Welcome to Class
Spring 2022
Environmental Chemistry
CH 4303/8383 – Section 01
MWF 12-12:50
Old Main 1220
Dr. Todd Mlsna
2239 Hand Lab
tmlsna@chemistry.msstate.edu
Cell: 662.617.5553
Office Hours: MTh 1:30 – 2:30
Class Introduction
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Understand Syllabus
How to do well in this class
Attendance – scan in
Chapter 1
Text book
Canvas
Online Class Information
• Syllabus
• Lectures
• Grades
• Project Guidelines
• Worked Exams
• Study Guides
• Practice Tests
Grading 4303
Point Source
Day
Date
Time
Points
Exam 1
Wednesday
February 16
in class
100
Exam 2
Friday
March 25
in class
100
Exam 3
Monday
May 2
in class
100
Final Exam
Thursday
May 5
12-3
100
Homework
All semester
50
Quizzes
All semester
50
In class assign
All semester
50
Presentations
Feb 23/March3/April 7
50
600
Total Points Available
Final Average
%
Final Grade
>540
>90%
A
> 480
> 80%
B
>420
>70%
C
> 360
> 60%
D
< 360
< 60%
F
Grading 8383
Point Source
Day
Date
Exam 1
Exam 2
Exam 3
Final Exam
Homework
Lecture
In class assign
Quizzes
Lit Report
Presentations
Wednesday
Friday
Monday
Thursday
February 14
March 25
May 2
May 5
All semester
All semester
All semester
All semester
March 4/April 4
Time
Points
in class
in class
in class
12-3
100
100
100
100
50
50
50
50
50
50
700
Feb 23/March3/April 7
Total Points Available
Final Average
%
Final Grade
>630
>90%
A
> 560
> 80%
B
>490
>70%
C
> 420
> 60%
D
< 420
< 60%
F
Homework and Quizzes
Homework
• Each Chapter
Quizzes
• Every Friday – 11 total
In class assignments
• Periodically
Online Upload
Literature Paper Review (grad only)
Literature Assignment:
Each grad student must write an overview report on a current environmental
chemistry topic.
Format:
The summary must be over 2000 words double-spaced.
Grading:
The summary will be graded on its ability to accurately summarize the topic.
In addition, the summary will be graded on its grammar, spelling, and
typography – grading Rubric posted.
Topic (paper) Due Feb 4, 2022
Literature Paper Due March 4, 2022
Details on Canvas
Presentations (Grad and Undergrad)
Presentations
• Due Date – April 7
• I will assign a group of 4 students (let me know off any
special considerations)
• Topic – Pick a local topic of current interest in the field of
environmental chemistry – due February 23.
• 30 second mini clip of the video is due March 3
• Prepare a news program like video clip of 4-6 minutes.
Guidelines
• Submit video clip and a 1 sentence description of the role of
each student.
• I will be flexible on content – however I want to be
entertained and I want to learn something.
Presenting a Paper to Class (Grad Only)
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Present a recent approved paper
Volunteer for a date or I will assign
Should take 5 – 10 minutes
Start with 2 questions (this is for everyone and will
be considered test material)
How to do well
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Read ahead
Print out lectures before class
Quick look at lecture notes before class
Follow along and write notes
Homework – on time and understand
Practice problems (from homework, book and lecture)
Attend class/in class problems
Work a little bit every day
Get in a study group
Get help (me or study group)
Study for exams
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Study Guides
Practice Test
Homework (again and without help)
In class assignments
Class Rules
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No headphones
No texting
Please be on time and be respectful
Talking
– Ask/answer questions anytime
– OK during in class questions
– Not OK the rest of the time
Tentative Schedule - Lecture
Week
Dates
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
1
2
3
4
5
6
1/19-1/21
1/24-1/28
1/31-2/4
2/7-2/111
2/14-2/18
2/21-2/25
CH2
CH3
CH5
CH6/7
CH8
Intro/CH1
CH2
CH4
CH5
Exam 1
CH8
7
2/28-3/4
CH9
CH10
8
3/7-3/11
CH11
CH11
CH1 Q1
CH3 Q2
CH4 Q3
CH6 Q4
CH7
CH9 Q5
CH10 Q6
Report Due
CH12 Q7
9
3/14-3/18
Spring Break
Spring Break
Spring Break
10
3/21-3/25
CH12
CH13
Exam 2
11
3/28-4/1
CH 13 Report
Grading
CH14
CH14 Q8
12
4/4-4/8
CH15
CH16 Q9
13
14
15
16
4/11-4/15
4/18-4/22
4/25-4/29
5/2
CH17
CH 17
CH20
Holiday
CH18 Q10
CH20 Q11
Report Due
CH15
CH16
Holiday
CH18
Exam 3
Section 1
• Test 1 – February 16
• Chapters 1-7
Chapter 1:
Planet Earth:
Rocks, Life, and
Energy
Key words and Homework
Keywords
Big bang
Plate tectonics
Divergent boundaries
Convergent boundaries
Subduction zone
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthesis
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Thermo Laws
Molarity, PPM
K, Ksp
Nutrient cycles
Courtesy of NASA
Homework
• 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 23, 27,
31, 36-42, 61, 64
• Due 1-26 (upload to Canvas)
The Formation of the Universe
• The Big Bang
– The Universe began between 12 to
13.5 billion years ago
– Many scientists believe that all of
the matter in the universe was
once compressed into an
infinitesimally small and infinitely
dense mass that exploded with
tremendous force
• Galaxies and Stars
– As the universe expanded, it
cooled very, very slowly, and
cosmic matter gradually condensed
to form the first galaxies
– Over billions of years, the galaxies
gave birth to the early stars
Courtesy of NASA
The Formation of the Universe
• The planets in our solar System
– Solar System: A solar system is a group of planets that
revolve around a star
The Formation of the Universe
• The Sun
– The sun is the ultimate source of energy for life on Earth
– Scientists estimate that temperatures near the center of
this immense rotating sphere of extremely hot gases reach
almost 15,000,000°C (27,000,000°F)
Differentiation of the Earth into Layers
• Approximately 4.7 billion years ago the Earth was homogeneous in
composition—a dense, rocky sphere with no water on its surface and no
atmosphere
• Over time, the interior of this sphere gradually grew hotter, and the Earth
became differentiated into layers, with each layer having a different
chemical composition
• Approximately 1 billion years after the Earth was born, the Earth ceased
to be homogeneous and eventually became differentiated into three
distinct layers: the core, the mantle, and the crust
Differentiation of the Earth into Layers
Plate Tectonics
Differentiation of the Earth into Layers
• At divergent boundaries,
adjacent plates pull apart
• As a result of this spreading
apart of the sea floor,
molten rock, known as
magma, rises up from
below the lithosphere to fill
the gap between the
receding plates
At convergent boundaries,
plates grind together, and one
plate usually buckles and slides
downward beneath the other
plate at what is termed a
subduction zone
Divergent Boundary - Tanzanian Rift Valley
Thingvileur Iceland
Convergent Boundary
Differentiation of the Earth into Layers
• By mass, the four most abundant elements in the Earth are
iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium, which together account
for approximately 93% of the Earth’s mass
• Nickel, sulfur, calcium, and aluminum make up another 6.5%.
The remaining 0.5% or so of the Earth’s mass is made of the
other 84 naturally occurring elements
Formation of the Oceans
• It is generally accepted that there was no water on the Earth’s
surface for millions of years after the planet was formed.
Most scientists believe that water and organic compounds
appeared on the Earth’s surface about 4 billion years ago.
• Two scenarios have been proposed to explain how water
came to the surface of the Earth.
Scenario One
As the interior of the Earth heated up,
minerals below the Earth’s surface
became molten.
The molten material rose to the surface,
and oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms
that were chemically bound to certain
minerals escaped explosively into the
atmosphere as clouds of water (H2O)
vapor.
Scenario Two
The second, and much newer scenario,
suggests that the water on Earth might
have been delivered by comets.
Using the Hershel Space Telescope,
scientists have discovered water in the
form of ice on seven comets.
Formation of the Atmosphere
• After millions of years of volcanic activity, the atmosphere was
rich in nitrogen and carbon dioxide but was completely devoid
of oxygen
• Today, the Earth’s atmosphere is still rich in nitrogen (78%),
but only 0.04% of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, whereas
oxygen accounts for 21%
• The excess carbon dioxide was removed in two main ways.
First, when rain began to fall on the
Earth, very large quantities of carbon
dioxide dissolved in the oceans and
much of it combined with calcium in
the water to form limestone (calcium
carbonate).
Second, approximately 3 billion years ago,
the first primitive blue-green algae, or
cyanobacteria, developed in shallow waters.
Converted carbon dioxide and water into
simple carbohydrates and oxygen by the
process of photosynthesis.
Rocks and Minerals
• Although thousands of different types of rock exist, they can
all be divided into one of three main classes—igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic—according to the way they
are formed.
• A mineral is a naturally occurring, usually crystalline,
substance that has a definite composition or a restricted
range of composition; it may be either an element or a
compound
• Minerals form the inorganic part of the Earth’s crust;
materials derived from the decayed remains of plants and
animals make up the organic part
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
• (A)In compaction, the
sediment grains are
packed more tightly
together, often by
overlying sediments,
as represented by the
bricks. (B) In
cementation, fluids
contain dissolved
minerals that are
precipitated in the
space between the
grains, cementing
them together into a
rigid, solid mass.
Rocks as Natural Resources
• Rocks and minerals are natural resources,
which are anything taken from the physical
environment to meet the needs of society.
• Such resources may be either renewable or
nonrenewable.
Ores and Metals
• Minerals in which a particular metallic element occurs in a
sufficiently high concentration to make mining and extracting
it economically feasible are termed ores.
• Iron (Fe), the fourth most abundant element in the Earth’s
crust, is the metal that industrialized nations use in the
greatest quantity. The ores from which it is extracted usually
contain a mixture of two iron oxides: hematite (Fe2O3) and
magnetite (Fe3O4)
• Aluminum (Al) is the second most highly used metal in
industrialized nations and is the third most abundant element
in the Earth’s crust
Bauxite Mine (Vietnam)
Strategic Metal Reserves
• Strategic metals
– needed for special alloys, catalysts, auto parts
– Many are found only in Russia or Africa
• Mineral Reserves
– Population increasing and so is need for minerals
– Finite supply
– Many important metals are becoming depleted
The Origin of Life on Earth
• Three Theories
– Life began in tidal pools or lagoons
– Life begun near volcanic vents on the ocean floor
– Life came from outer space in meteorites or interplanetary dust
• No matter how the first one-celled organisms were formed,
the environment in which they lived was devoid of oxygen.
These early anaerobic bacteria (bacteria that require an
oxygen-free environment) flourished until the development of
oxygen-producing cyanobacteria.
Life on Earth
• Charles Darwin (1859)
– State the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life
forms.
– "Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic
beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some
one primordial form, into which life was first breathed."
• Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
– Most recent organism from which all organisms now living on Earth
descend
– The LUCA is estimated to have lived some 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago
(sometime in the Paleoarchean era)
– More than a quadrillion generations
Extinction on Earth
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The Great Oxygenation Event – Evolve or die
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event - 75% of all species extinct
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
– 70% to 75% of all species went extinct.
– Most archosaurs, therapsids, and large amphibians were eliminated.
•
Permian–Triassic extinction event
– Earth's largest extinction killed 57% families, 83% genera and 93% of all species.
– The "Great Dying" had enormous evolutionary significance:
– The recovery of vertebrates took 30 million years
•
Late Devonian extinction
– 70% of all species.
– This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 Ma
•
Ordovician–Silurian extinction event
– Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60% to 70%
of all species.[6]
– second largest of the five major extinctions
Significant figures in arithmetic
• Addition and subtraction
The number of significant figures in the
answer may exceed or be less than that in the
original data. It is limited by the least-certain
one.
• Rounding: When the number is exactly
halfway, round it to the nearest EVEN digit.
• Multiplication and division: is limited to the
number of digits contained in the number with the
fewest significant figures:
• Logarithms and antilogarithms
A logarithm is composed of a characteristic and a mantissa.
The characteristic is the integer part and the mantissa is the
decimal part. The number of digits in the mantissa should equal the
number of significant figures.
The Environment
• Environment, both living and nonliving, that in
any way affect living organisms on Earth
– The living, or biotic, factors include plants, animals,
fungi, and bacteria.
– The nonliving, or abiotic, factors include physical and
chemical components such as temperature, rainfall,
nutrient supplies, and sunlight.
• An ecosystem consists of all of the different
organisms living within a finite geographic region
and their nonliving surroundings.
Producers and Consumers
• Producers: are able to
manufacture all of their
own food
• Consumers: must consume
plants or other creatures to
obtain the nutrients and
energy that they need
– Herbivores
– Carnivores
– Omnivores
What Is Energy?
• Energy is usually defined as the ability to do work
or bring about change.
– Work is done whenever any form of matter is moved
over a distance.
– Kinetic energy is energy of motion
– Potential energy is stored energy
• Energy Transformation
– First law of thermodynamics
– Second law of thermodynamics
Food Chains and Trophic Levels
Molarity and Molar Solutions
Molarity = M = moles of solute / liters of solution
Parts per Million
Parts per Billion
1 ppm = 1 g of solute / 1 million g of
water mixture
1 g of pure water has a volume of 1 ml
(density = 1.00 g/mL)
1 ppb = 1 ppm / 1000
= 1 mg/1 L x 1 / 1000
1 ppm = 1 g of solute / 1 million
(1,000,000) ml of water
1 ppm = (1000 / 1 L) x (1 g /
1,000,000 ml) = 1 g / 1000 L
1 ppm = 1 mg per L
We change milligrams to
micrograms as follows:
1 ppb = (1000 ug / 1 mg) x (1 mg /
1 L) x (1 / 1000)
Therefore, 1 ppb = 1 ug / L
The equilibrium constant
• For an arbitrary reaction
where [A] in the above equation really means
[A]/(1 M) if A is a solute, or (pressure in bars)/(1 bar)
if A is a gas.
• All terms in the above equation is dimensionless.
Solubility product
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The solubility product is the equilibrium constant for the reaction in which
a solid salt dissolves to give its constituent ions in solution.
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Solid is omitted from the equilibrium constant because it is in its standard
state with an activity value of 1. For example:
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A solution containing excess, undissolved solid is said to be saturated.
•
Physical meaning of solubility:
…Solubility is governed by more than the solubility product.
The Carbon Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Haber Process
Haber Process Reactor
The Phosphorus Cycle