PHILO REVIEWER LESSON I Philosophy - ideas, views, principles, perspectives, or beliefs held either by individuals or groups of individuals, regardless of the specific nature. - academic subject or course taught usually in colleges, universities, and seminaries. - Greek word : Philos - Love, Sophia – Wisdom Study of Philosophy - way of analyzing ideas and frameworks Characteristics of a Wise Man: 1. They educate themselves 2. They are disciplined 3. They admit their mistakes and learn from them 4. They are patient 5. They take instruction humbly 6. They can handle rejection and failure 7. They know that they can only control themselves 8. They are guided by wisdom 9. They know their priorities 10. They are trustworthy and steadfast 11. They take calculated risks 12. They make the most of their relationships 13. They don't live beyond their means 14. They don't pay full price 15. They don't waste money Partial Perspective - looks at only a limited number of aspects Holistic Perspective - considers large-scale patterns in systems The value of doing Philosophy: 1. Helps develop the ability to form opinions and beliefs 2. Helps a person to be resilient when in face of disorder and doubts 3. Deepens self-awareness and awareness of the world 4. Helps to be creative and imaginative 5. Helps to develop clear concepts and value system 6. Helps refine power of analysis Reflection - It is an important aspect of philosophy. - Examining one's thoughts, feelings, and actions and learning from experience. LESSON II Propositions - Statements about the world or reality May or may not carry the truth Usually stated as short statements or sentences Knowledge - Clear awareness and understanding of something Comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true Fact - Observed to be true or truthful Something that could be verifiable Doubt - Has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth How do we know if something is true? 1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses 2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts 3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief 4. Statements are only true if they can be applied in real life 5. Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests to determine truth Marcus Aurelius - “Everything we hear is an opinion, not a fact. Everything we see is a perspective, not the truth.” Conclusion Beliefs Judgement based on facts PHILO REVIEWER - Statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts Fallacy of Division - Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts Explanations - Assume the claim to be true & provide reasons why the statement is true Correspondence or attribution effect Arguments - Biases Provide reasons to convince that a claim or opinion is truthful Fallacies & Biases - Confirmation bias Fallacy - Ad Hominem - Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself Appeal to Force - Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument Appeal to Emotion - The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot people accept it Appeal to Tradition - The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one’s own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it. Framing - Focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects Hindsight - Using emotions such as pity or sympathy Appeal to Popular - Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his/her actions without regard for external factors or influences The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events Conflict of interest - A person or group is connected to or has a vested interested in the issue being discussed Cultural bias - Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards Begging the Question - Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true Also known as circular argument Cause-and-Effect - Assuming a cause-and-effect relationship between unrelated events LESSON III Man - General term for human race Human - Homo sapiens or modern human beings Fallacy of Composition Human Being - Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole - Distinguish man from other animals PHILO REVIEWER Person - How are the body and the spirit related? Human being granted recognition of certain rights, responsibilities etc. Personhood - - Philosophers considers Human person as the union of the body and spirit. - The human person is an embodied spirit State of being person Human nature LESSON IV - Distinguish humans from all other creatures How do we know that we are human person - Physical comparison – non-living things / animals Traits and capabilities Humankind - - Humans is not only capable of transforming the world, but also understanding the laws which govern nature He may treat it as a source of raw materials Traits that defines a person Values of human kind Self-awareness - Clear perception of oneself Enables us persons to experience the “inner world” Prudence – ability to regulate ones activities Frugality – being thrifty with resources Self determination Human person in the environment - - Capability of persons to make choices and decisions based on their own preference Free will – capacity to choose a course of action Consequence – result or effect of an action Externality - - - Philosophy seeks to explore the relationship between humanity and environment Environment philosophy or environmental ethics Environmental Philosophers - Capability to reach out with others Tackle issue as humanity’s role in the world Dignity - Major Views Innate right to be valued and respected Anthropocentrism Spirit - Intangible element which enables us to exercise thought, possess awareness etc. Transcendence – ability to surpass limits - Humans are able to meet their needs and survive Biocentrism - Believes that humans are not the only significant species on planet PHILO REVIEWER Ecocentrism - Three important principles of Sustainability Delivers the values on ecosystem and biological communities. Environmental integrity - maintaining the state of environment Economic Efficiency Benefit of clean and orderly environment - Safety Well being Health - minimum to zero waste of using resources Equity - conserved for the next generation to use Environmental aesthetics - Maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of it Guide in using Resources Prudence - regulate ones action and behavior Disorders Natural calamities - Typhoons, earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruption Frugality - being thrifty with the use of resources Human Factor - Pollution, environmental degradation, depletion of natural resources, global warming, climate change Environmentalism - Perspective advocates to address environmental problems Environmental Ethics - Moral approach about the relationship of human and environment Guide or basis for reflecting on how our actions show our regard for nature What can you do to uphold Environmentalism Sustainability or Sustainable development - Make wise decision regarding the use of natural resources for future use GOODLUCK!!! PAPASA TAYO
