ww
w.
What does a Lotka-Volterra model of mutualism predict will happen to the population sizes ofox
two species interacting mutualistically? Assume there is no strong intraspecific or interspecific dia
.c
competition, predation, or diminishing returns to mutualism as these populations grow.
om
A. Both populations will stop growing when they reach their carrying capacities
B. Both populations will decline to zero
C. Only one species will persist at equilibrium
D. Both populations will keep growing larger forever
Darwin’s orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale, has a very long nectar spur, which is a kind of floral
tube that contains sugar-rich nectar. This orchid is pollinated by a moth, Xanthopan morganii
praedicta, with a very long proboscis, or sucking mouthpart. If, over time, the moth’s proboscis
Do
increases in length, while the orchid’s nectar spur stays the
wnsame length, what would happen to
lo
orchid pollination in this system?
ad
e
A. The moth would be a better pollinator for the orchid rID
B. The moth would be a worse pollinator for the orchid 440
01
C. There would be no change in the quality of the moth as a pollinator
for the orchid
D. The orchid would receive more pollination from other insects
The following figure shows the Theory of Island Biogeography. The solid line shows the rate at
which new species colonize an island and the dashed line shows the rate at which new species go
extinct from an island. Based on this figure, which of the following is TRUE when there are 75
species on the island?
It
em
ID
25
45
9
A. New species are arriving on the island faster than species are going extinct on the
island
B. The number of species on the island is at equilibrium
C. In situ speciation is adding new species to the island
D. The number of species on the island will decline until it reaches the equilibrium
number of species
www.oxdia.com
ww
w.
59
254
Ite
m ID:
If the pikas at Andy Smith’s research site in Bodie, California could no longer disperse amongox
di
patches, over time, we would expect pika patch occupancy to:
a.
A. Increase slowly
co
m
B. Increase quickly
C. Decrease
D. Stay the same
It
em
ID
:
25
45
9
Item
Item
The SimUText Population Growth chapter describes a meta-population of Tiger salamanders that
live in small pools of water. If humans build roads that make it harder for the salamanders to
move among pools, which of the following quantities in the Levins’ patch occupancy model
would be affected?
Do
I. Overall extinction rate, eP
wn
l
II. Overall colonization rate, cP(1-P) oad
er
III. Equilibrium patch occupancy, 1 - e/c
ID
44
A. i, ii
00
1
B. ii only
C. iii only
D. ii, iii
ID:
2545
9
Ite
m ID:
254
59
Downloader ID:
44001
Dow
nlo
ade
r ID:
440
Do
wn
lo
ad
er
ID
:
44
00
1
01
Which of the following is NOT an example of an indirect effect?
A. The effect of lizards on seagrape shrubs on the Caribbean islands studied by Spiller
and Schoener
B. The effect of herbivorous beetles on seagrape shrubs on the Caribbean islands
studied by Spiller and Schoener
It
em
C. The effect of parasitoids
on plants in the parasitoid-herbivore-plant network from
ID
Costa Rica
25
D. Scramble competition 459
Do
wn
lo
ad
er
ID
:
44
00
1
Imagine you are studying a simple artificial ecological community in the lab that has three
trophic levels: plants, aphids that eat plant sap, and ladybugs that eat aphids. If you add more
aphids to the community and observe that the number of ladybugs increases, this is an example
of:
A. Top-down control
B. Bottom-up control
C. The Green World Hypothesis
D. A trophic cascade
44001
ader ID:
Downlo
www.oxdia.com
ID: 25459
ww
w.
ox
Which of the following graphs best represents the relationship between trophic level (x-axis) and
di
the amount of biomass in a trophic level (y-axis)?
a
.c
om
Do
wn
A.
B.
C.
D.
Graph a
Graph b
Graph c
Graph d
lo
ad
e
rI
D
44
00
1
Downloader
ID: 44001
If American pikas were better able to acclimate to warming temperatures, this would:
A. Increase their risk of extinction
B. Decrease their elevational range
C. Help them persist at low elevations
D. Improve their timing of coat colour change
It
em
Which of the following environmental
problems is less of a concern now than when the first
ID
2
World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity
was published in 1992?
54
59
A. Ozone depletion
B. Global warming
C. Deforestation
D. Biodiversity loss
Dow
nlo
r ID:
ade
440
01
If there was greater phenotypic plasticity in the timing of snowshoe hare coat colour change,
which of the following would increase?
A. The number of snowshoe hares that are brown when there is snow on the ground
B. The number of snowshoe hares eaten by predators
C. The number of snowshoe hares that are white when there is no snow on the ground
D. The geometric growth rate ( ) of snowshoe hares under global warming
er
ad
wn
lo
Do
:
ID
1
00
44
www.oxdia.com
It
em
9
ww
w.
The main finding of the article by Rosenberg and colleagues entitled “Decline of the North
American avifauna” (2019 in Science) is:
A. Numerous North American bird species have gone extinct since 1970
B. Wetland birds have declined in abundance since 1970
C. Birds no longer migrate at night across the continental United States and Canada
D. Hundreds of bird species have declined in population size since 1970
load
er ID:
4400
1
ox
di
a
.c
om
Item ID: 25459
59
m ID:
254
Ite
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the study of macroevolution:
A. Mechanisms of change within populations
B. Relationships among species or groups of species
C. Trends in extinction and speciation rates
D
D. Patterns of diversification in the fossil recordown
lo
ad
e
1
00
:
44
ID
er
ad
lo
wn
Do
rI
D
em
It
Weeds often evolve resistance to the herbicides used to control them. 4Which
of the following
40
01
mechanisms is LEAST LIKELY to contribute:
A. Genetic variation in susceptibility to herbicides
B. Mutations in the pathways targeted by herbicides
C. Natural selection favoring resistant weeds
D. Acclimation of individual plants to spraying which is acquired from the
environment and is transmitted to their offspring
:
ID
9
45
25
ID
:
9
45
25
em
It
1
44
00
ID
:
Consider the phylogeny depicted below:
Item
ID:
2545
9
Item ID:
25459
25
45
9
It
em
ID
:
25
45
9
It
em
ID
:
ID
45
25
9
Which of the following statements is FALSE about the relationships depicted?
A. Node 2 is the common ancestor of Species C, D, and E
B. The tree depicts at least four speciation events
C. Fossils close in time to Node 3 will give us clues about the traits and features of the
common ancestor to Species B, C, D, and E.
D. Species A is more closely related to Species B than Species A is related to Species
E.
01
r ID:
440
em
It
ade
nlo
Dow
9
45
25
:
ID
em
It
1
:
ID
er
ad
lo
wn
em
ID
:
25
45
9
Do
It
1
00
44
:
ID
er
ad
lo
wn
Do
440
01
www.oxdia.com
ID:
59
er
254
lo
ad
m ID:
wn
Ite
Do
25
45
Down
ID
:
44
00
ader ID:
44001
ww
w.
ox
Lamarck argued that _____ is the causal mechanism of evolution, which was disproved by ____
di
A. the simplest forms being continuously and constantly generated; Malthus
a.
B. the heritability of acquired characteristics; Weisman
co
m
C. c) the use and disuse of traits resulting in phenotypic change; Lyell
D. d) the great chain of being; Paley
It
em
ID
:
25
45
9
Which of the following is NOT an important feature of Darwinian evolution
A. Individuals evolve and transmit these changes to their offspring
B. Offspring resemble their parents
C. The environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce the most
D. Evolution does not achieve perfection, because it is limited to the variation available
Do
wn
lo
ad
e
Item ID: 25459
rI resistance, even though this
A mutation is present in a bacterial population that confers antibiotic
D
44
population has never been treated with antibiotics. Which of the following
00 statements are MOST
1
LIKELY to be INCORRECT about this situation:
A. Mutations such as this are an inevitable consequence of errors in DNA replication
B. If having this mutation decreases the survival of the individuals with it, we expect it
to decline in frequency
C. Mutations like this occur because they might be beneficial in the future, in case
antibiotics are used
D. This mutation is more likely to be in the first or second position of a codon
wn
Do
er
ad
lo
:
ID
:
ID
44
1
00
www.oxdia.com
:
ID
Do
wn
er
ad
lo
1
00
44
1
er
ad
Which of the following was NOT one of the lessons Darwin learned from his studies of
domestication?
A. Artificial selection could be used as an analogy for the action of natural selection
B. Most species contained lots of phenotypic and genetic variation
C. Selection could produce rapid and dramatic changes in the appearance of organisms
D. Most domesticated species suffer from inbreeding depression
00
44
lo
wn
Do
Which of the following is NOT part of the explanation for why we see vestigial traits?
It
ematrophy
A. Lack of use and
I
B. Organs and featuresD are
25 costly to produce
45 features in environments where they are not needed, but
C. Natural selection reduces
9
rarely eliminates them entirely
D. Common descent means that organisms inherit features that might have been useful
to their ancestors, but are no longer useful
ww
w.
This table from Coyne lists the species that tend to be native or missing from oceanic islands.
Why is this pattern observed?
.c
om
45
25
:
ID
em
254
Ite
m ID:
It
Do
wn
9
ID: 44001
59
Downloader
ox
di
a
lo
ad
e
A. Small insects, plants, and birds are more tolerant to the
rIdifficult environment of
D
oceanic islands
44
00
B. Land mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish species
1 are more prone to
extinction in general
C. Plants and animals on oceanic islands are most similar to those on the nearest
mainland. The missing species are less likely to be found in coastal areas
D. Plant seeds, insects, and birds are more able to reach islands from the mainland
than land mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish
Do
Which of the following is NOT a genetic force that leads to increased genetic variation?
A. Independent assortment
It
B. Recombination
em
ID
C. Germ line mutations
2
D. Somatic mutations 545
wn
lo
ad
er
ID
:
44
00
1
9
Stinchcombe and Lecture TA Bianca Sacchi are having a disagreement over the genetics of
plumage coloration in magical eagles. Your Lecture TA argues for complex, continuous genetic
variation, while your professor is arguing for discrete, mendelian genetic variation. Which piece
of data conclusively shows that your Lecture TA is correct and your professor is mistaken?
A. An environmental, dietary influence on coloration
B. Plumage coloration mutations being in the 1st position of codons
C. Individuals heterozygous for plumage coloration genes transmit 50% dark alleles and
50% light alleles to their offspring
D. Visible differences in plumage coloration that can be detected without DNA
sequencing
9
Item
ID:
2545
:
25
45
9
ID
em
It
www.oxdia.com
ww
w.
ox
The graph below shows the distribution of fitness effects of mutations in yeast. Which statement
di
is LEAST supported by the data?
a
.c
om
ade
nlo
Dow
Do
r ID:
wn
There are very few mutations that lead to intermediate
fitness values
lo
a
The fitness effect of mutations in this experiment appears
bimodal
de
rI
Most mutations are mildly deleterious
D
44
Beneficial mutations occur 30% of the time
00
1
Based on what you learned in Lab 1, what explains why these four insect orders – beetles
(Coleoptera), true flies (Diptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), and bees, ants and wasps
(Hymenoptera) – are the most diverse and abundant insect orders?
A. These insects can all act as pollinators and co-evolve with plants.
B. These insects exhibit incomplete metamorphosis, which requires less energy for
growth and development than complete metamorphosis.
C. These insects exhibit complete metamorphosis, which means their juvenile
stages do notIcompete for the same resources as the adult stages.
te
mI complete metamorphosis, which means their juvenile and adult
D. These insects exhibit
D
stages have different 2predators
and therefore less predation overall.
5
45
9
In Lab 2, you measured the leaf thickness of Impatiens plants grown in the sun and shade.
Imagine that you took these sun and shade Impatiens plants and grew them outdoors in a shady
garden. Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely to occur?
A. The offspring of the sun plants will have thick leaves and the offspring of the shade
plants will have thin leaves.
B. After four weeks in the shady garden, the sun plants will have thick leaves and the
shade plants will have thin leaves.
C. After four weeks in the shady garden, both the sun plants and the shade plants
will have thin leaves.
D. Only the shade plants will evolve thinner leaves.
www.oxdia.com
01
440
A.
B.
C.
D.
45
:
ID
em
It
25
9
ww
w.
The Brandt and Mahsberg article looked at how the dustcoat and backpack affects predation onox
a
reduviid bug. They used three groups of bugs: bugs with a dustcoat only (dustcoat bugs), bugs dia
.c
with a dustcoat and backpack (backpack bugs), and bugs with neither a dust coat nor backpack
om
(naked bugs). They then placed individual bugs into an arena with a predator and measured the
survival time of the bug. Which of the following results does NOT reject the null hypothesis of
this experiment?
I. Naked nymphs had longer survival time than dustcoat bugs and backpack
bugs.
II. There was no significant difference in survival time between the three
groups of bugs.
III. The backpack bugs had longer survival time than the dustcoat bugs and
the naked bugs.
Do
IV. The dustcoat bugs had longer survival
wn time than the backpack bugs and
lo
the naked bugs.
ad
er
A. ii only
ID
44
B. i and ii
00
1
C. i, ii and iv
D. ii and iv
Downloa
Ite
m ID:
254
59
44001
der ID:
em
It
:
ID
45
25
9
lo
wn
Do
ad
er
ID
:
Dow
nlo
ade
r ID:
440
01
Ite
m ID:
254
59
1
00
44
It
em
ID
25
45
9
254
59
Do
wn
lo
ad
er
ID
:
44
00
1
Ite
m ID:
www.oxdia.com
ww
w.
Short Answer Questions
ox
di
a
Imagine you are an ecologist studying a new type of cleaner fish that has recently arrived at
several reefs. You are unsure whether the new fish species is a cleaner fish, so you compare the
number of gnathid parasites on client fish between reefs with and without this new fish species.
(a) What result would be good evidence that this new cleaner fish benefits client fish?
(b) If the new fish species is a cleaner fish, how would its arrival at a reef change the number of
other fish species at the reef?
Do
wn
lo
ad
er
ID
:
44
00
1
(a) 1 pt for explaining that good evidence that this new fish species benefits client fish
would be finding that reefs without the new fish species have client fish with more
parasites/gnathids than reefs with the new fish species
Do
(b) 1 pt for explaining that the arrival of a new cleaner
wn fish should increase the species
lo
diversity of other fish species at the reef
ad
er
ID
44
00
1
Prof. Frederickson showed you this food chain in lecture.
(a) How would removing large sharks affect the abundance of
copepods?
(b) Is this an example of a direct or an indirect effect? Explain your
answer
(a) 1 pt for explaining that removing large sharks should
increase the abundance of copepods
It
em (b) 0.5 pt for stating this is an example of an indirect effect
ID
0.52pt for explaining why this is an indirect effect (any 1 one of
54
59
the following):
If sharks ate copepods it would be a direct effect but
they don’t so it is an indirect effect
it involves more than 2 trophic levels
interactions between 2 species affects a third species
Do
wn
lo
ad
er
ID
:
44
00
1
9
45
25
:
ID
em
It
www.oxdia.com
.c
om
ww
w.
ox
di
a
(a) Why do plants make alkaloids like caffeine and nicotine?
(b) According to the Green World Hypothesis, if plants did not make secondary compounds like
caffeine and nicotine, would the world still be green? Briefly explain why or why not
(a) 1 pt for explaining that plants evolved to make alkaloids like caffeine and nicotine as a
defense against herbivores
(b) 0.5 pt for stating that yes, according to the Green World Hypothesis, the world would
still be green even if plants did not make secondary compounds like caffeine and nicotine
0.5 for saying the world would still be green because the Green World Hypothesis predicts
that plant biomass is high because herbivores are kept in check by predators (not because
plants are well defended against herbivores)
Do
wn
l
oa
Malthus’s writings were heavily influential for Darwin and Wallace.
de
rI
(a) Describe the key feature of Malthus’ argument
D
44 by Malthus’ argument
(b) Name the concept of Darwin and Wallace’s theory that was inspired
00
1
(a) Populations grow quickly (geometric or exponential growth) and resources
grow less
quickly (arithmetically) (0.5 point)
As a consequence, more individuals are born than survive or reproduce/ there is a struggle
for existence (0.5 point)
(b) 1 point for naming: Natural selection/ Survival of the fitter (fittest)
For your honours thesis, you make a cross between individuals of magical dragons of different
colours. You find that colour in the F2 generation falls into three discrete categories. Name two
things you can conclude about the genetics of dragon coloration.
I
em
1 point for stating it is a tMendelian/qualitative/discrete/discontinuous
trait, or a trait
ID
controlled by one locus
25
45
1 point for stating it is co-dominant/partial
dominance/incomplete dominance
9
For your PhD, you decide to study the fossil record of magical dragons by sampling many
localities where they are predicted to occur. Name two predictions about the similarity and
geographical distribution of dragon fossils that would be INCONSISTENT with Darwin’s idea of
descent with modification.
1 point for: if fossils that are more similar to the current day dragons were found in older
strata
1 point for: if the fossils of similar dragons were not found in the same localities or regions
Note: all answers received 2 points for this question
www.oxdia.com
Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
.c
om