•
Smoking
Alcohol
High body mass index
Can cause a fault in body cells as they divide.
This can lead to a tumour and, ultimately, cancer.
Increases the risk of:

cardiovascular disease
Use during pregnancy increases the risk of
having a baby with low birthweight.

many forms of cancer

low birth weight
•
Use in early life (including in the uterus) increases
the risk of developing asthma.

respiratory conditions (for example, emphysema
and asthma)
•
Damages the airways, which contributes to a
number of respiratory conditions including
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

increased risk of infection
•
Contains kilojoules and therefore energy.
Contributes to weight gain.
Increases the risk and burden of disease associated
with:
•
Is filtered through the liver, so can cause liver
disease.

weight gain and associated conditions

liver disease
•
Can contributes to behaviour change and risktaking.

Cancers
•
Affects judgement and motor control contributing
to injuries.

Injuries

Poisoning

Increases the risk and burden of disease
associated with:

Type 2 diabetes and kidney disease

Cardiovascular disease

Some cancers

Arthritis

Mental health issues

Asthma
•
•
Is a depressant and can contribute to mental
health problems.
•
•
Causes a strain on the heart
Increases the risk of high blood pressure and
related conditions
Increases the risk of impaired glucose regulation
and type 2 diabetes
Extra strain on joints increases the risk of arthritis
Can impact self-esteem and contribute to
mental health issues.
•
•
•
Under-consumption of
vegetables
Under - consumption of
fruit
Under-consumption of
dairy foods
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Can contribute to a deficiency in vitamins
and minerals, including folate.
Can increase the risk of neural tube defects.
Can lead to low intake of fibre.
Can mean that antioxidant intake is low.
Are low in energy so under-consumption can
contribute to weight gain and associated
conditions.
Can contribute to a deficiency in vitamins
and minerals, including folate.
Can increase the risk of neural tube defects.
Can lead to low intake of fibre.
Can mean that antioxidant intake is low.
Are low in energy so under-consumption can
contribute to weight gain and associated
conditions.
Contributes to low intake of calcium which his
required to maintain strong bones.
Has been associated with increased risk of
cardiovascular disease, colorectal cancer
and type 2 diabetes.

Increased rates of obesity and
related conditions, especially
cardiovascular disease

Increased rates of some cancers

Increased rates of obesity and
related conditions, especially
cardiovascular disease

Increased rates of some cancers

Increased rates of osteoporosis

Increased rate of dental caries

Increased risk of cardiovascular
disease, colorectal cancer and type
2 diabetes.
•
High intake of fat
•
•
•
High intake of salt
•
•
•
High intake of sugar
•
Is nutrient-dense and contributes to weight
gain.
Can contribute to atherosclerosis
Can interfere with cell membranes and
contribute to impaired glucose regulation
Can increase the risk of colorectal cancer
even in those who are a normal body mass.
Doesn’t contain energy, but draws fluid out
of cells and increases blood volume. This
increases blood pressure.
Causes calcium to be excreted which can
decrease bone density.
Contains energy which is converted to fat if
not used.
Promotes bacteria growth on teeth which
produce acids and contribute to decay.

Increased rates of obesity

Increased rates of cardiovascular
disease

Increase rates of colorectal cancer

Increased rates of hypertension and
associated conditions such as heart
attack and stroke.

Increased rates of osteoporosis.

Increased rates of dental decay and
associated health problems including
infections, kidney disease and oral
cancers
Increased rates of obesity and
associated conditions

Low intake of fibre
Low intake of iron
?
•
People are more likely to feel hungry
•
Can contribute to higher levels of cholesterol

Higher rates of colorectal cancer
•
Can contribute to higher rates of glucose
absorption

•
Can contribute to weight gain and associated
conditions.
Higher rates of conditions associated
conditions, especially colorectal
cancer.
•
Can contribute to unregulated bowel
movements.

•
Can cause low levels of
haemoglobin in blood
?
Causes higher rates of
anaemia, especially among
females.
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