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YS% ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;sfha iajNdjh yd fiajd úhqla;sfha
uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s
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ixfËamh
´kEu rgl wd¾Ól j¾Okfha r`od meje;au i`oyd fya;=jk ixl,amhla f,i
ta rfÜ Y%u n,ldh ye`oskaúh yels h' Y%u n,ldh fhda.H mßos Wmfhdackh
fkdl<fyd;a trfÜ wvq wd¾Ól
j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhla fmkakqï lrhs'
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jYfhka YS% ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh ;+<
ú/ldhdfjka fmf<k ck.ykh úYd, m%udKhla fõ' ta wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ
ú/lshd wkqmd;h j¾Ifhka j¾Ih fkdfhl=;a WÉpdjpkhkag ,lafjñka
bosßhg .uka lr we;' Y%S ,xldfõ ú/lshd ;;a;ajh ;+< ia;S% mqreI" wOHdmk
uÜgu wkqj yd jhia uÜgu wkqj hï hï fjkialï olakg ,efí' tkï
fijd úhqla;sfha jHqyd;aul fjkialï mj;sk njhs' fiajd úhqla;sh
iïnkaOfhka ks¾jpk" kHdhka iy m%fNaohka bosßm;a ù we;' rfÜ ú/lshd
m%Yakh úi`oSfï m%uqL;u j.lSu rchg ysñ ù we;' tysoS ú/lshd m%Yakh
úi`oSug rch úiska jeo.;a wd¾Ól l%fudmdhka wkq.ukh l< hq;= h' rfÜ
oefjk m%Yakhla jk ú/lshdj i`oyd id¾:l ms<shï fhfokafka kï
ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jYfhka YS% ,xldjg o YS>% wd¾Ól j¾Ok
fõ.hla <`.d lr .ekSu i`oyd wjia:dj Wodfjkq we;'
fiajd úhqla;sh ye`oskaùu
fiajd úhqla;sh rgl mj;sk m%Odk wd¾Ól yd iudcSh .eg¨jls' wd¾Ól
m%;s,dN wfmalaIdfjka lsishï wd¾Ól lghq;a;lg Y%uh iemhSug leu;s
tfy;a tA i`oyd wjia:djla fkd,en we;s mqoa.,hka ú/lshdfjka fmf<k
mqoa.,hka f,i y`ÿkd .kS' fiajd úhqla;sh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka l=ula o
hkak úúO u; bosßm;a ù we;' Bg m%:u fiajd kshqla;sh ms<sn`o o<
wjfndaOhla ,nd ;sìh hq;=h' ta wkqj"
fiajd kshqla;slhka hkqfjka woyia lrkafka"
^1& fiajh lrkq ,nk meh .Kk ( relshd kshqla;slfhl= ùu i`oyd wvq
;rñka fhduq i;sh ;=, meh 20la j;a lsishï wd¾:Sl ls%hdj,shlg iïnkaO
ù isáh hq;=h'
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283
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^3& mjqf,a wd¾Ólhg Woõ lrkakd ( mjqf,A wd¾Ólhg Woõ lrkakka /lshd
kshqlA;slhka f,i fkdie,lsh hq;=h' jegqma fkd,nd mjqf,a wd¾:Slhg Woõ
lrkafkl= /lshdjla wfmalaIdfjka isákafka kï tjekafkl= relshd úrys;j
miqjkafkls' tf,i fkdjkafka kï wd¾Ól jYfhka ls%hdYS,s fkdjk
^Y%un,hg wh;a fkdjk& wh úh hq;h
= 'tfyhska /lshd kshqla;slhska f,i
ie,flkafka fijlhska" fiajd fhdaclhska iy ;udf.au jev lghq;=
lrkakka muKs' ^ck yd ixLHd f,aLK fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2012&'
fiajd úhqla;sh hkqfjka ck yd ixLHd f,aLK fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks¾jpkh
kï oekg /lshdjla fkdue;sj" /lshdjla fidhñka isák" iólaIK i;shg
fmr i;s y;rl ld, jljdkqjloS /lshdjla fiùug mshjrla f.k we;s"
tfiau bosß i;s fol we;=,; ,efnk /lshdjla Ndr .ekSfï yelshdjo we;s
mqoa.,hska /lshd úhqla;h
s hg;g .efka' zz /lshd úrys; mqoa.,fhda ZZ jYfhka
cd;Hhka;r lïlre ixúOdkh olajkafka kshñ; ld,h ;=,oS ^fiajd
úhqla;h
s uek ne,Su i`oyd Ndú; jk ld,h& mqoa.,hd jegqma ,nk fyda iajhx
/lshdjl fkdfhoS isáh hq;= njhs' tfiau /lshdjla ,nd .ekSu i`oyd
ksrka;r W;aiyhla ord isgqh hq;=h'
YS% ,xld uy nexl=j úiska mj;ajkq ,enQ mßfNdack úhoï yd iudc wd¾Ól
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wod< ld, mßÉfPaoh ;=< jegqmlg" fõ;khlg" ,dNhlg" mjqf,a wdodhu
jeä lsÍug lsishï /lshdjla fidhñka isák fyda /lshdjla
n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isák" tfy;a /lshdjla fkdue;s mqoa.,fhl= jYfhks'
^w;m;a;="2011&'
fï wkqj fiajd kshqla;s wjia;d fkdue;sùu iy wd¾Ólfha wvq wjfYdaIK
Odß;dj fya;=fjka Y%u n,ldfha m%fhdackhg fkd.;a mx.=j fiajd úhqla;h
s
f,i i<lhs' ^fyafkf.or"2007&'
fiajd úhqla;sfha m%fNao
fiajd úhqla;shg fya;=jQ lreKq mokï lrf.k fiajd úhqla;sh m%Odk m%fNao
4 la hgf;a j¾. lr we;' tkï"
1.
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>d¾Isl fiajd úhqla;sh ^frictional unemployment&
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s ^seasonal unemployment& &
plS%h fiajd úhqla;h
s ^cyclical unemployment&
tosfkod isÿjk ls%hdj,ska ;=<ska we;sjk fiajd úhqla;sh >d¾Isl fiajd
úhqla;h
s f,i yeoskafõ' jHdmdßl wdh;k fjf<`ofmd,ska kslauhdu kj
wdh;k we;=,aùu yd mqoa.,hska kj /lshd fidhd hdu wdosfhka fuu fiajd
úhqla;h
s we;s fõ' wd¾Ólfha mj;sk >¾IKhka fuu ú/lshd ;;a;ajhg fya;=
fõ'
284
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jHqyd;aul fiajd úhqla;h
s we;s jkafka we;eï jHqyd;aul fjkialï ksidh'
;dlaIKsl l%u b;d iS>%fhka oshqKq ùu ksid we;eï Y%u j¾. kj l%u bosßfha
oS h,amek .sh tajd ùu óg tla WodyrKhls' lv idmamqj, ì,a ,sùu" uqo,a
.ekSu i`oyd Y%u tall lsysmhla fhoSu fjkqjg hdka;%sl l%u u.ska tu lghq;=
lsÍfïoS we;eï msßia fiajd úhqla; úh yelsh' b;du;a whym;a ;;a;ajhloS
jqjo fuu fiajd úhqla;h
s we;s fõ'
jdßl fiajd úhqla;h
s hkq jdßl jYfhka we;sjk wjYH;d wkqj we;eï
l¾udka; ls%hdlrf.k hdu yd k;r lsÍu ksid we;sjk fiajd úhql;sh hs'
wmrg isxy, wjqreÿ yd k;a;, iuh wjidkfha oS r;sCoaCod l¾udka;h;a"
f.dhï lemSfï ld,h wjidkfhaoS f.dhï lemSfï l¾udka;h;a YS; rgj,
YS; iD;=fjka miq ysu lS%vd l¾udka;h;a wvq Odß;jhlska lghq;= lsÍu
fïjdg ksoiqka f,i fmkajd osh yelsh'
jHdmdr pl%j, mßydks iufhaoS oelsh yels fiajd úhqla;sh plS%h fiajd
úhqla;h
s f,i yeoska fõ' wd¾Ól miq neiSula fyj;a m%;s.ukhla yg .kakd
wjêfha oS fiajd úhqla;sh by< uÜgul mj;S' ^fidauiqkaor"1991&'
fiajd úhqla;s kHdhka
fiajd úhqla;s kHdhka ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï oS ie<ls,a,g .kq
,nkafka fiajd kshqla;s kHdhka h' ta wkqj fiajd kshqla;s kHdhka folla
bosßm;a ù we;' tkï"
1. wdÖ¾K l,amsl kHdh
2. flakaishdkq kHdh
wdÖ¾K l,amsl kHdhg wkqj wd¾Ólh mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajfha mj;sk
;;a;ajhla oel .; yelsh' fuu kHdh ;=< fiajd kshqla;s m%Yakhg t;rï
jeo.;alula ysñ fkdùh' wevïiañ;a yd Tyqf.a iuld,Skhka wdÖ¾K l,amsl
ke;fyd;a iïNdjH w¾: Ydia;%{hka f,i yeoska fõ' W!K fiajd kshqla;h
s
;djld,sl fohla f,i;a wd¾Ól n,fõ.hka iajdëk lsrSfuka tu ;;a;ajh
u. yefrk nj;a Tjqyq is;+y' hï fyhlska wd¾Ól n,fõ.hkag ksoyfia
ls%hd;aul jkakg fkdoS rch fyda jD;a;Sh iñ;s fyda fjk;a fldgila ueosy;a
jqjfyd;a mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhg ndOd we;súh yels nj Tjqyq úYajdi
l<y' kuq;a fuu kHdh ;=< mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhla we;s jkafka
flfiao hkak ú.%y lr ke;' mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhla hgf;a
ksYamdok iïm;a tla tla ksYamdok ld¾hhka w;r fnod yeßh hq;af;a
flfiao hkak;a" tu ksYamdokhkaf.ka yg.kakd wdodhu tla tla iïm;a
ysñhka w;r fnod yeßh hq;af;a flfiao hkak;a ú.%y lrk ,oS' wdÖ¾K
l,amsl mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s kHdh f.dvke`.S ;sfnkafka fca'î'fia kue;s
wd¾Ól
úoHd{hdf.a
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fuu kHdh ;=< mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh mj;ajdf.k hdug ;=vqfok n,fõ.
wd¾Ólh ;=< ksrka;rj ls%hd;aul jk njo Tjqyq ks.ukh l<y' fuu kHdh
;=<ska wd¾Ólh ;=< fiajd úhqla;s ;;a;ajhla fkdmj;S hehs Tjqka m%ldY
fkdl<y' wd¾Ólhla ;=< >d¾Isl fiajd úhqla;sh fyda bÉpdkq. fiajd úhqla;s
;;a;ajhka we;s úh yels nj Tjqka m%ldY l<y'^pkaøfiak"1981&'
iïNdjH kHdh ;=< mej;s ÿ¾j,;djka ksid thg úl,am kHdhla jYfhka
flakaishdkq fiajd kshqla;s kHdh bosßm;a lr we;' 1930 .Kkaj, oS we;s jQ
wd¾Ól mßydksh;a iu`. fijd úhqla;s m%Yakh oeä f,i Woa.;jk m%Yakhla
njg m;a ùu fuu kHdh f.dv kexùug uQ,slj fya;= úh' iïNdjHjdoSka
oela jQ jegqma ñ, wvq lsÍu ;=<ska fiajd úhqla;s m%Ykahg úi`ÿï ,efnkjd
hk ;¾lh ms<sn`o flakaishdkqjdoSka olajk u;h jkafka tu kHdh idudkH
wd¾Ól ls%hdj,shg w`od< lr.; fkdyels njhs' wd¾Ólhl mej;sh yelafla
mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhla fkdj W!K fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhla njo
flakaia olajhs' tksid h:d ;;a;ajh ú.%y lsÍu i`oyd iïNdjH kHdh
m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fmkajd foñka flakaia ;u kHdh bosßm;a lf<ah
^pkaøfiak"1981&'
iïNdjH wd¾Ól úoHd{hskag fjkiaj hñka flakaia ks.ukh lf<a OkjdoS
iudc l%uh ;=< iajhxls%h hdka;%khla u`.ska by< fiajd kshqla;s uÜgula
<`.d fkdjk nj iy wju jYfhka m%dfhda.slj isÿjk njg úYajdih ;eìh
yels ;rï blaukska isÿ fkdjk njh' flakaig wkqj wd¾Ólfha fiajd
kshqla;s uÜgu ;SrKh jkafka iM, b,a¨u NdKav yd fiajd i`oyd lrkq
,nk iuia; úhou wkqjh' iM, b,a¨fï ys`.hla ksid fiajd kshqla;sfha
my< jeàula isÿ fõ' wd¾Ólh jvd by< fiajd kshqla;s uÜgula lrd ;,a¨
lsßu i`oyd flakaia ks¾foaY lf<a úhoï lsÍug iy nÿ wh lsÍug rchg we;s
n,h l,amkdldÍj iy m%n, f,i Ndú; lsÍuh' rcfha úhoï by< kexùu
iy nÿ wvq lsÍu u; mokï jQ m%idrKd;aul rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla u`.ska
iM, b,a¨u by< kexùu ksid by< fiajd úhqla;s uÜgula we;s ùu
j<lajd,kq we; hkak fuu kHdh ;=<ska fmkajd oS we;'^w;m;a;="2012&'
YS% ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;h
s
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kshqla;s ie,iqï ud¾.h o ù ;snqKs' ld,h;a iu`. we;s jQ foaYmd,k fjkiajSï
ksid tf;la mej;s wd¾:sl m%;sm;a;ska o fjkia ùug ,la úh' fï fya;=fjka
fiajd úhqla;sh rfÜ m%Odk wd¾:sl .eg¨jla njg m;a úh' 1971" 1988" 1990
hk ld, jljdkqj, ;reK wr., Y%S ,xldj ;=< we;s ùug n,mE m%Odk
fya;=j jQfha ;reK msrsia w;r mej;s fiajd úhqla;sh hs' ksoyiska miq Y%S
,xldfõ ú/lshd wkqmd;h os.ska os.gu wvqúula fmkakqï lrhs' kuq;a ld,sk
fya;=ka u; Y%S ,xldfõ ú/lshd wkqmd;h fkdfhl=;a WÉpdjpkhkag ,laj
we;'
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2014 j¾Ih jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ Y%un,ld ck.ykh 8" 804" 548 la úh' tkï
fiajd kshqla; yd fiajd úhqla; ck.ykh hs' fuu Y%un,ldfhka /lshd
úrys; mqoa.,hkaf.a m%udKh 380"554 la úh' ta wkqj 2014 j¾Ih jk jdg Y%S
,xldfõ ú/lshd wkqmd;h 4'3] l w.hla f.k we;' fuu ú/lshd wkqmd;h
;=< mqreIhskaf.a ú/lshd wkqmd;h 3'1] l w.hla o ia;S%kaf.a ú/lshd
wkqmd;h 6'5] l w.hla o .kS' ^ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
2014&'
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ld¾;=jla i`oydu mj;ajkq ,nk Y%u n,ld iólaIK u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ /lshd
úrys; ck.ykh yd ú/lshd wkqmd;hka .Kkh lrkq ,nhs' ta wkqj miq.sh
jir lsysmh ;=< YS% ,xldfõ ú/lshd ;;a;ajfha iajrEmh my; whqßka oelsúh
yelsh'
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jir
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2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
uQ,dY%h( 2014$2013 Y%u
fomd¾;fïka;=j
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m%ia;dr 01( ia;S%-mqreI Ndjh wkqj ú/lshd wkqmd;h
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2002" 2004 j¾Ij, oS iq`: Wõjdjpkhkag ,la jqjo 2004 j¾Ifhka miq
ú/lshd wkqmd;h 2008 j¾Ih olajd l%ufhka my< neiSula fmkakqï
lrhs'kuq;a tu ;;a;ajfha fjkia ùula 2009 j¾IfhaoS fmkakqï lr we;'
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jeä
^]&
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9'5
3'1
1'2
2009
21'3
10'3
3'7
1'4
2010
19'4
9'2
3'1
1'0
2011
17'2
7'6
2'7
0'7
2012
17'3
6'6
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0'8
2013
19'1
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2014
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wkqmd;hla fmkakqï lr we;' wvq ú/lshd wkqmd;hla fmkakqï lr we;af;a
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2016
j.= wxl 03( wOHdmk uÜgu wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ú/lshdj
j¾Ih
5
fYaKsh
iu;a yd
bka
my< ^]&
6 fYaKafha isg
w'fmd'i'^id'fm'&
olajd ^]&
w'fmd'i'^id'fm'&
iu;a ^]&
w'fmd'i'
^W'fm'&
iu;a yd
bka by<
^]&
2010
0'7
3'6
6'9
11'6
2011
)
3'3
5'2
9'0
2012
2013
2014
0'6
1'0
0'9
3'2
3'4
3'4
6'0
5'9
5'9
7'5
8'6
8'1
)o;a; l=vd neúka úYajikSh weia;fuka;= bosßm;a l< fkdyel
uQ,h( Y%u n, iólaIK jd¾;d ^2010-2014&" ck yd ixLHd f,aLk
fomd¾;fïk;=j
by; igykg wkqj by< ú/lshd wkqmd;hla fmkakqï lrkafka by<
wOHdmk uÜgula ,nd we;s mqoa.,hka ;=<hs' wvq ú/lshd wkqmd;hla fmkakqï
lrkafka wvq wOHdmk uÜgula ,nd we;s mqoa.,hka ;=<hs'
iudf,dapkh
by; lreKq wkqj .uH jkafka YS% ,xldfõ /lshd fjf<`ofmdf<ys w¾nqOhla
mj;sk njhs' tkï /lshd b,a¨ï yd /lshd iemhqu w;r mriamr;djhla
mj;akd njhs' fuhg uQ,sl jYfhka fya;= ù we;af;a hï /lshd fËa;% i`oyd
/lshd b,a¨ula mej;=Ko" Bg wkq.; ùug WÉ; iemhqula fkdue;s ùu;a"
we;eï fËa;% i`oyd /lshd iemhqula mej;=Ko tu Odß;dj r`ojd .eksug
m%udKj;a b,a¨ula wd¾Ólh úiska cks; fkdlsÍuhs' fuu .eg¨j ;=,kh
lsÍu i`oyd fhdod.; yels ms<shï lsysmhla olakg ,efí' tkï /lshd
b,a¨ug wkqrEm jk mßos Y%u iemhqu yev.eiaùuhs' ta hgf;a wOHdmkh
;=<ska jD;a;sh ud¾f.dmfoaYl;ajhla ,nd osu" .lshd nyq, fËa;% yÿkd
.ekSu" meyeos,s wruqKq yd b,lal u; jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nd.ekSu"
wdl,amuh fjkila we;s lsÍu" ksoyia Y%u ixp,khlg miqìu ieliSu" Y%u
iQlaIu ksYamdok l¾udka; i`oyd jeä wjOdkhla fhdï lsßu" wdfhdack
m%j¾Okh lsÍu" oaúmd¾Yaúl yd nyq md¾Yaúl .súiqï jvd;a ys;lr mßos fhdod
.ekSu jeks l%shdud¾.hka rch úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ'
wdYs%; .%ka:
fyÜáfyajd iuka;,d" ^1987&' id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdj" ;rxcs ms%kaÜia" kqf.af.dv'
fidauiqkaor ohdkkao" ^1991&' weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" flf<U 10'
290
wd¾ÓlúoHd
2016
w;m;a;= vekS" ^2011&' wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 02" l¾;D m%ldYk'
pkaøfiak .dñKs" ^1981&' kj wd¾Ól úYaf,aIK" bkaosl uqøKd,h" fld<U
10'
Y%u n, iólaIK jd¾;d ^2000 isg 2014 olajd&' ck yd ixLHd f,aLk
fomd¾;fïka;=j" uqo,a yd l%u iïmdok wud;HdxYh'
w;m;a;= vekS" ^2012 cqks$cQ,s&' fiajd úhqla;sh" wd¾Ól úuiqu" fj`:u 38" msgq
45'
fyafkf.or" cS'tï' ^2007 ck$cqks&' YS% ,xldfõ Y%uh iy fiajd kshqla;h
s
ms<sn`o iudf,dapkhla" wd¾Ól úuiqu" fj`:u 33" msgq 28'
291