
Pl
ai
nt
i
f
fandDef
endant
,bot
h)
doesnotappearwhent
hesui
ti
scal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ng,
t
hesui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedandwher
eapar
t
y
(
Def
endant
)doesnotappearev
enwhen
t
hesummonsi
sdul
yser
v
edonhi
m,t
heCour
tmayOr
derf
ort
heexpar
t
ehear
i
ngof
t
hesui
t
.
Ther
ef
or
e,
Or
derI
Xcanbedi
scussedundert
hef
ol
l
owi
ngheads:
a.Di
smi
ssalofSui
t
:Thepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
'
ssui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedunderr
ul
es2,
3,
5(
1)and8
ofOr
derI
Xoft
heCode,whi
l
et
heCour
tmayor
derexpar
t
ehear
i
ngoft
hesui
tunder
r
ul
e6(
1)ofOr
derI
X.
Rul
e2:
Asui
tmaybedi
smi
ssedunderr
ul
e2i
ft
hesummonshasnotbeenser
v
edupon
t
hedef
endantduet
ot
hef
ai
l
ur
eoft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opayCour
t
f
eeorPost
alchar
ges,i
f
anychar
geabl
ef
orsuchser
v
i
ceorf
ai
l
ur
et
opr
esentcopi
esoft
hepl
ai
ntasr
equi
r
ed
byr
ul
e9ofOr
derVI
I
.
Rul
e3:
TheCour
tmaydi
smi
sst
hesui
tunderr
ul
e3wher
e,
bot
ht
hepar
t
i
esar
eabsentwhen
t
hesui
ti
scal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ng.
Rul
e5(
1)
:
TheCour
tshal
lpassanor
derf
ordi
smi
ssaloft
hesui
tunderr
ul
e5(
1)
,wher
ea
summonshasbeenr
et
ur
nedunser
v
edont
hedef
endant
(
s)andt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
st
o
appl
yf
oraf
r
eshsummonsf
oraper
i
odofsev
enday
sf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
her
et
ur
nof
summonsmadet
ot
heCour
tbyt
heser
v
i
ngof
f
i
cer
.But
,t
heCour
tshal
lnotdi
smi
ss
t
hesui
tunderr
ul
e5(
1)
,
i
ft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fsat
i
sf
i
est
heCour
tt
hat
a.hehasf
ai
l
edaf
t
erusi
nghi
sbestendeav
or
st
odi
scov
ert
her
esi
denceoft
he
def
endantwhohasnotbeenser
v
ed,
or
b.suchdef
endanti
sav
oi
di
ngser
v
i
ceofpr
ocess,
or
c.t
her
ei
sanyot
hersuf
f
i
ci
entcauseofext
endi
ngt
het
i
me,
andmayext
endt
het
i
me
f
ormaki
ngsuchappl
i
cat
i
on.
Rul
e8:
TheCour
tshal
lmakeanor
derofdi
smi
ssalofsui
tunderr
ul
e8,wher
et
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
r
emai
nsabsentandt
hedef
endanti
spr
esent
,whent
hesui
ti
scal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ng
andt
hedef
endantdoesnotadmi
tt
hecl
ai
m orpar
tt
her
eof
.
Remedi
esagai
nstDi
smi
ssal
:
Wher
et
hesui
thasbeendi
smi
ssedunderr
ul
e2or3,t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fhasr
emedi
es
ei
t
hert
of
i
l
eaf
r
eshsui
t(
subj
ectt
ot
hel
awofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on)underr
ul
e4ort
omakean
appl
i
cat
i
onunderr
ul
e4f
orr
est
or
at
i
onoft
hesui
t
.Whent
hesui
thasbeendi
smi
ssed
underr
ul
e5(
1)
,
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fmaybr
i
ngaf
r
eshsui
t(
subj
ectt
ot
hel
awofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on)
underr
ul
e5(
2)
.
Whenasui
ti
sdi
smi
ssedunderr
ul
e8,
t
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fshal
lbepr
ecl
uded
t
obr
i
ngaf
r
eshsui
tont
hesamecauseofact
i
onbuthemayappl
yt
osett
he
di
smi
ssalasi
deunderr
ul
e9ofOr
derI
Xandt
heCour
tshal
l
,
af
t
eri
ssui
nganot
i
ceof
appl
i
cat
i
onont
heopposi
t
epar
t
ysetasi
det
heor
derofdi
smi
ssal
,onbei
ngsat
i
sf
i
ed
t
hatt
her
ewassuf
f
i
ci
entcausef
orpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
snonappear
ancewhent
hesui
ti
scal
l
ed
onf
orhear
i
ng.
2)
Ex-Par
t
eHear
i
ng:Wher
eonl
yt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fappear
sandt
hedef
endantdoes
notappearwhent
hesui
ti
scal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ng,
andt
heCour
tobser
v
edt
hat
t
hesummonswasdul
yser
v
edondef
endantt
hent
heCour
tmaypassanor
der
t
hatt
hesui
tbehear
dexpar
t
e.
Remedi
es:
Thedef
endanti
nt
hesamemannermaybeal
l
owedbyt
heCour
tt
obehear
d,
asi
fhe
hadappear
edont
hedayf
i
xedf
orhi
sappear
ance,wher
et
heCour
thasadj
our
ned
t
heexpar
t
ehear
i
ngandhe(
def
endant
)appear
sonorbef
or
esuchadj
our
neddat
e
andsat
i
sf
yt
heCour
twi
t
hgoodcausef
orhi
spr
ev
i
ousnonappear
ance.
Set
t
i
ngasi
deexpar
t
ehear
i
ng:
Wher
ei
nanexpar
t
ehear
i
ng,adecr
eei
spassedexpar
t
eagai
nstadef
endant
,he
.
hast
hef
ol
l
owi
ngopt
i
ons–
a.Toappl
yunderr
ul
e13t
osetasi
det
heex
par
t
edecr
eeandt
heCour
taf
t
erser
v
i
ce
ofNot
i
ce22ofsuchappl
i
cat
i
onont
heopposi
t
epar
t
yandonbei
ngsat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
he
summonswas notdul
yser
v
ed on t
he def
endantorhe was pr
ev
ent
ed byany
suf
f
i
ci
entcausef
r
om appear
i
ngwhent
hesui
twascal
l
edonf
orhear
i
ng.Butno
suchdecr
eeshal
lbeset
asi
deont
hebasi
sofi
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
yi
nt
heser
v
i
ceofsummons,
Whent
heCour
tr
ej
ect
sanappl
i
cat
i
onunderr
ul
e13,suchanor
deri
sappeal
abl
e
underOr
derXLIRul
e1(
d)
.
b.Tof
i
l
eappealagai
nstexpar
t
edecr
eeButwhenanappeali
spr
ef
er
r
edagai
nstexpar
t
edecr
eeandt
hesamei
sdi
smi
ssedonanygr
oundexceptasbei
ngwi
t
hdr
awnby
t
heappel
l
ant
,noappl
i
cat
i
onshal
ll
i
eunderr
ul
e13f
orset
t
i
ngasi
det
hatexpar
t
e
decr
ee.
EXECUTI
ONOFDECREES
S.36TO74ANDO.21:I
nasui
t
,af
t
ert
hepr
onouncementofj
udgmentandpassi
ng
ofdecr
eei
nr
espectoft
her
el
i
efgi
v
enbyt
heCour
t
,
t
henextst
epi
st
heexecut
i
onof
decr
eeoror
der
.
Meani
ng:
"
Execut
i
oni
st
heenf
or
cementofdecr
eesandor
der
soft
heCour
tbyt
hepr
ocess
oft
heCour
t
.
"Asamat
t
eroff
act
,execut
i
oni
st
hef
or
malpr
ocedur
epr
escr
i
bedby
l
awwher
ebyt
hepar
t
l
yent
i
t
l
edt
ot
hebenef
i
tofaj
udgmentmayobt
ai
nt
hatbenef
i
t
.
Execut
i
onofDecr
eeandOr
der
:
Sect
i
on36 oft
he Code l
ay
s downt
hatt
he pr
ov
i
si
on oft
he Code r
el
at
i
ng t
o
execut
i
onofdecr
ees(
i
ncl
udi
ngpr
ov
i
si
onr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hepay
mentunderadecr
ee)
shal
l
,sof
arast
heyar
eappl
i
cabl
e,bedeemedt
oappl
yt
ot
heexecut
i
onofor
der
s
(
i
ncl
udi
ngpay
mentunderanor
der
)
.
Subj
ectMat
t
erofExecut
i
on:
Thesubj
ectmat
t
erofexecut
i
onmaybeei
t
heradecr
eeoranor
derofaCour
tof
compet
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.Ev
er
ydecr
eeoror
derofaCour
tcannotbet
hesubj
ectmat
t
er
ofanexecut
i
on,butonl
yt
hosedecr
eesandor
der
sar
eexecut
abl
ewhi
chf
i
nal
l
y
det
er
mi
neandenf
or
cet
her
i
ght
soft
hepar
t
i
esatt
hedat
ewhent
hedecr
eeoror
der
i
smade.
Decr
eewhi
chmaybeexecut
ed:
Bef
or
eadecr
eecanbeexecut
ed,i
tmustbebot
hv
al
i
dandcapabl
eofexecut
i
on.
Thedecr
eeputi
nt
oexecut
i
onmustnotbebar
r
edunderanyl
aw.I
ti
st
hedecr
ee
passedbyt
heCour
toff
i
r
sti
nst
ancewhi
chcanbeexecut
edbutwhenanappealhas
beenpr
ef
er
r
edagai
nstt
heor
i
gi
naldecr
ee,i
ti
st
hedecr
eeoft
heappel
l
at
eCour
t
,
whi
chal
onecanbeexecut
ed.Thedecr
eesoft
heCour
toff
i
r
sti
nst
ancebecome
mer
gedi
nt
heappel
l
at
eCour
t
'
sdecr
ee.Theappel
l
at
edecr
eewhet
heri
tconf
i
r
ms,
v
ar
i
esorr
ev
er
sest
hedecr
eeofor
i
gi
nalCour
t
,i
ti
st
heonl
ydecr
eewhi
chcanbe
execut
ed.
Cour
tbywhi
chdecr
eesmaybeexecut
ed:Sect
i
on38
Accor
di
ngt
oS.38,anexecut
i
ngCour
tmaybeei
t
hert
heCour
twhi
chpassedt
he
decr
ee,
ort
he Cour
tt
o whi
ch t
he decr
ee i
s sentf
orexecut
i
on.The expr
essi
on
“
Cour
twhi
chpassedadecr
ee”means–
1)
TheCour
toff
i
r
sti
nst
ance–
a)
i
ncasewher
et
hedecr
eei
spassedbyt
heCour
toff
i
r
sti
nst
ance,
and
b)
i
ncaseofappel
l
at
edecr
ees,
2)
TheCour
tatt
het
i
meofexecut
i
onwoul
dhav
ehadj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
ot
r
yt
hesui
twher
e
t
heCour
toff
i
r
sti
nst
ancehasei
t
herceasedt
oexi
storceasedt
ohav
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on
t
oexecut
et
hedecr
ee.
Expl
anat
i
ont
oS.
37say
st
hat
TheCour
toff
i
r
sti
nst
ancedoesnotceaset
ohav
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
oexecut
eadecr
ee
mer
el
yont
hegr
oundt
hataf
t
ert
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
twher
ei
nt
hedecr
eewas
passedoraf
t
ert
hepassi
ngoft
hedecr
ee,anyar
eahasbeent
r
ansf
er
r
edf
or
m
t
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hatCour
t
;
but
,
i
nev
er
ysuchcase,
suchot
herCour
tshal
l
al
sohav
e
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
oexecut
et
hedecr
ee,i
fatt
het
i
meofmaki
ngappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
on
oft
hedecr
eei
twoul
dhav
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
ot
r
yt
hesai
dsui
t
Appl
i
cat
i
onf
orExecut
i
on:
Theexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngscommencewi
t
ht
hef
i
l
i
ngofanappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
on
bef
or
et
heCour
t
,whi
chpassedt
hedecr
ee,orbef
or
et
heCour
tt
owhi
cht
hedecr
ee
hasbeent
r
ansf
er
r
edf
orexecut
i
on.Rul
es1025and105106ofOr
der21dealwi
t
h
execut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
ons.
Whomayappl
yf
orexecut
i
on:Rul
e10
Anexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngmaybest
ar
t
edont
heappl
i
cat
i
onoft
hei
)Decr
eehol
der
Rul
e10ofOr
der21i
i
)Wher
et
hedecr
eehol
deri
sdead,
hi
sl
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
eS146.
i
i
i
)Anyot
herper
soncl
ai
mi
ngundert
hedecr
eehol
der
S.146.
i
v
)Repr
esent
at
i
v
eoforaper
soncl
ai
mi
ngundert
hedecr
eehol
derS.146.
v
)Tr
ansf
er
eeofdecr
eehol
der
26,
subj
ectt
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
nga.
Wher
et
hedecr
ee
hasbeent
r
ansf
er
r
edbyanassi
gnment
,
i
nwr
i
t
i
ngorbyoper
at
i
onofl
aw;
b.Theappl
i
cat
i
oni
st
ot
heCour
twhi
chpassedt
hedecr
ee;
c.Not
i
ceandaf
t
erpr
ov
i
di
nganoppor
t
uni
t
yofbei
nghear
dt
ot
het
r
ansf
er
orandt
he
j
udgment
debt
or
.
v
i
)Oneormor
eoft
hej
oi
ntdecr
eehol
der
s,
27subj
ectt
ot
hef
ul
f
i
l
l
me
ntoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcondi
t
i
ons:
a.
Ther
ei
snocont
r
ar
ycondi
t
i
oni
mposedbyt
hedecr
ee.
b.Theexecut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
oni
st
ot
heexecut
i
onoft
hewhol
edecr
ee;
and
c.Theappl
i
cat
i
oni
smadef
ort
hebenef
i
tofal
lt
hej
oi
ntdecr
eehol
der
s;ori
fany
one
oft
hem i
sdead,f
ort
hebenef
i
toft
hesur
v
i
v
or
sandt
hel
egalr
epr
esent
at
i
v
esof
t
hedeceaseddecr
eehol
der
.
]
Agai
nstwhom anexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngcanbest
ar
t
ed:
Execut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngmaybest
ar
t
edagai
nstt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngper
sons:
-
A.
Judgmentdebt
or
,
S.50,
0.
21,
R.
15
b.Whent
hej
udgmentdebt
ori
sdead,
agai
nsthi
sl
egalr
epr
esent
at
i
v
es.Butt
hel
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
esshal
lbel
i
abl
eonl
yt
oext
entoft
hepr
oper
t
yoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or
r
ecei
v
edbyt
hem.So50,
52,
53.
c. Repr
esent
at
i
v
e of or t
he per
son cl
ai
mi
ng under t
he j
udgment debt
or
.
S.
146.
d.
Sur
et
yoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or
.S.150.
Cour
tt
owhom anexecut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
onmaybemade:
AsperS.38,anexecut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
onmaybef
i
l
edei
t
heri
nt
heCour
twhopassed
t
hedecr
eeori
nt
heCour
tt
owhom t
hedecr
eehasbeent
r
ansf
er
r
edf
orexecut
i
on.
Cont
ent
sofAppl
i
cat
i
on:
Accor
di
ngt
oRul
e11of0.
21,ev
er
yappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
on,excepti
nacaseofa
moneydecr
ee,shal
lbei
nwr
i
t
i
ng,si
gnedandv
er
i
f
i
edbyt
heappl
i
cantorbysome
ot
herper
sonacquai
nt
edwi
t
ht
hef
actoft
hecaseandshal
lcont
ai
nt
hepar
t
i
cul
ar
s
l
i
ket
henumberoft
hesui
t
,t
henameoft
hepar
t
i
es,t
hedat
eoft
hedecr
ee,t
he
amountoft
hedecr
eeet
cRul
es11A,12,13,14andR.45(
1)of0.
21shoul
dber
ead
t
oget
her
.
Pr
ocedur
e:Admi
ssi
on(
Rul
e17)andHear
i
ng(
Rul
es105106)Admi
ssi
on:
Accor
di
ngt
oRul
e17of0.
21,onr
ecei
v
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
onofadecr
ee,
t
heCour
tmustadmi
tandr
egi
st
ert
heappl
i
cat
i
on,i
ft
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
he
execut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
oncompl
i
eswi
t
ht
her
equi
r
ement
sofRul
e11t
o14.Wher
esuch
appl
i
cat
i
ondoesnotcompl
ywi
t
ht
heabov
er
equi
r
ement
st
hent
heCour
tshal
lal
l
ow
t
hedef
ectt
ober
emedi
edt
henandt
her
eorwi
t
hi
nat
i
mef
i
xedbyi
t
,
andi
ft
hedef
ect
i
snotr
emedi
edasspeci
f
i
edt
hen,
t
heCour
tshal
l
r
ej
ectt
heappl
i
cat
i
on.
Hear
i
ng:
Rul
es105and106dealwi
t
ht
hehear
i
ngofanexecut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
onandst
at
et
hat
whenanappl
i
cat
i
oni
spendi
ngt
hen,t
heCour
tshal
lf
i
xadat
eofhear
i
ngandi
ft
he
appl
i
canti
snotpr
esentatt
het
i
meofhear
i
ng,
t
heCour
tmaydi
smi
sst
heappl
i
cat
i
on
andwhent
heappl
i
canti
spr
esentbutt
heopposi
t
epar
t
yi
snotpr
esent
,t
heCour
t
maypr
oceedexpar
t
ehear
i
ngandpassanappr
opr
i
at
eor
der
.UnderRul
e106,an
or
derofdi
smi
ssalf
ordef
aul
toranex
par
t
ehear
i
ngmaybesetasi
debyt
hecour
ton
anappl
i
cat
i
onoft
heaggr
i
ev
edpar
t
ywher
et
her
ear
esuf
f
i
ci
entcausesshownt
o
doso.
Anor
derr
ej
ect
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onu/
r106(
1)i
sappeal
l
abl
e.
Li
mi
t
at
i
onf
orExecut
i
on:
Any
"appl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
onofadecr
eecanbef
i
l
edwi
t
hi
n12y
ear
sf
r
om t
hedat
e
oft
he decr
eewhi
l
et
he per
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on f
ort
heexecut
i
on ofa decr
ee f
or
mandat
or
yi
nj
unct
i
oni
s3y
ear
sf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
hedecr
ee.St
ayofExecut
i
on:Rul
es
26t
o29ofOr
derXXIdealwi
t
ht
hest
ayofexecut
i
on.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofRul
e26ar
e
mandat
or
yandi
mper
at
i
v
ewhi
l
et
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofRul
e29ar
enotmandat
or
ybut
di
scr
et
i
onar
y
.Butt
hi
sdi
scr
et
i
onmustbeexer
ci
sedj
udi
ci
al
l
yandi
nt
hei
nt
er
estof
j
ust
i
ce.Theexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngmaybest
ay
edei
t
herbyt
heexecut
i
ngCour
ti
.
e.
t
heCour
twhi
chpassedt
hedecr
eeort
heCour
tt
o:whi
cht
hedecr
eehasbeen
t
r
ansf
er
r
edf
orexecut
i
onorbyt
heCour
thav
i
ngappel
l
at
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
nr
espectof
t
hedecr
eeort
owhi
cht
hedecr
eehasbeent
r
ansf
er
r
edf
ort
heexecut
i
ont
her
eof
.The
pr
ov
i
si
onsr
egar
di
ngst
ayofexecut
i
onofadecr
eear
emadei
nRul
e26,whi
chl
ay
s
downt
hatt
heexecut
i
ngCour
t(
t
heTr
ansf
er
eeCour
t
)shal
l
,
onsuf
f
i
ci
entcausebei
ng
shown byt
he j
udgment
debt
or
,and af
t
er f
ur
ni
shi
ng secur
i
t
y or f
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ng t
he
condi
t
i
ons,whi
chmaybei
mposeduponhi
m byt
heCour
t
,st
ayt
heexecut
i
onofa
decr
eef
orar
easonabl
et
i
me,t
oenabl
et
hej
udgmentdebt
ort
oappl
yt
ot
heCour
t
whi
chhaspassedt
hedecr
eeort
ot
heappel
l
at
eCour
tf
oranOr
dert
ost
ayexecut
i
on.
Thet
r
ansf
er
orCour
tcanst
ayt
heex
ecut
i
onabsol
ut
el
ywhi
l
et
hepowert
ost
ayt
he
execut
i
onbyt
heTr
ansf
er
eeCour
ti
sf
orar
easonabl
et
i
met
oenabl
et
hej
udgment
debart
oappl
yt
ot
het
r
ansf
er
orCour
tort
ot
heappel
l
at
eCour
tt
ogr
antst
ayagai
nst
t
heexecut
i
on.
St
ayofExecut
i
onPendi
ngsui
t
:
Rul
e29ofO.XXIdeal
swi
t
ht
hepr
ov
i
si
onsr
egar
di
ngst
ayofexecut
i
onpendi
ngsui
t
bet
weent
hedecr
eehol
derandt
hej
udgmentdebt
or
.Rul
e29say
st
hat"
wher
easui
t
i
spendi
ng i
n anyCour
tagai
nstt
hehol
derofadecr
eeofsuch Cour
torofa
decr
eewhi
chi
sbei
ngexecut
edbysuchCour
t
,ont
hepar
toft
heper
sonagai
nst
whom t
hedecr
eewaspassed,t
heCour
tmay
,onsucht
er
msasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,st
ay
execut
i
onoft
hedecr
eeunt
i
l
t
hependi
ngsui
thasbeendeci
ded.
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hati
ft
hedecr
eei
sonef
orpay
mentofmoney
,t
heCour
tshal
li
fi
tgr
ant
s
st
aywi
t
houtr
equi
r
i
ngsecur
i
t
y
,
r
ecor
di
t
sr
easonsf
orsodoi
ng.
Modeofexecut
i
on:
Ther
ear
ev
ar
i
ousmodesofexecut
i
onofdecr
eepr
ov
i
dedi
nt
heCode.A decr
ee
may
beenf
or
ced,
asspeci
f
i
edU/
s51oft
heCodeofCi
v
i
l
Pr
ocedur
ea.
bydel
i
v
er
yofanypr
oper
t
yspeci
f
i
cal
l
ydecr
eed;
b.byat
t
achmentandsal
eorbysal
ewi
t
houtat
t
achmentofanypr
oper
t
y
.
c.
byar
r
estanddet
ent
i
on31i
npr
i
sonf
orsuchper
i
odnotexceedi
ngt
heper
i
odspeci
f
i
edi
nS.58,
wher
ear
r
estanddet
ent
i
oni
sper
mi
ssi
bl
eundert
hatsect
i
on;
d.by appoi
nt
i
ng ar
ecei
v
er
;or
e.
i
nsuchot
hermanneras t
henat
ur
eoft
he r
el
i
ef
gr
ant
edmayr
equi
r
e.
Choi
ceofmodeofexecut
i
onandsi
mul
t
aneousexecut
i
on:
Asagener
al
r
ul
e,
i
ti
sf
ort
hedecr
eehol
dert
ochooseapar
t
i
cul
armodeofexecut
i
ng
hi
sdecr
eeandi
ti
sper
mi
ssi
bl
et
ooi
nl
awt
ooptf
orev
enasi
mul
t
aneousexecut
i
on,
butt
heCour
tmayi
ni
t
sdi
scr
et
i
onr
ef
useexecut
i
onatt
hesamet
i
meagai
nstt
he
per
sonandpr
oper
t
yoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or
.TheSupr
emeCour
ti
n
Shy
am Si
nghv
.col
l
ect
or
,
Di
st
t
.Hami
r
pur1993Supp(
1)SCC,
obser
v
ed:"
Sect
i
on51oft
heCodegi
v
esanopt
i
ont
ot
hecr
edi
t
or
,ofenf
or
ci
ngt
he
decr
eeei
t
heragai
nstt
heper
sonort
hepr
oper
t
yoft
hecr
edi
t
or
;andnowher
ei
thas
beenl
ai
ddownt
hatexecut
i
onagai
nstt
heper
sonoft
hedebt
orshal
lnotbeal
l
owed
unl
essandunt
i
lt
hedecr
eehol
derhasexhaust
edhi
sr
emedyagai
nstt
hepr
oper
t
y
.
"
Howev
er
,t
hedi
scr
et
i
oni
swi
t
ht
heCour
tt
oor
dersi
mul
t
aneousexecut
i
onandt
hat
di
scr
et
i
onmustbeexer
ci
sedj
udi
ci
al
l
y
.TheCour
tcanr
ef
usesi
mul
t
aneousexecut
i
on
byal
l
owi
ngt
hedecr
eehol
dert
oav
ai
l
ofonl
yonemodeofexecut
i
onatat
i
me.
ModesofExecut
i
on:
1.Bydel
i
v
er
yofPr
oper
t
y
:
Sect
i
on51(
a)Rul
es31,
35and36.
a)Speci
f
i
c mov
eabl
e pr
oper
t
y
:The decr
ee f
oranyspeci
f
i
c mov
abl
e
pr
oper
t
i
eswhi
chdonoti
ncl
udemoneyandar
ei
nt
hepossessi
onof
j
udgmentdebt
ormaybeexecut
ed:
i
)bysei
zur
eanddel
i
v
er
yofpr
oper
t
y
;
or
i
i
)bydet
ent
i
onoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or
;
or
i
i
i
)byat
t
achmentandsal
eofhi
spr
oper
t
y
;
or
i
v
)byat
t
achmentanddet
ent
i
onbot
h.
Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofRul
e31ofO.21ar
enotappl
i
cabl
ef
ort
heexecut
i
on
ofadecr
eef
ormoneyorwher
et
hepr
oper
t
yi
snoti
npossessi
onoft
he
j
udgmentdebt
orbuti
si
nt
hepossessi
onofat
hi
r
dpar
t
y
.
b)I
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
:Rul
es35and36OfO.XXIpr
ov
i
det
hemodeof
execut
i
ngdecr
ees,f
orpossessi
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
.Wher
et
he
decr
eei
sf
ori
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
yi
nt
hepossessi
onofj
udgmentdebt
or
ori
nt
hepossessi
onofanyper
sonboundbyt
hedecr
ee35,i
tcanbe
execut
edbyr
emov
i
ngt
hej
udgmentdebt
ororanyper
sonboundbyt
he
decr
eeandbydel
i
v
er
i
ngpossessi
ont
her
eoft
ot
hedecr
eehol
der
.
At
t
achment
sandSal
eofPr
oper
t
y
:
Sect
i
on51(
b)TheCour
ti
sempower
edt
oor
derexecut
i
onofadecr
eebyat
t
achment
andsal
eorbysal
ewi
t
houtat
t
achmentofanypr
oper
t
y
36andt
hesal
eofpr
oper
t
y
wi
t
houtanat
t
achmenti
smer
el
yani
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
yandsuchsal
ei
snotv
oi
dorwi
t
hout
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onanddoesnotv
i
t
i
at
et
hesal
e.
Sect
i
ons 60 t
o 64 andRul
es 41 t
o 57 ofOr
derXXIdealwi
t
ht
he subj
ectof
at
t
achmentofpr
oper
t
y
.
An execut
i
ngCour
ti
scompet
ent t
oat
t
ach t
hepr
oper
t
yi
fi
ti
s si
t
uat
edwi
t
hi
n
t
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
s
oft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
tandt
hepl
aceofbusi
nessoft
hej
udgmentdebt
ori
sn
otmat
er
i
al
.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heCode,
howev
er
,
donotaf
f
ectanyl
ocalorspeci
al
l
aw.Theat
t
achmentandsal
eunderanyot
herst
at
ut
ecanbemadeandt
hej
udgment
debt
orcannotcl
ai
m benef
i
tundert
heCode.
ModesofAt
t
achment
:
Sect
i
on62andRul
es43t
o54ofOr
derXXIl
aydownt
hepr
ocedur
ef
orat
t
achment
ofdi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofmov
eabl
eandi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
i
es.Thesear
et
hepr
ov
i
si
ons
i
nt
he Code r
el
at
i
ng t
o mode ofat
t
achmentofmov
abl
e pr
oper
t
y
,
Negot
i
abl
e
i
nst
r
ument
s,
Debt not secur
ed by aNegot
i
abl
ei
nst
r
ument
,
Shar
ei
n capi
t
al
of
acor
por
at
i
on,
Shar
eori
nt
er
esti
nmov
abl
epr
oper
t
y
,Sal
ar
yoral
l
owanceofaPubl
i
c
Ser
v
antoraPr
i
v
at
eempl
oy
ee,
Par
t
ner
shi
ppr
oper
t
y
,
Pr
oper
t
yi
ncust
odyofCour
tor
Publ
i
cOf
f
i
cer
,
Decr
ee(
i
)f
orPay
mentofmoneyorsal
ei
nenf
or
cementofamor
t
gage
orchar
geand(
i
i
)Decr
eeot
hert
hant
hatment
i
onedabov
e,
Agr
i
cul
t
ur
al
pr
oduce,
I
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
ywhi
l
eS.63pr
escr
i
bespr
ocedur
et
obef
ol
l
owedi
ncaset
he
pr
oper
t
yi
sat
t
achedi
nexecut
i
onofdecr
eesbysev
er
al
Cour
t
s.
Pr
oper
t
i
es,
whi
chcanandcannotbeat
t
ached:
Sect
i
on60(
1)oft
heCodespeci
f
i
esaboutt
hepr
oper
t
i
eswhi
chcanbeat
t
achedand
sol
di
nexecut
i
onofadecr
eewhi
l
ebei
ngsubj
ectt
ot
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofsubsect
i
on(
2)
ofsect
i
on60,
t
hepr
oper
t
i
eswhi
chcanbeat
t
achedandsol
di
nexecut
i
onofadecr
ee
ar
especi
f
i
edi
npr
ov
i
sot
os.60(
1)ands.61oft
heCode.
Det
er
mi
nat
i
onofAt
t
achment
:
Undert
hef
ol
l
owi
ngci
r
cumst
ances,anor
derofat
t
achmentundert
heCodeshal
lbe
det
er
mi
ned–
i
.Ont
hesat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
hedecr
eeei
t
herbyt
hepay
mentoft
hedecr
eet
alamountor
ot
her
wi
se;
i
i
.Ont
her
ev
er
sal
orset
t
i
ngasi
deoft
hedecr
ee:
i
i
i
.Onanor
dert
or
el
easet
hepr
oper
t
y
;
i
v
.Di
smi
ssal
ofexecut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
onaf
t
ert
heat
t
achmentofpr
oper
t
y
:
V.Onwi
t
hdr
awal
ofat
t
achmentbyat
t
achi
ngCr
edi
t
or
;
v
i
.Onf
ai
l
ur
ebydecr
eehol
dert
odowhathei
sboundt
odoundert
hedecr
ee;
and
v
i
i
.Wher
et
he at
t
achmentor
deri
s madebef
or
ej
udgmentand t
he def
endant
f
ur
ni
shest
henecessar
ysecur
i
t
y
.
3.Ar
r
estandDet
ent
i
on:
Sect
i
on51(
c)Onemodeoft
heex
ecut
i
onofadecr
eei
sar
r
estanddet
ent
i
onof
a
j
udgmentdebt
ori
nt
heCi
v
i
lPr
i
son.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsst
at
edi
npr
ov
i
sot
oSect
i
on51
ar
er
el
ev
anti
nt
hi
sr
egar
dandar
easunder
:
Anor
derofar
r
estanddet
ent
i
onofj
udgmentdebt
ori
nci
v
i
lpr
i
soncanbepassedby
t
heCour
twhi
l
eexecut
i
ngt
hedecr
eef
orpay
mentofmoney
,
orf
orspeci
f
i
cmov
eabl
e
pr
oper
t
y
,
orf
orspeci
f
i
cper
f
or
manceofacont
r
act
,
orf
orani
nj
unct
i
on,
orwher
ea
decr
ee f
orspeci
f
i
cper
f
or
manceofa cont
r
actorf
oran i
nj
unct
i
on i
sagai
nsta
cor
por
at
i
on.
Butt
heper
sonsl
i
keawoman,j
udi
ci
al
of
f
i
cer
s,t
hepar
t
i
esand t
hei
rpl
eader
s,
member
sofLegi
sl
at
i
v
eBodi
es,aj
udgmentdebt
oret
c.
,cannotbear
r
est
edunder
cer
t
ai
nci
r
cumst
ances.
Anor
derofdet
ent
i
onofj
udgmentdebt
ori
nci
v
i
l
pr
i
sonshal
l
notbepassed,
i
nexecu
t
i
onofadecr
eef
ort
hepay
mentofmoney
,wher
et
het
ot
alamountofsuchdecr
ee
doesnotexceedt
wot
housandr
upees.
Per
i
odofdet
ent
i
on:
Accor
di
ngt
oS.58(
1)
,ev
er
yper
sondet
ai
nedi
nt
heci
v
i
lpr
i
soni
nexecut
i
onofa
decr
eeshal
lbesodet
ai
ned,wher
et
hedet
ent
i
oni
sf
ort
hepay
mentofasum of
money–
i
)exceedi
ngf
i
v
et
housandr
upees-f
oraper
i
odnotexceedi
ng3mont
hs,
and
i
i
)exceedi
ngt
wot
housandr
upees,butnotexceedi
ngf
i
v
et
housandr
upees-f
ora
per
i
odnotexceedi
ngsi
xweeks.
Rel
easeofper
sondet
ai
ned:
Awar
r
antf
ort
hear
r
estmaybecancel
l
edoranar
r
est
edj
udgmentdebt
ormaybe
r
el
easedbyt
heCour
tont
hegr
oundofhi
sser
i
ouswi
l
l
ness,
whi
l
eaj
udgmentdebt
or
,
whohasbeencommi
t
t
edt
oci
v
i
lpr
i
son,mayber
el
easeoft
her
ef
r
om,ei
t
herbyt
he
St
at
eGov
er
nment
,ont
hegr
oundoft
heexi
st
enceofanyi
nf
ect
i
ousorcont
agi
ous
di
sease,orbyt
hecommi
t
t
i
ngcour
toranysuper
i
orcour
t
,ont
hegr
oundsofhi
s
suf
f
er
i
ng
f
r
om
any
ser
i
ous
i
I
I
ness.Aj
udgmentdebt
ormayal
sober
el
easedasspeci
f
i
edunderpr
ov
i
sot
os.58,
Le.
i
.ont
he,
pay
mentofamountment
i
onedi
nt
hewar
r
ant
,
t
ot
heof
f
i
ceri
nchar
geoft
he
ci
v
i
l
pr
i
son,
or
i
i
.ont
heot
her
wi
sesat
i
sf
act
i
on(
byanor
deroft
heCour
t
)oft
hedecr
ee,
or
i
i
i
.on t
her
equestt
or
el
easeoft
heper
sonon whose appl
i
cat
i
onhehasbeen so
det
ai
ned,
or
i
v
. on t
he omi
ssi
on t
opaysubsi
st
ence al
l
owance,
by t
he per
son,
on whose
appl
i
cat
i
onhehasbeensodet
ai
ned.Butsuchr
el
easeasspeci
f
i
edi
ncl
ause
(
i
i
i
)oronsuchomi
ssi
onshal
l
nobewi
t
houtanor
deroft
heCour
t
.
Rear
r
est
:
Aj
udgmentdebt
orr
el
easedundersect
i
on58shal
lnotbedi
schar
gedf
r
om hi
sdebt
butheshal
lnotbel
i
abl
et
ober
ear
r
est
edundert
hedecr
eei
nexecut
i
onofwhi
chhe
wasdet
ai
nedi
nt
heci
v
i
lpr
i
sonandi
fhehasbeenr
el
easedundersect
i
on59,
hemay
ber
ear
r
est
edbutt
hedet
ent
i
onper
i
odi
nci
v
i
lpr
i
sonshal
l
notexceedt
heaggr
egat
e
per
i
odspeci
f
i
edi
nS.58.
By
'
Appoi
nt
mentofRecei
v
er
:
Sect
i
on51(
d)Thepr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
heexecut
i
onbyappoi
nt
mentofaRecei
v
er
ar
epr
ov
i
dedi
nOr
derXXI
,
Rul
e11(
2)(
J)(
i
v
)
.
Anexecut
i
onofadecr
eebyappoi
nt
mentofr
ecei
v
eri
sanequi
t
abl
er
emedyw
hi
chcannotbecl
ai
medasar
i
ghtandi
sgr
ant
edbyt
heCour
ti
ni
t
sdi
scr
et
i
on,
andt
hesamei
sanexcept
i
ont
ot
hegener
alr
ul
et
hat
adecr
eehol
dercan
chooset
hemodeofexecut
i
onandt
hatt
heCour
thasnopowert
or
ef
uset
he
modechosenbyhi
m.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofsect
i
on51(
d)shoul
dber
eadwi
t
ht
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofOr
derXL,
Rul
e1.
Quest
i
onst
obedet
er
mi
nedbyt
heExecut
i
ngCour
t
:
Sect
i
on47pr
ov
i
dest
hepr
ov
i
si
onsr
egar
di
ngt
hemat
t
er
sar
i
si
ngsubsequentt
ot
he
passi
ng of a decr
ee,anddeal
s wi
t
h obj
ect
i
ons t
o execut
i
on,di
schar
geand
sat
i
sf
act
i
onofadecr
ee.
i
. Al
l
quest
i
onsar
i
si
ngbet
weent
hepar
t
i
est
ot
hesui
ti
nwhi
cht
hedecr
ee
waspassed,ort
hei
rr
epr
esent
at
i
v
es,andr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
heexecut
i
on,
di
schar
georsat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
hedecr
ee,shal
lbedet
er
mi
nedbyt
he
Cour
texecut
i
ngt
hedecr
eeandnotbyasepar
at
esui
t
.
i
i
. Omi
t
t
ed
i
i
i
. Wher
eaquest
i
onar
i
sesast
owhet
heranyper
soni
sori
snott
he
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
eofapar
t
y
,suchquest
i
onshal
l
,f
ort
hepur
posesoft
hi
s
sect
i
on,
bedet
er
mi
nedbyt
hecour
t
.
Expl
anat
i
onI
:
Fort
hepur
posesoft
hi
ssect
i
on,apl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhosesui
thasbeendi
smi
ssedanda
def
endantagai
nstwhom asui
thasbeendi
smi
ssedar
epar
t
i
est
ot
hesui
t
.
Expl
anat
i
onI
I
:
(
a)Fort
hepur
posesoft
hi
ssect
i
on,
apur
chaserofpr
oper
t
yatasal
ei
nexecut
i
onof
adecr
eeshal
lbedeemedt
obeapar
t
yt
ot
hesui
ti
nwhi
cht
hedecr
eei
spassed;
and
(
b)Al
lquest
i
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
heDel
i
v
er
yofpossessi
onofsuchpr
oper
t
yt
osuch
pur
chaserorhi
sr
epr
esent
at
i
v
eshal
lbedeemedt
obequest
i
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
he
execut
i
on,
di
schar
georsat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
hedecr
eewi
t
hi
nt
hemeani
ngoft
hi
ssect
i
on.
I
nJugalKi
shor
eV.RawCot
t
onCom.Lt
d,
AI
R1955,
SC,
t
heCour
thasdeci
dedt
hatoncet
hesui
ti
sdecr
eed,
S.47r
equi
r
est
hatt
heexecut
i
ng
Cour
tal
oneshoul
ddet
er
mi
neal
lquest
i
onsi
nexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ngsandf
i
l
i
ngof
separ
at
esui
ti
sbar
r
ed.I
tdoesnotmat
t
erwhet
hersuchquest
i
onsar
i
sebef
or
eor
af
t
ert
hedecr
eehasbeenexecut
ed.Fort
hesai
dpur
pose,t
heCour
tcant
r
eatasui
t
asanexecut
i
onappl
i
cat
i
onoranappl
i
cat
i
onasasui
ti
nt
hei
nt
er
estofj
ust
i
ce.But
af
t
ert
heAmendmentActof1976,whi
chdel
et
edsubsect
i
on(
2)ofsect
i
on47,by
whi
cht
heCour
twasempower
edt
ot
r
eatanappl
i
cat
i
onU/
S47asasui
t
,
orasui
tas
anappl
i
cat
i
on,nowt
heCour
tcannott
r
eatanappl
i
cat
i
onU/
S47asasui
t
,orasui
t
asanappl
i
cat
i
on.
AnExecut
i
ngCour
tCannotgobehi
ndt
heDecr
ee:
Thedut
yofanexecut
i
ngCour
ti
st
oexecut
et
hedecr
eeasi
ti
s.Anexecut
i
ngCour
t
cannotgobehi
ndt
hedecr
ee.Anexecut
i
ngCour
thas'
t
ot
aket
hedecr
eeasi
tst
ands
andexecut
ei
taccor
di
ngt
oi
t
st
er
ms.TheCour
thasnopowert
oquest
i
ont
he
cor
r
ect
nessoft
hedecr
ee.
VagueandAmbi
guousDecr
ee:
Butwhenev
eradecr
eei
sf
oundt
obev
agueorambi
guous,
i
ti
swi
t
hi
nt
hepowerand
dut
yoft
heexecut
i
ngCour
tt
oi
nt
er
pr
ett
hedecr
eewi
t
ht
hei
nt
entt
of
i
ndoutt
he
meani
ngoft
hoset
er
ms.
Decr
eepassedi
nI
nher
entl
ackofJur
i
sdi
ct
i
on:
Whent
heexecut
i
ngCour
tf
i
ndst
hatt
her
ewasani
nher
entl
ackofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,t
he
decr
eepassedbyaCour
ti
sanul
l
i
t
yandwhensuchapl
eai
sputf
or
war
dbyan
aggr
i
ev
edpar
t
y
,i
ti
sobl
i
gat
or
yont
hepar
toft
heexecut
i
ngCour
tt
oconsi
dersuch
anobj
ect
i
on,
andsuchadecr
eecannotbeexecut
ed,
becauset
her
ecannotbesai
dt
o
beadecr
eei
nsuchacase.
NoAppealagai
nstanydet
er
mi
nat
i
onU/
s47,
butRev
i
si
onLi
es:
Bef
or
et
heAmendmentActof1976,
t
hedet
er
mi
nat
i
onofanyquest
i
onU/
s47was
deemedt
obeadecr
eeU/
s2(
2)oft
heCode,
butaf
t
ert
heamendment
,
whi
chdel
et
ed
subsect
i
on(
2)ofsect
i
on47,bywhi
cht
heCour
twasempower
ed t
ot
r
eatan
appl
i
cat
i
onU/
s47 asasui
t
,orasui
tasanappl
i
cat
i
on,and hence,now any
det
er
mi
nat
i
onU/s47i
snotappeal
abl
eU/
s96or100,butar
ev
i
si
onl
i
es,
subj
ectt
o
t
hef
ul
f
i
l
l
mentoft
hecondi
t
i
onsment
i
onedi
ns.115oft
heCode.–
I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS
Q.
1.
Whati
st
heef
f
ectofNonappear
anceofPar
t
i
es?
Q.
2.Cansal
eofi
mmov
eabl
epr
oper
t
yi
nt
heex
ecut
i
onofadecr
eebesetasi
de?I
f
so,
atwhosei
nst
ance?
Q.
3.Whatdoy
ouunder
st
andbyexecut
i
on?Whocanappl
yf
orexecut
i
onandagai
nst
whom anexecut
i
oncanbemade?
Q.
4.
Whatar
et
hev
ar
i
ousmodesofex
ecut
i
onofdecr
ee.oror
der
?Di
scuss.
Q.
5.
Anexecut
i
ngcour
tcannotgobehi
nddecr
ee.I
st
her
eanyexcept
i
ont
ot
her
ul
e.I
f
any
,
pr
ov
i
de?
Q.
6.Expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
a.SummonsandDi
scov
er
yofPar
t
i
es
b.Not
i
ce
c.Pr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
oat
t
endanceofwi
t
nesses.
d.Execut
i
ngCour
t
e.Pr
oper
t
i
eswhi
chcannotbeat
t
ached
f
.Di
smi
ssal
ofSui
ti
ndef
aul
t
g.Set
t
i
ngasi
deexpar
t
edecr
ee
UNI
T-I
V
I
NCI
DENTAL PROCEEDI
NGS:COMMI
SSI
ON,LETTER OF REQUEST,
SUPPLEMENTAL PROCEEDI
NGS:
ARREST AND ATTACHMENT
BEFORE JUDGMENT,TEMPORARY I
NJUNCTI
ON,I
NTERLOCUTORY
ORDERS,RECEI
VER, APPEALS,REFERENCE,REVI
EW,REVI
SI
ON,
RESTI
TUTI
ON,
CAVEAT,
I
NHERENTPOWERSOFCOURT.
I
NCI
DENTALPROCEEDI
NGS
Commi
ssi
on(
Sect
i
ons-75t
o78andOr
der26)
Meani
ng:
'
Commi
ssi
on'
i
sapr
ocesst
hr
oughwhi
cht
hewi
t
nesses,whoar
esi
ckori
nf
i
r
m and
ar
eunabl
et
oat
t
endt
heCour
t
,ar
eexami
nedbyi
ssui
ngacommi
ssi
onbyt
heCour
t
.
Sect
i
ons75t
o78andOr
derXXVIoft
heCodedealwi
t
ht
hev
ar
i
ouspr
ov
i
si
ons
r
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hei
ssueofCommi
ssi
ont
oex
ami
newi
t
nesseswhoar
eunabl
et
oat
t
end
t
heCour
tf
oroneort
heot
herr
easons.
PowerofCour
tt
oi
ssueCommi
ssi
ons:
Asagener
alr
ul
e,
t
heev
i
denceofawi
t
nessi
nanact
i
on,
whet
herhei
sapar
t
yt
ot
he
sui
tornot
,shoul
dbet
akeni
nopen'Cour
tandt
est
edbycr
ossexami
nat
i
on.The
cour
thas a di
scr
et
i
on t
or
el
ax t
he r
ul
eofat
t
endance i
n Cour
t
,undersome
ci
r
cumst
ancesandmayj
ust
i
f
yi
ssueofacommi
ssi
on.Sect
i
on75oft
heCodespeci
f
i
est
hepower
sofaCour
tt
oi
ssueCommi
ssi
on.
Sect
i
on75:
Subj
ectt
ot
hecondi
t
i
onsandl
i
mi
t
at
i
onsasmaybepr
escr
i
bed,
t
heCour
tmayi
ssue
acommi
ssi
on:
a.t
oexami
neanyper
son;
or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e1t
o8
b.t
omakeal
ocal
i
nv
est
i
gat
i
on;
or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e9t
o10
c.t
oexami
neoradj
ustaccount
s;
or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e11t
o12
d.t
omakeapar
t
i
t
i
on;
or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e13t
o14
e.t
ohol
dasci
ent
i
f
i
c,
t
echni
cal
orexper
ti
nv
est
i
gat
i
on;
or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e10A
f
.t
o conductsal
e ofpr
oper
t
ywhi
ch i
s subj
ectt
o speedyand nat
ur
aldecay
andwhi
chi
si
nt
hecust
odyoft
heCour
tpendi
ngt
hedet
er
mi
nat
i
onoft
hesui
t
;
or
der
XXVI
,
Rul
e10C
g.t
oper
f
or
m anymi
ni
st
er
i
al
act
;
Rul
es15t
o18-Bdeal
wi
t
hgener
al
pr
ov
i
si
ons.or
der
XXVI
,
Rul
e10B
Casesi
nwhi
chCour
tmayi
ssueCommi
ssi
ont
oexami
neaper
son(
Wi
t
ness)
:
Acommi
ssi
onmaybei
ssuedi
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcases:
a.Any Cour
t may i
n any sui
ti
ssue a commi
ssi
on f
or t
he exami
nat
i
on on
i
nt
er
r
ogat
or
i
esorot
her
wi
seofanyper
son,
i
ft
heper
sont
obeexami
nedasawi
t
ness
r
esi
deswi
t
hi
nt
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
sofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on,
and
i
.I
sexempt
edundert
heCodef
r
om at
t
endi
ngt
heCour
t
,
or
i
i
.i
nt
hei
nt
er
estofj
ust
i
ce,orf
orexpedi
t
i
ousdi
sposalofacase,orf
orany
ot
herr
easonhi
sexami
nat
i
ononcommi
ssi
onwi
l
l
bepr
oper
;
or
b.i
fher
esi
desbey
ondt
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
sofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
,
or
c.hei
saboutt
ol
eav
et
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
,
or
d.I
fhei
saGov
er
nmentser
v
antand cannoti
nt
heopi
ni
onoft
heCour
t
,at
t
end
wi
t
houtdet
r
i
mentt
ot
hepubl
i
cser
v
i
ce,
or
e.hei
sr
esi
di
ngoutofI
ndi
aandt
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hathi
sev
i
dencei
snecessar
y
.
Per
sonsf
orwhoseexami
nat
i
onscommi
ssi
onmaybei
ssued:Rul
e4(
1)
:
Any Cour
t may i
nany sui
ti
ssue acommi
ssi
on f
or t
he exami
nat
i
on on
i
nt
er
r
ogat
or
i
esorot
her
wi
seofanyper
son,
a.I
fher
esi
desbey
ondt
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
hecour
tor[
(
Or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e4(
1)
(
a)
]
b.i
fhei
saboutt
ol
eav
et
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
,
or[
(
Or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e4(
1)
(
b)
]
c.i
fhei
saGov
t
.ser
v
antandcannot
,i
nt
heopi
ni
onoft
hecour
t
,at
t
endwi
t
hout
det
r
i
mentt
ot
hepubl
i
cser
v
i
ce,
or[
(
Or
derXXVI
,
Rul
e4(
1)
(
c)
]
d.i
fhei
sr
esi
di
ngoutofI
ndi
aandt
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hathi
sev
i
dencei
s
necessar
y
.Rul
e5
Towhom Commi
ssi
onmaybei
ssued:[
Rul
e4(
2)and(
3)
]
Rul
e4(
2)
:
Suchcommi
ssi
onmaybei
ssuedt
oanyCour
t
,notbei
ngahi
ghCour
t
,wi
t
hi
nt
he
l
ocall
i
mi
t
sofwhosej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onsuchper
sonr
esi
des;ort
oanypl
eadedorot
her
per
sonwhom t
heCour
ti
ssui
ngt
hecommi
ssi
onmayappoi
nt
.
Rul
e4(
3)
:
TheCour
toni
ssui
ng anycommi
ssi
onundert
hi
sr
ul
eshal
ldi
r
ectwhet
hert
he
commi
ssi
onhal
l
ber
et
ur
nedt
oi
t
sel
fort
oanysubor
di
nat
eCour
t
.
Or
derf
orI
ssueofCommi
ssi
on:(
Rul
e2)
TheCour
tmayi
ssuesuchacommi
ssi
on–
a.ei
t
hersuomot
u(
ofi
t
sownmot
i
on)or
b.ont
heappl
i
cat
i
onofanypar
t
yt
ot
hesui
t
,
or
c.oft
hewi
t
nesst
obeexami
ned.
Ev
i
dencet
obeapar
tofRecor
d:(
Rul
e7)
:
Theev
i
dencet
akenoncommi
ssi
onshal
l
,subj
ectt
ot
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofr
ul
e8,f
or
m
par
toft
her
ecor
d.
Whendeposi
t
i
onmayber
eadi
nev
i
dence:(
Rul
eS):
Ev
i
dencet
akenunderacommi
ssi
onshal
l
notr
eadasev
i
dencei
nt
hesui
twi
t
houtt
he
consentoft
hepar
t
yagai
nstwhom t
hesamei
sof
f
er
ed,
unl
ess.
a.Theper
son,
whogav
et
heev
i
dence,
i
sbey
ondt
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
tordead
orunabl
ef
orsi
cknessori
nf
i
r
mi
t
yt
oat
t
endt
obeper
sonal
l
yexami
ned,orexempt
ed
f
r
om per
sonalappear
ancei
nCour
t
,ori
saper
soni
nt
heSer
v
i
ceoft
heGov
er
nment
who cannot
,i
nt
he opi
ni
on of t
he Cour
t
,at
t
end wi
t
hout det
r
i
ment t
ot
he
publ
i
cser
v
i
ce;
or
b.TheCour
ti
nhi
sdi
scr
et
i
ondi
spenseswi
t
ht
hepr
oofofanyoft
heci
r
cumst
ances
ment
i
oned i
n cl
ause(
a)
,and aut
hor
i
zes t
he ev
i
dence ofanyper
son bei
ng r
ead
asev
i
dence i
n't
he sui
t
,not
wi
t
hst
andi
ng pr
ooft
hatt
he cause f
ort
aki
ng such
ev
i
dencebycommi
ssi
onhasceasedatt
het
i
meofr
eadi
ngt
hesame.
Let
t
er
sOfRequest
:(
Sect
i
on77)
:
I
nl
i
euofi
ssui
ngacommi
ssi
ont
heCour
tmayi
ssueaLet
t
erofRequestt
oexami
ne
awi
t
nessr
esi
di
ngatanypl
acenotwi
t
hi
nI
ndi
a.
SUPPLEMENTALPROCEEDI
NGS
Ar
r
estBef
or
eJudgment(
Or
der38,
Rul
e1t
o4)
I
nt
r
oduct
i
on:
Thegener
alr
ul
ei
st
hatacr
edi
t
orhav
i
ngacl
ai
m agai
nstt
hedebt
orhasf
i
r
stt
o
obt
ai
nadecr
eeagai
nsthi
m andt
henexecut
et
hesai
ddecr
eeaccor
di
ngt
ot
he
pr
ov
i
si
onsofOr
derXXIandmayadoptt
hemodeofhi
sar
r
estorat
t
achmentofhi
s
pr
oper
t
yi
nsuchexecut
i
on,butunderspeci
alci
r
cumst
ances,t
hecr
edi
t
or
,howev
er
canmov
ef
ort
hear
r
estoft
hedebt
ororf
ort
heat
t
achmentofhi
spr
oper
t
yev
en
bef
or
et
hej
udgmenti
nor
dert
opr
ev
entanyat
t
emptont
hepar
toft
hedef
endantt
o
def
eatt
heexecut
i
onofdecr
eet
hatmaybepassedagai
nsthi
m.
Pr
i
nci
pl
e:
Whencansuchor
derbepassed:Anappl
i
cat
i
onf
orar
r
estmaybemadebyt
he
pl
ai
nt
i
f
fatanyt
i
meaf
t
ert
hepl
ai
nti
spr
esent
ed,
ev
enbef
or
et
heser
v
i
ceofsummons
i
sef
f
ect
edont
hedef
endantandt
heCour
tmaypasst
heor
derof
ar
r
estupont
he
sat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
wocondi
t
i
ons:
a.ThePl
ai
nt
i
f
f
ssui
tmustbebonaf
i
deandhi
scauseofact
i
onmustact
i
onbe
pr
i
maf
aci
euni
mpeachabl
esubj
ectt
ohi
spr
ov
i
ngt
heal
l
egat
i
onsi
nt
hepl
ai
nt
,
and
b.The Cour
tmusthav
er
eason t
obel
i
ev
e onadequat
e mat
er
i
al
st
hatunl
esst
hi
s
ext
r
aor
di
nar
ypoweri
sexer
ci
sed t
her
ei
sa r
ealdangert
hatt
he def
endantwi
l
l
r
emov
ehi
msel
forhi
spr
oper
t
yf
r
om t
heambi
toft
hepower
st
ot
heCour
t
.
Gr
oundsofar
r
estbef
or
ej
udgment
:
(
Or
der38,Rul
e1)Wher
ealanyst
ageoft
hesui
t
,ot
hert
hanasui
tof
t
henat
ur
e
r
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nSect
i
on16,
cl
auses(
a)t
o(
d)
,
t
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
ed,
ei
t
herbyaf
f
i
dav
i
tor
ot
her
wi
se–
a.t
hatt
hedef
endant
,
wi
t
hi
nt
entt
odel
ayt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,ort
oav
oi
danypr
ocessoft
he
Cour
t
,
ort
o obst
r
uctordel
ayt
heexecut
i
onofanydecr
eet
hatmaybepassed
agai
nsthi
m:
a.hasabscondedorl
ef
tt
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
,
or
b.i
saboutt
oabscondorl
eav
et
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
,
or
c.hasdi
sposedoforr
emov
ed,f
r
om t
hel
ocall
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
he
Cour
thi
spr
oper
t
yoranypar
tt
her
eof
,
or
b.t
hat t
hedef
endant i
sabout t
o l
eav
e I
ndi
a underci
r
cumst
ances af
f
or
di
ng
r
easonabl
epr
obabi
l
i
t
yt
hatt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fwi
l
lormayt
her
ebybeobst
r
uct
edordel
ay
ed
i
nt
heexecut
i
onofanydecr
eet
hatmaybepassedagai
nstt
hedef
endanti
nt
hesui
t
TheCour
tmayi
ssueawar
r
antt
oar
r
estt
hedef
endantandbr
i
nghi
m bef
or
et
he
Cour
tt
oshowcausewhyheshoul
dnotf
ur
ni
shsecur
i
t
yf
orhi
sappear
ance.
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatt
hedef
endantshal
lnotbear
r
est
edi
fhepay
st
ot
heof
f
i
cerent
r
ust
ed
wi
t
ht
heex
ecut
i
onoft
hewar
r
antanysum speci
f
i
edi
nt
hewar
r
antassuf
f
i
ci
entt
o
sat
i
sf
yt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
scl
ai
ms;andsuchsum shal
lbehel
di
ndeposi
tbyt
heCour
tunt
i
l
t
hesui
ti
sdi
sposedoforunt
i
l
t
hef
ur
t
heror
deroft
heCour
t
.
Secur
i
t
y:(
Rul
e2)
i
.Wher
et
hedef
endantf
ai
l
st
oshow suchcauset
heCour
tshal
lor
derhi
m
ei
t
hert
odeposi
ti
nt
heCour
tmoneyorot
herpr
oper
t
ysuf
f
i
ci
entt
oanswert
he
cl
ai
msagai
nsthi
mt
of
ur
ni
shsecur
i
t
yf
orhi
sappear
anceatt
het
i
mewhen
cal
l
eduponwhi
l
et
hesui
ti
spendi
ngandunt
i
lsat
i
sf
act
i
onofanydecr
eet
hat
maybepassedagai
nsthi
mi
nt
hesui
t
,ormakesuchor
derasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
ti
n
r
egar
dt
ot
hesum whi
chmayhav
ebeenpai
dbyt
hedef
endantundert
he
pr
ov
i
sot
ot
hel
astpr
ecedi
ngr
ul
e.
i
i
.Ev
er
ysur
et
yf
ort
heappear
anceofadef
endantshal
lbi
ndhi
msel
fi
ndef
aul
t
ofsuchappear
ance,t
opayanysum ofmoney
,whi
cht
hedef
endantmaybe
or
der
edt
opayi
nt
hesui
t
.
Pr
ocedur
eonappl
i
cat
i
onbysur
et
yt
obedi
schar
ged(
Di
schar
geofSecur
i
t
y
):(
Rul
e
3)
I
.Asur
et
yf
ort
heappear
anceofadef
endantmayatanyt
i
meappl
yt
ot
heCour
ti
n
whi
chhebecamesuchsur
et
yt
obedi
schar
gedf
r
om hi
sobl
i
gat
i
on.
i
i
.Onsuchappl
i
cat
i
onbei
ngmade,
t
hatCour
tshal
lsummont
hedef
endantt
oappear
or
,
i
fi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,
mayi
ssueawar
r
antf
orhi
sar
r
esti
nt
hef
i
r
sti
nst
ance.
i
i
i
.Ont
heappear
anceoft
hedef
endanti
npur
suanceoft
hesummonsofwar
r
antor
onhi
sv
ol
unt
ar
ysur
r
ender
,
t
heCour
tshal
ldi
r
ectt
hesur
et
yt
obedi
schar
gedf
r
om hi
s
obl
i
gat
i
onandshal
l
cal
l
upont
hedef
endantt
of
i
ndf
r
eshsecur
i
t
y
.–
Pr
ocedur
ewher
edef
endantf
ai
l
st
of
ur
ni
shsecur
i
t
yorf
i
ndf
r
eshsecur
i
t
y
:(
Rul
e3)
:
Wher
et
hedef
endantf
ai
l
st
ocompl
ywi
t
hanyor
derunderr
ul
e2orr
ul
e3,t
heCour
t
maycommi
thi
mt
ot
heci
v
i
lpr
i
sonunt
i
lt
hedeci
si
onoft
hesui
torwher
eadecr
eei
s
passedagai
nstt
hedef
endantunt
i
l
t
hedecr
eehasbeensat
i
sf
i
ed:
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatnoper
sonshal
lbedet
ai
nedi
npr
i
sonundert
hi
sr
ul
ei
nanycasef
ora
l
ongerper
i
odt
hansi
xmont
hs,norf
oral
ongerper
i
odt
hansi
xweekswhent
he
amountorv
al
ueoft
hesubj
ectmat
t
erofsui
tdoesnotexceedf
i
f
t
yr
upees:
Pr
ov
i
dedal
sot
hatnoper
sonshal
lbedet
ai
nedi
npr
i
sonundert
hi
sr
ul
eaf
t
erhehas
compl
i
edwi
t
hsuchor
der
.
Ar
r
estonI
nsuf
f
i
ci
entGr
ounds:Accor
di
ngt
osect
i
on95,wher
e,i
nanysui
ti
nwhi
ch
anar
r
estorat
t
achmenthasbeenef
f
ect
edanda.i
t appear
s,
t
ot
he Cour
tt
hat suchar
r
estor at
t
achmentwasappl
i
edf
oron
i
nsuf
f
i
ci
entgr
ound,
or
b.t
hesui
toft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
s and i
tappear
st
o-t
he Cour
tt
hatt
her
e was no
r
easonabl
eorpr
obabl
egr
oundf
ori
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngt
hesame,
ont
heappl
i
cat
i
onoft
hedef
endantt
heCour
tmay
,awar
dagai
nstt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fby
i
t
sor
dersuchamount
,notexceedi
ngf
i
f
t
yt
housandr
upees,asi
tdeemsr
easonabl
e
compensat
i
on t
ot
he def
endantf
ort
he expense ori
nj
ur
y(
i
ncl
udi
ng i
nj
ur
yt
o
r
eput
at
i
on)causedt
ohi
m.
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hataCour
tshal
lnotawar
dundert
hi
ssect
i
on,anamountexceedi
ngt
he
l
i
mi
t
sofi
t
specuni
ar
yj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
At
t
achmentBef
or
eJudgment(
Or
der38Rul
es5-12)
Obj
ect
:I
nSar
darGov
i
ndRaoVsDev
iSahai
AI
R1982S.
C.989,
t
heCour
thel
dt
hat"
t
hesol
eobj
ectbehi
ndt
heor
derl
ev
y
i
ngat
t
achmentbef
or
e
j
udgmenti
st
ogi
v
eanassur
ancet
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
hathi
sdecr
eei
fmadewoul
dbe
sat
i
sf
i
ed.I
ti
sasor
tofguar
ant
eeagai
nstdecr
eebecomi
ngi
nf
r
uct
uousf
orwantof
pr
oper
t
yav
ai
l
abl
ef
r
om whi
cht
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fcansat
i
sf
yt
hedecr
ee.
"
Gr
ounds:Rul
e5(
1)
:
Wher
e,atanyst
ageofasui
t
,t
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
ed,byaf
f
i
dav
i
torot
her
wi
set
hat
t
hedef
endant
,wi
t
hi
nt
entt
oobst
r
uctordel
ayt
heexecut
i
onofanydecr
eet
hatmay
bepassedagai
nsthi
m–
a.i
saboutt
odi
sposeoft
hewhol
eoranypar
tofhi
spr
oper
t
y
,
or
b.i
saboutt
or
emov
et
hewhol
eoranypar
tofhi
spr
oper
t
yf
r
om t
hel
ocal
l
i
mi
t
soft
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
t
;
t
heCour
tmaydi
r
ectt
hedef
endant
,wi
t
hi
nat
i
met
obef
i
xedbyi
t
,ei
t
hert
of
ur
ni
sh
secur
i
t
yi
nsuchsum asmaybespeci
f
i
edi
nt
heor
der
,t
opr
oduceandpl
aceatt
he
di
sposaloft
heCour
t
,whenr
equi
r
ed,t
hesai
dpr
oper
t
yort
hev
al
ueoft
hesameor
suchpor
t
i
ont
her
eofasmaybesuf
f
i
ci
entt
osat
i
sf
yt
hedecr
ee,ort
oappearand
showcausewhyheshoul
dnotf
ur
ni
shsecur
i
t
y
.
Rul
e5(
2)
:
Thepl
ai
nt
i
f
fshal
l
,unl
esst
heCour
tot
her
wi
sedi
r
ect
s,speci
f
yt
hepr
oper
t
yr
equi
r
ed
t
obeat
t
achedandest
i
mat
edv
al
uet
her
eof
.
Rul
e5(
3)
:
TheCour
tmayal
soi
nt
heor
derdi
r
ectt
hecondi
t
i
onalat
t
achmentoft
hewhol
eor
anypor
t
i
onoft
hepr
oper
t
ysospeci
f
i
ed.
Rul
e5(
4)
:
I
fanor
derofat
t
achmenti
smadewi
t
houtcompl
y
i
ngwi
t
ht
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofSubr
ul
e
1ofRul
e5,
suchat
t
achmentshal
l
bev
oi
d.
Pr
i
nci
pl
es:
Ther
emedyofanat
t
achmentbef
or
ej
udgmenti
sanext
r
aor
di
nar
yr
emedyandmust
beexer
ci
sedspar
i
ngl
yandst
r
i
ct
l
yi
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
hel
awandwi
t
ht
heut
most
car
e and caut
i
on,
"andt
he Cour
tmustbe sat
i
sf
i
ed aboutt
he f
ol
l
owi
ngt
wo
condi
t
i
onsbef
or
emaki
ngsuchor
derofat
t
achment
a.t
hatt
hedef
endanti
saboutt
odi
sposeoft
hewhol
eoranypar
tofhi
s
pr
oper
t
y
;
and
b.t
hatt
he di
sposali
swi
t
ht
he i
nt
ent
i
on ofobst
r
uct
i
ng ordel
ay
i
ng t
he
execut
i
onofanydecr
eet
hatmay
bepassedagai
nsthi
m.
Chandr
i
kaPr
asadVsHi
r
al
al
,AI
R1924,PatH C,DawsonMi
l
l
arC.
J.
,
-st
at
edt
hat
"
suchapoweri
sonl
ygi
v
enwhent
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
ednotonl
yt
hatt
hedef
endanti
s
aboutt
odi
sposeofhi
spr
oper
t
i
esort
ohedef
endantf
ur
ni
shest
hesecur
i
t
yr
equi
r
ed,
t
oget
herwi
t
hsecur
i
t
yf
orcost
soft
heat
t
achmentorwhent
hesui
ti
sdi
smi
ssed.
EMPORARYI
NJUNCTI
ON(
ORDERXXXI
XRULES1TO5)
Meani
ngofI
nj
unct
i
on:Ani
nj
unct
i
oni
sanor
derbyt
heCour
tt
oapar
t
yt
ot
heef
f
ect
t
hatheshal
ldoorr
ef
r
ai
nf
r
om doi
ngapar
t
i
cul
aract
.“
Aj
udi
ci
alpr
ocess,bywhi
ch
one,whohasi
nv
adedori
st
hr
eat
eni
ngt
oi
nv
adet
her
i
ght
s(
l
egalorsui
t
abl
e)of
anot
her
,
i
sr
est
r
ai
nedf
r
om cont
i
nui
ngorcommenci
ngsuchwr
ongf
ul
act
.
"
Accor
di
ngt
oLor
dHal
sbur
y
:
"
Ani
nj
unct
i
oni
saj
udi
ci
alpr
ocesswher
ebyapar
t
yi
sor
der
edt
or
ef
r
ai
n.am doi
ng
ort
o doa par
t
i
cul
aractort
hi
ng.
"I
nt
he f
or
mercase i
ti
scal
l
ed aRest
r
i
ct
i
v
e
I
nj
unct
i
onandt
hel
at
ercaseaMandat
or
yI
nj
unct
i
on.
Char
act
er
i
st
i
cofI
nj
unct
i
on:
Ani
nj
unct
i
onhast
hr
eechar
act
er
i
st
i
cs–
1.I
ti
saj
udi
ci
al
pr
ocess,
2.Theobj
ectt
her
ebyi
sr
est
r
ai
ntorpr
ev
ent
i
on,
and
3.Thet
hi
ngr
est
r
ai
nedorpr
ev
ent
edi
sawr
ongf
ul
act
.
Cl
assi
f
i
cat
i
onofI
nj
unct
i
on:
Thel
awr
el
at
i
ngt
oi
nj
unct
i
oni
sl
ai
ddowni
nt
heSpeci
f
i
cRel
i
efAct
,
1963(
Sect
i
on36
t
o42)
.
Ani
nj
unct
i
onmaybe
cl
assi
f
i
edaccor
di
ngt
ot
her
el
i
efgr
ant
edoraccor
di
ngt
oi
t
snat
ur
eor
accor
di
ngt
ot
heoper
at
i
onofTi
me.
Asr
egar
dst
he"
t
i
me"oft
hei
roper
at
i
ont
hei
nj
unct
i
onmaybedi
v
i
dedi
nt
ot
wocat
ego
r
i
esi
)Per
pet
ual
or(
Per
manent
)
,
and
i
i
)I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yOr(
Tempor
ar
y
)
i
.Per
pet
ualor(
Per
manent
)
:Aper
pet
uali
nj
unct
i
onr
est
r
ai
nsapar
t
yf
orev
erf
r
om
doi
ngt
hespeci
f
i
cactandcanbegr
ant
edonl
yonmer
i
t
satt
heconcl
usi
onoft
het
r
i
al
af
t
erhear
i
ngbot
ht
hepar
t
i
est
ot
hesui
t
s.Sect
i
on37(
2)oft
heSpeci
f
i
cRel
i
efAct
,
1963
i
i
.I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yor(
Tempor
ar
y
):
Def
i
ni
t
i
on:
At
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
onori
nt
er
i
mi
nj
unct
i
on,
r
est
r
ai
nsapar
t
yt
empor
ar
i
l
yf
r
om doi
ng
t
hespeci
f
i
edactandcanbegr
ant
edonl
yunt
i
lt
hedi
sposaloft
hesui
torunt
i
lt
he_
f
ur
t
heror
der
soft
heCour
t
s.I
ti
sr
egul
at
edbyOr
der39r
ul
e1t
o5oft
heC.
P.
C.and
maybegr
ant
edatanyst
ageoft
hesui
t
.Sect
i
on37(
1)oft
heSpeci
f
i
cRel
i
efAct
,
1963
Obj
ect
:
The pr
i
mar
y obj
ect of gr
ant
i
ng t
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
on i
s t
o mai
nt
ai
n and
pr
eser
v
est
at
usquoatt
het
i
meofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hepr
oceedi
ngsandt
opr
ev
entany
changei
ni
tunt
i
l
t
hef
i
nal
det
er
mi
nat
i
onoft
hesui
t
.
Gr
ounds:[
Or
der39Rul
e1,
2andal
soSec.94(
c)
]
At
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
onmaybegr
ant
edbyt
heCour
tundert
hef
ol
l
owi
ngcases:
1.Wher
ei
nanysui
ti
ti
spr
ov
edbyaf
f
i
dav
i
torot
her
wi
se:
a.t
hatanypr
oper
t
yi
ndi
sput
ei
nasui
t,
i
si
ndangerofbei
ngwast
ed,
damaged
oral
i
enat
edbyanypar
t
yt
ot
hesui
t
,orwr
ongf
ul
l
ysol
di
nexecut
i
onofa
decr
ee;
orRul
e1(
a)
.
b.t
hedef
endantt
hr
eat
ens,ori
nt
endst
or
emov
eordi
sposeofhi
spr
oper
t
y
wi
t
hav
i
ewt
odef
r
audi
nghi
scr
edi
t
or
s,
orRul
e1(
b)
c.t
hedef
endantt
hr
eat
enst
odi
sposest
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nr
el
at
i
ont
oanypr
oper
t
y
i
ndi
sput
ei
nt
hesui
t
,
orRul
e1(
c)
TheCour
tmaybyor
dergr
antat
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
ont
or
est
r
ai
nsuchact
,ormake
suchot
heror
derf
ort
hepur
posesofst
ay
i
ngandpr
ev
ent
i
ngt
hewast
i
ng,damagi
ng,
al
i
enat
i
on,sal
e,r
emov
alordi
spossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
t
yordi
spossessi
onoft
he
pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
,orot
her
wi
secausi
ngi
nj
ur
yt
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fi
nr
el
at
i
ont
oanypr
oper
t
yi
n
di
sput
ei
nt
hesui
tast
heCour
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,
unt
i
lt
hedi
sposaloft
hesui
torunt
i
lf
ur
t
her
or
der
s.
2.
Wher
e t
he def
endant i
s aboutt
o commi
t abr
eachof cont
r
act
, or
ot
heri
nj
ur
yofany ki
nd,orRul
e 2(
1)
3.Wher
et
he Cour
ti
soft
he opi
ni
on t
hat
t
hei
nt
er
estofj
ust
i
cesor
equi
r
es:
Sect
i
on94(
c)
Pr
i
nci
pl
es:
Thepowert
ogr
antat
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
oni
si
nt
hedi
scr
et
i
onoft
heCour
t
,butt
hi
s
di
scr
et
i
on,
shoul
dbeexer
ci
sedr
easonabl
y
,
j
udi
ci
ousl
yandonsoundl
egalpr
i
nci
pl
es.
Gener
al
l
y
,bef
or
egr
ant
i
ng t
hei
nj
unct
i
on,t
heCour
tmustbesat
i
sf
i
ed aboutt
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngcondi
t
i
ons:
i
)Pr
i
maf
aci
ecase;
i
i
)I
r
r
epar
abl
eI
nj
ur
y
;
and
i
i
i
)Bal
anceofconv
eni
ence
i
)Pr
i
maf
aci
ecase:
Theappl
i
cantmustmakeoutapr
i
maf
aci
ecasei
nsuppor
toft
her
i
ghtcl
ai
med
by
hi
m.TheCour
tmustbesat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
her
ei
sabonaf
i
dedi
sput
er
ai
sedbyt
he
appl
i
cantandont
hef
act
sbef
or
et
heCour
tt
her
ei
sapr
obabi
l
i
t
yoft
heappl
i
cant
bei
ngent
i
t
l
edt
ot
her
el
i
efcl
ai
medbyhi
m.
I
ndeci
di
ngpr
i
maf
aci
ecase;t
heCour
ti
st
obegui
dedbyt
hePl
ai
nt
i
f
f
scaseas
r
ev
eal
edi
nt
hepl
ai
nt
,af
f
i
dav
i
t
sorot
hermat
er
i
al
spr
oducedbyhi
m.
.
.and"
whi
l
e
det
er
mi
ni
ngwhet
her a pr
i
ma f
aci
e case had been made out
,t
he r
el
ev
ant
consi
der
at
i
on i
s,whet
her
'ont
heev
i
dence l
ed,i
twaspossi
bl
et
o ar
r
i
v
e att
he
concl
usi
oni
nquest
i
onandnotwhet
hert
hatwast
heonl
yconcl
usi
onwhi
chcoul
dbe
ar
r
i
v
edatt
hatev
i
dence.
"
?
i
i
)I
r
r
epar
abl
eI
nj
ur
y
:
Theappl
i
cantmustf
ur
t
hersat
i
sf
yt
heCour
tt
hathewi
l
lsuf
f
eri
r
r
epar
abl
ei
nj
ur
yi
f
t
hei
nj
unct
i
onaspr
ay
edi
snotgr
ant
ed,andt
her
ei
snoot
herr
emedyopent
ohi
m by
whi
chhecanpr
ot
ecthi
msel
ff
r
om t
heconsequencesofappr
ehendedi
nj
ur
y
.The
expr
essi
on"
i
r
r
epar
abl
ei
nj
ur
y
"meanst
hatt
hei
nj
ur
ymustbemat
er
i
alone,Le.whi
ch
cannotbeadequat
el
ycompensat
edbydamages.
i
i
i
)Bal
anceofConv
eni
ence:
Thebal
anceofconv
eni
encemustbei
nf
av
ouroft
heappl
i
cant
.I
not
herwor
dst
he
Cour
tmustbesat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
hecompensat
i
on,mi
schi
efori
nconv
eni
encewhi
chi
s
l
i
kel
yt
obecausedt
ot
heappl
i
cantbywi
t
hhol
di
ngt
hei
nj
unct
i
onwi
l
lbegr
eat
ert
han
t
hatwhi
chi
sl
i
kel
yt
obecausedt
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
ybygr
ant
i
ngi
t
.
Di
scr
et
i
onar
yRemedy
:
Si
ncegr
antofi
nj
unct
i
oni
sdi
scr
et
i
onar
yandanequi
t
abl
er
el
i
ef
,ev
eni
fal
lt
he
condi
t
i
onsar
esat
i
sf
i
ed,
t
heCour
tmayr
ef
uset
ogr
anti
tf
orsomeot
herr
easonse.
g.
,
ont
hegr
oundofdel
ay
,
l
at
chesoracqui
escenceorwher
et
heappl
i
canthasnotcome
wi
t
h cl
ean hands or has suppr
essed mat
er
i
al f
act
s, or wher
e monet
ar
y
compensat
i
oni
sadequat
er
el
i
ef
.
Not
i
ce:
TheCour
tshal
lbef
or
egr
ant
i
ngani
nj
unct
i
on,gi
v
enot
i
cet
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
,
exceptwher
ei
tappear
st
hatt
heobj
ectofgr
ant
i
ngt
hei
nj
unct
i
onwoul
dbedef
eat
ed
byt
hedel
ay
.
Accor
di
ngt
opr
ov
i
sot
oRul
e3,
whenanexpar
t
ei
nj
unct
i
oni
spr
oposedt
obegi
v
ent
heCour
thast
or
ecor
dt
her
easonsf
orcomi
ngt
ot
heconcl
usi
ont
hatt
heobj
ectof
gr
ant
i
ngt
hei
nj
unct
i
onwoul
dbedef
eat
edbyt
hedel
ayandt
heCour
tshal
lor
dert
he
appl
i
cant–
a.
t
odel
i
v
er ort
osend byr
egi
st
er
edpost acopy of t
he appl
i
cat
i
on f
or
i
nj
unct
i
ont
oget
herwi
t
h–
i
)acopyofaf
f
i
dav
i
tf
i
l
edi
nsuppor
tofappl
i
cat
i
on,
i
i
)acopyoft
hePl
ai
nt
,
and
i
i
i
)copi
esofdocument
sonwhi
cht
heappl
i
cantr
el
i
es,
and
b)t
of
i
l
e,ont
hedayon whi
ch i
nj
unct
i
on i
sgr
ant
ed oron t
he dayi
mmedi
at
el
y
f
ol
l
owi
ng t
hatday
,anaf
f
i
dav
i
tst
at
i
ng t
hatt
hecopi
esaf
or
esai
d hav
ebeenso
del
i
v
er
edorsenti
mmedi
at
el
yt
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
.
I
ncaseofexpar
t
ei
nj
unct
i
on,
t
heCour
tshal
l
makeanendeav
ourt
of
i
nal
l
ydi
sposeof
t
heappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
n30day
sf
r
om t
hedat
eonwhi
cht
heexpar
t
ei
nj
unct
i
onwas
gr
ant
ed.Wher
et
heCour
tf
i
ndsi
tdi
f
f
i
cul
tt
odi
sposeoft
heappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
nt
he
per
i
odof30day
s,
t
her
easonsar
er
equi
r
edt
ober
ecor
ded.(
Rul
e3A)
.
Anor
derofi
nj
unct
i
onmaybedi
schar
ged,
v
ar
i
edorsetasi
debyt
heCour
tonappl
i
ca
t
i
onbei
ngmadebyany
par
t
ydi
ssat
i
sf
i
edwi
t
hsuchor
der
;
9orwher
esuchdi
schar
ged,
v
ar
i
at
i
onorsetasi
dehasbeennecessi
t
at
edbyt
hechangei
nt
heci
r
cumst
ances,or
wher
et
heCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatsuchor
derhascausedunduehar
dshi
pt
ot
heot
her
si
de.
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hati
fanappl
i
cat
i
onf
ort
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
onori
nanyaf
f
i
dav
i
tsuppor
t
i
ng
suchappl
i
cat
i
on,apar
t
yhasknowi
ngl
ymadeaf
al
seormi
sl
eadi
ngst
at
ementi
n
r
el
at
i
ont
oamat
er
i
al
par
t
i
cul
arandt
hei
nj
unct
i
onwasgr
ant
edwi
t
hout"
gi
v
i
ng"nonce
t
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
,t
heCour
tshal
lv
acat
et
hei
nj
unct
i
onunl
ess,f
orr
easonst
obe
r
ecor
ded,i
tconsi
der
st
hati
ti
snotnecessar
yt
odoi
nt
hei
nt
er
estofj
ust
i
ce.
"Fi
r
st
Pr
ov
i
sot
oRul
e4
Pr
ov
i
dedf
ur
t
hert
hatwher
eanor
derf
ori
nj
unct
i
onhasbeenpassedaf
t
ergi
v
i
nga
par
t
yanoppor
t
uni
t
yofbei
nghear
d,t
heor
dershal
l
notbedi
schar
ged,v
ar
i
edorset
asi
deont
heappl
i
cat
i
onoft
hatpar
t
yexceptwher
esuchdi
schar
ged,v
ar
i
at
i
onorset
asi
dehasbeennecessi
t
at
edbyt
hechangei
nt
heci
r
cumst
ances,
orunl
esst
heCour
t
i
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hat
"t
heor
derhascausedhar
dshi
pt
ot
hatpar
t
y
.SecondPr
ov
i
sot
oRul
e
4
Pr
ov
i
dedal
sot
hati
fatanyst
ageoft
hesui
ti
tappear
s'
t
ot
heCour
tt
hatt
hePar
t
y
"i
n
whosef
av
ourt
heor
derofi
nj
unct
i
onex
i
st
si
sdi
l
at
i
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngsori
sot
her
wi
se
abusi
ngt
hepr
ocessoft
heCour
t
,
i
tshal
l
setasi
det
heor
derf
ori
nj
unct
i
on.U.
P.St
at
e
Amendment
ConsequencesOfDi
sobedi
enceOrBr
eachOfI
nj
unct
i
on:
Sect
i
on 94(
c)and Rul
e 2A ofOr
der39 pr
ov
i
de f
ort
he consequences of
di
sobedi
enceorbr
eachofanor
derofani
nj
unct
i
oni
ssuedbyt
heCour
t
.Thepenal
t
y
f
ordi
sobedi
enceorbr
eachofi
nj
unct
i
onmaybeei
t
herar
r
estorat
t
achmentofhi
s
pr
oper
t
yorbot
hoft
heopposi
t
epar
t
ywhohascommi
t
t
edbr
each.Howev
er
,t
he
det
ent
i
on i
n ci
v
i
lpr
i
son shal
lnotexceed t
hr
ee mont
hs and t
heat
t
achmentof
pr
oper
t
yshal
lnotr
emai
ni
nf
or
ce f
ormor
et
han oney
ear
.[
Rul
e2A(
1)
]I
ft
he
di
sobedi
enceorbr
eachst
i
l
lcont
i
nues,
t
hepr
oper
t
yat
t
achedmaybesol
dandoutof
t
hepr
oceeds,t
heCour
tmayawar
dsuchcompensat
i
onasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
tt
ot
hei
nj
ur
ed
par
t
y
.[
Rul
e2A(
2)
]
Thet
r
ansf
er
eeCour
tcanal
soexer
ci
sehi
spowerandcanpuni
shf
orbr
eachof
i
nj
unct
i
ongr
ant
edbyt
het
r
ansf
er
orCour
t
.[
Rul
e2A(
1)
]
I
nj
unct
i
ononi
nsuf
f
i
ci
entgr
ounds:
Wheni
nanysui
ti
nwhi
chanor
deroft
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
onhasbeenobt
ai
nedbyt
he
pl
ai
nt
i
f
foni
nsuf
f
i
ci
entgr
ounds,orwher
et
hesui
toft
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
ai
l
sandi
tappear
s
t
ot
heCour
tt
hatt
her
ewasnor
easonabl
eorpr
obabl
egr
oundf
ori
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngi
t
,
onappl
i
cat
i
onbei
ngmadebyt
hedef
endant
,t
heCour
tmayor
dert
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opay
such amountnotexceedi
ng onet
housand r
upees,as i
tdeems a r
easonabl
e
compensat
i
ont
ot
hedef
endantf
ort
heexpenseori
nj
ur
yt
or
eput
at
i
oncausedt
o
hi
m.
Anor
derdecl
i
ni
ngt
ogr
anti
nj
unct
i
onandi
ssui
ngnot
i
cet
odef
endant
sV/
sRul
e3of
Or
der39i
snot
appeal
abl
eunderOr
der43Rul
e1(
2)oft
heCodebutwhent
heexpar
t
ei
nt
er
i
mi
nj
unct
i
oni
sr
ef
usedi
l
l
egal
l
y
,t
heCour
tcani
nexer
ci
seofi
t
spowerof
Super
i
nt
endenceunderSect
i
on115oft
heCode,
gr
antadi
nt
er
i
mi
nj
unct
i
on.
I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yOr
der
s(
Or
derXXXI
XRul
es6t
o10)
Meani
ng:
I
nt
er
i
m or
der
sori
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yor
der
sar
et
hoseor
der
spassedbyaCour
tdur
i
ngt
he
pendencyofasui
torpr
oceedi
ngwhi
chdonotdet
er
mi
nef
i
nal
l
yt
hesubst
ant
i
v
e
r
i
ght
sand l
i
abi
l
i
t
i
esoft
hepar
t
i
esi
nr
espectoft
hesubj
ect
mat
t
eroft
hesui
t
orpr
oceedi
ng.
Af
t
ert
hesui
ti
si
nst
i
t
ut
edbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fandbef
or
ei
ti
sf
i
nal
l
ydi
sposedof
,
t
heCour
tmaymakei
nt
er
l
ocut
or
y
or
der
sasmayappeart
ot
heCour
tt
obej
ustandconv
eni
ent
.
[
Sect
i
on94(
e)
]
I
nt
er
i
m or
der
sori
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yor
der
sar
emadei
nor
dert
oassi
stt
hepar
t
i
est
ot
he
sui
ti
nt
he pr
osecut
i
on oft
hei
rcase orf
ort
hepur
pose ofpr
ot
ect
i
on oft
he
subj
ectmat
t
eroft
hesui
t
.
I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yOr
der
sUnderOr
derXXXI
X:
1.
PowerofCour
tt
oOr
derI
nt
er
i
m Sal
e:
Ont
heappl
i
cat
i
onofanypar
t
y(
anappl
i
cat
i
onbyt
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
funderRul
es6or7may
bemadeatanyt
i
meaf
t
ert
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
twhi
l
ebyt
hedef
endant
,
i
tmaybe
madeatanyt
i
meaf
t
erappear
ance)t
ot
hesui
t
,
t
heCour
tmay
,or
dert
hesal
eofany
mov
eabl
epr
oper
t
y
,bei
ngt
hesubj
ect
mat
t
erofsuchsui
t
,orat
t
achbef
or
ej
udgment
i
nsuchsui
t
,whi
chi
ssubj
ectt
o speedyandnat
ur
al
del
ay
,orwhi
chf
oranyj
ust
andsuf
f
i
ci
entcausei
tmaybedesi
r
abl
et
ohav
ebeensol
datonce.
2.
Det
ent
i
on,
Pr
eser
v
at
i
on,
I
nspect
i
on,
et
c,
ofSubj
ect
mat
t
erofSui
t:
TheCour
tmaymakeanor
derf
ordet
ent
i
on,pr
eser
v
at
i
onandi
nspect
i
onofany
pr
oper
t
ywhi
chi
st
hesubj
ect
mat
t
eroft
hesui
t
,orast
owhi
chanyquest
i
onmay
ar
i
set
her
ei
n;
andaut
hor
i
zeanyper
sont
oent
eruponori
nt
oanyl
andorbui
l
di
ngi
n
t
hepossessi
onofanyot
herpar
t
yt
osuchsui
t
;
andaut
hor
i
zeanysampl
et
obet
aken,
oranyobser
v
at
i
ont
obemadeorexper
i
mentt
obet
r
i
ed,
whi
chmayseem necessar
y
orexpedi
entf
ort
hepur
poseofobt
ai
ni
ngf
ul
l
i
nf
or
mat
i
onorev
i
dence.
Not
i
cet
oOpposi
t
ePar
t
y
:
Noor
derunderr
ul
e6or7shal
lbemadewi
t
houtgi
v
i
ngnot
i
cet
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
,
exceptwher
ei
tappear
st
ot
heCour
tt
hatt
heobj
ectofmaki
ngsuchor
derwoul
dbe
def
eat
edbydel
ay
.
3.Whenpar
t
ymaybeputi
ni
mmedi
at
epossessi
onofl
and,t
hesubj
ectmat
t
erof
sui
t
:
Wher
el
andpay
i
ngr
ev
enuet
ogov
er
nment
,orat
enur
el
i
abl
et
osal
e,i
st
hesubj
ect
mat
t
erofasui
t
,
ort
hepar
t
yi
npossessi
onofsuchl
andort
enur
enegl
ect
st
opayt
he
gov
er
nmentr
ev
enue,
ort
her
entduet
o.t
hepr
opr
i
et
oroft
het
enur
e,
ast
hecasemay
be,
andsuchl
andort
enur
ei
sconsequent
l
yor
der
edt
obesol
d,
anyot
herpar
t
yt
ot
he
sui
tcl
ai
mi
ngt
ohav
eani
nt
er
esti
nsuchl
andort
enur
emay
,uponpay
mentoft
he
r
ev
enueorr
entduepr
ev
i
ousl
yt
ot
hesal
e(
and wi
t
h orwi
t
houtsecur
i
t
yatt
he
di
scr
et
i
onoft
hecour
t
)
,beputi
ni
mmedi
at
epossessi
onoft
hel
andort
enur
e;and
t
hecour
ti
ni
t
sdecr
eemayawar
dagai
nstt
hedef
aul
t
ert
heamountsopai
d,wi
t
h
i
nt
er
estt
her
eonatsuchr
at
east
hecour
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,ormaychar
get
heamountso
pai
d,wi
t
hi
nt
er
estt
her
eonatsuchr
at
east
hecour
tor
der
s,i
nanyadj
ust
mentof
account
swhi
chmaybedi
r
ect
edi
nt
hedecr
eepassedi
nt
hesui
t
.
4.Deposi
tofmoney
,
et
c.
,
i
ncour
t
:
Wher
et
hesubj
ectmat
t
erofasui
ti
smoneyorsomeot
hert
hi
ngcapabl
eofdel
i
v
er
y
andanypar
t
yt
her
et
oadmi
t
st
hathehol
dssuchmoneyorot
hert
hi
ngsasat
r
uef
or
anot
herpar
t
y
,ort
hati
tbel
ongsori
sduet
oanot
herpar
t
y
,t
hecour
tmayor
dert
he
samet
obedeposi
t
edi
ncour
tordel
i
v
er
edt
osuchl
astnamedpar
t
y
,
wi
t
horwi
t
hout
secur
i
t
y
,
subj
ectt
ot
hef
ur
t
herdi
r
ect
i
onoft
hecour
t
.
RECEI
VER(
ORDERXL)
Meani
ng:
Thewor
dhasnotbeendef
i
nedi
nt
heCode.Thesamemaybedef
i
nedasunder
:
"
Ther
ecei
v
eri
sani
mpor
t
antper
sonappoi
nt
edbyt
heCour
tt
ocol
l
ectandr
ecei
v
e,
pendi
ngt
hepr
oceedi
ngs,t
her
ent
s,i
ssuesandpr
of
i
t
sofl
and,orper
sonalest
at
e,
whi
chi
tdoesnotseem r
easonabl
et
ot
heCour
tt
hatei
t
herpar
t
yshoul
dcol
l
ect
orr
ecei
v
e,orf
orenabl
i
ngt
hesamet
obedi
st
r
i
but
edamongt
heper
sonsent
i
t
l
ed.
"
Ther
ecei
v
eri
sappoi
nt
edf
ort
hebenef
i
tofal
lconcer
ned;
hei
st
her
epr
esent
at
i
v
eof
t
heCour
t
,
andf
oral
lpar
t
i
esi
nt
er
est
edi
nt
hel
i
t
i
gat
i
on,
wher
ei
nhei
sappoi
nt
ed.Hei
s
anof
f
i
cerorr
epr
esent
at
i
v
eoft
heCour
tandhef
unct
i
onsunderi
t
sdi
r
ect
i
ons.
Appoi
nt
ment
:
I
nor
dert
opr
ev
entt
heendsofj
ust
i
cef
r
om bei
ngdef
eat
edt
heCour
tmay
,i
fi
ti
sso
pr
escr
i
bed,appoi
ntar
ecei
v
erofanypr
oper
t
yandenf
or
cet
heper
f
or
manceofhi
s
dut
i
esbyat
t
achi
ngandsel
l
i
nghi
spr
oper
t
y
.Ther
emuner
at
i
onf
ort
heser
v
i
cesoft
he
r
ecei
v
ershal
l
bepai
dbyt
heor
derofCour
t
.
Or
derXL:Rul
e1(
1)pr
ov
i
dest
hat
:
Wher
ei
tappear
st
ot
hecour
tt
obej
ustandconv
eni
ent
,
t
hecour
tmaybyor
der
a.appoi
ntar
ecei
v
erofanypr
oper
t
y
,
whet
herbef
or
eoraf
t
erdecr
ee;
b.r
emov
e25anyper
sonf
r
om t
hepossessi
onorcust
odyoft
hepr
oper
t
y
;
c.commi
tt
hesamet
ot
hepossessi
on,
cust
odyormanagementoft
her
ecei
v
er
;
and
d.conf
erupont
her
ecei
v
eral
lsuchpower
s,ast
obr
i
ngi
nganddef
endi
ngsui
t
sand
f
ort
her
eal
i
zat
i
on,management
,pr
ot
ect
i
on,pr
eser
v
at
i
onandi
mpr
ov
ementoft
he'
'
:
pr
oper
t
y
,t
he col
l
ect
i
on oft
he r
ent
s and pr
of
i
t
st
her
eof
,t
he appl
i
cat
i
on and
di
sposal
ofsuchr
ent
sandpr
of
i
t
s,andt
heex
ecut
i
onofdocument
sast
heowner
hi
msel
fhas,
orsuchoft
hosepower
sast
hecour
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
.
Dut
i
esandEnf
or
cementt
her
eof
:
Rul
e3:
Dut
i
es:
Ev
er
yr
ecei
v
ersoappoi
nt
edshal
l
a.f
ur
ni
shsuchsecur
i
t
y(
i
fany
)ast
hecour
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
,
dul
yt
oaccountf
orwhat
heshal
l
r
ecei
v
ei
nr
espectoft
hepr
oper
t
y
;
b.submi
thi
saccount
satsuchper
i
odsandi
nsuchf
or
m ast
hecour
tdi
r
ect
s;
c.payt
heamountduef
r
om hi
m ast
hecour
tdi
r
ect
s;
and
d.ber
esponsi
bl
ef
oranyl
ossoccasi
onedt
ot
hepr
oper
t
ybyhi
swi
l
l
f
uldef
aul
t
orgr
ossnegl
i
gence.
e.f
ai
l
st
opayt
heamountduef
r
om hi
m ast
hecour
tdi
r
ect
s,
oroccasi
onsl
oss
t
ot
hepr
oper
t
ybyhi
swi
l
l
f
ul
def
aul
torgr
ossnegl
i
gence.
Rul
e4:Enf
or
cementofRecei
v
er
'
sDut
i
es:
Wher
ear
ecei
v
er
a)
Fai
l
st
osubmi
thi
saccount
satsuchper
i
odsandi
nsuchf
or
m ast
hecour
t
di
r
ect
s,
or
b)
Fai
l
st
opayt
heamountduef
r
om ast
hecour
t
sdi
r
ect
s,
or
c)
Occasi
onsl
osst
ot
hepr
oper
t
ybyhi
swi
l
l
f
ul
def
aul
torgr
ossnegl
i
gence,
t
hecour
tmaydi
r
ecthi
spr
oper
t
yt
obeat
t
achedandmaysel
lsuchpr
oper
t
y
,
andmay
appl
yt
hepr
oceedst
omakegoodanyamountf
oundt
obeduef
r
om hi
m oranyl
oss
occasi
onedbyhi
m,
andshal
l
payt
hebal
ance(
i
fany
)t
ot
her
ecei
v
er
.
Accor
di
ngt
or
ul
e5acol
l
ect
ormaybeappoi
nt
edasar
ecei
v
erwher
et
hepr
oper
t
yi
s
l
andpay
i
ngr
ev
enuet
ot
heGov
er
nment
,orl
andofwhi
cht
her
ev
enuehasbeen
assi
gned orr
edeemed,and t
he cour
tconsi
der
st
hatt
he i
nt
er
est
s oft
hose
concer
nedwi
l
lbepr
omot
edbyt
hemanagementoft
heCol
l
ect
or
,
t
hecour
tmay
,
wi
t
h
t
heconsentoft
heCol
l
ect
or
,
appoi
nthi
mt
ober
ecei
v
erofsuchpr
oper
t
y
.
Appeal
s(
Sect
i
on96t
o112,
Or
der4145)
I
nt
r
oduct
i
on:Thepr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
oappeal
sar
econt
ai
nedi
nSect
i
ons96t
o112
andOr
der
sXLIt
oXLVoft
heCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
eandcanbesummar
i
zedas
under
:
a.Fi
r
stAppeal
,
Sect
i
ons96t
o99A,
107andOr
derXLI
b.SecondAppeal
,
Sect
i
ons100t
o103,
108andOr
derXUI
c.Appeal
sf
r
om Or
der
sSect
i
ons104,
108andOr
derXLI
I
I
d.Appeal
sbyI
ndi
gentper
sonsOr
derXLI
V
e.Appeal
st
oSupr
emeCour
tSect
i
on109andOr
der45
Meani
ng:
Theappealmeans"t
heJudi
ci
alex
ami
nat
i
onoft
hedeci
si
onsbyahi
gherCour
tof
t
he.Deci
si
onsofani
nf
er
i
orCour
t
”
Ri
ghtt
oAppeal
:
Ther
i
ghtt
oappeali
sav
est
edr
i
ght
.Ther
i
ghtt
oappeali
sasubst
ant
i
v
er
i
ghtand
anappeali
sacr
eat
ur
eofst
at
ut
eandt
her
ei
snor
i
ghtofappealunl
essi
ti
sgi
v
en
cl
ear
l
yi
nexpr
esst
er
msbyast
at
ut
e.Appeali
sav
est
edr
i
ghtandaccr
uest
ot
he
l
i
t
i
gantandexi
st
sasonandf
r
om t
hedat
et
heLi
scommencesandal
t
houghi
tmay
beact
ual
l
yexer
ci
sedwhent
headv
er
sej
udgmenti
spr
onounced.Ther
i
ghtofappeal
i
st
obegov
er
nedbyt
hel
aw pr
ev
ai
l
i
ngatt
hedat
eoft
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hesui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngandnotbyt
hel
awt
hatpr
ev
ai
l
satt
hedat
eofi
t
sdeci
si
onoratt
hedat
e
oft
hef
i
l
i
ngoft
heappeal
.Thi
sv
est
edr
i
ghtcanbet
akenawayonl
ybyasubsequent
enact
menti
fi
tsopr
ov
i
desexpr
essl
yorbynecessar
yi
mpl
i
cat
i
on,
andnotot
her
wi
se.
Fi
r
stAppeal:(
Sect
i
ons96–99A,
107andOr
derXLI
)
Appealf
r
om Or
i
gi
nalDecr
ee:S.96
oft
heCodepr
ov
i
desas:
1.Sav
ewher
eot
her
wi
seexpr
essl
ypr
ov
i
dedi
nt
hebodyof
t
hi
sCodeorbyanyot
herl
aw f
ort
het
i
mebei
ngi
nf
or
ce,anappealshal
l
l
i
ef
r
om
ev
er
y decr
ee passed byanyCour
texer
ci
si
ng or
i
gi
nalj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on t
ot
he Cour
t
aut
hor
i
zed.t
ohearappeal
sf
r
om t
hedeci
si
onofsuchCour
t
.
2.Anappealmayl
e
f
r
om anor
i
gi
nal
decr
eepassedexpar
t
e.
3.Noappealshal
ll
i
ef
r
om adecr
eepassed
byt
heCour
twi
t
ht
heconsentofpar
t
i
es.
4.Noappealshal
ll
i
e,
exceptonaquest
i
on
ofl
aw,
f
r
om adecr
eei
nanysui
toft
henat
ur
ecogni
zabl
ebyCour
t
sofsmal
lcauses,
whent
heamountorv
al
ueoft
hesubj
ect
-mat
t
eroft
heor
i
gi
nal
sui
tdoesnotexceed
t
ent
housandr
upees.
WhomayAppeal
:
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngper
sonsar
eent
i
t
l
edt
opr
ef
eranappeal
:
1.Apar
t
yt
ot
hesui
twhoi
sadv
er
sel
yaf
f
ect
edbyt
hedecr
ee{
Sect
i
on96(
1)
}
,orhi
s
l
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
e.(
Sect
i
on146)
2.Aper
soncl
ai
mi
ngunderat
i
t
l
epar
t
yt
ot
hesui
torat
r
ansf
er
eeofi
nt
er
est
sofsuch
par
t
y
,who,sof
arasi
nt
er
esti
sconcer
ned,i
sboundbyt
hedecr
ee,pr
ov
i
dedhi
s
namei
sent
er
edont
her
ecor
doft
hesui
t
.(
Sect
i
on146)
3.Aguar
di
anadl
i
t
em appoi
nt
edbyt
heCour
ti
nasui
tbyoragai
nstami
nor
.(
Sect
i
on
147,
Or
der32,
Rul
e5)
4.Anyot
herper
son,wi
t
ht
hel
eav
eoft
heCour
t
,i
fhei
sadv
er
sel
yaf
f
ect
edbyt
he
decr
ee.
Anappealmayl
i
e agai
nstan ex
-par
t
edecr
ee {
S-96(
2)
}andno appeal
shal
l
l
i
e
f
r
om adecr
eepassedwi
t
hconsentofpar
t
i
es{
S-96(
3)
}
.Thepr
ov
i
si
onofS96(
3)i
s
baseduponpr
i
nci
pl
eofEst
oppel
s.Oncet
hedecr
eei
sshownt
ohav
ebeenpassed
wi
t
ht
heconsentofpar
t
i
es,Sect
i
on96(
3)becomesoper
at
i
v
eandbi
ndst
hem.I
t
cr
eat
esandEst
oppel
sbet
weent
hepar
t
i
esasaj
udgmentonconsent
.Ther
eshal
lbe
noappeali
npet
t
ycasesaspr
ov
i
dedi
nSect
i
on96(
4)andanappeall
i
esagai
nst
pr
el
i
mi
nar
ydecr
eeasi
nt
hecaseofal
ldecr
ees,unl
essaf
i
naldecr
eehasbeen
passedbef
or
et
hedat
eoff
i
l
i
nganappeal
,butt
her
eshal
lbenoappealagai
nstf
i
nal
decr
eewhent
her
ewasnoappealagai
nstpr
el
i
mi
nar
ydecr
ee.I
nf
act
,f
i
naldecr
ee
owesi
t
sexi
st
encet
ot
hepr
el
i
mi
nar
ydecr
ee.Condi
t
i
onsbef
or
ef
i
l
i
nganappeal
:An
appealcanbef
i
l
edagai
nstev
er
ydecr
eepassedbyanyCour
ti
nexer
ci
seofor
i
gi
nal
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onupont
hesat
i
sf
act
i
onoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
wocondi
t
i
ons:
i
)Thesubj
ectmat
t
eroft
heappeal
mustbea"
decr
ee"
,
and
i
i
)Thepar
t
yappeal
i
ngmust
.hav
ebeenadv
er
sel
yaf
f
ect
edbysuchdet
er
mi
nat
i
on.
Or
derXLI-Appealf
r
om Or
i
gi
nalDecr
ees.
For
m ofAppeal
:Rul
e1t
o4:
Memor
andum ofAppeal
:Cont
ai
nst
hegr
oundsonwhi
cht
hej
udi
ci
alexami
nat
i
on
i
si
nv
i
t
ed.I
n or
der t
hat an appealmay be v
al
i
dl
y pr
esent
ed,t
he f
ol
l
owi
ng
r
equi
r
ement
smustbecompi
l
edwi
t
h:
a.I
tmustbei
nt
hef
or
m ofmemor
andum set
t
i
ngf
or
t
ht
hegr
oundsofobj
ect
i
ons
t
ot
hedecr
eeappeal
edf
r
om.
b.I
tmustbesi
gnedbyt
heappel
l
antCour
torhi
spl
eader
.
c.I
tmustbepr
esent
edt
ot
heCour
t
.
d.Thememor
andum mustbeaccompani
edbyacer
t
i
f
i
edcopyoft
hedecr
ee.
e.Thememor
andum mustbeaccompani
edbyacer
t
i
f
i
edcopyoft
hej
udgment
unl
esst
heCour
tdi
spenseswi
t
hi
t
;
and
f
.Wher
et
he appeal
i
s agai
nstamoney decr
ee,
t
he appel
l
antmustdeposi
t
t
he
decr
et
alamountorf
ur
ni
sht
hesecur
i
t
yi
nr
espectt
her
eofaspert
hedi
r
ect
i
onoft
he
Cour
t
.
Appeal
sFr
om Appel
l
at
eDecr
ees
(
SecondAppeal
Sect
i
ons100t
o103andOr
der42)
Sect
i
on100SecondAppeal
:
1.Sav
easot
her
wi
sepr
ov
i
dedi
nt
hebodyoft
hi
sCodeorbyanyot
herl
aw f
ort
he
t
i
mebei
ngi
nf
or
ce,
anappealshal
ll
i
et
ot
heHi
ghCour
tf
r
om ev
er
ydecr
eepassedi
n
appealbyanyCour
tsubor
di
nat
et
ot
heHi
ghCour
t
,
i
ft
heHi
ghCour
ti
s,
sat
i
sf
i
edt
hat
t
hecasei
nv
ol
v
esasubst
ant
i
al
quest
i
onofl
aw.
2.Anappeal
mayl
i
eundert
hi
ssect
i
onf
r
om anappel
l
at
edecr
eepassedex-par
t
e.
3.I
nanappealundert
hi
ssect
i
on,t
hememor
andum ofappealshal
l
pr
eci
sel
yst
at
e
t
hesubst
ant
i
al
quest
i
onofl
awi
nv
ol
v
edi
nt
heappeal
.
4.Wher
et
heHi
ghCour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatasubst
ant
i
alquest
i
onofl
awi
si
nv
ol
v
edi
n
anycase,
i
tshal
l
f
or
mul
at
esuchquest
i
on.
5.Theappealshal
lbehear
dont
hequest
i
onsof
or
mul
at
edandt
her
espondent
shal
l
,
af
t
erhear
i
ngoft
heappeal
,beal
l
owedt
oar
guet
hatt
hecasedoesnoti
nv
ol
v
e
suchquest
i
on
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatnot
hi
ngi
nt
hi
ssubsect
i
onshal
lbedeemedt
ot
akeawayorabr
i
dge
t
hepoweroft
heCour
tt
ohear
,f
orr
easonst
ober
ecor
ded,t
heappealonanyot
her
subst
ant
i
alquest
i
onofl
aw,notf
or
mul
at
edbyi
t
,i
fi
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatt
hecase
i
nv
ol
v
essuchquest
i
on.
Subst
ant
i
alQuest
i
onofLaw:Meansasubst
ant
i
alquest
i
onofl
aw asbet
weent
he
par
t
i
esi
nt
hecasei
nv
ol
v
ed.Aquest
i
onofl
awi
sasubst
ant
i
alasbet
weent
hepar
t
i
es
i
ft
hedeci
si
ont
ur
nsonewayort
heot
heront
hepar
t
i
cul
arv
i
ewofl
aw.I
fi
tdoesnot
af
f
ectt
hedeci
si
on,
i
tcannotbesai
dt
obeasubst
ant
i
al
quest
i
onofl
aw.
For
m ofSecondAppeal
;
Amemor
andum ofsecondappeal
pr
eci
sel
yst
at
est
hesubst
ant
i
alquest
i
onofl
aw
i
nv
ol
v
ed,
but
,
unl
i
ket
hememor
andum of1stappeal
,
i
tneednotsetoutt
hegr
oundof
obj
ect
i
onst
ot
hedecr
eeappeal
edf
r
om.Or
der41Rul
e1.
AppealFr
om Or
der
s
(
Sect
i
on104andOr
der43)
Sect
i
on104:
Or
der
sf
r
om whi
chappeal
l
i
es1.Anappealshal
l
l
i
ef
r
om t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngor
der
s,andsav
easot
her
wi
seexpr
essl
y
pr
ov
i
dedi
nt
hebodyoft
hi
sCodeorbyanyl
awf
ort
het
i
mebei
ngi
nf
or
ce,f
r
om no
ot
heror
der
s:
I
.Anor
derunderSect
i
on35A;
[
Sec.104(
1)(
f
f
)
]
I
I
.
anor
derunderSect
i
on91orSect
i
on92r
ef
usi
ngl
eav
et
oi
nst
i
t
ut
easui
tof
t
henat
ur
er
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nSect
i
on91orSect
i
on92,
ast
hecasemaybe;[
Sec.
104(
1)(
f
f
a)
]
I
I
I
.
anor
derunderSect
i
on95;
[
Sec.
104(
1)(
g)
]
I
V.anor
derunderanyoft
hepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heCodei
mposi
ngaf
i
neor
di
r
ect
i
ngt
hear
r
estordet
ent
i
oni
nt
heCi
v
i
lpr
i
sonofanyper
sonexceptwher
e
suchar
r
estordet
ent
i
oni
si
nexecut
i
onofadecr
ee;
[
Sec.
104(
1)(
h)
]
V.anor
dermadeunderr
ul
esf
r
om whi
chanappeali
sexpr
essl
yal
l
owedby
r
ul
es;
[
Sec.104(
1)(
i
)
]
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hatnoappealshal
ll
i
eagai
nstanyor
derspeci
f
i
edi
ncl
ause(
f
f
)sav
eont
he
gr
oundt
hatnoor
der
,oranor
derf
ort
hepay
mentofal
essamount
,oughtt
ohav
e
beenmade.{
Pr
ov
i
sot
o,
Sect
i
on104(1)
}
2.
Noappeal
shal
l
l
i
ef
r
om anyor
derpassedi
nappeal
undert
hi
sSect
i
on.
Sect
i
on105:
a.Sav
easot
her
wi
seexpr
essl
ypr
ov
i
ded,noappealshal
ll
i
ef
r
om anyor
dermade
byaCour
ti
nt
heexer
ci
seofi
t
sor
i
gi
nalorappel
l
at
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onbut
,wher
eadecr
ee
i
sappeal
edf
r
om,anyer
r
ordef
ectori
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
yi
nanyor
der
,af
f
ect
i
ngt
hedeci
si
on
oft
hecasemaybesetf
or
t
hasagr
oundofobj
ect
i
oni
nt
hememor
andum ofappeal
.
b.Not
wi
t
hst
andi
ngany
t
hi
ngcont
ai
nedi
nsubsect
i
on(
1)wher
eanypar
t
yaggr
i
ev
ed
byanor
derofr
emandf
r
om whi
chanappeal
l
i
esdoesnotappeal
t
her
ef
r
om,
heshal
l
t
her
eaf
t
erbepr
ecl
udedf
r
om di
sput
i
ngi
t
scor
r
ect
ness.
Sect
i
on106:WhatCour
t
st
ohearappeal
s:Wher
eanappealf
r
om anyor
deri
s
al
l
owedi
tshal
ll
i
et
ot
heCour
tt
owhi
chanappealwoul
dl
i
ef
r
om t
hedecr
eei
nt
he
sui
ti
nwhi
chsuchor
derwasmade,orwher
esuchor
deri
smadebyaCour
t(not
bei
ngaHi
ghCour
t
)i
nt
heexer
ci
seofappel
l
at
ej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
hent
ot
heHi
ghcour
t
.
Appeal
sf
r
om Or
der
s(
Or
derXLI
I
I
)
Rul
e1:Appeal
sf
r
om Or
der
s:Anappealshal
ll
i
et
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ngor
der
sundert
he
pr
ov
i
si
onsofSect
i
on104,
namel
y
:
1.
Rul
e1(
a)
:Anor
derunderr
ul
e10ofOr
derVI
Ir
et
ur
ni
ngapl
ai
ntt
obepr
esent
edt
o
t
hepr
operCour
texceptwher
et
hepr
ocedur
especi
f
i
edi
nRul
e10AofOr
derVI
Ihas
beenf
ol
l
owed;
2.
Rul
e1(
c)
:Anor
derunderr
ul
e9ofOr
derI
Xr
ej
ect
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
on(
i
nacaseopen
t
oappeal
)f
oranor
dert
osetasi
det
hedi
smi
ssal
ofasui
t
;
3.
Rul
e1(
d)
:Anor
derunderr
ul
e13ofOr
derI
Xr
ej
ect
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
on(
i
nacase
opent
oappeal
)f
oranor
dert
osetasi
deadecr
eepassedexpar
t
e;
4.
Rul
e1(
f
):Anor
derunderr
ul
e21ofOr
derXI
;
5.
Rul
e1(
i
):Anor
derunderr
ul
e34ofOr
derXXIonanobj
ect
i
ont
ot
hedr
af
tofa
documentorofendor
sement
;
6.
Rul
e1(
j
):Anor
derunderr
ul
e72orr
ul
e92ofOr
derXXIset
t
i
ngasi
deorr
ef
usi
ng
t
osetasi
deasal
e;
7.
Rul
e1(
j
a):Anor
derr
ej
ect
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onmadeundersubr
ul
e(
1)ofr
ul
e106of
Or
derXXI
,pr
ov
i
dedt
hatanor
deront
heor
i
gi
nalappl
i
cat
i
on,t
hati
st
osay
,t
he
appl
i
cat
i
onr
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nsubr
ul
e(
1)ofr
ul
e105oft
hatOr
deri
sappeal
abl
e.
8.
Rul
e1(
k)
:Anor
derunderr
ul
e9ofOr
derXXI
Ir
ef
usi
ngt
osetasi
det
heabat
ement
ordi
smi
ssal
ofasui
t
;
9.
Rul
e1(
I
):Anor
derunderr
ul
e10ofOr
derXXI
Igi
v
i
ngorr
ef
usi
ngt
ogi
v
el
eav
e;
10.
Rul
e1(
n):Anor
derunderr
ul
e2ofOr
derXXVr
ej
ect
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
on(
i
nacase
opent
oappeal
)f
oranor
dert
osetasi
det
hedi
smi
ssal
ofasui
t
;
11.
Rul
e1(
na)
:Anor
derunderr
ul
e5orr
ul
e7ofor
derXXXI
I
Ir
ej
ect
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
on
f
orper
mi
ssi
ont
osueasani
ndi
gentper
son;
12.
Rul
e1(
p):Or
deri
ni
nt
er
pl
eadersui
t
sunderr
ul
e3,
r
ul
e4orr
ul
e6ofOr
derXXXV;
13.
Rul
e1(
q):Anor
derunderr
ul
e2,
r
ul
e3orr
ul
e6ofOr
derXXXVI
I
I
;
14.
Rul
e1(
r
):Anor
derunderr
ul
e1,
r
ul
e2,
r
ul
e2A,
r
ul
e"4orr
ul
e10ofOr
derXXI
X.
15.
Rul
e1(
s):Anor
derunderr
ul
e1orr
ul
e4ofOr
derXL;
16.
Rul
e1(
t
):Anor
derofr
ef
usal
underr
ul
e19ofOr
derXLIt
or
e-admi
t
,
orunderr
ul
e21
ofOr
derXLIt
or
e-hear
,
anappeal
;
17.
Rul
e1(
u):Anor
derunderr
ul
e23orr
ul
e23AofOr
derXLIr
emandi
ngacase,
wher
e
anappeal
woul
dl
i
ef
r
om t
hedecr
eeoft
heAppel
l
at
eCour
t;
18.
Rul
e1(
w)
:Anor
derunderr
ul
e4ofOr
derXLVI
Igr
ant
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onf
orr
ev
i
ew.
1.Wher
e anyor
der i
smade undert
hi
s Codeagai
nst apar
t
y andt
her
eupon
anyj
udgmenti
spr
onouncedagai
nstsuchpar
t
yandadecr
eei
sdr
awnup,
suchpar
t
y
may
,i
nanappeal
agai
nstt
hedecr
ee,cont
endt
hatsuchor
dershoul
dnothav
ebeen
madeandt
hej
udgmentshoul
dnothav
ebeenpr
onounced.
2.I
nanappealagai
nstadecr
eepassedI
nasui
taf
t
err
ecor
di
ngacompr
omi
seor
r
ef
usi
ngt
or
ecor
dacompr
omi
se,i
tshal
lbeopent
ot
heappel
l
antt
ocont
estt
he
decr
eeont
hegr
oundt
hatt
hecompr
omi
seshoul
d,
orshoul
dnothav
ebeenr
ecor
ded.
Rul
e:2.Pr
ocedur
e:Ther
ul
esofOr
derXLI[
{
(
andOr
derXLI
A)byAl
l
ahabadHi
gh
Cour
tAmendment
}
]
shal
l
appl
y
,
sof
arasmaybe,
t
oappeal
sf
r
om or
der
s.
REFERENCE(
Sect
i
on-113andOr
derXI
I
I
)
Sect
i
on 113pr
ov
i
despr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ng t
or
ef
er
enceand empower
sanyCour
t
(
subor
di
nat
eCour
t
)t
ost
at
eacaseandr
ef
ert
hesamef
ort
heopi
ni
onoft
heHi
gh
Cour
t
.Suchanopi
ni
oncanbesoughtwhent
heCour
ti
t
sel
ff
eel
ssomedoubtabout
aquest
i
onofl
aw.Thepr
ov
i
si
onsar
esubj
ectt
osuchcondi
t
i
onsandl
i
mi
t
at
i
onsas
maybepr
escr
i
bed.
Obj
ect
:Theobj
ectf
orr
ef
er
encei
st
oenabl
et
hesubor
di
nat
eCour
t
st
oobt
ai
ni
nnonappeal
abl
ecasest
heopi
ni
onoft
heHi
ghCour
t
,onaquest
i
onofl
aw andt
her
eby
av
oi
dt
hecommi
ssi
onofaner
r
orwhi
chcoul
dnotber
emedi
edl
at
eron.
Condi
t
i
ons f
orAppl
i
cat
i
ons:(
Or
der46 Rul
e 1)The f
ol
l
owi
ng condi
t
i
ons must
bef
ul
f
i
l
l
ed,
bef
or
eHi
ghCour
tent
er
t
ai
nsar
ef
er
encef
r
om asubor
di
nat
eCour
t
,
i
.
e.
1.Pendency
:
Ther
emustbependencyofasui
torappeali
nwhi
cht
hedecr
eei
snott
hesubj
ectt
o
appeal
orapendi
ngpr
oceedi
ngi
nexecut
i
onofsuchdecr
ee.
2.Quest
i
onofl
aw:
Aquest
i
onofl
aworusagehav
i
ngt
hef
or
ceofl
awmustar
i
sei
nt
hecour
seofsuch
sui
t
,
appeal
orpr
oceedi
ng;
and
3.Doubti
nmi
ndofCour
t
:
The Cour
tt
r
y
i
ng t
he sui
t
,appealorex
ecut
i
ng t
he decr
ee mustent
er
t
ai
na
r
easonabl
edoubtonsuchquest
i
on.
Quest
i
onsofl
aw:
Thesubor
di
nat
eCour
tmaybei
ndoubtr
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hequest
i
onsofl
aw,whi
chmay
be1.Thosewhi
chr
el
at
et
ot
hev
al
i
di
t
yofanyAct
,Or
di
nanceorRegul
at
i
onandt
he
r
ef
er
enceuponsuchquest
i
onsofl
aw ar
eobl
i
gat
or
yupont
hef
ul
f
i
l
l
mentoft
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngcondi
t
i
ons:
1.
I
ti
snecessar
yt
odeci
desuchquest
i
oni
nor
dert
odi
sposeoft
hecase;
2.
TheSub-or
di
nat
eCour
ti
soft
hev
i
ew t
hatt
hei
mpugned Act
,Or
di
nanceor
Regul
at
i
oni
sul
t
r
av
i
r
es;
and
3.
Thatt
her
ei
snodet
er
mi
nat
i
onbyt
heSupr
emeCour
torbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
,
t
owhi
ch
suchCour
ti
sSubor
di
nat
et
hatsuchAct
,
Or
di
nanceorRegul
at
i
oni
sul
t
r
av
i
r
es.
2.Ot
herQuest
i
ons:I
nt
hi
scaset
her
ef
er
encei
sopt
i
onal
.
Pr
ocedur
e:WhocanmakeRef
er
ence:Ar
ef
er
encecanbemadebyt
heCour
tsuomot
uoronappl
i
cat
i
onofanypar
t
y
.
Rul
e 1:The Ref
er
r
i
ng Cour
tmustf
or
mul
at
et
he quest
i
on ofl
aw and gi
v
ei
t
s
opi
ni
ont
her
eon.
Rul
e2:TheCour
tmayei
t
herst
ayt
hepr
oceedi
ngormaypassadecr
eeoror
der
,
whi
chcannotbeexecut
edunt
i
l
r
ecei
ptofj
udgmentofHi
ghcour
tonr
ef
er
ence.
Rul
e3:TheHi
ghCour
taf
t
erhear
i
ngt
hepar
t
i
es,
i
fi
tsodesi
r
es,
shal
ldeci
det
hepoi
nt
ofr
ef
er
enceandt
heSubor
di
nat
eCour
tshal
ldi
sposeoft
hecasei
naccor
dancewi
t
h
t
hesai
ddeci
si
on.
Pr
ov
i
si
on asi
n Sect
i
on 113:Thepr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ng t
or
ef
er
ence,ashasbeen
speci
f
i
edi
ns.113oft
heCodear
easunder
Sect
i
on113:
Ref
er
encet
oHi
ghCour
t
:Subj
ectt
osuchcondi
t
i
onsandl
i
mi
t
at
i
onsasmaybe
pr
escr
i
bed,
anycour
tmayst
at
eacaseandr
ef
ert
hesamef
ort
heopi
ni
onoft
heHi
gh
Cour
t
,
andt
heHi
ghCour
tmaymakesuchor
dert
her
eonasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
:
PROVI
DEDt
hatwher
et
hecour
ti
ssat
i
sf
i
edt
hatacasependi
ngbef
or
ei
ti
nv
ol
v
esa
quest
i
on9St
ot
hev
al
i
di
t
yofanyAct
,Or
di
nanceorRegul
at
i
onorofanypr
ov
i
si
on
cont
ai
ned i
n an Act
,Or
di
nance orRegul
at
i
on,t
he det
er
mi
nat
i
on ofwhi
ch i
s
necessar
yf
ort
hedi
sposaloft
hecase,andi
sofopi
ni
ont
hatsuchAct
,
Or
di
nance,
Regul
at
i
on orpr
ov
i
si
on i
si
nv
al
i
d ori
noper
at
i
v
e,
buthasnotbeenso decl
ar
edby
t
heHi
ghCour
tt
owhi
cht
hatCour
ti
ssubor
di
nat
eorbyt
heSupr
emeCour
t
,t
heCour
t
shal
lst
at
eacaseset
t
i
ngouti
t
sopi
ni
onandt
her
easonst
her
ef
or
,
andr
ef
ert
hesame
f
ort
heopi
ni
onof
,
t
heHi
ghCour
t
.
Expl
anat
i
on:I
nt
hi
s sect
i
on,"
Regul
at
i
on"means any Regul
at
i
on oft
he Bengal
,
BombayorMadr
asCodeofRegul
at
i
onasdef
i
nedi
nt
heGener
al
Cl
ausesAct
,1897
(
10of1897)
,
ori
n"
t
heGener
al
Cl
ausesActofaSt
at
e.
Power
s and Dut
yofRef
er
enci
ng Cour
t
:
Ar
ef
er
ence canbe madeon aquest
i
on
ofl
awar
i
senbet
weent
hepar
t
i
esl
i
t
i
gat
i
ng,
i
nasui
t
,
appealorexecut
i
onpr
oceedi
ng,
dur
i
ngt
hependencyofsuchsui
t
,appealorpr
oceedi
ngandt
heCour
ti
si
ndoubton
suchquest
i
onofl
aw.
Power
sandDut
yofHi
ghCour
t
:TheHi
ghCour
tent
er
t
ai
nst
heconsul
t
i
ngj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on
i
ncasesofr
ef
er
enceandcannei
t
hermakeanyor
deronmer
i
t
snorcani
tmake
suggest
i
ons.I
ncaseofr
ef
er
encet
heHi
ghCour
tmayanswert
hequest
i
onr
ef
er
r
ed
t
oi
tandsendbackt
hecaset
ot
her
ef
er
r
i
ngCour
tf
ordi
sposali
naccor
dancewi
t
h
l
aw.
33Wher
eacasei
sr
ef
er
r
edt
ot
heHi
ghCour
tunderRul
e1ofOr
derXLVIor
undert
hepr
ov
i
sot
osect
i
on113,
t
heHi
ghCour
tmayr
et
ur
nt
hecasef
oramendment
,
andmayal
t
er
,cancelorset
asi
deanydecr
eeoror
derwhi
cht
heCour
tmaki
ng
r
ef
er
encehaspassedormadei
nt
hecaseoutofwhi
cht
her
ef
er
encear
ose,and
makesuchor
derasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
.
Rev
i
ew(
Sect
i
on114andOr
derXLVI
I
)
Meani
ng:
Rev
i
ewmeansr
eexami
nat
i
onorr
econsi
der
at
i
onoft
hecasebyt
hesamej
udge.I
ti
s
aj
udi
ci
alr
eexami
nat
i
onoft
hecasebyt
hesameCour
tandbyt
hesameJudge.I
ni
t
,
a Judge,who hasdi
sposed oft
he mat
t
er
,r
ev
i
ewshi
sear
l
i
eror
deri
n cer
t
ai
n
ci
r
cumst
ances.
Sect
i
on114andOr
derXLVI
I
:Thepr
ov
i
si
onsr
el
at
i
ngt
or
ev
i
ewar
epr
ov
i
dedi
nS.114
(
subst
ant
i
v
er
i
ght
)
andOr
derXLVI
I(
pr
ocedur
e)
.Thegener
alr
ul
ei
st
hatoncet
he
j
udgmenti
ssi
gnedandpr
onouncedoranor
deri
smadebyt
heCour
t
,i
thasno
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
oal
t
eri
t
.Rev
i
ewi
sanex
cept
i
ont
ot
hi
sgener
al
r
ul
e.
Sect
i
on114:
Rev
i
ew:Subj
ectasaf
or
esai
d,
anyper
sonconsi
der
i
nghi
msel
faggr
i
ev
ed
a.byadecr
eeoror
derf
r
om whi
chanappeali
sal
l
owedbyt
hi
sCode,
butf
r
om
whi
chnoappeal
hasbeenpr
ef
er
r
ed;
b.byadecr
eeoror
derf
r
om whi
chnoappeal
i
sal
l
owedbyt
hi
sCode,
or
c.byadeci
si
ononar
ef
er
encef
r
om aCour
tofSmal
l
Causes,
mayappl
yf
orar
ev
i
ewofj
udgmentt
ot
heCour
twhi
chpassedt
hedecr
eeormade
t
heor
derandt
heCour
tmaymakesuchor
dert
her
eonasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t
.
Whomayappl
yt
oRev
i
ew:
Anyper
sonaggr
i
ev
edbyadecr
eeoror
dermayappl
yf
orar
ev
i
ew ofJudgment
wher
eno appeali
sal
l
owed orwher
e anappeali
sal
l
owed butno appealhas
beenf
i
l
edagai
nstsuchdecr
eeoror
derorbyadeci
si
ononar
ef
er
encef
r
om asmal
l
cause
An '
aggr
i
ev
ed per
son'
.means a per
son whohas suf
f
er
ed a l
egalgr
i
ev
ance or
agai
nstwhom adeci
si
onhasbeenpr
onouncedwhi
chhaswr
ongf
ul
l
ydepr
i
v
edhi
m of
somet
hi
ngorwr
ongf
ul
l
yr
ef
usedi
nsomet
hi
ngorwr
ongf
ul
l
yaf
f
ect
edhi
st
i
t
l
et
o
somet
hi
ng.
Aper
sonwhoi
snotapar
t
yt
ot
hedecr
eeoror
dercannotappl
yf
orr
ev
i
ewsi
nceong
ener
al
pr
i
nci
pl
eofB.
W,
suchdecr
eeoror
deri
snotbi
ndi
ngonhi
m andt
her
ef
or
ehe
cannotbesai
dt
obeanaggr
i
ev
edper
sonwi
t
hi
nt
hemeani
ngofsect
i
on114and
or
der47Rul
e(
1)
.
Apar
t
ywhohasar
i
ghtt
oappealbutdoesnotf
i
l
eanappeal
,mayappl
yf
orar
ev
i
ew
ofj
udgment
,
ev
eni
fnot
wi
t
hst
andi
ngt
hependancyofanappeal
bysomeot
herpar
t
y
,
except
s?
i
.Wher
et
he gr
ound ofsuch appeali
scommon t
ot
he appl
i
cantand
t
heappel
l
ant
,
or
i
i
.When,bei
ngr
espondent
,hecanpr
esentt
ot
heAppel
l
at
eCour
tt
hecaseon
whi
chheappl
i
esf
ort
her
ev
i
ew.
Gr
oundsofRev
i
ew:Or
derXLVI
I
,
Rul
e(
1)pr
ov
i
dest
hef
ol
l
owi
nggr
ounds:
i
.Di
scov
er
yofnewandi
mpor
t
antmat
t
erorev
i
dence,
whi
chaf
t
ert
heexer
ci
se
ofduedi
l
i
gence,wasnotwi
t
hi
nhi
s(
aggr
i
ev
edper
son'
s)knowl
edgeorcoul
d
notbepr
oducedbyhi
m(
aggr
i
ev
edper
son)
att
het
i
mewhent
hedecr
eewas
passedoror
dermade;
or
i
i
.onaccountofsomemi
st
akeorer
r
orappearont
hef
aceoft
her
ecor
d;
or
i
i
i
.f
oranyot
hersuf
f
i
ci
entr
eason.
Expl
anat
i
ont
osect
i
on114speci
f
i
cal
l
ypr
ov
i
dest
hat"
t
hef
actt
hatt
hedeci
si
onona
quest
i
onofl
aworwhi
cht
hej
udgmentoft
heCour
ti
sbasedhasbeenr
eser
v
edor
modi
f
i
edbyt
hesubsequentdeci
si
onorasuper
i
orcour
ti
nanyot
hercase,shal
lnot
beagr
oundf
orr
ev
i
ewofsuchj
udgment
"
.
Pr
ocedur
e:
Wher
et
heCour
ti
soft
heopi
ni
ont
hatt
her
ei
snotsuf
f
i
ci
entgr
oundf
orar
ev
i
ew,i
t
shal
lr
ej
ectt
heappl
i
cat
i
onot
her
wi
sei
tshal
lgr
antt
hesamebutnosuchappl
i
cat
i
on
shal
l
begr
ant
eewi
t
houtpr
ev
i
ousnot
i
cet
ot
heopposi
t
epar
t
y
;t
oenabl
ehi
mt
o
appearand be hear
di
n suppor
toft
he decr
ee oror
der
,a r
ev
i
ew ofwhi
ch i
s
appl
i
edf
or
.Wher
emor
et
hanoneJudgehear
sar
ev
i
ew appl
i
cat
i
onandt
heCour
t
i
sequal
l
ydi
v
i
dedt
heappl
i
cat
i
onshal
l
ber
ej
ect
ed.
AppealAgai
nstOr
deronappl
i
cat
i
onU/
s114:
Anor
deroft
heCour
tr
ej
ect
i
ngt
he
appl
i
cat
i
onshal
lnobeappeal
abl
e,butanor
dergr
ant
i
ngt
heappl
i
cat
i
onmaybe
obj
ect
edt
oatoncebyanappealf
r
om t
heor
dergr
ant
i
ngt
heappl
i
cat
i
onori
nan
appeal
f
r
om t
hedecr
eeoror
derf
i
nal
l
ypassedormadei
nt
hesui
t
.
BarofCer
t
ai
nAppl
i
cat
i
on:Noappl
i
cat
i
ont
or
ev
i
ewanor
dermadeonanappl
i
cat
i
on
f
orar
ev
i
ewor'
decr
eeoror
derpassedormadeonar
ev
i
ewshal
l
beent
er
t
ai
ned.
REVI
SI
ON(
SECTI
ON115)
Meani
ng:'
Rev
i
si
on'means "
t
he act
i
on ofr
ev
i
si
ng,especi
al
l
y cr
i
t
i
calorcar
ef
ul
exami
nat
i
onorper
usal
wi
t
hav
i
ewt
ocor
r
ect
i
ngori
mpr
ov
i
ng"
.Rev
i
si
oni
s"
t
heactof
exami
ni
ngact
i
oni
nor
dert
or
emov
eandef
ectorgr
antr
el
i
efagai
nstt
hei
r
r
egul
aror
i
mpr
operexer
ci
seornon-exer
ci
seofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onbyal
owerCour
t
"
.
Obj
ect
:Theobj
ectofSect
i
on115i
st
opr
ev
entt
hesubor
di
nat
eCour
t
sf
r
om act
i
ng
ar
bi
t
r
ar
i
l
y
,capr
i
ci
ousandi
l
l
egal
l
yori
r
r
egul
ar
l
yi
nt
heexer
ci
seoft
hei
rj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.I
t
enabl
est
heCour
tt
ocor
r
ect
,
whennecessar
y
,
er
r
or
sofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on'
commi
t
t
edbyt
he
subor
di
nat
eCour
t
sandpr
ov
i
dest
hemeanst
oaggr
i
ev
edpar
t
yt
oobt
ai
nr
ect
i
f
i
cat
i
on
ofanon-appeal
abl
eor
der
.Thepower
sU/
s115ar
ei
nt
endedt
omeett
heendsof
j
ust
i
ceandwher
esubst
ant
i
alj
ust
i
cehasbeenr
ender
edbyt
heor
deroft
hel
ower
Cour
tt
heHi
ghCour
twi
l
l
noti
nt
er
f
er
e.
Pr
ov
i
si
onU/
s115:
1. TheHi
gh Cour
tmaycal
lf
or t
her
ecor
dofanycase whi
chhasbeendeci
ded
byanyCOl
subor
di
nat
et
osuchHi
ghCour
tandi
nwhi
chnoappeall
i
est
her
et
o,
andi
f
suchsubor
di
nat
ecour
tappear
sa.t
ohav
eexer
ci
sedaj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onnotv
est
edi
ni
tbyl
aw,
or
b.t
ohav
ef
ai
l
edt
oexer
ci
seaj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onsov
est
ed,
or
c.t
ohav
eact
edi
nt
heex
er
ci
seofi
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
l
l
egal
l
yorwi
t
hmat
er
i
al
i
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
y
,
TheHi
ghCour
tmaymakesuchor
deri
nt
hecaseasi
tt
hi
nksf
i
t:
PROVI
DEDt
hatt
heHi
ghCour
tshal
lnot
,
undert
hi
ssect
i
on,
v
ar
yorr
ev
er
seanyor
der
made,oranyor
derdeci
di
ngani
ssue,i
nt
hecour
seofasui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ng,
exceptwher
et
heor
der
,i
fi
thadbeenmadei
nf
av
ouroft
hepar
t
yappl
y
i
ngf
or
r
ev
i
si
on,
woul
dhav
ef
i
nal
l
ydi
sposedoft
hesui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngs.
2.TheHi
ghCour
tshal
l
not
,undert
hi
ssect
i
onv
ar
yorr
ev
er
seanydecr
eeoror
der
agai
nstWhi
chanappeall
i
esei
t
hert
ot
heHi
ghCour
tort
oanycour
tsubor
di
nat
e
t
her
et
o.
3.Ar
ev
i
si
onshal
lnotoper
at
easast
ayofsui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngbef
or
et
hecour
t
exceptwher
esuchsui
t
orot
herpr
oceedi
ngi
sst
ay
edbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
.
Expl
anat
i
on:I
nt
hi
ssect
i
on,t
he expr
essi
on "
anycase whi
chhasbeen deci
ded"
i
ncl
udesanyor
dermade,oranyor
derdeci
di
ngani
ssue,i
nt
hecour
seofasui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ng.
Pr
ov
i
si
onr
el
at
i
ngt
oRev
i
si
oni
nUt
t
arPr
adesh:ForS.115,t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngsect
i
on
shal
l
besubst
i
t
ut
edandbedeemedt
ohav
ebeensubst
i
t
ut
edwi
t
hef
f
ectf
r
om Jul
y1,
2002,
namel
y
:
"
115.Rev
i
si
on1.Asuper
i
orCour
tmayr
ev
i
seanor
derpassedi
nacasedeci
dedi
nanor
i
gi
nalsui
t
orot
herpr
oceedi
ngby
asubor
di
nat
eCour
twher
enoappeall
i
esagai
nst
't
he'or
der
andwher
et
hesubor
di
nat
eCour
thas:
a)
exer
ci
sedaj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onnotv
est
edi
ni
tbyl
aw;
or
b)
f
ai
l
edt
oexer
ci
seaj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onsov
est
ed;
or
c)
act
edi
nexer
ci
seofi
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
l
l
egal
l
yorwi
t
hmat
er
i
al
i
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
y
.
2.Ar
ev
i
si
onappl
i
cat
i
onundersubsect
i
on(
1)
,
.
whenf
i
l
edi
nt
heHi
ghCour
t
.shal
l
cont
ai
nacer
t
i
f
i
cat
eont
hef
i
r
stpageofsuchappl
i
cat
i
on,
bel
owt
het
i
t
l
e.
0Mhe'
case,
t
ot
heef
f
ectt
hatnor
ev
i
si
oni
nt
hecasel
i
est
ot
hedi
st
r
i
ctCour
tbutl
i
esonl
yt
ot
he
Hi
ghCour
tei
t
herbecauseofv
al
uat
i
onorbecauset
heor
dersoughtt
ober
ev
i
sed
waspassedbyt
hedi
st
r
i
ctCour
t
.
3.Thesuper
i
orCour
tshal
lnot
,undert
hi
ssect
i
on,v
ar
yorr
ev
er
seanyor
dermade
exceptwher
e,
a.t
heor
der
,i
fi
thadbeenmadei
nf
av
ouroft
hepar
t
yappl
y
i
ngf
orr
ev
i
si
on,
woul
dhav
ef
i
nal
l
ydi
sposedoft
hesui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ng;
or
b.t
heor
der
,i
fal
l
owedt
ost
and,woul
doccasi
onaf
ai
l
ur
eofj
ust
i
ceorcause
i
r
r
epar
abl
ei
nj
ur
yt
ot
hepar
t
yagai
nstwhom i
ti
smade.
4.Ar
ev
i
si
onshal
lnotoper
at
easast
ayofsui
torot
herpr
oceedi
ngbef
or
et
heCour
t
exceptwher
esuchsui
t
orot
herpr
oceedi
ngi
sst
ay
edbyt
hesuper
i
orCour
t
.
Expl
anat
i
onI:I
nt
hi
ssect
i
on,
a)t
heexpr
essi
on"
super
i
orCour
t
"meansI
.t
he di
st
r
i
ctCour
t
, wher
et
he v
al
uat
i
onof acase deci
ded
bya
Cour
tsubor
di
nat
et
oi
tdoesnotexceedf
i
v
el
akhr
upees;
i
i
.t
heHi
ghCour
t
,
wher
et
heor
dersoughtt
o ber
ev
i
sed waspassed i
na
casedeci
dedbyt
hedi
st
r
i
ctCour
torwher
et
hev
al
ueoft
heor
i
gi
nal
sui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ngsi
nacasedeci
dedbyaCour
tsubor
di
nat
et
ot
hedi
st
r
i
ct
Cour
texceedsf
i
v
el
akhr
upees.
b)t
heexpr
essi
on "
or
der
"i
ncl
udesanor
derdeci
di
ngani
ssuei
nanyor
i
gi
nal
sui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ngs.
Expl
anat
i
onI
I
:
Thepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
hi
ssect
i
onshal
lal
sobeappl
i
cabl
et
oor
der
spassed,bef
or
eor
af
t
ert
hecommencementoft
hi
ssect
i
on,i
nor
i
gi
nalsui
t
sorot
herpr
oceedi
ngs
i
nst
i
t
ut
edbef
or
esuchcommencement
.
"
U.
P.Act14of2003,
S.
2(
w.
e.
f
.172002)
.
Condi
t
i
ons:
Thef
ol
l
owi
ng condi
t
i
onsmustbesat
i
sf
i
ed bef
or
et
her
ev
i
si
onalpowercan be
exer
ci
sed:
a.acasemusthav
ebeendeci
ded;
b.t
heCour
tdeci
di
ngt
hecasemustbeonewhi
chi
saCour
tsubor
di
nat
et
ot
heHi
gh
Cour
tort
heSessi
onCour
t
s,
ast
hecasemaybe;
c.t
heor
dershoul
dbeonei
nwhi
chnoappeal
l
i
es;
and
d.t
hesubor
di
nat
eCour
tmusthav
e
i
.ex
er
ci
sedj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onnotv
est
edi
ni
tbyl
aw;
or
i
i
.f
ai
l
edt
oexer
ci
sej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onv
est
edi
ni
t
;
or
i
i
i
.act
edi
nt
heexer
ci
seofi
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
l
l
egal
l
yorwi
t
hmat
er
i
al
i
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
y
.
Appl
i
cat
i
onofS.115:“
…Whi
l
eexer
ci
si
ngi
t
sj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onU/
s115,
i
ti
snotcompet
ent
t
ot
heHi
ghCour
tt
ocor
r
ecter
r
or
soff
act
,
howev
ergr
osst
heymaybe,
orev
ener
r
or
s
ofl
aw,unl
esst
hesai
der
r
or
shav
er
el
at
i
onst
ot
hej
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heCour
tt
ot
r
yt
he
di
sput
ei
t
sel
f
.Asci
s.(
a)
,
(
b)and(
c)ofsect
i
on115i
ndi
cat
e,
i
ti
sonl
yi
ncaseswher
e
t
hesubor
di
nat
eCour
thasexer
ci
sedaj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onnotv
est
edi
ni
tbyl
aw,orhas
f
ai
l
edt
oexer
ci
seaj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
oni
l
l
egal
l
yorwi
t
hmat
er
i
ali
r
r
egul
ar
i
t
yt
hatt
her
ev
i
si
onal
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onoft
heHi
ghCour
tcanbepr
oper
l
yi
nv
oked.
.
.
.
"
I
twasdeci
dedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
ti
nr
eSmt
.Vi
dy
av
at
iVsShr
iDev
i
das AI
R1977
S.C.397,t
hatar
ev
i
si
onagai
nstor
deronr
ev
i
ew appl
i
cat
i
onbysubj
udget
oHi
gh
Cour
tdi
r
ect
l
ywi
t
houtgoi
ngi
nt
oappeal
t
oDi
st
r
i
ctCour
t
,
i
smai
nt
ai
nabl
e.
Meani
ng ofExpr
essi
on "
case Deci
ded"
:Apex Cour
ti
n Bal
dev
das v
.Fi
l
mi
st
an
Di
st
r
i
but
or
s
AI
R 1970SC,hel
dt
hatacasemaybesai
dt
o hav
ebeen deci
dedi
ft
heCour
t
adj
udi
cat
esf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hesui
tsomer
i
ghtorobl
i
gat
i
onoft
hepar
t
i
esi
n
cont
r
ov
er
sy
.Ev
er
yor
deri
nt
hesui
tcannotber
egar
dedasacasedeci
dedwi
t
hi
nt
he
meani
ngofS.115.
Expl
anat
i
ont
oS.
115,whi
chwasaddedbyt
heAmendmentActof1976,makesi
t
cl
eart
hatt
heexpr
essi
on"
casedeci
ded"i
ncl
udesanyor
dermade,oranyor
der
deci
di
ngani
ssue,i
nt
hecour
seofasui
torpr
oceedi
ng.Theexpr
essi
on'
anycase
whi
chhasbeendeci
ded'
,
now,
af
t
ert
heAmendmentActmeans"
eachdeci
si
onwhi
ch
t
er
mi
nat
esapar
toft
hecont
r
ov
er
syi
nv
ol
v
i
ngt
hequest
i
onofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
on.
I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yOr
der
s:
Sect
i
on115appl
i
esev
ent
oi
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yor
der
s.I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yOr
der
swhi
char
enot
appeal
abl
ear
esubj
ectt
or
ev
i
si
onU/
s115oft
heCode,
i
ft
hecondi
t
i
onsl
ai
ddowni
n
t
hesect
i
onar
ef
ul
f
i
l
l
ed.
Li
mi
t
at
i
onf
orRev
i
si
on:
Theper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orr
ev
i
si
onappl
i
cat
i
oni
s90day
sf
r
om t
hedat
eofdecr
eeor
or
dersoughtt
ober
ev
i
sed.
Abat
ement
:
The pr
ov
i
si
ons ofOr
derXXI
Ido notappl
yt
or
ev
i
si
on appl
i
cat
i
on and such
appl
i
cat
i
ondoesofabat
eont
hedeat
hoft
heappl
i
cantoronaccountoff
ai
l
ur
et
o
br
i
ngl
egal
hei
r
sofdeceasedappl
i
cantr
ecor
d.
No l
et
t
er
s pat
entappeall
i
es f
r
om anor
dermade i
nt
he exer
ci
se ofr
ev
i
si
onal
j
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onandnor
ev
i
si
onl
i
esagai
nstanor
derpassedbyasi
ngl
ej
udgeofaHi
gh
Cour
t
.
RESTI
TUTI
ON
Rest
i
t
ut
i
oni
s"
anactofr
est
or
i
ngat
hi
ngt
oi
t
spr
operowner
"
,
andmeansr
est
or
i
ng
t
oapar
t
yt
hebenef
i
twhi
cht
heot
herpar
t
yhasr
ecei
v
edunderadecr
eesubsequent
l
y
hel
dt
obewr
ong.Thepr
ov
i
si
ons'
el
at
i
ngt
or
est
i
t
ut
i
onhav
ebeenpr
ov
i
dedi
nsect
i
on
144oft
heCode.Sect
i
on144doesnotconf
eranynew subst
ant
i
v
er
i
ght
.I
tmer
el
y
r
egul
at
est
hepoweroft
hecour
ti
nt
hatbehal
f
.
Thedoct
r
i
neofr
est
i
t
ut
i
oni
sanequi
t
abl
epr
i
nci
pl
eandi
sbasedupont
hewel
l
known
maxi
m"
act
usur
i
aenemi
nem gr
av
abi
t
"
,
i
.
e.t
heactofcour
tshal
l
har
m noone.
Lor
dCai
r
nshasexpl
ai
nedi
nAl
exenderRoservCompt
oi
rD'
sEscompt
edePar
i
s,
(
1871)LR3PCt
hat"
oneoft
hef
i
r
standhi
ghestdut
i
esofal
lcour
t
si
st
ot
akecar
e
t
hatt
heactoft
hecour
tdoesnoi
nj
ur
yt
ot
hesui
t
or
s"
.
The l
aw al
so i
mposes an obl
i
gat
i
on on t
he par
t
ywho r
ecei
v
ed benef
i
tofan
er
r
oneousj
udgmentt
omaker
est
i
t
ut
i
ont
ot
heot
herpar
t
yf
orwhathehasl
ost
;
and
i
ti
st
hedut
yoft
hecour
tt
oenf
or
cet
hi
sobl
i
gat
i
on.
Meani
ng:
Thepr
i
nci
pl
eoft
hedoct
r
i
neofr
est
i
t
ut
i
oni
st
hat
,
ont
her
ev
er
salofadecr
eet
hel
aw
i
mposesanobl
i
gat
i
onont
hepar
t
yt
ot
hesui
twhor
ecei
v
edanunj
ustbenef
i
toft
he
er
r
oneousdecr
eet
omaker
est
i
t
ut
i
ont
ot
heot
herpar
t
yf
orwhathehasl
ost
.The
obl
i
gat
i
onar
i
sesaut
omat
i
cal
l
yont
her
ev
er
salormodi
f
i
cat
i
onoft
hedecr
eeand
necessar
i
l
ycar
r
i
eswi
t
hi
tt
her
i
ghtt
or
est
i
t
ut
i
onofal
lt
hathasbeendoneundert
he
er
r
oneousdecr
ee;andt
hecour
ti
nmaki
ngt
her
est
i
t
ut
i
oni
sboundt
or
est
or
et
he
par
t
i
es,sof
arast
heycanber
est
or
ed,
t
ot
hesameposi
t
i
ont
heywer
ei
natt
het
i
me
whent
hecour
tbyi
t
ser
r
oneousact
i
onhaddi
spl
acedt
hem f
r
om,
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
on:
Aobt
ai
nsadecr
eeagai
nstBf
orpossessi
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
yandi
nexecut
i
on
oft
hedecr
eeobt
ai
nspossessi
ont
her
eof
.Thedecr
eei
ssubsequent
l
yr
ev
er
sedi
n
appeal
.Bi
sent
i
t
l
edunderhi
ssect
i
ont
or
est
i
t
ut
i
onoft
hepr
oper
t
y
,
ev
ent
hought
her
e
.
i
snodi
r
ect
i
onf
orr
est
i
t
ut
i
oni
nt
hedecr
eeoft
heappel
l
at
eCour
t
.
Condi
t
i
ons:Bef
or
er
est
i
t
ut
i
oncanbeor
der
edundert
hi
ssect
i
on,t
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
hr
ee
condi
t
i
onsmustbesat
i
sf
i
ed:
a.Ther
est
i
t
ut
i
onsoughtmustbei
nr
espectoft
hedecr
eeoror
derwhi
chhad
beenr
ev
er
sedorv
ar
i
ed;
b.Thepar
t
yappl
y
i
ngf
orr
est
i
t
ut
i
onmustbeent
i
t
l
edt
obenef
i
tundert
he
r
ev
er
si
ngdecr
eeoror
der
;
and
c.Ther
el
i
efcl
ai
med mustbepr
oper
l
yconsequent
i
alont
her
ev
er
salor
v
ar
i
at
i
onoft
hedecr
eeoror
der
.
I
not
herwor
ds,(
i
)t
her
emustbeaner
r
oneousj
udgment
;(
i
i
)t
hebenef
i
toft
hat
er
r
oneousj
udgmenthasbeenr
ecei
v
edbyonepar
t
y
;
and(
i
i
i
)t
heer
r
oneousj
udgment
hasbeenr
ev
er
sed,
setasi
deormodi
f
i
ed.
I
ft
hese condi
t
i
ons ar
e sat
i
sf
i
ed,t
he cour
tmustgr
antr
est
i
t
ut
i
on.I
ti
s not
di
scr
et
i
onar
ybutobl
i
gat
or
y
.
Who MayAppl
y
?:I
n or
dert
o ent
i
t
l
eaper
son t
o appl
yundert
hi
ssect
i
on,t
wo
condi
t
i
onsmustbesat
i
sf
i
ed:
a.Hemustbeapar
t
yt
ot
hedecr
eeoror
derv
ar
i
edorr
ev
er
sed.Theexpr
essi
on
"
par
t
y
"i
snotconf
i
nedt
omeanonl
yat
echni
calpar
t
yt
ot
hesui
torappealbut
i
ncl
udesanybenef
i
ci
ar
yundert
hef
i
nal
j
udgment
;
and
b.Hemusthav
ebecomeent
i
t
l
edt
oanybenef
i
tbywayofr
est
i
t
ut
i
onorot
her
wi
se
undert
her
ev
er
si
ngdecr
eeoror
der
.Thus,
at
r
espassercannotgetr
est
i
t
ut
i
on.
Agai
nstWhom Rest
i
t
ut
i
onCanbeGr
ant
ed:
Rest
i
t
ut
i
oncanbeor
der
edundert
hi
ssect
i
onnotonl
yagai
nstt
hepar
t
yt
ot
he
l
i
t
i
gat
i
on,butal
soagai
nsthi
sl
egalr
epr
esent
at
i
v
es,e.
g.
,t
r
ansf
er
eependent
el
i
t
e,
at
t
achi
ng decr
eehol
der
,et
c.Sect
i
on 144 appl
i
es onl
yt
ot
he par
t
i
esort
hei
r
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
esanddoesnotappl
yt
osur
et
i
es.Hence,
r
est
i
t
ut
i
oncannotbecl
ai
med
agai
nstasur
et
y
.I
tal
socannotbegr
ant
edagai
nstabonaf
i
deauct
i
onpur
chaser
.
WhoMayGr
antRest
i
t
ut
i
on:
Anappl
i
cat
i
onf
orr
est
i
t
ut
i
onl
i
est
ot
hecour
twhi
chhaspassedt
hedecr
eeormade
t
heor
der
.
I
nher
entPowert
oGr
antRest
i
t
ut
i
on:
Sect
i
on144oft
heCodeembody
i
ngt
hedoct
r
i
neofr
est
i
t
ut
i
ondoesnotconf
erany
new subst
ant
i
v
er
i
ghtt
ot
hepar
t
y
.notav
ai
l
abl
eundert
hegener
all
aw.I
tmer
el
y
r
egul
at
est
hepowerofcour
t
s.Thedoct
r
i
nei
sbasedonequi
t
yandagai
nstunj
ust
enr
i
chment
. Sect
i
on 144 i
s not exhaust
i
v
e. Hence, t
her
e i
s al
way
s an
i
nher
entj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
ont
oor
derr
est
i
t
ut
i
on.
Li
mi
t
at
i
onandAppeal
:
Anappl
i
cat
i
onunderSect
i
on144i
sanappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
onofadecr
eeandi
s
gov
er
nedbyAr
t
i
cl
e136oft
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
,
1963.Theper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orsuch
anappl
i
cat
ori
st
wel
v
ey
ear
sandi
twi
l
lst
ar
tf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
heappel
l
at
edecr
eeor
or
der
.The det
er
mi
nat
i
on of(
quest
i
on underSect
i
on 144 has been expr
essl
y
decl
ar
edt
obea"
decr
ee"underSect
i
on2(
2)oft
heCodeandi
s,
t
her
ef
or
e,
appeal
abl
e.
CAVEAT(
Sect
i
on148A)
Meani
ng:Thewor
dhasnotbeendef
i
ned i
nt
heCode.Li
t
er
al
l
y
,means"
l
ethi
m
bewar
e"
,af
or
manot
i
ce.I
ti
sacaut
i
onr
egi
st
er
edi
napubl
i
cCour
torof
f
i
cet
o
i
ndi
cat
et
ot
heof
f
i
ci
al
st
hatt
heyar
enott
oacti
nt
hemat
t
erment
i
onedi
nt
hecav
eat
wi
t
houtf
i
r
stgi
v
i
ngnot
i
cet
ot
hecav
eat
.
Cav
eatmeant"
any
t
hi
ngi
nt
henat
ur
eofanopposi
t
i
onatanyst
age,andi
snot
conf
i
nedt
ot
heopposi
t
i
onatt
hegr
eatseal
,
whi
chwast
hemeani
ngof'
cav
eat
'
under
t
heol
dpr
act
i
ce.
I
ti
sal
egalnot
i
cegi
v
enbyani
nt
er
est
edpar
t
yt
osomeof
f
i
cer
snott
odoacer
t
ai
n
actunt
i
l
t
hepar
t
yi
nhear
di
nopposi
t
i
on.
Pr
ov
i
si
on:Sect
i
on148Aoft
heCodepr
ov
i
desf
orl
odgi
ngofacav
eat
.
Sect
i
on148A:Ri
ghtt
ol
odgeacav
eat
:
1.
Wher
eanappl
i
cat
i
oni
sexpect
edt
obemade,orhasbeenmade,i
nasui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
ed,
oraboutt
obei
nst
i
t
ut
ed,
i
naCour
t
,
anyper
soncl
ai
mi
ngar
i
ght
t
oappearbef
or
et
heCour
tont
hehear
i
ngofsuchappl
i
cat
i
onmayl
odgeacav
eati
n
r
espectt
her
eof
.
2.
Wher
eacav
eathasbeenl
odgedundersubsect
i
on(
1)
,t
heper
sonbywhom t
he
cav
eathasbeenl
odged(
her
ei
naf
t
err
ef
er
r
edt
oast
hecav
eator
)shal
lser
v
eanot
i
ce
oft
hecav
eatbyr
egi
st
er
edpost
,acknowl
edgmentdue,ont
heper
sonbywhom t
he
appl
i
cat
i
onhasbeen,
ori
sexpect
edt
obe,
madeundersubsect
i
on(
1)
.
3.
Wher
e,af
t
eracav
eathasbeenl
odgedundersubsect
i
on(
1)
,anyappl
i
cat
i
oni
s
f
i
l
edi
nanysui
torpr
oceedi
ng,t
heCour
tshal
lser
v
eanot
i
ceoft
heappl
i
cat
i
onon
t
hecav
eat
or
.
4.
Wher
eanot
i
ceofanycav
eathasbeenser
v
edont
heappl
i
cant
,heshal
lf
or
t
hwi
t
h
f
ur
ni
sht
hecav
eat
or
,att
hecav
eat
or
'
sexpense,wi
t
hacopyoft
heappl
i
cat
i
onmade
byhi
m andal
sowi
t
hcopi
esofanypaperordocumentwhi
chhav
ebeen,ormay,
be,
.
f
i
l
edby'
hi
mi
nsuppor
toft
heappl
i
cat
i
on.
5.
Wher
eacav
eathasbeenl
odgedundersubsect
i
on(
1)
,suchcav
eatshal
lnot
r
emai
ni
nf
or
ceaf
t
ert
heexpi
r
yofni
net
yday
sf
r
om t
hedat
eonwhi
chi
twasl
odged
unl
esst
heappl
i
cat
i
onr
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nsubsect
i
on(
1)hasbeenmadebef
or
et
heexpi
r
y
oft
hesai
dper
i
od.
Wher
ecav
eatl
i
e:
Accor
di
ng t
o S.148A,a cav
eatcan be l
odged i
na sui
torpr
oceedi
ng.The
expr
essi
on'
Ci
v
i
lPr
oceedi
ng'
i
nS.141oft
he,Codei
ncl
udesal
lpr
oceedi
ngs,
whi
ch
ar
enotor
i
gi
nal
pr
oceedi
ngs.
Wher
ecav
eatdoesnotl
i
e:
Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofsect
i
on148Aar
eappl
i
cabl
eonl
yi
nt
hecaseswher
et
he'
cav
eat
or
i
sent
i
t
l
edt
obehear
dbef
or
eanyor
deri
smadeont
heappl
i
cat
i
onal
r
eadyf
i
l
edor
pr
oposed t
o be f
i
l
ed,butdoes notappl
yi
n cases wher
et
he Code does not
cont
empl
at
enot
i
ce.
Whocanf
i
l
ecav
eat
:Anecessar
yaswel
laspr
operpar
t
ymayl
odgeacav
eatU/
s
148A.Acav
eatmaybef
i
l
edbyanyper
sonwhoi
sgoi
ngt
obeaf
f
ect
edbyani
nt
er
i
m
or
derl
i
kel
yt
obepassedonanappl
i
cat
i
onwhi
chi
sexpect
edt
obemadei
nasui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngi
nst
i
t
ut
edoraboutt
obei
nst
i
t
ut
edi
naCour
t
.
Whomaynotf
i
l
ecav
eat
:Ast
r
angert
ot
hepr
oceedi
ngoraper
sonsuppor
t
i
ngt
he
appl
i
cat
i
onf
ori
nt
er
i
mr
el
i
efmadebyt
heappl
i
cantcannotl
odgeacav
eat
.
Ti
meLi
mi
t
:Accor
di
ngt
osubsect
i
on(
5)
,
acav
eatf
i
l
edU/
s148A(
1)shal
lr
emai
ni
n
f
or
cef
orni
net
yday
sf
r
om t
hedat
eofi
t
sf
i
l
i
ng.
Fai
l
ur
et
ohearCav
eat
or
:Onceacav
eati
sf
i
l
ed,i
ti
sacondi
t
i
onpr
ecedentf
or
passi
ngani
nt
er
i
m or
dert
oser
v
eanot
i
ceoft
heappl
i
cat
i
onont
hecav
eat
orwhoi
s
goi
ngt
obeaf
f
ect
edbyt
hei
nt
er
i
m or
der
.Butani
nt
er
i
m or
derpassedwi
t
hout
hear
i
ngt
hecav
eat
ori
snotwi
t
houtj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onandoper
at
esunl
essset
asi
de.
I
NHERENTPOWERSOFCOURTS(
SECTI
ONS148,
149AND151TO153A)
Gener
al
:Ev
er
yCour
ti
sconst
i
t
ut
edf
ort
hepur
poseofadmi
ni
st
er
i
ngj
ust
i
cebet
ween
t
hepar
t
i
esand,t
her
ef
or
e,mustbedeemedt
opossess,asanecessar
ycor
ol
l
ar
y
,al
l
such power
s as maybenecessar
yt
o do t
he r
i
ghtand t
oundo t
he wr
ong i
n
t
hecour
se ofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
on ofj
ust
i
ce.The Code i
s a pr
ocedur
al
l
aw and t
he
pr
ov
i
si
onst
her
eofmustbel
i
ber
al
l
yconst
r
uedt
oadv
ancet
hecauseofj
ust
i
ceand
f
ur
t
heri
t
sends.
Thei
nher
entpower
sar
ei
naddi
t
i
ont
ot
hepower
sspeci
f
i
cal
l
yconf
er
r
edont
heCour
t
byt
heCode.Theyar
ecompl
ement
ar
yt
ot
hosepower
sandt
heCour
ti
sf
r
eet
o
exer
ci
set
hem f
ort
heendsofj
ust
i
ceort
opr
ev
entt
heabuseoft
hepr
ocessoft
he
Cour
t
.
The Code i
s notexhaust
i
v
e and f
ort
he si
mpl
er
eason t
hatt
hel
egi
sl
at
ur
ei
s
i
ncapabl
eofcont
empl
at
i
ngal
lt
hepossi
bl
eci
r
cumst
anceswhi
chmayar
i
sei
nf
ut
ur
e
l
i
t
i
gat
i
ons, i
nher
ent power
s come t
o t
he r
escue i
n such unf
or
eseen
ci
r
cumst
ances.As
RagbubarDay
al
,
Just
i
cei
nManobar
l
al
.VSet
hHeer
al
alAI
R1962SC,r
i
ght
l
yst
at
es:
'
'
Thei
nher
entpowerhasnotbeenconf
er
r
edupont
heCour
t
,
i
ti
sapoweri
nher
enti
n
t
heCour
tbyv
i
r
t
ueofi
t
sdut
yt
o doj
ust
i
cebet
weent
hepar
t
i
esbef
or
ei
t
.
"Thus,
t
hi
spoweri
snecessar
yi
nt
hei
nt
er
estofj
ust
i
ce.Sect
i
ons148,149,
151,
152,
153and
153A oft
he Code enactt
he Law r
el
at
i
ng t
ot
he i
nher
entpower
sofa Cour
t
i
ndi
f
f
er
entci
r
cumst
ances.
1.
Enl
ar
gementoft
i
me:
Sect
i
on148
2.
Pay
mentofCour
tFees:
Sect
i
on149
3.
UnderSect
i
on151:
i
)EndsofJust
i
ce:
Sect
i
on151
i
i
)AbuseofPr
ocessofCour
t
:
Sect
i
on151
4.Amendment
sofJudgment
s,Decr
ees,Or
der
sandOt
her
sRecor
ds:
Sect
i
ons152,
153and153A
1.Enl
ar
gementoft
i
meSect
i
on148:
Pr
ov
i
des t
hatwher
e any per
i
od i
sf
i
xed or
gr
ant
edbyt
heCour
tf
ort
hedoi
ngofanyact
,
t
heCour
thaspowert
oenl
ar
get
hesai
d
per
i
odev
eni
ft
heor
i
gi
nal
per
i
odhasexpi
r
edonf
ul
f
i
l
l
mentoft
woCondi
t
i
ons:
i
)Aper
i
odmusthav
ebeenf
i
xedorgr
ant
edbyt
heCour
t
;
and
i
i
)Suchper
i
odmustbef
ordoi
nganactpr
escr
i
bedoral
l
owedbyt
heCode.
2.Pay
mentofCour
tFeesSect
i
on149:Empower
st
heCour
tt
oal
l
owapar
t
yt
omake
upt
hedef
i
ci
encyofCour
tFeespay
abl
eonapl
ai
nt
,memor
andum ofappeal
,et
c.
ev
enaf
t
ert
heexpi
r
yoft
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onpr
escr
i
bedf
orf
i
l
i
ngofsuchsui
t
s,
appeal
s et
c.Sect
i
on 4 ofCour
tFeesact
,1870 pr
ov
i
des t
hatno document
char
geabl
ewi
t
hCour
tFeeundert
heActshal
lbef
i
l
edorr
ecor
dedi
nanyCour
tof
Just
i
ce,
unl
esst
her
equi
r
edCour
tf
eei
spai
d.
Thi
ssect
i
oni
sasor
tofpr
ov
i
sot
ot
hatr
ul
ebyal
l
owi
ngt
hedef
i
ci
tt
obemadegood
wi
t
hi
nt
het
i
mef
i
xedbyt
heCour
t
.I
ft
hepr
operCour
tf
eei
snotpai
datt
het
i
mi
ngof
f
i
l
i
ngsui
t
orappealet
c.
,butt
hedef
i
ci
tCour
tf
eei
spai
dwi
t
hi
nt
het
i
mef
i
xedbyt
he
Cour
t
,
i
tcannotbet
r
eat
edast
i
mebar
r
ed.Thedef
ect
i
v
edocumenti
sr
et
r
ospect
i
v
el
y
v
al
i
dat
edf
ort
hepur
posesofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onaswel
l
asCour
tf
ees.
3.EndsofJust
i
ce:Sect
i
on151:Thei
nher
entpower
ssav
edbysect
i
on151canbe
usedt
osecur
et
heendsofj
ust
i
ce.Thust
heCour
tcanr
ecal
li
t
sownOr
der
sand
cor
r
ectmi
st
akes,cansetasi
deasexpar
t
eor
deragai
nstt
hepar
t
y
,et
c.et
c.What
woul
d meet t
he endsof j
ust
i
ce woul
d al
way
s dependupon t
he f
act
s and
ci
r
cumst
ancesofeachcaseandt
her
equi
r
ement
sofj
ust
i
ce.
4.Abuseofpr
ocessofCour
t
:Sect
i
on151:
Thei
nher
entpower
ssav
edbysect
i
on151canal
sobeusedt
opr
ev
entt
heabuse
oft
hepr
ocessofaCour
t
,
whi
chmaybecommi
t
t
edbyaCour
ti
t
sel
forbyapar
t
y
.
AbusesbyaCour
t
:Wher
eaCour
templ
oy
sapr
ocedur
ei
ndoi
ngsomet
hi
ngwhi
chi
t
nev
eri
nt
endedt
odoandt
her
ei
smi
scar
r
i
ageofj
ust
i
ce,t
hei
nj
ust
i
cesodonet
ot
he
par
t
ymustber
emedi
edont
hebasi
soft
hedoct
r
i
neact
uscur
i
aenemi
nem gr
av
abi
t
(
anactoft
heCour
tshal
l
har
m noone)
AbusesbyaPar
t
y
:e.
g.
,byobt
ai
ni
ngbenef
i
t
sbypr
act
i
si
ngf
r
audont
heCour
t
,or
uponapar
t
yt
ot
hesui
t
,
orci
r
cumv
ent
i
ngt
hest
at
ut
or
ypr
ov
i
si
onset
c,
et
c.
5.Amendment
sofJudgment
s,Decr
ees,
Or
derandOt
herRecor
ds:Sect
i
ons152,
153and153A:
Sect
i
ons152:Enact
st
hecl
er
i
calorar
i
t
hmet
i
calmi
st
akesi
nj
udgment
s,decr
ees
and or
der
sar
i
si
ng f
r
om anyacci
dent
alsl
i
p oromi
ssi
ons;mayatanyt
i
me be
cor
r
ect
edbyt
heCour
tei
t
herofi
t
sownmot
i
on(
suomot
o)oronappl
i
cat
i
onofanyof
t
hepar
t
i
es.Thesect
i
oni
sbasedupont
woi
mpor
t
antpr
i
nci
pl
es:
i
)anactoft
heCour
tshoul
dnotpr
ej
udi
ceanypar
t
y
,
andi
i
)
i
ti
st
hedut
y
'
oft
heCour
t
s
t
oseet
hatt
hei
rr
ecor
dsar
et
r
ueandt
heyr
epr
esentt
hecor
r
ectst
at
eofaf
f
ai
r
s.
I
l
l
ust
r
at
i
on:
Af
i
l
esasui
tagai
nstBf
orRs.10,
000/
-andi
nt
er
esti
naCour
tX.TheCour
tpassesa
decr
eef
or
RS.
10,
000/
-aspr
ay
ed.Thedecr
eecanbeamendedundert
hi
ssect
i
on,
Af
i
l
esasui
tagai
nstBf
orRs.10,
000/
andi
nt
er
esti
naCour
tX.TheCour
tpassesad
ecr
eef
orRs.
5,
OOO/
onl
yandnot
hi
ngmor
e.Aappl
i
est
oamendt
hedecr
eebyaddi
ng
apr
ay
erf
ort
hei
nt
er
est
.Thedecr
eecannotbeamendedundert
hi
ssect
i
on.I
f
aggr
i
ev
edbyt
hedecr
ee,
Amayf
i
l
eanappeal
oranappl
i
cat
i
onf
orr
ev
i
ew.
Sect
i
ons153:Conf
er
sagener
alpoweront
heCour
tt
oamenddef
ect
sorer
r
or
si
n
"
anypr
oceedi
ngi
nasui
t
"andt
omakeal
lnecessar
yamendment
sf
ort
hepur
poseof
det
er
mi
ni
ng t
he r
ealquest
i
on att
he i
ssue bet
ween t
he par
t
i
es t
o,
t
he sui
tor
pr
oceedi
ngs.
Sect
i
ons 153A:Pr
ov
i
des t
hatwher
et
he appel
l
at
eCour
tdi
smi
sses an appeal
summar
i
l
yunderOr
der41,
Rul
e11,t
hepowerofamendmentunderSect
i
on152can
beexer
ci
sedbyt
heCour
toft
hef
i
r
sti
nst
ance.
Ambi
tandScope:Ofi
nher
entpower
sofaCour
tu/
s151bySubbaRao,Just
i
ce,as
het
henwasi
nRam ChandVKanhay
al
alAI
R,
1966SC1899,
af
t
erconsi
der
i
ngal
lt
he
l
egal
casesont
hesubj
ectpr
onounced;
"
Thei
nher
entpowerofaCour
ti
si
naddi
t
i
ont
oandcompl
ement
ar
yt
ot
hepower
s
expr
essl
yconf
er
r
ed undert
heCode.Butt
hepowerwi
l
l
notbeexer
ci
sed i
fi
t
s
exer
ci
se i
si
nconsi
st
entwi
t
h,orcomes i
nt
oconf
l
i
ctwi
t
h,any oft
he power
s
expr
essl
yorbynecessar
yi
mpl
i
cat
i
onconf
er
r
edbyt
heot
herpr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heCode.
I
ft
her
ear
eexpr
esspr
ov
i
si
onsex
haust
i
v
el
ycov
er
i
ngapar
t
i
cul
art
opi
c,
t
heygi
v
er
i
se
t
oanecessar
yi
mpl
i
cat
i
ont
hatnopowershal
lbeexer
ci
sedi
nr
espectoft
hesai
d
t
opi
c ot
her
wi
se t
han i
n mannerpr
escr
i
bed by t
he sai
d pr
ov
i
si
ons What
ev
er
l
i
mi
t
at
i
onsar
ei
mposedbyconst
r
uct
i
onont
hepr
ov
i
si
onsofsect
i
on151oft
he
Code,t
heydo notcont
r
olt
heundoubt
edpoweroft
heCour
tconf
er
r
ed under
Sect
i
on151oft
heCodet
omakeasui
t
abl
eor
dert
opr
ev
entt
heabuseoft
he
pr
ocessoft
heCour
t
.
”
I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS
Q.
1.Except
i
ont
ot
her
ul
et
hatwhenoncej
udgmenthasbeenpr
onouncedandsi
gned
byt
hecour
t
,
t
hecour
tcannotal
t
eri
t
.Di
scuss.
Q.
2.Whatdoy
ouunder
st
andbyi
nher
entpower
sofci
v
i
l
cour
t
?Di
scuss.
Q.
3.
Def
i
nei
nj
unct
i
onandst
at
ei
t
ski
nds.Whencanat
empor
ar
yi
nj
unct
i
onbei
ssued?
Q.
4.Expl
ai
nt
hepower
sofanappel
l
at
ecour
t
.Canaddi
t
i
onalev
i
dencebeal
l
owed
i
nappeal
?
Q.
5.
Whatar
et
hepower
soft
hecour
t
st
oi
ssuecommi
ssi
ons?Forwhatpur
posesa
commi
ssi
oncanbei
ssuedbyt
hecour
t
?
Q.
6.
Whatar
et
hePower
sofaCour
tofr
ev
i
si
on?Expl
ai
n.
a)Let
t
erofRequest
b)Ar
r
estbef
or
ej
udgment
.
c)At
t
achmentbef
or
ej
udgment
.
d)I
nt
er
l
ocut
or
yOr
der
e)Rest
i
t
ut
i
on
f
)Cav
eat
Q.
7.Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weent
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
a)Appeal
andRev
i
si
on
b)Ref
er
enceandRev
i
si
on
c)Ref
er
enceandRev
i
ew
d)Appeal
andRev
i
ew
UNI
T-V
LI
MI
TATI
ON OFSUI
TS,APPEALSAND APPLI
CATI
ONS,PERI
OD OFLI
MI
TATI
ON,
CONTI
NUOUS RUNNI
NG OF TI
ME, EFFECT OF SUFFI
CI
ENT CAUSE FOR NOT
PREFERRI
NG APPEALS OR MAKI
NG APPLI
CATI
ONS WI
THI
N THEPERI
OD OF
LI
MI
TATI
ON,LEGALDI
SABI
LI
TY,COMPUTATI
ONOFPERI
ODOFLI
MI
TATI
ONAND
EXCLUSI
ON OF TI
ME I
N LEGAL PROCEEDI
NG,EFFECT OF “
DEATH”
,“
FRAUD”
,
“
MI
STAKE”OR“
ACKNOWLEDGMENTI
NWRI
TI
NG”
,ACQUI
SI
TI
ONOFOWNERSHI
P
BYPOSSESSI
ON
I
NDI
ANLI
MI
TATI
ONACT,
1963(
W.
E.
F.01011964)
LawofLi
mi
t
at
i
ons:
TheLaw ofLi
mi
t
at
i
onsl
i
mi
t
sorpr
escr
i
besat
i
meaf
t
ert
hel
apseofwhi
chsui
tor
ot
herpr
oceedi
ngscannotbemai
nt
ai
nedi
naCour
tofl
aw ort
heper
sonsl
i
abl
et
o
sueshal
lbecomeexemptf
r
om answer
i
ngt
her
ei
n.I
tdoesnotpost
poneorsuspend
t
her
i
ghtofcl
ai
mant
s,i
tmer
el
ypr
escr
i
besaper
i
odf
ort
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofsui
tand
f
or
bi
dst
hem f
r
om bei
ngbr
oughtaf
t
erper
i
ods,eachofwhi
chst
ar
t
sf
r
om some
def
i
ni
t
eev
ent
.I
tonl
yr
est
r
ai
nst
hehol
derofar
i
ghtf
r
om enf
or
ci
nghi
sr
i
ghtby
r
ecour
set
ol
awaf
t
erpr
escr
i
bedper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
Nat
ur
eofAct
:
"
Ther
ul
eofl
i
mi
t
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i
oni
sanabsol
ut
el
awandt
hepar
t
i
escannotev
adei
tbywayofpr
i
v
at
e
agr
eement
.ThusunderSect
i
on28oft
heCont
r
actAct
,anagr
eementwhi
chl
i
mi
t
s
t
het
i
mewi
t
hi
nwhi
chanypar
t
yt
her
et
omayenf
or
cehi
sr
i
ght
sbyt
heusuall
egal
pr
oceedi
ngsi
nor
di
nar
yt
r
i
bunal
si
sv
oi
d.Si
mi
l
ar
l
y
,
anagr
eementbet
weent
hepar
t
i
es
t
hatdef
endantwi
l
lnotpl
eadt
hel
awofl
i
mi
t
at
i
oni
nasui
tbr
oughtagai
nsthi
m byt
he
ot
heri
sv
oi
d.
Except
i
on:
Howev
er
,t
her
ei
soneexcept
i
ont
or
ul
et
hatl
aw ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbar
st
her
emedybut
nott
her
i
ght
.Thi
shasbeeni
ncor
por
at
edi
nSect
i
on27oft
heAct
.TheSect
i
on
pr
ov
i
des:
"
Att
hedet
er
mi
nat
i
onoft
heper
i
odher
ebyl
i
mi
t
edt
oanyper
sonf
ori
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngasui
t
f
orpossessi
onofanypr
oper
t
yhi
sr
i
ghtt
osuchpr
oper
t
yshal
l
beext
i
ngui
shed.
"
I
nFi
r
stNat
i
onalBankLt
d.v
.Set
hSant
l
al
,AI
R1954Punj
ab328i
twasobser
v
ed:
"
Sect
i
on27oft
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onActi
s,howev
er
,anexcept
i
ont
ot
hegener
alr
ul
et
hati
n
per
sonalact
i
ons,t
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onActbar
sonl
yt
her
emedyanddoesnotext
i
ngui
sh
t
her
i
ght
.I
nasui
tf
orpossessi
onofanypr
oper
t
yont
hedet
er
mi
nat
i
onoft
heper
i
od
ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onnetonl
yt
her
emedybutt
her
i
ghtal
so,i
sext
i
ngui
shedunderSect
i
on27.
Butadebtdoesnotceaset
obedue,becausei
tcannotber
ecov
er
edaf
t
ert
he
expi
r
at
i
onoft
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onpr
ov
i
dedf
ori
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngasui
tf
ori
t
sr
ecov
er
y
.
Af
t
eradebtbecomesbar
r
edaper
soni
sst
i
l
l
deemedt
oowe.
"
EFFECT OFSUFFI
CI
ENT CAUSE FOR NOT PREFERRI
NG APPEALS OR MAKI
NG
APPLI
CATI
ONSWI
THI
NTHEPERI
ODOFLI
MI
TATI
ON
Thepr
ov
i
si
onsofSect
i
on5oft
heActar
eanexcept
i
ont
ot
hegener
alr
ul
el
ai
ddown
i
nSect
i
on3t
hatev
er
ysui
ti
nst
i
t
ut
ed,appealpr
ef
er
r
edandappl
i
cat
i
onmadeaf
t
er
t
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odshal
l
bedi
smi
ssed.
Sect
i
on5
ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onActpr
ov
i
des:
"
Anyappealoranyappl
i
cat
i
onot
hert
hananappl
i
cat
i
onunderanyoft
hepr
ov
i
si
ons
ofOr
derXXIofCodeofCi
v
i
lPr
ocedur
e1908,maybeadmi
t
t
edaf
t
ert
hepr
escr
i
bed
per
i
odi
ft
heappel
l
antort
heappl
i
cantsat
i
sf
i
est
hecour
tt
hathehadsuf
f
i
ci
ent
causef
ornotpr
ef
er
r
i
ngt
heappeal
ormaki
ngt
i
r
eappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
nsuchper
i
od.
"
Expl
anat
i
onsay
s:I
ft
heappel
l
antort
heappl
i
cantwasmi
sl
edbyt
heor
der
,pr
act
i
ce
orj
udgmentoft
heHi
ghCour
ti
nascer
t
ai
ni
ngorcomput
i
ngt
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
od,i
t
maybeasuf
f
i
ci
entcausewi
t
hi
nt
hemeani
ngoft
hi
sSect
i
onf
orext
ensi
onof
per
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
I
twi
l
lbeseenf
r
om t
heabov
et
hatt
hepr
ov
i
si
onscont
ai
nedi
nSect
i
on5appl
i
es
onl
yt
oappealandcer
t
ai
nappl
i
cat
i
onsment
i
onedt
her
ei
nandnott
ot
hesui
t
s.The
r
easoni
st
hatper
i
odpr
escr
i
bedf
orappl
i
cat
i
onsandappeal
sment
i
onedi
nt
hi
s
Sect
i
ondoesnotexceedsi
xmont
hswhi
l
ef
orsui
ti
text
endsf
r
om 3t
o12y
ear
s.
Ther
ef
or
e,t
hi
sconcl
usi
on hasbeen gi
v
en i
nt
hi
s Sect
i
on f
orappl
i
cat
i
ons and
appeal
si
ncer
t
ai
nci
r
cumst
ances.
'
Suf
f
i
ci
entCause'
:I
ti
s necessar
yt
o gett
he benef
i
toft
hi
s Sect
i
on t
hatt
he
cour
tmustbesat
i
sf
i
edwi
t
ht
he'
suf
f
i
ci
entcause'f
ornotpr
ef
er
r
i
ngt
heappealor
appl
i
cat
i
on.Thet
er
m'
suf
f
i
ci
entcause'
usedher
ehasnotbeendef
i
nedi
nt
hi
sAct
.I
t
s
meani
ng,t
her
ef
or
e,canbeaccept
edasacause,whi
chi
sbey
ondt
hecont
r
oloft
he
par
t
yi
nv
oki
ngt
heai
doft
hi
sSect
i
on.Thi
st
er
m'
suf
f
i
ci
entcause'
mustofcour
se,
be
gi
v
enal
i
ber
almeani
ngsoast
oadv
ancesubst
ant
i
alj
ust
i
cewhenanynegl
i
genceor
i
nact
i
onorwantofbonaf
i
dei
s'
noti
mput
abl
et
ot
heappel
l
ant
.Thesuf
f
i
ci
entcause
canbedet
er
mi
nedf
r
om t
hef
act
sandci
r
cumst
ancesofapar
t
i
cul
arcase.
Soanyappealorappl
i
cat
i
on(
ot
hert
hanonemadeunderOr
derXXIofC,
P.
C.
)maybe
admi
t
t
edaf
t
erpr
escr
i
bedper
i
odi
fappel
l
antorappl
i
cantast
hecasemaybeshows
"
suf
f
i
ci
entcause"f
ornotpr
ef
er
r
i
ng appealormaki
ng appl
i
cat
i
on wi
t
hi
nt
he
pr
escr
i
bedper
i
od.Butmer
epr
oofofexi
st
enceof"
Suf
f
i
ci
entCause"f
ornotf
i
l
i
ngt
he
pr
oceedi
ng wi
t
hi
nt
he pr
escr
i
bed per
i
od doesnot
,undert
he sect
i
on,i
pso f
act
o
compelt
heCour
tt
oext
endt
het
i
me.Thecour
thasadi
scr
et
i
ont
oadmi
torr
ef
use
t
hepr
oceedi
ngev
en'
i
fsuf
f
i
ci
entcausei
sshown,
I
nSandhy
aRaniv
.SudhaRaniAI
R1978SC537Supr
emeCour
tobser
v
ed:
"
I
ti
sundoubt
edl
yt
r
uet
hati
ndeal
i
ngwi
t
ht
hequest
i
onofcondoni
ngt
hedel
ay
underSect
i
on 5,t
he par
t
y seeki
ng r
el
i
ef has t
o sat
i
sf
yt
he Cour
tt
hat he
hadsuf
f
i
ci
entcausef
ornotpr
ef
er
r
i
ngt
heappealormaki
ngt
heappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
n
t
he pr
escr
i
bed t
i
me andt
hi
s has al
way
s been under
st
ood t
omean t
hatt
he
Expl
anat
i
onhast
ocov
ert
hewhol
eper
i
odofdel
ay
.Howev
eri
ti
snotpossi
bl
et
ol
ay
downpr
eci
sel
yast
owhatf
act
sormat
t
er
swoul
dconst
i
t
ut
e'
suf
f
i
ci
entcause'
under
Sect
i
on 5.Butt
hosewor
ds shoul
d be l
i
ber
al
l
yconst
r
ued so as t
o adv
ance
subst
ant
i
alj
ust
i
cewhennonegl
i
genceoranyi
nact
i
onorwantofbonaf
i
desi
s
i
mput
abl
et
oapar
t
y
,i
.
e.
,t
hedel
ayi
nf
i
l
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onshoul
dnothav
ebeenf
or
r
easonswhi
chi
ndi
cat
et
hepar
t
y
'
snegl
i
gencei
nnott
aki
ngnecessar
yst
epswhi
ch
hewoul
dhav
eorshoul
dhav
et
aken.Whatwoul
dbesuchnecessar
yst
epswi
l
lagai
n
dependupont
heci
r
cumst
ancesofapar
t
i
cul
arcase.
Di
scr
et
i
oni
sconf
er
r
edont
heCour
tbef
or
ewhi
chanappl
i
cat
i
onf
orcondoni
ngdel
ay
i
smadeandi
ft
heCour
taf
t
erkeepi
ngi
nv
i
ew r
el
ev
antpr
i
nci
pl
esexer
ci
sesi
t
s
di
scr
et
i
ongr
ant
i
ngr
el
i
efunl
essi
ti
sshownt
obemani
f
est
l
yunj
ustorper
v
er
se,t
he
Supr
emeCour
twoul
dbel
oat
het
oi
nt
er
f
er
ewi
t
hi
t
.
"
Expl
anat
i
ont
oSect
i
on5say
st
hat"
t
hef
actt
hatt
heappel
l
antort
heappl
i
cantwas
mi
sl
ed byanyor
der
,pr
act
i
ceorj
udgmentoft
heHi
ghCour
ti
nascer
t
ai
ni
ng or
comput
i
ngt
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odmaybe"
suf
f
i
ci
entcause"wi
t
hi
nt
hemeani
ngoft
hi
s
Sect
i
on"
,Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
esomeexampl
esofwhati
sandwhati
snot"
Suf
f
i
ci
ent
Cause"
:
1.I
l
l
ness:
I
l
l
nessi
sconsi
der
edas'
suf
f
i
ci
entcause't
ogetbenef
i
tofSect
i
on5,butmer
e
pl
eaofi
l
l
nessi
snotsuf
f
i
ci
entcausef
ornotf
i
l
i
ngpr
oceedi
ngi
nt
i
meunl
essi
ti
s
shownt
hatt
heappel
l
antorappl
i
cantwasut
t
er
l
ydi
sabl
edt
oat
t
endt
oanydut
y
.
2.I
mpr
i
sonment
:
Aper
soncanbegi
v
ent
hebenef
i
tofSect
i
on5i
fhei
sunder
goi
ngi
mpr
i
sonmentdue
t
osomecr
i
mi
nalact
.Thet
i
mespentbyhi
mi
nt
hej
ai
lmaybededuct
edf
r
om t
he
pr
escr
i
bedper
i
odoft
i
me.
3.Mi
st
akenLegalAdv
i
ce:
Ami
st
akenadv
i
cegi
v
enbyal
egalpr
act
i
t
i
onermayi
nci
r
cumst
ancesofpar
t
i
cul
ar
casegi
v
er
i
set
o'
Suf
f
i
ci
entCause'
wi
t
hi
nt
hemeani
ngofSect
i
on5.I
nSt
at
eofWB.v
.
TheAdmi
ni
st
r
at
or
,
Howr
ahMuni
ci
pal
i
t
y
,
AI
R1972SC749,
i
twashel
dt
hati
fapar
t
yh
adact
edi
napar
t
i
cul
ar
manneronawr
ong adv
i
cegi
v
enbyhi
sl
egaladv
i
sor
,he
cannotbehel
dgui
l
t
yf
ornegl
i
gencesoast
odi
sent
i
t
l
et
hepar
t
yt
opl
eadsuf
f
i
ci
ent
causeunderSect
i
on5pr
ov
i
dedt
hatnonegl
i
gence,
nori
nact
i
onnorwantofbonaf
i
de
i
si
mput
abl
et
oapar
t
y
.
4.I
l
l
i
t
er
acy
:
Thef
actt
hatappel
l
antwasi
l
l
i
t
er
at
ei
snotsuf
f
i
ci
entr
easont
ocondonet
hedel
ay
.
5.Del
ayi
nobt
ai
ni
ngcopi
es:
Whenadel
ayi
scaused:
1)
i
nobt
ai
ni
ngacopyoft
heor
derordecr
eeofacour
tandsuchdel
aywascausedby
t
heof
f
i
ceroft
hecour
t
.
2)
byt
hecour
ti
t
sel
fi
ni
ssui
ngor
der
s.
3)
duet
ot
hemet
hodwr
ongl
yadopt
edi
npr
ocur
i
ngt
hecopyoft
hedecr
eeoror
derof
t
hecour
t
.
Suchdel
ayshal
lbedeemedassuf
f
i
ci
entcausef
orgr
ant
i
ngbenef
i
tofSect
i
on5of
t
hi
sAct
.
Thepowergi
v
ent
ot
hecour
t
sunderSect
i
on5abov
ei
sdi
scr
et
i
onar
yy
eti
thast
obe
exer
ci
sedi
naj
udi
ci
almannerkeepi
ngi
nv
i
ew t
hespeci
alci
r
cumst
ancesofeach
case.
I
nCol
l
ect
or
,LandAcqui
si
t
i
onv
.Mst
.Kat
i
j
i
,AI
R1987S.C.1353,t
hei
rLor
dshi
psof
t
heSupr
emeCour
tl
ai
ddownt
hef
ol
l
owi
nggui
di
ngpr
i
nci
pl
es:
1.Or
di
nar
i
l
yal
i
t
i
gantdoesnotst
andt
obenef
i
tbyl
odgi
nganappeal
l
at
e.
2.Ref
usi
ngt
ocondonedel
aycanr
esul
ti
namer
i
t
or
i
ousmat
t
erbei
ngt
hr
ownoutat
t
hev
er
yt
hr
eshol
dandcauseofj
ust
i
cebei
ngdef
eat
ed.Asagai
nstt
hi
swhendel
ay
i
scondonedt
hehi
ghestt
hatcanhappeni
st
hatacausewoul
dbedeci
dedonmer
i
t
s
af
t
erhear
i
ngt
hepar
t
i
es.
3."
Ev
er
yday
'
sdel
aymustbeexpl
ai
ned"doesnotmeant
hatapedant
i
cappr
oach
shoul
dbemade.Whynotev
er
yhour
'
sdel
ay
,ev
er
ysecond'
sdel
ay
?Thedoct
r
i
ne
mustbeappl
i
edi
nar
at
i
onal
commonsensepr
agmat
i
cmanner
.
4.Whensubst
ant
i
al
j
ust
i
ceandt
echni
cal
consi
der
at
i
onsar
epi
t
t
edagai
nsteachot
he
r
,
causeof
subst
ant
i
alj
ust
i
cedeser
v
est
obepr
ef
er
r
edf
ort
heot
hersi
decannot
cl
ai
mt
ohav
ev
est
edr
i
ghti
ni
nj
ust
i
cebei
ngdoneofanondel
i
ber
at
edel
ay
.
5.Ther
ei
snopr
esumpt
i
ont
hatdel
ayi
soccasi
oneddel
i
ber
at
el
y
,oronaccountof
cul
pabl
enegl
i
gence;
oronaccountofmal
af
i
des.Al
i
t
i
gantdoesnotst
andt
obenef
i
t
byr
esor
t
i
ngt
odel
ay
.
6.I
t mustbe gr
aspedt
hat j
udi
ci
ar
yi
sr
espect
ed noton accountof i
t
spower
t
ol
egal
i
zei
nj
ust
i
ceont
echni
calgr
oundsbutbecausei
ti
scapabl
eofr
emov
i
ng
i
nj
ust
i
ceandi
ti
sexpect
edt
odoso.
I
twaspoi
nt
edoutt
hatt
heCour
t
sshoul
dadoptl
i
ber
alappr
oachi
nt
hemat
t
erof
condonat
i
onofdel
aykeepi
ngi
nv
i
ewt
heabov
epr
i
nci
pl
es.
LEGALDI
SABI
LI
TY
Gener
al
l
yl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbegi
nst
or
unf
r
om t
hedat
eofcauseofact
i
on.Butt
heI
ndi
an
Li
mi
t
at
i
onActi
t
sel
fpr
ov
i
descer
t
ai
nex
cept
i
onst
ot
hi
sgener
alpr
i
nci
pl
e.Thus,i
na
casewher
et
heaggr
i
ev
edpar
t
yi
ssuf
f
er
i
ngwi
t
hsomel
egaldi
sabi
l
i
t
y
,t
heper
i
odof
l
i
mi
t
at
i
ondoesnotr
unf
r
om t
hedat
eoft
heaccr
ualoft
hecauseofact
i
onbutr
uns
f
r
om asubsequentdat
e,
onwhi
cht
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yceases.I
nt
hi
sconnect
i
onSect
i
ons6,
7and8ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onActar
et
hecount
er
par
tofeachot
herandt
heyuni
t
edl
y
f
or
m oneuni
t
.Thegener
alr
ul
er
egar
di
ngdi
sabi
l
i
t
yi
spr
ov
i
dedbySect
i
on6whi
ch
r
eadsasunder
:
1.
Wher
eaper
sonent
i
t
l
edt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
easui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
i
onf
ort
heexecut
i
on
ofdecr
eei
satt
het
i
mef
r
om whi
cht
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odi
st
ober
eckoned,ami
nor
ori
nsane,orani
di
ot
,hemayi
nst
i
t
ut
et
hesui
tormaket
heappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
nt
he
sameper
i
odaf
t
ert
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yhasceased,aswoul
dot
her
wi
sehav
ebeenal
l
owed
f
r
om t
het
i
mespeci
f
i
edt
her
ef
ori
nt
het
hi
r
dcol
umnoft
heschedul
e.
2.
Wher
esuchper
soni
s,att
het
i
mef
r
om whi
cht
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odi
st
obe
r
eckoned,
af
f
ect
edbyt
wosuchdi
sabi
l
i
t
i
es,
orwher
e,
bef
or
ehi
sdi
sabi
l
i
t
yhasceased,
hei
saf
f
ect
edbyanot
herdi
sabi
l
i
t
y
,hemayi
nst
i
t
ut
et
hesui
tormakeappl
i
cat
i
on
wi
t
hi
nt
hesameper
i
odaf
t
erbot
hdi
sabi
l
i
t
i
eshav
eceasedaswoul
dot
her
wi
sehav
e
beenal
l
owedf
r
om t
het
i
mesospeci
f
i
ed.
3.Wher
et
he di
sabi
l
i
t
y cont
i
nues up t
ot
he deat
h oft
hatper
son hi
sl
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
emayi
nst
i
t
ut
et
hesui
tormaket
heappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
nt
hesameper
i
od
af
t
ert
hedeat
h,
aswoul
dot
her
wi
sehav
ebeenal
l
owedf
r
om t
het
i
mesospeci
f
i
ed.
4.
Wher
et
hel
egalr
epr
esent
at
i
v
er
ef
er
r
edt
oi
nsub-sect
i
on(
3)i
satt
hedeat
hof
per
son t
o whom her
e pr
esent
s,af
f
ect
ed byanyofsuch di
sabi
l
i
t
i
es t
he r
ul
es
cont
ai
nedi
nsubsect
i
ons(
1)and(
2)shal
l
appl
y
.
5.
Wher
eaper
sonunderdi
sabi
l
i
t
y
,di
esaf
t
ert
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yceasesbutwi
t
hi
nt
he
per
i
odal
l
owedt
ohi
m undert
hi
sSect
i
on,hi
sl
egalr
epr
es19nt
at
i
v
emayi
nst
i
t
ut
et
he
sui
tormaket
heappl
i
cat
i
onwi
t
hi
nt
hesameper
i
od af
t
ert
hedeat
h,aswoul
d
ot
her
wi
sehav
ebeenav
ai
l
abl
et
ot
hatper
sonhadhenotdi
ed.
Expl
anat
i
on:f
ort
hepur
posesoft
hi
sSect
i
on'
mi
nor
'
i
ncl
udesachi
l
di
nt
hewomb.
”
So
Sect
i
on6 doesnotpr
ev
entr
unni
ngofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbutonl
yext
endst
heper
i
odof
l
i
mi
t
at
i
on'
ont
hegr
oundofdi
sabi
l
i
t
yofper
sonent
i
t
l
edt
osueorappl
y
.Sect
i
on6
excusesani
nsaneper
son,
mi
norandani
di
ott
of
i
l
easui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
i
onf
or
t
heexecut
i
onofadecr
eewi
t
hi
nt
het
i
mepr
escr
i
bedbyl
awandenabl
eshi
mt
of
i
l
e
t
hesui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
i
onaf
t
ert
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yhasceased,
count
i
ngt
heper
i
odof
t
i
mef
r
om t
hedat
eonwhi
cht
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yceased.I
fonedi
sabi
l
i
t
ysuper
v
eneson
anot
herdi
sabi
l
i
t
yoronedi
sabi
l
i
t
yi
sf
ol
l
owedbyanot
herwi
t
houtl
eav
i
ngagapt
he
sui
torappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
onmaybef
i
l
edaf
t
erbot
hdi
sabi
l
i
t
i
eshav
eceasedt
o
exi
st
.I
ft
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yordi
sabi
l
i
t
i
escont
i
nuet
i
l
lt
heper
son'
sdeat
ht
hent
hel
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
eoft
hedeceasedonwhom t
het
i
t
l
edev
ol
v
esi
sal
l
owedt
of
i
l
easui
tor
makeanappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
onwi
t
hi
nt
het
i
meal
l
owedbyl
aw count
i
ngi
tf
r
om
t
hedeat
hoft
heper
sonent
i
t
l
ed.Themer
ef
actt
hatt
her
ei
saguar
di
anf
ort
heper
son
underdi
sabi
l
i
t
ydoesnotdepr
i
v
esuchper
sonoft
hei
ndul
gencegr
ant
edbySect
i
on6.
I
nAkht
arHussai
nv
.Qudr
atAl
iAI
R1923Oudh.31i
twasobser
v
edt
hatSect
i
on6
ofLi
mi
t
at
i
onActhasnoappl
i
cat
i
oni
ncaseofappeal
s.Legal
di
sabi
l
i
t
yi
s,
i
nabi
l
i
t
yt
o
sueowi
ngt
omi
nor
i
t
y
,
l
unacyori
di
ocy
.Theef
f
ectofl
egaldi
sabi
l
i
t
yi
st
hati
text
ends
t
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbuti
tdoesnotpr
ev
entt
heper
i
odf
r
om r
unni
ng.
Somet
i
mesasi
t
uat
i
onar
i
seswhenoneoft
hesev
er
alper
sonsj
oi
nt
l
yent
i
t
l
edt
o
i
nst
i
t
ut
easui
tort
oexecut
eadecr
eei
sunderdi
sabi
l
i
t
y
.I
nt
hi
sconnect
i
onSect
i
on7
ofActsay
st
hati
foneoft
hesev
er
alper
sonsj
oi
nt
l
yent
i
t
l
edt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
easui
tor
makeanappl
i
cat
i
onf
ort
heexecut
i
onofadecr
ee,
i
sunderanysuchdi
sabi
l
i
t
yanda
di
schar
gecanbegi
v
enwi
t
houtt
heconcur
r
enceofsuchper
son,t
het
i
mewi
l
lr
un
agai
nstal
loft
hem.Howev
er
,i
fsuchdi
schar
gecannotbegi
v
en,t
i
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l
lnotr
unas
agai
nst any of t
hem unt
i
lone of t
hem becomes capabl
e of gi
v
i
ng such
di
schar
gewi
t
houtt
heconcur
r
enceoft
heot
herorunt
i
l
t
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yhasceased.
SoSect
i
on7ofLi
mi
t
at
i
onActwoul
dappl
ywhent
her
i
ghtt
osuei
sj
oi
nti
r
r
espect
i
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e
ofwhet
hert
hesubst
ant
i
v
er
i
ghti
sj
oi
ntornot
.Sect
i
on8ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
makesi
tcl
eart
hatRul
escont
ai
nedi
nSect
i
ons6and7ar
esubj
ectt
ot
hef
ol
l
owi
ng
condi
t
i
ons:
1.Theycannotbeappl
i
edt
ot
hesui
t
st
oenf
or
cer
i
ght
sofpr
eempt
i
on.
2.Theycannotbeappl
i
edt
oanyoft
hecasesi
nwhi
chext
ensi
onofper
i
odof
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
ormor
et
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hr
eey
ear
sf
r
om t
hecesat
i
onofdi
sabi
l
i
t
yort
hedeat
h
ofaper
sonast
hecasemaybe,
i
ssoughtf
or
.
CONTI
NUOUSRUNNI
NGOFTI
ME(
SECTI
ON9)
I
ti
saf
undament
alpr
i
nci
pl
eofl
awofl
i
mi
t
at
i
ont
hat"
Oncet
het
i
mehascommenced
t
or
uni
twi
l
lnotceaset
odosobyr
easonofanysubsequentev
ent
.
"I
not
herwor
ds,
t
het
i
mer
unscont
i
nuousl
yandwi
t
houtanybr
eakor
:i
nt
er
r
upt
i
onunt
i
lt
heent
i
r
e
pr
escr
i
bed per
i
odhas r
un outand no di
sabi
l
i
t
y ori
nabi
l
i
t
yt
o sue occur
r
i
ng
subsequent
l
ycanst
opi
t
.Thi
sr
ul
ehasbeenembodi
edi
nSect
i
on9oft
heActi
nt
he
f
ol
l
owi
ngwor
ds:
"
Wher
eoncet
i
mehasbegunt
or
un,
nosubsequentdi
sabi
l
i
t
yori
nabi
l
i
t
yt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
ea
sui
tormakeanappl
i
cat
i
onst
opsi
t
.
"
Pr
ov
i
dedt
hat
,wher
el
et
t
er
sofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
ont
ot
heest
at
eofacr
edi
t
orhav
ebeen
gr
ant
edt
ohi
sdebt
or
,
t
her
unni
ngoft
heper
i
odofal
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orasui
tt
or
ecov
ert
he
debtshal
l
besuspendedwhi
l
eadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
oncont
i
nues.
"
Thi
sSect
i
onappl
i
esnotonl
yt
osui
t
sbutt
oappl
i
cat
i
onsaswel
l
.Thi
shasnotbeen
expr
essl
ypr
ov
i
dedi
nt
heSect
i
on.
I
fatt
hedat
eonwhi
cht
hecauseofact
i
onar
oset
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fwasundernodi
sabi
l
i
t
y
,
ori
nabi
l
i
t
y
,t
hent
i
mewi
l
lnat
ur
al
l
ybegi
nt
or
unagai
nsthi
m becauset
her
ei
sno
r
easonwhyt
heor
di
nar
yl
awshoul
dnothav
ef
ul
loper
at
i
on.Sect
i
on9say
st
hatonce
t
i
mehasbegunt
or
un,nosubsequentdi
sabi
l
i
t
yori
nabi
l
i
t
yt
osuecanst
opi
t
s
r
unni
ng.Thi
sappl
i
est
oaper
sonhi
msel
faswel
last
ohi
sr
epr
esent
at
i
v
esi
ni
nt
er
est
af
t
erhi
sdeat
h.
TheSect
i
oncont
empl
at
esacaseofsubsequentandnotofi
ni
t
i
aldi
sabi
l
i
t
y
,
t
hati
s,
i
t
cont
empl
at
est
hosecaseswher
et
hedi
sabi
l
i
t
yoccur
r
edaf
t
ert
heaccr
ualoft
he
causeofact
i
on;
wher
eascasesofi
ni
t
i
aldi
sabi
l
i
t
yhav
ebeenpr
ov
i
dedf
orbySect
i
on
6.
Di
sabi
l
i
t
yori
nabi
l
i
t
yt
o sue:Di
sabi
l
i
t
yhasbeen def
i
ned ast
he wantofl
egal
qual
i
f
i
cat
i
ont
oactandi
nabi
l
i
t
yoft
hephy
si
calper
sont
oact
.Thusaccor
di
ngt
o
Cal
cut
t
a Hi
gh Cour
ti
n Poor
an Chandr
av
.Sasson,
AI
R 1919Cal
.1018,
di
sabi
l
i
t
y
i
st
hest
at
eofbei
ngmi
nor
,
i
nsaneori
di
ot
,
wher
easi
l
l
ness,
pov
er
t
yet
c.ar
ei
nst
ances
ofi
nabi
l
i
t
y
.
I
nUni
onofI
ndi
av
.Tat
aEngi
neer
i
ngandLocomot
i
v
eCo.Lt
d.AI
R1989Pat
.272
i
twasobser
v
ed"
t
r
uei
ti
st
hati
nt
er
msofSect
i
on9whent
i
mehasbegunt
or
un,
no
subsequentdi
sabi
l
i
t
yori
nabi
l
i
t
yt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
easui
t
ormakeanappl
i
cat
i
onst
opsi
tbut
Sect
i
on9doesnotpr
ov
i
def
oracomput
at
i
onofper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
"
Except
i
ons:
The pr
i
nci
pl
e ofSect
i
on 9 i
s st
r
i
ct
l
y appl
i
edand no except
i
ons ot
hert
han
t
hosewhi
cht
heActi
t
sel
fpr
escr
i
bescanber
ecogni
sed.Thust
her
unni
ngoft
i
mei
s
suspendedi
nf
ol
l
owi
ngei
ghtcases1.Thepr
ov
i
sot
oSect
i
on9cont
ai
nsexcept
i
ont
ot
hegener
alr
ul
et
hatoncet
i
me
begi
nst
or
un,
nosubsequentdi
sabi
l
i
t
yori
nabi
l
i
t
yt
osuecanst
opi
t
.Thepr
ov
i
sol
ay
s
downt
hatwhenadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofanest
at
ehasbeengi
v
ent
oadebt
oroft
he
deceased,not
i
mewi
l
lr
unagai
nstsuchadebt
orunt
i
lt
headmi
ni
st
r
at
i
onofest
at
e
whi
chhasbeenent
r
ust
edt
ohi
m hasbeenf
i
ni
shed.I
nsuchcases,t
hel
awpr
ev
ent
s
t
hedut
yofpr
oper
l
yadmi
ni
st
er
i
ngt
heest
at
et
ocomei
nt
oconf
l
i
ctwi
t
ht
her
i
ghtof
t
heper
sont
osuef
ort
hedebt
,
t
hehandt
ogi
v
eandt
hehandt
or
ecei
v
ei
st
hesame.
2.
Thet
i
mespenti
nobt
ai
ni
ngacopyoft
hedecr
ee,
sent
enceoror
derappeal
edf
r
om
orsoughtt
ober
ev
i
ewedshal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
ecomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on
pr
escr
i
bedf
oranappealoranappl
i
cat
i
onf
orl
eav
et
oappl
i
cat
i
onandanappl
i
cat
i
on
f
orr
ev
i
ewofj
udgment
.I
nt
hesamewayt
het
i
mespenti
nobt
ai
ni
ngt
hecopyoft
he
awar
d shal
lbe excl
uded,whi
l
e comput
i
ng t
he per
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on t
of
i
l
e an
appl
i
cat
i
ont
osetasi
deanawar
d(
Sect
i
on12)
.
3.
Thet
i
met
akenf
orpr
osecut
i
nganappl
i
cat
i
onf
orl
eav
ei
st
obeexcl
udedi
fl
eav
ei
s
necessar
ywhi
l
ecomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orasui
torappeal
(
Sect
i
on13)
.
4.
When t
he pl
ai
nt
i
f
fhas been pr
osecut
i
ng wi
t
h due di
l
i
gence anot
hersame
pr
oceedi
ngst
het
i
mespenti
ni
tshal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
ecomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odof
l
i
mi
t
at
i
on(
Sect
i
on14)
.
5.Whenani
nj
unct
i
onor
derhasbeenobt
ai
nedt
ost
ayt
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofsui
t
,
t
het
i
me
Gpenti
nobt
ai
ni
ngi
nj
unct
i
onoror
dershal
lbeexcl
udedwhi
l
ecomput
i
ngt
heper
i
od
ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on(
Sect
i
on15(
1)
.
6.Whennot
i
cei
sser
v
edbef
or
et
hei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofasui
t
,t
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
onshal
lbe
suspendeddur
i
ngt
heper
i
odofnot
i
ce(
Sect
i
on15(
1)
7.The per
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on shal
lbe suspended dur
i
ng t
he t
i
me f
orwhi
ch t
he
pr
oceedi
ngst
osetasi
det
hesal
ehav
ebeenpr
osecut
edi
nasui
tf
orpossessi
onby
pur
chaseratanexecut
i
onsal
e(
Sect
i
on15(
4)
.
8.
I
ft
hedef
endanti
sabsentf
r
om I
ndi
aori
nt
het
er
r
i
t
or
i
esbey
ondI
ndi
a,undert
he
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onoft
heCent
r
alGov
er
nment
,t
het
i
meupt
owhi
chhehasbeenabsent
shal
l
beexcl
udedwhi
l
ecomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on(
Sect
i
on15(
5)
)
.
COMPUTATI
ON OF PERI
ODOF LI
MI
TATI
ON AND EXCLUSI
ON OFTI
ME I
N
ROCEEDI
NG
Sect
i
on3ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onActgi
v
est
hegener
alr
ul
eofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbypr
ov
i
di
ng
"
Subj
ectt
ot
hepr
ov
i
si
onscont
ai
nedi
nSect
i
ons4t
o24,ev
er
ysui
ti
nst
i
t
ut
ed,appeal
pr
ef
er
r
ed,and appl
i
cat
i
on made af
t
ert
hepr
escr
i
bed per
i
od shal
lbe di
smi
ssed
al
t
houghl
i
mi
t
at
i
onhasnotbeensetupasadef
ence.
"
Sot
her
ul
et
hatsui
t
,
appealorappl
i
cat
i
onf
i
l
edaf
t
ert
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on,
shal
lbe
di
smi
ssedi
ssubj
ectt
opr
ov
i
si
onscont
ai
nedi
nSect
i
ons4t
o24oft
heAct
.Sect
i
ons
12t
o15ofLi
mi
t
at
i
onActpr
ov
i
def
ori
t
,excl
udi
ngcer
t
ai
nper
i
odswhi
l
ecomput
i
ng
t
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onpr
escr
i
bed.
Sect
i
on12ofActsay
st
hati
ncomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onofanysui
t
,appeal
orappl
i
cat
i
ona.t
hedayf
r
om whi
chper
i
odi
st
ober
eckoned.
b.t
hedayonwhi
chj
udgmentcompl
ai
nedofwaspr
onounced.
c.t
i
mer
equi
si
t
ef
orobt
ai
ni
ngacopyofdecr
ee,sent
enceoror
derappeal
edf
r
om or
soughtt
ober
ev
i
sedorr
ev
i
ewed.
d.t
i
mer
equi
si
t
ef
orobt
ai
ni
ngt
hecopyofj
udgmentonwhi
chdecr
eeoror
deri
s
f
ounded.
e.t
i
mer
equi
si
t
ef
orobt
ai
ni
ngacopyofawar
dshal
l
beexcl
uded.
I
nPar
t
hasar
t
hyv
.St
at
eofA.
P.AI
R1966SC38,i
twasobser
v
edt
hati
ncomput
i
ng
orcal
cul
at
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
r
om apar
t
i
cul
arpoi
nt
,Sect
i
on12enabl
est
he
excl
usi
onofat
i
mef
r
om t
hatper
i
odcausedbyanev
entt
hati
nt
er
v
enedbet
weent
he
commencementandt
er
mi
nat
i
onofsai
dper
i
od.
Sect
i
on13oft
heActl
ay
sdownt
hatt
het
i
medur
i
ngwhi
cht
heappl
i
canthasappl
i
ed
f
orl
eav
et
osueas'
pauper
'
shal
lbeex
cl
uded.Accor
di
ngt
ot
hi
sSect
i
on,appl
i
cat
i
on
musthav
ebeenmadef
orper
mi
ssi
ont
osueaspauperi
nasui
tandsamei
sr
ej
ect
ed.
Sucht
i
mewhi
cht
heappl
i
canthasspenti
ngoodf
ai
t
hf
orobt
ai
ni
ngper
mi
ssi
on,
shal
l
beexcl
udedi
ncomput
i
ngpr
escr
i
bedper
i
oduponpay
mentofcour
tf
ees.
Sect
i
on14oft
heActt
henpr
ov
i
des:
I
ncomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onpr
escr
i
bedf
orsui
torappl
i
cat
i
on,t
het
i
me
dur
i
ngwhi
cht
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fhasbeenpr
osecut
i
ngwi
t
hduedi
l
i
genceanot
herci
v
i
l
pr
oceedi
ng,shoul
dbeexcl
uded.Thepr
oceedi
ngi
nsuchacaseshoul
dhav
ebeen
f
oundedupont
hesamecauseofact
i
onandi
spr
osecut
edi
ngoodf
ai
t
hi
ncour
t
whi
chf
r
om def
ectofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onorot
hercauseofl
i
kenat
ur
e,
i
st
oent
er
t
ai
ni
t
.
I
nMadhavRaoNar
ay
anRaoPat
war
dhanV.R.K.Gov
i
ndBhanuAI
R1958SC767
I
twasobser
v
edt
hat"
t
heessent
i
alr
equi
si
t
esf
orappl
i
cat
i
onofSect
i
on14oft
heAct
ar
et
hatt
hepar
t
yseeki
ngt
hebenef
i
tofSect
i
on14hadt
oaf
f
i
r
mat
i
v
el
yshow
i
.t
hathehadbeenpr
osecut
i
ngt
hepr
ev
i
oussui
twi
t
hdi
l
i
gence
i
i
.t
hatt
hemat
t
eri
ni
ssuei
nt
hepr
ev
i
oussui
tandnewsui
tar
et
hesame
i
i
i
.t
hatt
hepr
ev
i
oussui
twaspr
osecut
edi
ngoodf
ai
t
h,
and
i
v
. t
hatt
he cour
twas unabl
e t
o ent
er
t
ai
nt
hatsui
tonaccount of def
ect
ofj
ur
i
sdi
ct
i
onorot
hercauseofal
i
kenat
ur
e.
ThenSect
i
on15oft
heActpr
ov
i
des1.
I
ncomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orappl
i
cat
i
onf
ort
heexecut
i
onofadecr
ee,
t
heexecut
i
onofwhi
chhasbeenst
ay
edbyi
nj
unct
i
onoror
der
,t
het
i
meoft
he
cont
i
nuanceoft
hei
nj
unct
i
onoror
der
,t
hedayonwhi
chi
twasi
ssuedormade,and
t
hedayonwhi
chi
twaswi
t
hdr
awni
st
obeexcl
uded.
2.
I
ncomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
oranysui
tofwhi
chnot
i
cehasbeengi
v
en
orf
orwhi
cht
heconsentorsanct
i
onoft
hegov
er
nmentoranyot
heraut
hor
i
t
yi
s
r
equi
r
edi
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
her
equi
r
ement
sofanyl
awf
ort
het
i
mebei
ngi
nf
or
ce
ofsuchnot
i
ceorast
hecasemaybe,t
het
i
mef
orobt
ai
ni
ngsuchconsentor
sanct
i
oni
st
obeexcl
uded.
3.
I
ncomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
oranysui
torappl
i
cat
i
onf
orexecut
i
onof
adecr
ee by anyr
ecei
v
er or '
i
nt
er
i
m r
ecei
v
er
'appoi
nt
ed i
n pr
oceedi
ngs f
or
t
headj
udi
cat
i
onofaper
sonasorani
nsol
v
entorbyanyl
i
qui
dat
ororpr
ov
i
si
onal
l
i
qui
dat
orappoi
nt
edi
npr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
hewi
ndi
ngupofacompany
,t
heper
i
od
begi
nni
ngwi
t
ht
hedat
eofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofsuchpr
oceedi
ngsandendi
ngwi
t
ht
hedat
e
ofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
onofsuchpr
oceedi
ngsandendi
ngwi
t
ht
heexpi
r
yoft
hr
eemont
hsf
r
om
t
hedat
eofappoi
nt
mentofsuchr
ecei
v
erorl
i
qui
dat
or
,ast
hecasemaybe,i
st
obe
excl
uded.
4.
I
ncomput
i
ngt
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orasui
tf
orpossessi
onbyapur
chaser'
ata
sal
ei
nexecut
i
onofadecr
ee't
het
i
medur
i
ngwhi
chapr
oceedi
ngt
osetasi
det
he
sal
ehasbeenpr
osecut
edi
st
obeexcl
uded.
5.I
n comput
i
ng t
heper
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
oranysui
tt
he t
i
me dur
i
ng whi
ch t
he
def
endanthasabsent
edf
r
om I
ndi
aandf
r
om t
het
er
r
i
t
or
i
esout
si
deI
ndi
aundert
he
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
onoft
heCent
r
al
Gov
er
nmenti
st
obeexcl
uded(
Sect
i
on15)
.
EFFECTOF"
DEATH"
,
"
FRAUD"
,
"
MI
STAKE"OR"ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI
NWRI
TI
NG"
Sect
i
on 16ofI
ndi
an Li
mi
t
at
i
on Actpr
ov
i
des r
egar
di
ng t
he ef
f
ectofdeat
h,i
n
comput
i
ngt
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
onper
i
od.Sect
i
on16say
s:
1.Wher
eaper
sonwhowoul
d,
i
fhewer
el
i
v
i
ng,
hav
er
i
ghtt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
easui
torr
i
ghtt
o
makeappl
i
cat
i
on,di
esbef
or
esuchr
i
ghtaccr
uesorwher
er
i
ghtt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
esui
tor
makeappl
i
cat
i
onassur
esonl
yont
hedeat
hofaper
son,
t
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onshal
l
becomput
edf
r
om t
het
i
mewhent
her
ei
sal
egalr
epr
esent
at
i
v
eofdeceasedcapabl
e
ofi
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngsuchsui
tormaki
ngsuchappl
i
cat
i
on.
2.
Wher
eaper
sonagai
nstwhom,i
fhewer
el
i
v
i
ng,ar
i
ghtt
oi
nst
i
t
ut
esui
tormake
appl
i
cat
i
onwoul
dhav
eaccr
ued,di
esbef
or
esuchr
i
ghtaccr
uesorwher
er
i
ghtt
o
i
nst
i
t
ut
easui
tormakeappl
i
cat
i
onagai
nstanyper
sonaccr
uesonl
yondeat
hofsuch
per
son,t
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onshal
lbecomput
edf
r
om t
het
i
mewhent
her
ei
sl
egal
r
epr
esent
at
i
v
eofdeceasedagai
nstwhom pl
ai
nt
i
f
fmayi
nst
i
t
ut
esuchsui
tormake
suchappl
i
cat
i
on.
"
Sect
i
on17ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onActdeal
swi
t
ht
heef
f
ectof'
f
r
aud'or'
mi
st
ake'on
per
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onpr
escr
i
bedbyt
heAct
.
Accor
di
ngt
oSect
i
on17:Thel
i
mi
t
at
i
onshal
lbecomput
edf
r
om t
het
i
mewhent
he
f
r
aud becameknown t
ot
heper
son def
r
auded.Ther
ef
or
e,i
fanyper
sonbyt
he
exer
ci
seoff
r
audhaskeptawayot
herper
sonsf
r
om t
heknowl
edget
hathehasa
r
i
ghtt
of
i
l
easui
t
,
l
i
mi
t
at
i
onwi
l
l
becomput
edf
r
om t
het
i
mewhensuchf
r
audbecame
knownt
ot
heper
sonsodef
r
auded.
Wher
e anydocumentnecessar
yt
o est
abl
i
sh such r
i
ghthas been f
r
audul
ent
l
y
conceal
ed f
r
om hi
m orwher
et
he sui
torappl
i
cat
i
on i
sf
ort
he r
el
i
eff
r
om t
he
consequenceofami
st
ake,l
i
mi
t
at
i
onshal
lbecomput
edf
r
omt
het
i
mewhenhef
i
r
st
hast
hemeansofpr
oduci
ng t
hedocumentorcompel
l
i
ngi
t
spr
oduct
i
onandi
n
l
at
t
er
casewhent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fort
heappl
i
canthasdi
scov
er
edt
hemi
st
akeorcoul
d
hav
edi
scov
er
edi
t
.I
tshoul
dbef
r
om t
hedat
eoft
hedi
scov
er
yoft
hedocument
.
Thef
ol
l
owi
ngar
et
heessent
i
al
condi
t
i
onsf
orget
t
i
ngt
headv
ant
ageoft
heabov
e
Sect
i
on:
1)Thecauseofact
i
onofpl
ai
nt
i
f
fhasbeenconceal
edf
r
om hi
m byf
r
aud.
2)Thef
r
audhasbeendonebyt
hedef
endantoraper
sont
hr
oughhi
m orwhocl
ai
ms
underhi
m.
3)Thepl
ai
nti
si
nt
i
mesi
ncet
hedi
scov
er
yoft
hef
r
aud.
Except
i
ons:
Thef
ol
l
owi
ng,
howev
er
,
ar
eexcept
i
onst
ot
her
ul
el
ai
ddownabov
e:
"
Not
hi
ngi
nt
hi
sSect
i
onshal
lenabl
eanysui
tt
obei
nst
i
t
ut
ed,
appl
i
cat
i
ont
obemade
t
or
ecov
erorenf
or
ceandchar
geagai
nstorsetasi
deanyt
r
ansact
i
onaf
f
ect
i
ngany
pr
oper
t
y
,
whi
ch,
1.
I
nt
hecaseoff
r
aud,i
thasbeenpur
chasedf
orv
al
uabl
econsi
der
at
i
onbyaper
son
whowasnotapar
t
yt
ot
hef
r
audanddi
dnotatt
het
i
meoft
hepur
chaseknow or
hav
er
easont
obel
i
ev
et
hatanyf
r
audhadbeencommi
t
t
ed,
or
2.
i
nt
he case ofmi
st
ake,i
thas been pur
chased f
orv
al
uabl
e consi
der
at
i
on
subsequent
l
yt
ot
het
r
ansact
i
oni
nwhi
cht
hemi
st
akewasmadebyaper
sonwhodi
d
notknow,
orhav
er
easont
obel
i
ev
e,
t
hatt
hemi
st
akehadbeenmade,
or
3.
I
nt
he case ofa conceal
ed document
,i
thas been pur
chased f
orv
al
uabl
e
consi
der
at
i
onbyaper
sonwhowasnotapar
t
yt
ot
heconceal
mentand,di
dnotat
t
het
i
meofpur
chaseknoworhav
er
easont
o bel
i
ev
et
hatdocumenthasbeen
conceal
ed.
"
Themai
nobj
ectoft
hi
sSect
i
ont
okeept
her
i
ghtofaper
sont
osuesuspendedso
l
ongashei
snotmadeawar
eoft
hef
r
audt
obecommi
t
t
edagai
nsthi
m.Such
aper
i
odi
sexcl
udedf
r
om t
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.I
ti
sbasedont
he
pr
i
nci
pl
et
hataper
sonshoul
dnotbedepr
i
v
edofhi
sl
egalr
i
ghtt
o suesi
mpl
y
becauset
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onex
pi
r
edandhecoul
dnothav
eknowl
edgeoff
r
aud
donewi
t
hhi
m orl
i
kel
yt
obedonewi
t
hhi
m.
Accor
di
ngt
oSect
i
on17(
1)wher
et
heex
ecut
i
onofadecr
eeoror
derwi
t
hi
nt
heper
i
o
dofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onhasbeenpr
ev
ent
edbyf
r
audorf
or
ceoft
hej
udgmentdebt
or
,
t
hecour
t
mayon t
heappl
i
cat
i
on ofj
udgmentcr
edi
t
or
madeaf
t
ert
heexpi
r
yofper
i
odof
l
i
mi
t
at
i
on,ext
end t
he per
i
od f
ort
heex
ecut
i
on ofdecr
ee oror
der
.Butsuchan
appl
i
cat
i
onmustbemadebyt
hej
udgmentcr
edi
t
orwi
t
hi
noney
earf
r
om t
hedat
eof
di
scov
er
yoff
r
audor
t
hecessi
onoff
or
ceast
hecasemaybe
Val
i
dAcknowl
edgementunderSect
i
on18:
Sect
i
on18ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onActl
ay
s
down:
1.
Wher
ebef
or
et
heexpi
r
at
i
onoft
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odf
orasui
torappl
i
cat
i
oni
n
r
espectofanypr
oper
t
yorr
i
ght
,anacknowl
edgementofl
i
abi
l
i
t
yi
nr
espectofsuch
pr
oper
t
yorr
i
ghthasbeenmadei
nwr
i
t
i
ngsi
gnedbyt
hepar
t
yagai
nstwhom such
pr
oper
t
yorr
i
ghti
scl
ai
med,orbyanyper
sont
hr
oughwhom heder
i
v
eshi
st
i
t
l
eor
l
i
abi
l
i
t
y
,af
r
eshper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onshal
lbecomput
edf
r
om t
het
i
mewhent
he
acknowl
edgementwassosi
gned.
2.
Wher
et
hewr
i
t
i
ngcont
ai
ni
ngt
heacknowl
edgementi
sundat
edor
alev
i
dencemay
begi
v
enoft
het
i
mewheni
twassi
gned;butsubj
ectt
ot
hepr
ov
i
si
onsoft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
i
denceAct
,
1872,
or
al
ev
i
denceofi
t
scont
ent
sshal
l
notber
ecei
v
ed.
"
Expl
anat
i
on(
a)addedt
oSect
i
on18say
s"
anacknowl
edgementmaybesuf
f
i
ci
ent
t
houghi
tomi
t
st
ospeci
f
yt
heexactnat
ur
eoft
hepr
oper
t
yorr
i
ght
,orav
er
st
hatt
he
t
i
me f
orpay
ment
,del
i
v
er
y
,per
f
or
mance orenj
oy
menthasnoty
etcome ori
s
accompani
edbyar
ef
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i
v
er
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f
or
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tt
oenj
oy
,ori
scoupl
ed
wi
t
hacl
ai
mt
osetof
f
,ori
saddr
essedt
oaper
sonot
hert
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sonent
i
t
l
ed,t
o
t
hepr
oper
t
yorr
i
ght
.
"
Sowher
epr
escr
i
bedper
i
odf
orsui
torappl
i
cat
i
oni
nr
espectofsomepr
oper
t
yor
r
i
ghthasbegunt
or
unbuthasnotexpi
r
ed,anacknowl
edgementi
nwr
i
t
i
ngofsuch
r
i
ghthasbeenmade,
af
r
eshper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onshoul
dbecomput
edf
r
om t
het
i
me
whent
heacknowl
edgementwassosi
gned.
I
nHi
ndust
anAppar
elI
ndust
r
i
esv
.Fai
rDealCor
p.New Del
hiAI
R2000Guj261i
t
was hel
dt
hat"
t
he pay
mentofcheque whi
ch i
s di
shonour
ed woul
d amount
t
oacknowl
edgementofdebtandl
i
abi
l
i
t
yandbynecessar
yconsequencet
her
ewi
l
l
besav
i
ngofI
mi
t
at
i
onasenv
i
sagedbySect
i
on18ofLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
.Achequewoul
d
pr
i
maf
aci
eamountt
oanadmi
ssi
onofdebtunl
esscont
r
ar
yi
nt
ent
i
onhasbeen
expr
essedbyt
heper
soni
ssui
ngt
hecheque.
"
Thepr
i
nci
pl
eonwhi
chSect
i
on18i
sbasedi
st
hatt
hebarofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onshoul
dnot
beal
l
owedt
ooper
at
ei
ncasesi
nwhi
cht
heex
i
st
enceofacl
ai
mi
sacknowl
edgedby
per
sonswhoar
eundert
hel
i
abi
l
i
t
y
.
I
nTi
l
akRam v
.Nat
huAI
R1967SC935i
twaspoi
nt
edoutt
hatt
heSect
i
onr
equi
r
es
(
i
)anadmi
ssi
onoracknowl
edgement(
i
i
)suchacknowl
edgementmustbeofa
l
i
abi
l
i
t
yi
nr
espectofpr
oper
t
yorr
i
ght(
i
i
i
)i
tmustbemadebef
or
et
heexpi
r
yofper
i
od
ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on(
i
v
)i
tshoul
dbei
nwr
i
t
i
ngandsi
gnedbyt
hepar
t
yagai
nstwhom such
pr
oper
t
yorr
i
ghti
scl
ai
med.
ACQUI
SI
TI
ONOFOWNERSHI
PBYPOSSESSI
ON
Thegener
alr
ul
eofl
aw ofl
i
mi
1at
i
oni
st
hat
,i
tonl
ybar
st
her
emedy
-anddoes
notext
i
ngui
sht
her
i
ghti
t
sel
f
.I
not
herwor
dsl
awofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onl
ay
sdownt
her
ul
et
hat
whenasui
torappeal
orappl
i
cat
i
oni
sf
i
l
edaf
t
ert
hepr
escr
i
bedper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on,
t
hensuchsui
torappealorappl
i
cat
i
onshal
lbedi
smi
ssed,
suchdi
smi
ssalmeanst
he
cour
twi
l
l
notgr
antr
emedyi
faskedf
oraf
t
ert
hepr
escr
i
bedofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbutl
awdoes
notdi
sput
et
her
i
ghtofl
i
t
i
gant
.
Sect
i
on27ofActi
st
heexcept
i
ont
ot
hi
sgener
alpr
i
nci
pl
esof
arassui
t
sf
or
possessi
onofpr
oper
t
yar
econcer
nedandl
ay
sdownt
hataf
t
ert
heexpi
r
yofper
i
od
t
huspr
escr
i
bedf
ori
nst
i
t
ut
i
ngasui
tf
orpossessi
onofanypr
oper
t
y
,t
heper
sonwho
shoul
dhav
ei
nst
i
t
ut
edsuchsui
tbuthasf
ai
l
edt
odoso,
shal
lceaset
ohav
eanyr
i
ght
t
ot
hepr
oper
t
y
.Af
t
ert
heexpi
r
yofi
t
sper
i
odt
hel
awdecl
ar
essi
mpl
yt
hatnotonl
yt
he
r
emedyi
sbar
r
edbutt
hatt
i
t
l
ei
sex
t
i
ncti
nf
av
ouroft
hepossessor
.
I
nBanar
siDasv
.Ji
wanRam,AI
R1995P&H85i
twasobser
v
ed"Abar
eper
usal
ofSect
i
on27ofI
ndi
anLi
mi
t
at
i
onActwoul
dshowt
hataf
t
erexpi
r
yoft
heper
i
odof
l
i
mi
t
at
i
onpr
escr
i
bedf
orf
i
l
i
ngsui
tf
orpossessi
onundert
heLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
,ev
ent
he
r
i
ghtt
osuef
orpossessi
oni
sext
i
ngui
shed.
"
Ar
t
i
cl
e64ofSchedul
eofLi
mi
t
at
i
onActsay
st
hatper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onf
orsui
tf
or
possessi
onofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
ybasedonpr
ev
i
ouspossessi
onandnotont
i
t
l
e,
whent
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
fwhi
l
ei
npossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
t
yhasbeendi
spossessedi
s
"
t
wel
v
ey
ear
s"andsuchper
i
odbegi
nst
or
unf
r
om t
hedat
eofsuchdi
spossessi
onof
pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.Ar
t
i
cl
e 65 say
st
hatper
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on f
orf
i
l
i
ng sui
tf
orpossessi
on
ofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
t
yoranyi
nt
er
estt
her
ei
nbasedont
i
t
l
ei
s"
t
wel
v
ey
ear
s"and
per
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
onbegi
nst
or
unwhent
hepossessi
onofdef
endantbecomes
adv
er
set
ot
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
f
.So i
nal
lsui
t
sf
orpossessi
onbasedondi
spossessi
on
whet
herpl
ai
nt
i
f
fhadt
i
t
l
eornot
,t
hebur
denofpr
oofi
sont
hepl
ai
nt
i
f
ft
opr
ov
et
hat
hewasi
npossessi
onandwasdi
spossessedwi
t
hi
n12y
ear
soff
i
l
i
ngsui
tandi
nsui
t
f
orpossessi
onbasedont
i
t
l
e,bur
denofpr
oofi
sondef
endantt
opr
ov
et
hathi
s
possessi
onov
ersui
tpr
oper
t
ybecomesadv
er
set
opl
ai
nt
i
f
ff
orbey
ond12y
ear
sof
t
hesui
t
,upont
hepr
oofofdef
endantbei
ngi
nadv
er
sepossessi
onf
orpr
oper
t
yf
or
per
i
odofbey
ond12y
ear
s(
aper
i
odwhi
chAr
t
i
cl
e65pr
escr
i
beswi
t
hi
nwhi
chpl
ai
nt
i
f
f
canf
i
l
esui
tf
orpossessi
onont
hebasi
soft
i
t
l
e)
,pl
ai
nt
i
f
f
sr
i
ghtt
opr
oper
t
ywi
l
l
ext
i
ngui
sh0possessor
.
The conceptofadv
er
se possessi
on cont
empl
at
es a host
i
l
e possessi
on i
.
e.
,a
possessi
onwhi
chi
sexpr
essl
yori
mpl
i
edl
yi
ndeni
aloft
het
i
t
l
eoft
het
r
ueowner
.
Possessi
on t
o be adv
er
se mustbe a possessi
on bya per
son who does not
acknowl
edget
heot
her
'
sr
i
ght
sbutdeni
est
hem.
Thef
ul
lper
i
odpr
escr
i
bedf
orasui
tf
orpossessi
onmusthav
eexpi
r
ed,
ot
her
wi
set
he
t
i
t
l
eoft
het
r
ueowneri
snotext
i
ngui
shedi
nf
av
ourofwr
ongdoer
.Anownerdoesnot
l
osehi
sr
i
ghtt
oi
tmer
el
ybecausei
thappensnott
obei
npossessi
onofi
tf
ort
wel
v
e
y
ear
s buthi
sr
i
ghti
s ext
i
ngui
shed onl
y when somebody el
se i
si
n adv
er
se
possessi
onofpr
oper
t
yofl
awf
ulownerandnosui
tf
orpossessi
onhasbeenf
i
l
ed
wi
t
hi
n pr
escr
i
bed per
i
od ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.I
nst
i
t
ut
i
on oft
he sui
tf
orpossessi
on i
s
suf
f
i
ci
entt
obart
heoper
at
i
onofSect
i
on27ofLi
mi
t
at
i
onAct
.
I
MPORTANTQUESTI
ONS
Q.
1.Wher
e oncet
i
mehas begunt
o r
un,
no subsequentdi
sabi
l
i
t
yor i
nabi
l
i
t
yt
9
suest
opsi
t
"
.Expl
ai
nwi
t
hi
l
l
ust
r
at
i
onsandexcept
i
ons.
Q.
2.What i
st
he ef
f
ect off
r
aud ormi
st
akeon t
hecomput
at
i
onof t
heper
i
od
ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on?
Q.
3.Gi
v
ei
l
l
ust
r
at
i
ons t
oexpl
ai
n whati
s andwhat i
snot "
suf
f
i
ci
ent cause"f
or
t
hepur
poseoft
heext
ensi
onoft
heper
i
odofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
Q.
4.
Whati
st
heef
f
ectofacknowl
edgementofl
i
abi
l
i
t
yont
heper
i
09ofl
i
mi
t
at
i
on?
Di
scuss.
Q.
5.Li
mi
t
at
i
onbar
st
her
emedybutdoesnotext
i
ngui
shest
her
i
ght
.Expl
ai
n?