Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 1 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Fire Mark — Distinctive metal marker once produced by insurance companies for
identifying their policyholders’ buildings.
2.
Life Safety — Refers to the joint consideration of the life and physical well-being
of individuals, both civilians and firefighters.
3.
Emergency Operations — Activities involved in responding to the scene of an
incident and performing assigned duties in order to mitigate the emergency.
4.
Chain of Command — (1) Order of rank and authority in the fire service. (2) The
proper sequence of information and command flow as described in the Incident
Command System.
5.
Discipline — Setting the limits or boundaries for expected performance and
enforcing them.
6.
Policy — Guide to decision-making in an organization.
7.
Procedure — A written communication closely related to a policy.
8.
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) — Standard methods or rules in which an
organization or a fire department operates to carry out a routine function.
Usually these procedures are written in a policies and procedures handbook and
all firefighters should be well versed in their content. A SOP may specify the
functional limitations of fire brigade members in performing emergency
operations.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
1
Firefighter I
9.
Student Workbook Answers
Incident Command System (ICS) — (1) System by which facilities, equipment,
personnel, procedures, and communications are organized to operate within a
common organizational structure designed to aid in the management of
resources at emergency incidents. (2) Management system of procedures for
controlling personnel, facilities, equipment, and communications so that different
agencies can work together toward a common goal in an effective and efficient
manner. (3) Recommended method of establishing and maintaining command
and control of an incident. It is an organized approach to incident management,
adaptable to any size or type of incident.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
False. The majority of firefighters in the United States today are volunteer
firefighters.
3.
False. The mission of the fire service is to save lives and protect property.
4.
True
5.
True
6.
False. An order is based upon a policy or procedure and compliance is
mandatory.
7.
True
8.
False. The person ultimately responsible for all incident activities is the Incident
Commander.
9.
False. Administrative and personnel functions of the department may be carried
out through SOPs.
10.
True
11.
True
12.
False. The ICS term available refers to resources that have checked in at the
incident and are not currently assigned.
13.
False. The level of emergency medical services (EMS) training required for
firefighters depends on the local EMS system and the department’s SOPs.
14.
True
15.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
2
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section C: Matching
1.
B
2.
E
3.
D
4.
C
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
Answer should include:

Integrity

Moral character

Work ethic

Pride

Courage
Answer should include:
 Life safety
 Incident stabilization
 Property conservation
3.
Answer should include:

Common terminology

Modular organization

Integrated communications

Unified command structure

Consolidated action plans

Manageable span of control

Predesignated incident facilities

Comprehensive resource management
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
3
Firefighter I
4.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include at least two of the following:

Emergency medical services

Hospitals

Law enforcement

Utility companies

Public health departments

Coroner/medical examiner’s offices

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
A
2.
C
3.
D
4.
D
5.
A
6.
C
7.
B
8.
A
9.
B
10.
A
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
4
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 2 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Line-of-Duty Death (LODD) — Firefighter or emergency responder death
resulting from the performance of fire department duties.
2.
Consensus Standard — Rules, principles, or measures that are established
though agreement of members of the standards-setting organization.
3.
Risk Management Plan — Written plan that identifies and analyzes the exposure
to hazards, and includes selection of appropriate risk management techniques to
handle exposures, implementation of chosen techniques, and monitoring of the
results of those risk management techniques.
4.
Safety Policy — Written policy that is designed to promote safety to
departmental members.
5.
Health and Safety Officer (HSO) — Member of the fire and emergency services
organization who is assigned and authorized by the administration as the
manager of the health and safety program and performs the duties, functions,
and responsibilities in NFPA® 1521, Standard for Fire Department Safety Officer.
This individual must meet the qualifications or approved equivalent of this
standard.
6.
Communicable Disease — Disease that is transmissible from one person to
another.
7.
Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) — Electronic lack-of-motion sensor that
sounds a loud tone when a firefighter becomes motionless. It can also be
manually triggered to operate.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
5
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) — Respirator worn by the user that
supplies a breathable atmosphere that is either carried in or generated by the
apparatus and is independent of the ambient atmosphere. Respiratory protection
is worn in all atmospheres that are considered to be Immediately Dangerous to
Life or Health (IDLH).
9.
Supplied Air Respirator — An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the
source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user; not certified for
fire fighting operations.
10.
Incident Command System (ICS) — System by which facilities, equipment,
personnel, procedures, and communications are organized to operate within a
common organizational structure designed to aid in the management of
resources at emergency incidents.
11.
Rehab — Term for a rehabilitation station at a fire or other incident where
personnel can rest, rehydrate, and recover from the stresses of the incident.
12.
Postincident Analysis — General overview and critique of the incident by
members of all responding agencies (including dispatchers) that should take
place within two weeks of the actual incident.
13.
Industrial Fire Brigade — Team of employees organized within a private
company, industrial facility, or plant who are assigned to respond to fires and
emergencies on that property.
14.
Safety Program — Program that sets standards, policies, procedures, and
precautions to safely purchase, operate, and maintain the department’s
equipment and to educate employees on how to protect themselves from
personal injury.
15.
Bloodborne Pathogens — Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in the
human blood and can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include (but
are not limited to) hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
6
Firefighter I
16.
Student Workbook Answers
Employee Assistance Program (EAP) — Any one of many programs that may be
provided by an employer to employees and their families to aid in solving work
or personal problems.
17.
Defusing — Informal discussion with incident responders conducted after the
incident has been terminated either at the scene or after the units have returned
to quarters. Here commanders address possible chemical and medical exposure
information, identify damaged equipment and apparatus that require immediate
attention, identify unsafe operating procedures, assign information-gathering
responsibilities to prepare for the postincident analysis, and reinforce the positive
aspects of the incident.
18.
Live Fire or Burn Exercises — Training exercises that involve the use of an
unconfined open flame or fire in a structure or other combustibles to provide a
controlled burning environment.
19.
Burn Building — Training structure specially designed to contain live fires for the
purpose of fire-suppression training.
20.
Evolution — Operation of fire service training or suppression covering one or
several aspects of fire fighting. Also called Practical Training Evolution.
21.
Acquired Building (Structure) — Structure acquired by the authority having
jurisdiction from a property owner for the purpose of conducting live fire training
or rescue training evolutions.
22.
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) — Two or more fully equipped and immediately
available firefighters designated to stand by outside the hazard zone to enter and
effect rescue of firefighters inside if necessary. Also known as Rapid Intervention
Team.
23.
Crowd Control — Limiting access to an emergency scene by curious spectators
and other non-emergency personnel.
24.
Mayday — International distress signal broadcast by voice.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
7
Firefighter I
25.
Student Workbook Answers
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) — Any atmosphere that poses
an immediate hazard to life or produces immediate irreversible, debilitating
effects on health.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
True
3.
True
4.
False. Blades and cutting chains on power saws should be kept well sharpened.
5.
False. When working with small hand and power tools remove loose clothing.
6.
False. Trainees with symptoms of physical discomfort or illness should be
referred to a physician for evaluation prior to participating.
7.
True
8.
False. The highest priority on all defensive fires is firefighter safety.
9.
True
10.
True
11.
True
12.
True
13.
True
14.
True
15.
False. Rapid intervention crew (RIC) members may be assigned other fireground
support duties but must always be able to fulfill their primary function.
Section C: Matching
1.
D
2.
C
3.
A
4.
E
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
8
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
Answer should include:
 Effective training
 Maintaining company discipline and accountability
 Following established safety-related SOPs
 Use of personal protective clothing and equipment
 Maintaining high levels of physical fitness
2.
3.
Answer should include:

Activities that present a significant risk to the safety of members shall be
limited to situations where there is a potential to save endangered lives.

Activities that are routinely employed to protect property shall be recognized
as inherent risks to the safety of members, and actions shall be taken to
avoid these risks.

No risk to the safety of members shall be acceptable when there is no
possibility to save lives or property.
Answer should include at least five of the following:
 Stay informed about job-related issues.
 Wear incident-appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and
respiratory protection.
 Clean all PPE at least twice annually and remove heavy contamination after
each use.
 Follow recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis B.
 Use precautions to avoid exposure to airborne and bloodborne pathogens.
 Use proper lifting techniques to avoid muscle strains and other related
injuries.
 Use lifting tools or get help to assist with lifting heavy objects.
 Clean, disinfect, and store tools and equipment used in patient care.
 Maintain a regular exercise program to sustain physical fitness.
 Maintain a diet low in cholesterol, fat, and sodium.
 Reduce heart attack and stroke risk by maintaining blood pressure and
cholesterol levels within acceptable limits.
 Reduce cancer risk by eliminating the use of all tobacco products.
 Have regular physicals and medical checkups.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
9
Firefighter I
4.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include at least two of the following:
 Prohibits any firefighter who is under the influence of alcohol or drugs from
participating in any fire department operations
 Requires fire departments to develop physical performance standards for
those who participating in emergency operations
 Requires annual medical verification of continued fitness for duty
 Requires establishment of job-related fitness standards and a fitness program
 Requires a confidential health database for each member
 Requires an infection control program
 Requires a designated fire department physician
 Requires all on-the-job injuries and exposures to be reported and
documented
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
D
2.
B
3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
B
7.
C
8.
D
9.
A
10.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
10
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 3 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Matter — Anything that occupies space and has mass.
2.
Exothermic Heat Reaction — Chemical reaction between two or more materials
that changes the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke.
3.
Endothermic Heat Reaction — Chemical reaction in which a substance absorbs
heat energy.
4.
Combustion — An exothermic chemical reaction that is a self-sustaining process
of rapid oxidation of a fuel, that produces heat and light.
5.
Fire Tetrahedron — Model of the four elements/conditions required to have a
fire. The four sides of the tetrahedron represent fuel, heat, oxygen, and chemical
chain reaction.
6.
Potential Energy — Stored energy possessed by an object that can be released in
the future to perform work.
7.
Kinetic Energy — The energy possessed by a moving object.
8.
Autoignition Temperature — Same as ignition temperature except that no
external ignition source is required for ignition because the material itself has
been heated to ignition temperature.
9.
Conduction — Physical flow or transfer of heat energy from one body to another
through direct contact or an intervening medium from the point where the heat
is produced to another location or from a region of high temperature to a region
of low temperature.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
11
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
10.
Convection — Transfer of heat by the movement of heated fluids or gases,
usually in an upward direction.
11.
Radiation —The transmission or transfer of heat energy from one body to
another body at a lower temperature through intervening space by
electromagnetic waves such as infrared thermal waves, radio waves, or X-rays.
12.
Reducing Agent — The fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion.
13.
Specific Gravity — Weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal
volume of water at a given temperature. A specific gravity less than 1 indicates a
substance lighter than water; a specific gravity greater than 1 indicates a
substance heavier than water.
14.
Vaporization — Process of evolution that changes a liquid into a gaseous state.
The rate of vaporization depends on the substance involved, heat, and pressure.
15.
Flash Point — Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to
form an ignitable mixture with air near the liquid’s surface.
16.
Fire Point — Temperature at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to
support combustion once the fuel is ignited. The fire point is usually a few
degrees above the flash point.
17.
Miscible — Materials that are capable of being mixed.
18.
Solubility — Degree to which a solid, liquid, or gas dissolves in a solvent (usually
water).
19.
Flammable Range — The range between the upper flammable limit and lower
flammable limit in which a substance can be ignited.
20.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) — Colorless, odorless, dangerous gas (both toxic and
flammable) formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. It combines more
than 200 times as quickly with hemoglobin as oxygen, thus decreases the blood’s
ability to carry oxygen.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
12
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
21.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) — Colorless, odorless, heavier-than-air gas that neither
supports combustion nor burns. CO2 is used in portable fire extinguishers as an
extinguishing agent to extinguish Class B or C fires by smothering or displacing
the oxygen.
22.
Saponification — A phenomenon that occurs when mixtures of alkaline-based
chemicals and certain cooking oils come into contact resulting in the formation of
a soapy film.
23.
Incipient Stage — First stage of the burning process in a confined space in which
the substance being oxidized is producing some heat, but the heat has not
spread to other substances nearby. During this phase, the oxygen content of the
air has not been significantly reduced.
24.
Growth Stage — The early stage of a fire during which fuel and oxygen are
virtually unlimited. This phase is characterized by a rapidly increasing release of
heat.
25.
Thermal Layering (of Gases) — Outcome of combustion in a confined space in
which gases tend to form into layers, according to temperature, with the hottest
gases found at the ceiling and the coolest gases at floor level.
26.
Rollover — Condition in which the unburned combustible gases released in a
confined space (such as a room or aircraft cabin) during the incipient or early
steady-state stage and accumulate at the ceiling level. These superheated gases
are pushed, under pressure, away from the fire area and into uninvolved areas
where they mix with oxygen. When their flammable range is reached and
additional oxygen is supplied by opening doors and/or applying fog streams, they
ignite and a fire front develops, expanding very rapidly in a rolling action across
the ceiling.
27.
Flashover — Stage of a fire at which all surfaces and objects within a space have
been heated to their ignition temperature and flame breaks out almost at once
over the surface of all objects in the space.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
13
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
28.
Fully Developed Stage — Stage of burning process where energy release is at
maximum rate and is limited only by availability of fuel and oxygen.
29.
Decay — Stage of fire development when fuel is consumed and energy release
diminishes, and temperatures decrease. During this stage the fire goes from
ventilation-controlled to fuel controlled.
30.
Backdraft — Instantaneous explosion or rapid burning of superheated gases that
occurs when oxygen is introduced into an oxygen-depleted confined space. The
stalled combustion resumes with explosive force. It may occur because of
inadequate or improper ventilation procedures.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
False. Flaming combustion requires liquid or solid fuels to be converted to the
gas phase or vaporized.
3.
False. Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object that may be
released in the future.
4.
True
5.
False. The autoignition temperature of a substance is always higher than its
piloted temperature.
6.
False. Gases with a vapor density of less than 1 will rise.
7.
True
8.
True
9.
True
10.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
C
2.
E
3.
A
4.
B
5.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
14
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
Answer should include:

Oxygen

Fuel

Heat
Answer should include:

Oxygen

Fuel

Heat

A self-sustained chemical chain reaction
3.
British thermal unit (Btu)
4.
Piloted ignition occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external
heat source with sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction.
Autoignition occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases
or vapors.
5.
Answer should include:
 Resistance heating
 Overcurrent or overload
 Arcing
 Sparking
6.
Answer should include:
 Incipient stage
 Growth stage
 Fully developed stage
 Decay
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
15
Firefighter I
7.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:
 Temperatures are rapidly increasing
 Additional fuel is becoming involved
 Fuel in the compartment is giving off combustible gases because of pyrolysis
8.
When potential backdraft conditions exist, the space is filled with unburned fuel
that is at or above its ignition temperature and only lacks sufficient oxygen to
burn.
9.
Answer should include:
10.

Configuration of the building

Contents (nonstructural fire load)

Construction (structural fire load)

Location of the fire in relation to fuel that has not yet become involved
Answer should include:

Insulation

Heat reflectivity

Retention

Conductivity
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
C
2.
A
3.
B
4.
C
5.
A
6.
B
7.
C
8.
A
9.
D
10.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
16
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 4 Answers
Common Construction Terminology
1.
Assembly — Two or more interconnected structural components combined to
meet a specific function or design requirement. Typical assemblies are roof
trusses, wall frames, and doors including their frames.
2.
Attic — An open space between the roof and ceiling of a building; most
commonly found in single- and multi-family residential occupancies. Attics
provide open spaces in which fires can burn undetected or spread throughout a
structure.
3.
Balloon Frame — A type of wood-frame construction in which the studs in
exterior walls extend from the basement or foundation to the roof. This type of
construction allows fires to spread – often undetected – from the basement to
the attic through the hollow walls.
4.
Bar Joist — A joist constructed of steel with bars in the vertical web space. A
common structural component in office buildings and other commercial
structures. Very high strength-to-weight ratio except when exposed to the heat
of a fire – then early failure is likely.
5.
Beam — A horizontal structural component subjected to vertical loads. Typical
beams are steel or wooden I-beams or large-dimension wooden members.
6.
Bowstring Truss — A roof assembly with a curved (arched) top chord and a
horizontal bottom chord. These assemblies are very strong except when exposed
to direct flame contact when catastrophic failure without warning may occur.
7.
Butterfly Roof — A V-shaped roof in which the two sides slope toward a valley in
the middle. An unusual type of roof that is rarely seen in cold climates where
snow load is a factor.
8.
Cantilever — A beam that is unsupported at one or both ends. Typically used to
support balconies on apartments and some office buildings.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
17
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
9. Chipboard — See Oriented Strand Board.
10.
Chord — The main structural members of a truss as distinguished from
diagonals. Chords span the open space between the upper and lower diagonal
members in a truss assembly.
11.
Cockloft — An open space between the roof and ceiling of a commercial or
industrial building. Usually found under flat or nearly flat roofs. In a fire, these
spaces act in much the same way as attics.
12.
Column — A vertical supporting member. Columns may be wooden or steel
posts. Steel posts often support lightweight roof assemblies, and if unprotected
by surface insulation, steel posts may fail quickly in a fire.
13.
Compression — Force that tends to push the mass of a material together.
Bearing walls in a building are under compression from the weight of the roof
and other materials above.
14.
Course — Horizontal layer of masonry units. A row of bricks is an example of a
course.
15.
Curtain Board — Nonload-bearing interior wall extending down from a roof or
ceiling to limit the horizontal spread of fire and heat. If curtain walls are
penetrated by unprotected openings, fire can spread unchecked.
16.
Curtain Wall — Nonload-bearing exterior wall used as a weather barrier but not
for structural support. On many high-rise buildings, the outside walls (often
sheet glass in frames) are curtain walls.
17.
Decking — Planks or panels of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) that form
the substrate of a roof assembly. In vertical ventilation through a roof, the
decking must be removed from the ventilation opening to realize the full effect of
the opening.
18.
Drywall — Gypsum wall board. A fire-resistive wall covering also called
sheetrock™.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
18
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
19.
Eave — The edge of a pitched roof that overhangs an outside wall. Attic vents in
typical eaves provide an avenue for an exterior fire to enter the attic.
20.
Engineered I-Beam — A wooden I-beam consisting of continuous wooden upper
and lower chords separated by a web of OSB or similar sheet stock. Engineered
I-beams are very strong and resist fire well.
21.
Fire Door — A rated assembly consisting of a solid-core door, door frame, and
hardware. Fire doors are used to confine a fire to one room or section of a
building by closing a communicating opening when triggered by a fire. If fire
doors are to function as designed, they must not be prevented from closing by
being intentionally or inadvertently blocked open.
22.
Fire Load — Total potential heat release if a building and its contents burned.
The fire load of a fully stocked lumber yard is considerably higher than that of an
empty building of the same dimensions.
23.
Fire Wall — A rated assembly that extends from the foundation to and through
the roof of a building to limit fire spread. Fire walls are intended to confine a fire
to one room or section of a building. If they are penetrated by openings not
protected with fire doors, fire can spread unchecked.
24.
Flat Roof — A roof that is flat or nearly flat relative to the horizon. Many
commercial buildings have flat roofs covered with tar and gravel or other
weatherproof material. Flat roofs lend themselves to being opened for vertical
ventilation.
25.
Gable Roof — A pitched roof characterized by square-cut ends and sides that
slope down from the ridge line to the eaves. These are the most common roof
style on homes and other small buildings.
26.
Gable Wall — A wall rising to meet a gable roof at the end of a building. These
walls are found only at the ends of gable roofs and they often include an attic
vent near the top of the wall.
27.
Gambrel Roof — A roof characterized by a single ridge line from which roof
sections on both sides of the ridge descend at two different pitches. These roofs
are common on barns and other farm structures. Because of the differing angles
of the slopes, gambrel roofs can make roof ladders difficult to use on them.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
19
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
28.
Girder — A horizontal structural member used to support beams or joists. Girders
are almost always of larger dimension than the members they support.
29.
Glue-Lam Beam — A wooden structural member composed of relatively short
pieces of lumber glued and laminated together under pressure to form a long,
extremely strong beam. Because of the mass of most glue-lam beams, they
resist fire extremely well compared to other materials.
30.
Gusset Plate — Wooden or metal plate used to connect structural members that
are butted together; most often used in the construction of trusses. Many metal
gusset plates are simply pressed into the wood and are subject to early failure if
the plates warp from the heat of the fire. Gusset plates that are nailed or
screwed to the members are much more reliable during a fire.
31.
Gypsum Board — Interior finish material consisting of calcinated gypsum, starch,
water, and other additives sandwiched between two sheets of specially treated
paper; see drywall.
32.
Header Course — Course of bricks laid with the ends facing outward. Because
the ends of the bricks are smaller than the sides, a header course is easy to
identify. Header courses are only used in unreinforced masonry, and this makes
that type of construction easy to identify.
33.
Hip Roof — A pitched roof in which the ends are all beveled so that there are no
gable walls. A common roof style on many newer residences. Unlike gable roofs,
in hip roofs the attic vents are only under the eaves or on the roof.
34.
HVAC — Abbreviation for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. Unless
properly protected with automatic fire dampers, the ductwork associated with
these systems can allow smoke and fire to spread throughout a building.
35.
Interstitial Space — An accessible or inaccessible space between layers of
building materials; an attic or cockloft sometimes used to house HVAC and other
machinery. Like attics and cocklofts, unless properly protected, these spaces can
allow fire to burn undetected or to spread throughout a building.
36.
Joists — Horizontal structural members used to support a ceiling or floor. Drywall
materials are nailed or screwed to the ceiling joists, and the subfloor is nailed or
screwed to the floor joists.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
20
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
37.
Lamella Arch — An arch constructed of short wooden members connected in a
specific geometric pattern. While rare in modern construction, these roof
assemblies can still be found in many older buildings.
38.
Mansard Roof — A roof characterized by steeply sloped facets surrounding a flat
or nearly flat center section. Many remodeled buildings have false mansard roofs
that consist of a fascia added to an existing flat roof. In some cases, the fascia
forms a concealed space in which fire can burn undetected.
39.
Mortar — A mixture of sand, cement, and water used to bond masonry units into
a solid mass. The joints between bricks are filled with mortar. Mortar joints are
sometimes the easiest to penetrate when a masonry wall must be breached.
40.
Open Web Joist — A joist constructed with a web composed of materials such as
bars or tubes that do not fill the entire web space. These are very common
building assemblies because of their strength compared to their cost. When
exposed to fire they lose their strength quickly.
41.
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) — A wooden structural panel formed by gluing and
compressing wood strands together under pressure. This material has replaced
plywood and planking in the majority of construction applications. Roof decks,
walls, and subfloors are all commonly made of OSB.
42.
Parallel Chord Truss — A truss constructed with the top and bottom chords
parallel. These trusses are used as floor joists in multistory buildings and as
ceiling joists in buildings with flat roofs.
43.
Parapet — A wall at the edge of some roofs. Most parapet walls range from a
few inches (millimeters) to a few feet (meters) in height, but they can be high
enough to require a ladder to reach the roof from the top of the wall. At night,
parapet walls can be significant trip hazards for firefighters on the roof.
44.
Party Wall — A wall shared by two adjoining buildings; usually a load-bearing
wall that is also a fire wall. The failure of a roof assembly attached to a party
wall can affect the structural integrity of the adjoining building.
45.
Pitch — The ratio of rise-to-span of a roof assembly. The steeper the pitch, the
greater the slip hazard unless roof ladders are used.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
21
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
46.
Pitched Roof — A roof that is sloped (pitched) to facilitate runoff. Pitched roofs
range from those that appear to be flat to those that are extremely steep, such
as are common on some churches.
47.
Plate — The top or bottom horizontal member of a frame wall. The sole plate is
nailed or screwed to the subfloor, and the top plate is what the roof assembly
rests on.
48.
Platform Construction — Frame-type construction in which each floor interrupts
the exterior studs forming an effective fire-stop at every floor. This is the most
common type of construction used to frame modern residences and other small
buildings.
49.
Plywood — A wooden structural panel formed by gluing and laminating very thin
sheets of wood together under pressure. Plywood is still used in some
applications but has been replaced in construction by OSB.
50.
Rafters — Beams that span from a ridge board to an exterior wall plate to
support roof decking. While it is important to cut away roof decking during
vertical ventilation operations, cutting rafters can seriously weaken a roof and
should be avoided whenever possible.
51.
Rated Assembly — Two or more construction components combined to form an
assembly that has a specific fire-resistance rating. A fire door is an example of a
rated assembly as well as a wood-frame wall covered with a specified thickness
of gypsum drywall.
52.
Rebar — Short for reinforcing bar. These steel bars are placed in concrete forms
before the cement is poured. When the concrete sets (hardens) the rebar within
it adds considerable strength.
53.
Reinforced Concrete — Concrete that has been poured into forms that contain an
interconnected network of steel rebar.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
22
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
54.
Sawtooth Roof — A roof with a profile of vertical and sloping surfaces that
resemble a saw blade. These roofs are common on older industrial buildings, but
many are still in existence. The vertical walls in these roofs usually include many
windows to allow light in. In some cases, the windows can be opened to provide
natural ventilation. Removing these windows can sometimes provide adequate
ventilation during a fire.
55.
Sheathing — Plywood, OSB, or wooden planking (sometimes called sheeting)
applied to a wall or roof over which a weather-resistant covering is applied. Most
sheathing is relatively easy to penetrate for forcible entry or ventilation.
56.
Shed Roof — A pitched roof that slopes in one direction only from the ridge.
57.
Spalling — Degradation of concrete due to prolonged exposure to high heat.
Water trapped within the concrete is vaporized by the heat and expands, causing
the concrete to break apart. While spalling concrete can sound like gun fire, in
most cases it is relatively harmless to firefighters.
58.
Stud — A vertical structural member in a frame wall. Stud walls are the
assemblies to which wall coverings are nailed or screwed. Studs can be made of
either wood or light gauge steel.
59.
Tension — Force that tends to pull the mass of a material apart. Tension is what
causes some roof assemblies to pull away from walls and fall inward.
60.
Truss — A wooden or metal structural unit made up of one or more triangles in a
flat plane. Because of the inherent strength of the triangles within its structure,
when a truss is intact it is much stronger than the individual members of which it
is made.
Part 2
1.
Load-Bearing Wall — Wall that is used for structural support.
2.
Nonload-Bearing Wall — Wall, usually interior, that supports only its own weight.
3.
Partition Wall — Interior non-load bearing wall that separates a space into
rooms.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
23
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
4.
Green Wood – Wood with high moisture content.
5.
Fire Wall — Fire-rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, built of fireresistive materials and usually extending from the foundation up to and through
the roof of a building, that is designed to limit the spread of a fire within a
structure or between adjacent structures.
6.
Masonry — Bricks, blocks, stones, and unreinforced and reinforced concrete
products.
7.
Cantilever Walls – Walls that extend beyond the structure that supports them.
8.
Veneer Walls — Walls with a surface layer of attractive material laid over a base
of common material
9.
Fire-Resistive Construction — Another term for Type I construction; construction
that maintains its structural integrity during a fire.
10.
Noncombustible Construction — Another term for Type II construction;
construction made of the same materials as fire-resistive construction except that
the structural components lack the insulation or other protection of Type I
construction
11.
Ordinary Construction — Another term for Type III construction; construction
that requires that exterior walls and structural members be made of
noncombustible or limited combustible materials
12.
Wood-Frame Construction — Another term for Type V construction; construction
that has exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made
completely or partially of wood or other approved materials of smaller
dimensions than those used for heavy-timber construction.
13.
Situational Awareness – Awareness of immediate surroundings.
14.
Heavy Fire Loading — Presence of large amounts of combustible materials in an
area or a building.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
24
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
15.
Roof Covering — Final outside cover that is placed on top of a roof deck
assembly.
16.
Collapse Zone – The area extending horizontally from the base of the wall to one
and one-half times the height of the wall.
17.
Lightweight Steel Truss — Structural support made from a long steel bar that is
bent at a 90-degree angle with flat or angular pieces welded to the top and
bottom.
18.
Lightweight Wood Truss — Structural supports constructed of 2- x 3-inch or 2- x
4-inch (50 mm by 75 mm or 50 mm by 100 mm) members that are connected by
gusset plates.
19.
Gusset Plates — Metal or wooden plates used to connect and strengthen the
intersections of metal or wooden truss components roof or floor components into
a load-bearing unit.
20.
Gang Nail — Form of gusset plate. These thin steel plates are punched with
acutely V-shaped holes that form sharp prongs on one side that penetrate
wooden members to fasten them together.
21.
Tension — Those vertical or horizontal forces that tend to pull things apart; for
example, the force exerted on the bottom chord of a truss.
22.
Compression — Those vertical and/or horizontal forces that tend to push the
mass of a material together. For example, the force exerted on the top chord of
a truss.
23.
Rain Roof — A second roof constructed over an older roof.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
25
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Because masonry materials do not burn, a variety of masonry walls are
used in the construction of fire walls.
2.
True
3.
False. Gypsum is an inorganic product from which plaster and wallboards
reconstructed.
4.
False. The primary fire concerns of Type I construction are the contents of the
structure and interior finishes.
5.
True
6.
False. Type V construction is commonly used to construct the typical apartment
house of up to seven stories.
7.
True
8.
False. One strength of Type IV construction is the manageable amount of debris
following collapse.
9.
True.
10.
False. All trusses are made up of one or more triangles.
Section C: Matching
1.
A
2.
E
3.
C
4.
B
5.
D
Section D: Short Answer
1.
Two strengths — Any two of the following:
 Resists collapse due to flame impingement of heavy beams
 Structurally stable
 Relatively easy to vertically or horizontally ventilate
 Relatively easy to breach for access or escape
 Manageable debris following collapse
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
26
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Two weaknesses — Any two of the following:
 Susceptible to fire spread from outside
 Potential for flame spread to other nearby structures
 Susceptible to rapid interior flame spread
 Susceptible to water damage
2.
Exit the building.
Inform Command and all others inside the building of the situation.
Clear the collapse zone.
Know and heed any evacuation or other emergency signals used by your
department.
3.
The trusses next to it are likely to fail, and the domino effect can produce a total
collapse almost instantaneously.
Section E: Picture ID
1.
Type II
2.
Type I
3.
Type V
4.
Type IV
5.
Type III
Section F: Multiple Choice
1.
C
2.
A
3.
C
4.
C
5.
A
6.
B
7.
D
8.
B
9.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
27
Firefighter I
10.
Student Workbook Answers
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
28
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 5 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Personal Protective Clothing — Garments firefighters must wear to protect
themselves while fighting fires, performing rescues, and delivering emergency
medical services.
2.
Personal Protective Equipment — Includes self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) or other respiratory protection and personal alert safety systems (PASS)
devices.
3.
Helmet — Protective headgear worn by firefighters that provides protection from
falling objects, side blows, the fire environment elements, and eye injuries.
4.
Protective Hood — Hood designed to protect the firefighter’s ears, neck, and face
from exposure to extreme heat. Hoods are typically made of Nomex®, Kevlar®,
or PBI® and are available in long or short styles.
5.
Turnout Coat — Coat worn during fire fighting, rescue, and extrication
operations.
6.
Turnout Pants — Pants worn during fire fighting operations. Also called bunker
pants; night hitches.
7.
Gloves — Part of the firefighter’s protective clothing ensemble necessary to
protect the hands.
8.
Safety Shoes — Protective footwear meeting OSHA requirements.
9.
Respiratory Hazards — Any exposure to products of combustion, superheated
atmospheres, toxic gases, vapors, or dust, or potentially explosive or oxygendeficient atmospheres or any condition that creates a hazard to the respiratory
system.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
29
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
10.
Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere — An atmosphere containing less than 19.5
percent oxygen.
11.
Hypoxia — Condition caused by a deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching
body tissues.
12.
Pulmonary Edema — Accumulation of fluids in the lungs.
13.
Asphyxiation — Condition that causes death because of a deficient amount of
oxygen and an excessive amount of carbon monoxide and/or other gases in the
blood.
14.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning — Sometimes lethal condition in which carbon
monoxide molecules attach to hemoglobin, decreasing the blood’s ability to carry
oxygen.
15.
Oxyhemoglobin — Combination of oxygen and hemoglobin.
16.
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) — Hemoglobin saturated with carbon monoxide and
therefore unable to absorb needed oxygen.
17.
Etiologic Agents — Living microorganisms, like germs, that can cause human
disease; a biologically hazardous material.
18.
Low-Pressure Alarm — Bell, whistle, or other audible alarm that warns the
wearer when the SCBA air supply is low and needs replacement, usually 25
percent of full container pressure.
19.
Point of No Return — That time at which the remaining operation time of the
SCBA is equal to the time necessary to return safely to a nonhazardous
atmosphere.
20.
Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus — An SCBA that allows the
wearer’s exhaled air to be discharged or vented to the atmosphere.
21.
Open-Circuit Airline Equipment — Airline breathing equipment that allows
exhaled air to be discharged to the open atmosphere.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
30
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
22.
Closed-Circuit Breathing Apparatus — Respiratory protection system in which the
exhalations of the wearer are rebreathed after carbon dioxide has been
effectively removed and a suitable oxygen concentration restored from resources
composed of compressed oxygen, chemical oxygen, or liquid oxygen; usually
long-duration device systems; not approved for fire fighting operations.
23.
Hydrostatic Test — A testing method that uses water under pressure to check
the integrity of pressure vessels.
24.
Personnel Accountability Report (PAR) — A roll call of all units (crews, teams,
groups, companies, sectors) assigned to an incident. Usually by radio, the
supervisor of each unit reports the status of the personnel within the unit at that
time. A PAR may be required by SOP at specific intervals during an incident, or
may be requested at any time by the IC or the ISO.
25.
Tag Line — Nonload-bearing rope attached to an object to help steer it in a
desired direction or act as a safety line.
26.
Salvage Cover — Waterproof cover made of cotton duck, plastic, or other
material used by fire departments to protect unaffected furniture and building
areas from heat, smoke, and water damage; a tarpaulin.
27.
In Service — Operational and available for an assignment.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Firefighters who wear prescription safety eyeglasses should select frames
and lenses that meet ANSI Standard Z87.1 for severe exposure to impact and
heat.
2.
True
3.
False. An oxygen deficient atmosphere is one containing less than 19.5 percent
oxygen.
4.
True
5.
True
6.
False. One recommendation for the use of PASS devices is to use only PASS
devices that meet the requirements of NFPA® 1982.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
31
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
7.
False. When donning SCBA using the over-the-head or coat method, the SCBA
should be positioned in front of the firefighter with all straps extended.
8.
True
9.
True
10.
False. Any area of limited visibility is likely to also be an IDLH atmosphere, which
means firefighters must always operate in teams of two or more.
Section C: Matching
1.
D
2.
G
3.
F
4.
B
5.
H
6.
A
7.
C
8.
I
9.
E
Section D: Short Answer
1.
Answer should include:
 Outer shell
 Moisture barrier
 Thermal barrier
2.
Answer should include:

Oxygen deficiency

Elevated temperatures

Smoke

Toxic atmospheres
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
32
Firefighter I
3.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:
 Know your point of no return
 Know how much air you have
 Make a conscious decision to stay or leave when your air is down to 50
percent
4.
5.
Answer should include:

Place the cylinder in a shielded fill station.

Prevent the cylinder from overheating by filling slowly.

Ensure that the cylinder is completely full but not overpressurized.
Answer should include:
 Follow your departmental SOP for this type of situation.
 Do not panic!
 Withdraw to a clear atmosphere.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
B
2.
C
3.
B
4.
B
5.
A
6.
C
7.
C
8.
A
9.
D
10.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
33
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 6 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Fire Extinguisher — Portable fire fighting device designed to combat incipient
fires.
2.
Extinguishing Agent — Any substance used for the purpose of controlling or
extinguishing a fire.
3.
Dry Chemical — Extinguishing system that uses dry-chemical powder as the
primary extinguishing agent; often used to protect areas containing volatile
flammable liquids.
4.
Conductivity — The ability of a substance to conduct an electrical current.
5.
Alloy — Substance or mixture composed of two or more metals (or a metal and
nonmetallic elements) fused together and dissolved into each other to enhance
the properties or usefulness of the base metal.
6.
Dry Powder — Extinguishing agent suitable for use on combustible metal fires.
7.
Wet Chemical System — Extinguishing system that uses a wet-chemical solution
as the primary extinguishing agent; usually installed in range hoods and
associated ducting where grease may accumulate.
8.
Water Mist — In the fire service, water mist is associated with a fire extinguisher
capable of atomizing water through a special applicator. Water-mist fire
extinguishers use distilled water, while back-pump type water-mist extinguishers
use ordinary water.
9.
Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) — Synthetic foam concentrate that, when
combined with water, can form a complete vapor barrier over fuel spills and fires
and is a highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on hydrocarbon
fuels. Also called light water.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
34
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
10.
Air-Aspirating Foam Nozzle — Foam nozzle especially designed to provide the
aeration required to make the highest quality foam possible; most effective
appliance for the generation of low-expansion foam.
11.
Corrosive Materials — Gaseous, liquid, or solid materials that can burn, irritate,
or destroy human skin tissue and can severely corrode steel. Also called
Corrosives.
12.
Smothering — Act of excluding oxygen from a fuel.
13.
Escape Route — Pathway to safety. It can lead to an already burned area, a
previously constructed safety area, a meadow that will not burn, or a natural
rocky area that is large enough to take refuge without being burned. When
escape routes deviate from a defined physical path, they must be clearly marked
(flagged).
14.
Halogenated Agents — Chemical compounds (halogenated hydrocarbons) that
contain carbon plus one or more elements from the halogen series. Halon 1301
and Halon 1211 are most commonly used as extinguishing agents for Class B
and Class C fires. Also called Halogenated Hydrocarbons.
15.
Halogenated Agent System — Extinguishing system that uses a halogenated gas
as the primary extinguishing agent; usually installed to protect highly sensitive
electronic equipment.
16.
Total Flooding System — Fire-suppression system designed to protect hazards
within enclosed structures. Foam is released into a compartment or area and fills
it completely to extinguish the fire.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
False. Extinguishing fire by oxygen exclusion is known as smothering.
3.
False. Firefighters should not rely on privately owned extinguishers found in
occupancies because they may inoperative because of being improperly
maintained, having been vandalized, or being obsolete.
4.
True
5.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
35
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
6.
False. The terms dry chemical and dry powder are not interchangeable. Dry
chemical agents are for use on Class A-B-C fires and/or Class B-C fires; dry
powder agents are used on Class D fires only.
7.
True
8.
False. Because of their corrosive particulate residue, dry chemical extinguishers
should not be selected for use in areas where highly sensitive computer
equipment is located.
9.
True
10.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
D
2.
B
3.
C
4.
A
5.
E
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
Answer should include:

Manual pump

Stored pressure

Pressure cartridge
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Classification of the burning fuel

Rating of the extinguisher

Hazards to be protected

Size and intensity of the fire

Atmospheric conditions

Any life hazard or operational concerns

Ease of handling extinguisher

Availability of trained personnel
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
36
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
3. Answer should include:
P – Pull the pin (breaking the thin wire or plastic seal)
A – Aim the nozzle (at whatever is burning)
S – Squeeze the handles together (to release the agent)
S – Sweep the nozzle back and forth (to cover the burning material)
Section E: Picture ID
1.
Class A
2.
Class K
3.
Class D
4.
Class C
5.
Class B
Section F: Multiple Choice
1.
A
2.
D
3.
C
4.
A
5.
C
6.
B
7.
D
8.
D
9.
D
10.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
37
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 7 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Life-Safety Rope — Rope that meets the requirements of NFPA® 1983, Standard
on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services, and is dedicated
solely for the purpose of constructing lines to be used for the raising, lowering,
or supporting people during rescue, fire fighting or other emergency operations,
or during training.
2.
Utility Rope — Rope to be used in any situation that requires a rope — except life
safety applications. Utility ropes can be used for hoisting equipment, securing
unstable objects, and cordoning off an area.
3.
Natural Fiber Rope — Rope made of hemp or cotton used for utility purposes.
Natural fiber rope is not accepted for use in life-safety applications.
4.
Synthetic Fiber Rope — Rope featuring continuous fibers running the entire
length of the rope; has excellent resistance to mildew and rotting, has excellent
strength, and is easy to maintain.
5.
Dynamic Rope — Rope that stretches farther than a static rope stretches.
6.
Static Rope — Rope that will stretch a relatively short distance under load.
7.
Light-Use Rope — Life-safety rope that is 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) in diameter or
greater, but less than ½-inch (12.5 mm) and is intended to support the weight
of one person.
8.
General-Use Rope — Life-safety rope that is 7/16-inch (11 mm) in diameter or
greater, but less than or equal to 5/8-inch (16 mm) and is intended to support
the weight of two persons.
9.
Throwline — Life-safety rope that is 19/64-inch (7 mm) in diameter or greater,
but less than 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) and is used to tether rescuers during water
rescues or to throw to a victim in the water.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
38
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
10.
Escape Rope — Rope (not considered life-safety or utility rope) that is 19/64-inch
(7.5 mm) in diameter or greater, but less than 3/8-inch (9.5mm) and is
constructed in the same manner as life-safety rope. It is intended to be used one
time only and then destroyed.
11.
Kernmantle Rope — Rope that consists of a protective shield (mantle) over the
load-bearing core strands (kern).
12.
Laid Rope — Rope constructed by twisting several groups of individual strands
together.
13.
Braided Rope — Rope constructed by uniformly intertwining strands of rope
together (similar to braiding a person’s hair).
14.
Braid-on-Braid Rope — Rope constructed with both a braided core and a braided
sheath. The appearance of the sheath is that of a herringbone pattern.
15.
Rope Log — A record that is kept by a department throughout a rope’s working
life. The date of each use and the inspection/maintenance records for the rope
should be entered into the log, which should be kept in a waterproof envelope
and placed in a pocket that is usually sewn on the side of the rope’s storage bag.
16.
Webbing — Synthetic nylon, spiral weave, tubular material used for creating
anchors, lashings, and for packaging patients and rescuers.
17.
Running End — Part of the rope that is to be used for work such as hoisting,
pulling, or belaying.
18.
Working End — Part of the rope that is to be used in forming the knot. Also
called Bitter End or Loose End.
19.
Standing Part — That part of a rope between the working end and the running
end.
20.
Overhand Safety Knot — Knot used in conjunction with other knots to eliminate
the danger of the running end of the rope slipping back through a knot, causing
the knot to fail.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
39
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
21.
Bowline Knot — Knot used to form a loop in natural fiber rope.
22.
Half-Hitch — Knot that is always used in conjunction with another knot. The halfhitch is particularly useful in stabilizing tall objects that are being hoisted.
23.
Clove Hitch — Knot that consists essentially of two half-hitches. Its principal use
is to attach a rope to an object such as a pole, post, or hose.
24.
Family of Eight Knots — A series of rescue knots based on a figure-eight knot.
25.
Figure-Eight Knot — Knot used to form a loop in the end of a rope; should be
used in place of the bowline knot when working with synthetic fiber rope.
26.
Becket Bend — Knot used for joining two ropes. It is particularly well suited for
joining ropes of unequal diameters or joining a rope and a chain. Also called
Sheet Bend.
27.
Rope Rescue — The use of rope and related equipment to perform rescue.
28.
Ladder Belt — Belt with a hook that secures the firefighter to the ladder.
29.
Class I Harness — Harness that fastens around the waist and around the thighs
or under the buttocks and is intended to be used for emergency escape with a
load of up to 300 pounds (1.33 k/N). Also known as a seat harness.
30.
Class II Harness — Harness that fastens around the waist and around the thighs
or under the buttocks and is intended to be used for emergency escape with a
load of up to 600 pounds (2.67 k/N). Class II harness looks exactly like Class I
harness so the attached label must be used to verify its rating
31.
Class III Harness — Harness that fastens around the waist, around the thighs or
under the buttocks, and over the shoulders. Class III harness is rated for loads
of up to 600 pounds (2.67 k/N). Also known as full body harness.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
40
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Utility rope cannot be used to support rescuers and/or victims in any way.
2.
True
3.
True
4.
False. Synthetic rope is preferred for life-safety applications
5.
False. Static (low-stretch) rope is used for most rope-rescue incidents.
6.
True
7.
False. Low-stretch kernmantle is most commonly used as rescue rope where
stretch is an undesirable characteristic.
8.
True
9.
False. Life-safety rope should be stored in spaces or compartments that are
clean and dry but have adequate ventilation.
10.
True
Section C: Short Answer
1.
2.
Answer should include:

Rope must not be visibly damaged.

Rope must not show abrasions or have been exposed to high temperatures or
direct flame contact.

Rope has not been impact loaded.

Rope must not have been exposed to liquids, solids, gases, mists, or vapors
from any chemical or material that can deteriorate rope.

Rope must pass inspection made by a qualified person both before and after
each use.
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Inspect all types of rope after each use.

Unused ropes should be inspected at least annually.

Inspect rope visually and by touch.

Inspect for imbedded shards of glass, metal shavings, wood splinters, or
other foreign objects that could cause damage. If any of these are found, the
rope should be taken out of service.

All inspections should be documented in the rope log.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
41
Firefighter I
3.
Student Workbook Answers
Hand washing, with a special rope-washing device, or in a front-loading washing
machine
Section D: Multiple Choice
1.
D
2.
D
3.
A
4.
D
5.
A
6.
B
7.
A
8.
B
9.
C
10.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
42
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 8 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Rescue — Saving a life from fire or accident; removing a victim from an
untenable or unhealthy atmosphere.
2.
Extrication — Incidents involving the removal and treatment of victims who are
trapped by some type of man-made machinery or equipment.
3.
Size-Up — Ongoing mental evaluation process performed by the operational
officer in charge of an incident to evaluate all influencing factors and to develop
objectives, strategy, and tactics for fire suppression before committing personnel
and equipment to a course of action. Size-up results in a plan of action that may
be adjusted as the situation changes. It includes such factors as time, location,
nature of occupancy, life hazard, exposures, property involved, nature and
extent of fire, weather, and fire fighting facilities.
4.
Egress — Place or means of exiting a structure.
5.
All Clear — Signal given to the Incident Commander that a specific area has been
checked for victims and none have been found or all found victims have been
extricated from an entrapment.
6.
Carabiner — A steel or aluminum D-shaped snap link device for attaching
components of rope rescue systems together. In rescue work, carabiners should
be of a positive locking type, with a 5,000-pound (2 250 kg) minimum breaking
strength. They are also called biners, crabs, or snap links.
7.
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) — Two or more fully equipped and immediately
available firefighters designated to stand by outside the hazard zone to enter and
effect rescue of firefighters inside, if necessary. Also known as Rapid
Intervention Team.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
43
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) — Application of rescue breathing and
external cardiac compression used on patients in cardiac arrest to provide an
adequate circulation and oxygen to support life.
9.
Supine — Lying horizontal in a face upward position.
10.
Inverter — Auxiliary electrical power generating device. The inverter is a step-up
transformer that converts the vehicle’s 12- or 24-volt DC current into 110- or
220-volt AC current.
11.
Generator — Auxiliary electrical power generating device. Portable generators
are powered by small gasoline or diesel engines and generally have 110- and/or
220-volt capacities.
12.
Arc — A luminous discharge of electricity across a gap. Arcs produce very high
temperature.
13.
Hydraulics — Branch of fluid mechanics dealing with the mechanical properties of
liquids and the application of these properties in engineering.
14.
Shoring — General term used for lengths of timber, screw jacks, hydraulic and
pneumatic jacks, and other devices that can be used as temporary support for
formwork or structural components or used to hold sheeting against trench walls.
Individual supports are called shores, cross braces, and struts.
15.
Cribbing — Varying lengths of hardwood, usually 4- × 4-inch (100 mm by 100
mm) or larger, used to stabilize vehicles and collapsed buildings during
extrication incidents.
16.
Block and Tackle — Series of pulleys (sheaves) contained within a wood or metal
frame. They are used with rope to provide a mechanical advantage for pulling
operations.
17.
Triage — System used for sorting and classifying accident casualties to
determine the priority for medical treatment and transportation.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
44
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
18.
Stabilization — Process of providing additional support to key places between an
object of entrapment and the ground or other solid anchor points to prevent
unwanted movement.
19.
Chock — Wooden, plastic, or metal block constructed to fit the curvature of a
tire; placed against the tire to prevent apparatus rolling.
20.
Packaging — Readying a patient for transport.
21.
Safety Glass (Laminated Glass) — Special glass composed of two sheets of glass
that are laminated to a sheet of plastic sandwiched between them under high
temperature and pressure. Primarily used for automobile windshields and some
rear windows.
22.
Tempered Glass — Type of glass specially treated to become harder and more
break-resistant than plate glass or a single sheet of laminated glass. Tempered
glass is most commonly used in side windows and some rear windows.
23.
Unibody Construction — Method of automobile construction used for most
modern cars in which the frame and body of a vehicle is all one integral unit.
24.
Secondary Collapse — A collapse that occurs after the initial collapse of a
structure. There are many possible causes, but an aftershock (earthquake), the
movement of structural members, or weather conditions are common causes.
25.
Hypothermia — Abnormally low or decreased body temperature.
26.
Tourniquet — Any wide, flat material wrapped tightly around a limb to stop
bleeding; used only for severe, life-threatening hemorrhage that cannot be
controlled by other means.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
45
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Rescue incidents involve the removal of victims from entrapment.
2.
False. If backdraft conditions are apparent, attempt entry only after ventilation is
accomplished.
3.
True
4.
True
5.
False. The primary search is performed either before or during fire suppression.
6.
True
7.
True
8.
False. When searching for a firefighter in distress, the first step rescuers should
take is to attempt to contact him or her by radio.
9.
True
10.
False. Generators are the most common power source used for emergency
services.
Section C: Matching
1.
D
2.
A
3.
C
4.
E
Section D: Short Answer
1.
Answer should include:

Most severely threatened

Largest numbers

Remainder of hazard zone

Exposures
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
46
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
2. Answer should include:
3.

Feel it for heat.

Create an opening large enough to pass through without having to remove
any part of your protective ensemble.

Remove sections on both sides of a stud, as well as the stud itself, to create a
large enough opening.
Answer should include:

It gives poor lighting.

It may damage the power generating unit or the lights.

It may restrict the operation of other electrical tools using the same power
supply.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
B
2.
C
3.
C
4.
B
5.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
47
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 9 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Forcible Entry — Techniques used by fire personnel to gain entry into buildings,
vehicles, aircraft, or other areas of confinement when normal means of entry are
locked or blocked.
2.
Halligan Tool — Prying tool with a claw at one end and a spike or point at a right
angle to a wedge at the other end.
3.
Oxyacetylene Cutting Torch — A commonly used torch that burns oxygen and
acetylene to produce a very hot flame. Used as a forcible entry cutting tool for
penetrating metal enclosures that are resistant to more conventional forcible
entry equipment.
4.
Acetylene (C2H2) — Colorless gas that has an explosive range from 2.5 percent
to 81 percent in air; used as a fuel gas for cutting and welding operations.
5.
Exothermic — Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes
the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke.
6.
Lever — Device consisting of a bar turning about a fixed point (fulcrum), using
power or force applied at a second point to lift or sustain an object at a third
point.
7.
Fulcrum — Support or point of support on which a lever turns in raising or
moving something.
8.
Pike Pole — Sharp prong and hook of steel, on a wood, metal, fiberglass, or
plastic handle of varying length, used for pulling, dragging, and probing.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
48
Firefighter I
9.
Student Workbook Answers
Rabbeted Jamb — Jamb into which a shoulder has been milled to permit the
door to close against the provided shoulder.
10.
Rabbit Tool — Hydraulic spreading tool that is specially designed to open doors
that swing inward.
11.
Tempered Glass — Type of glass specially treated to become harder and more
break-resistant than plate glass or a single sheet of laminated glass.
12.
Battering Ram — Large metal pipe with handles and a blunt end used to break
down doors or create holes in walls.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Axes are the most common types of cutting tools used by firefighters.
2.
True
3.
False. When using a rotary saw, start all cuts at full rpm to prevent blades from
binding into the material.
4.
False. The primary obstacle firefighters face in gaining access into a building is a
locked or blocked door.
5.
True
6.
True
7.
False. Burglar blocks virtually eliminate any possibility of forcing the door without
breaking the glass.
8.
False. Fire doors may be manually, mechanically, or electrically operated.
9.
True
10.
True
11.
False. The most common type of door is one that swings at least 90 degrees to
open and close.
12.
True
13.
False. The bam-bam tool uses a case-hardened screw that is screwed into the
keyway of the padlock.
14.
False. Wire fences should be cut near posts to facilitate repair after the incident.
15.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
49
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section C: Matching
1.
B
2.
C
3.
F
4.
A
5.
E
6.
D
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
Answer should include at least five of the following:

Crowbar

Halligan bar

Pry (pinch) bar

Hux bar

Claw tool

Kelly tool

Pry axe

Flat bar (nail puller)

Rambar
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Match the saw to the task and the material to be cut. Never force a saw
beyond its design limitations.

Always wear proper protective equipment, including gloves, hearing
protection, and eye protection.

Fully inspect the saw before and after use.

Do not use any power saw when working in a flammable atmosphere or near
flammable liquids.

Maintain situational awareness.

Keep unprotected and nonessential people out of the work area.

Follow manufacturer’s guidelines for proper saw operation.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
50
Firefighter I
3.
Student Workbook Answers

Keep blades and chains well sharpened. A dull saw is more likely to cause an
accident than a sharp one.

Be aware of hidden hazards such as electrical wires, gas lines, and water
lines.

Start all cuts with the saw running at full rpm.
Answer should include:
 Wash the handle with mild detergent, rinse, and wipe dry.
 Check for damage or cracks.
 Check the tightness of the tool head.
4.
It may:
1. Disrupt ventilation efforts
2. Intensify fire growth
3. Draw fire into uninvolved sections of the building
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
A
2.
C
3.
C
4.
A
5.
D
6.
D
7.
B
8.
B
9.
D
10.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
51
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 10 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Pompier Ladder — Scaling ladder with a single beam and a large curved metal
hook that can be put over windowsills for climbing.
2.
Pole Ladder — Large extension ladder that requires tormentor poles to steady
the ladder as it is raised and lowered.
3.
Maintenance — Keeping equipment or apparatus in a state of usefulness or
readiness.
4.
Repair — To restore or put together that which has become inoperable or out of
place.
5.
Heat Sensor Label — Label affixed to the ladder beam near the tip to provide a
warning that the ladder has been subjected to excessive heat.
6.
Bedded Position — Extension ladder with the fly section(s) fully retracted.
7.
Belay — A climber’s term for a safety line.
8.
Fascia — Flat horizontal or vertical board located at the outer face of a cornice or
a broad flat surface over a storefront or below a cornice.
9.
Parapet —Portion of the exterior walls of a building that extends above the roof.
A low wall at the edge of a roof.
10.
Smoke Ejector — Gasoline, electrically, or hydraulically driven blower (ducted
fan) device used primarily to expel (eject) smoke from burning buildings
although it is sometimes used to blow fresh air into a building to assist in purging
smoke or other contaminants. May be used in conjunction with a flexible duct.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
52
Firefighter I
11.
Student Workbook Answers
Rope Hose Tool — Piece of rope spliced to form a loop through the eye of a
metal hook; used to secure hose to ladders or other objects.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Combination ladders are designed so that they may be used as a selfsupporting stepladder and as a single or extension ladder.
2.
True
3.
False. Roof ladders are single ladders equipped with folding hooks that provide a
means of anchoring the ladder over the ridge of a pitched roof or some other
roof part.
4.
True
5.
True
6.
False. Darkening of the varnish on wooden ladders indicates exposure to heat
and dark streaks in the wood indicates deterioration of the wood.
7.
True
8.
False. Sliding down a ladder either feet first or head first – even in an emergency
– is unsafe and may result in serious injury or death.
9.
False. The optimum climbing angle for ladders is approximately 75 degrees.
10.
False. When lifting and lowering ladders, lift with your legs, not with your back or
arms.
11.
True
12.
True
13.
False. Avoid placing ladders on top of sidewalk elevator trapdoors or sidewalk
deadlights. These areas may give way under the added weight of firefighters,
their equipment, and the ladder.
14.
True
15.
False. Ground ladders can be shifted a short distance while vertical.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
53
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section C: Matching
1.
B
2.
A
3.
C
4.
E
5.
D
6.
F
7.
H
8.
K
9.
I
10.
M
11.
J
12.
G
Section D: Short Answer
1.
Maintenance means keeping ladders in a state of usefulness or readiness. Repair
means to either restore or replace that which is damaged or worn out.
2.
Answer should include four of the following:

Heat sensor labels on metal and fiberglass ladders for a color change
indicating heat exposure

Rungs for damage or wear

Rungs for tightness

Bolts and rivets for tightness

Welds for any cracks or apparent defects

Beams and rungs for cracks, splintering, breaks, gouges, checks, wavy
conditions, or deformation
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
54
Firefighter I
3.
4.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include five of the following:

Developing and maintaining adequate upper body strength

Wearing a full body harness with belay line when training on ladders

Operating ladders according to departmental training and procedures

Wearing protective gear, including gloves and helmet, when working with
ladders

Choosing the proper ladder for the job

Using leg muscles, not back or arm muscles, when lifting ladders below the
waist

Using an adequate number of firefighters for each carry or raise

Not raising any ladder to within 10 feet (3 m) of electrical wires

Checking the ladder placement for the proper angle

Being sure that the pawls are seated over the rungs

Being sure that the ladder is stable before climbing (both butts in contact,
with the ground/roof ladder hooks firmly set)

Being careful when moving ladders sideways

Heeling the ladder or securing it at the top

Climbing smoothly and rhythmically

Not overloading the ladder (one firefighter every 10 feet [3 m] or one per
section)

Tying in to ground ladders with a leg lock or ladder belt when working from
the ladder

Not relocating a positioned ladder unless ordered to do so

Using ladders for their intended purposes only

Inspecting ladders for damage and wear after each use
Answer should include points from the following:

Conscious victims can be lowered feet first (facing the building) onto a ladder.

An unconscious victim can be held on a ladder in the same way as a
conscious victim except that the victim’s body rests on the rescuer’s
supporting knee. The victim’s feet must be placed outside the rails to prevent
entanglement. The rescuer grasps the rungs to provide a secure hold on the
ladder and help to protect the victim’s head from hitting the ladder.

Another way to lower an unconscious victim involves using the same hold by
the rescuer described in the previous bullet, but the victim is turned around
to face the rescuer. This position reduces the chances of the victim’s limbs
catching between the rungs.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
55
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers

An unconscious victim (facing the rescuer) is supported at the crotch by one
of the rescuer’s arms and at the chest by the other arm. The rescuer may be
aided by another firefighter.

Another method of removing extraordinarily heavy victims requires two
rescuers. Two ground ladders are placed side by side. One rescuer supports
the victim’s waist and legs. A second rescuer on the other ladder supports the
victim’s head and upper torso.

Small children who must be brought down a ladder can be cradled across the
rescuer’s arms.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
D
2.
C
3.
B
4.
A
5.
C
6.
D
7.
A
8.
D
9.
A
10.
A
11.
C
12.
B
13.
B
14.
B
15.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
56
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 11 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Thermal Layering (of Gases) — Outcome of combustion in a confined space in
which gases tend to form into layers, according to temperature, with the hottest
gases are found at the ceiling and the coolest gases at floor level.
2.
Chimney Effect — Created when a ventilation opening is made in the upper
portion of a building and air currents throughout the building are drawn in the
direction of the opening; also occurs in wildland fires when the fire advances up
a V-shaped drainage swale.
3.
Mushrooming — Tendency of heat, smoke, and other products of combustion to
rise until they encounter a horizontal obstruction. At this point they will spread
laterally until they encounter vertical obstructions and begin to bank downward.
4.
Natural Ventilation — Techniques that use the wind, convection currents, and
other natural phenomena to ventilate a structure without the use of fans,
blowers, or other mechanical devices.
5.
Forced Ventilation — Any means other than natural ventilation. This type of
ventilation may involve the use of fans, blowers, smoke ejectors, and fire
streams. Also called Mechanical Ventilation.
6.
Pyrolysis (Pyrolysis Process or Sublimation) — Thermal or chemical
decomposition of fuel (matter) because of heat that generally results in the
lowered ignition temperature of the material. The pre-ignition combustion phase
of burning during which heat energy is absorbed by the fuel, which in turn gives
off flammable tars, pitches, and gases.
7.
Stack Effect — Phenomenon of a strong air draft moving from ground level to
the roof level of a building. Affected by building height, configuration, and
temperature differences between inside and outside air.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
57
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8. Vertical Ventilation — Ventilating at the highest point of a building through
existing or created openings and channeling the contaminated atmosphere
vertically within the structure and out the top. Done with holes in the roof,
skylights, roof vents, or roof doors.
9.
Roof Ladder — Straight ladder with folding hooks at the top end. The hooks
anchor the ladder over the roof ridge.
10.
Roof Covering — Final outside cover that is placed on top of a roof deck
assembly. Common roof coverings include composition or wood shake shingles,
tile, slate, tin, or asphaltic tar paper.
11.
Kerf Cut — A single cut the width of the saw blade made in a roof to check for
fire extension.
12.
Louver Cut or Vent — Rectangular exit opening cut in a roof, allowing a section
of roof deck (still nailed to a center rafter) to be tilted, thus creating an opening
similar to a louver. Also called Center Rafter Cut.
13.
Bowstring Truss — Lightweight truss design noted by the bow shape, or curve,
of the top chord.
14.
Lamella Arch — A special type of arch constructed of short pieces of wood called
lamellas.
15.
Purlin — Horizontal member between trusses that supports the roof.
16.
Trench Ventilation — Defensive tactic that involves cutting an exit opening in the
roof of a burning building, extending from one outside wall to the other, to
create an opening at which a spreading fire may be cut off.
17.
Thermal Column — Updraft of heated air, fire gases, and smoke directly above
the involved fire area.
18.
Horizontal Ventilation — Any technique by which heat, smoke, and other
products of combustion are channeled horizontally out of a structure by way of
existing or created horizontal openings such as windows, doors, or other holes in
walls.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
58
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
19.
Windward Side — The side or direction from which the wind is blowing.
20.
Leeward Side — Protected side; the direction opposite from which the wind is
blowing.
21.
Negative-Pressure Ventilation — Technique using smoke ejectors to develop
artificial circulation and to pull smoke out of a structure. Smoke ejectors are
placed in windows, doors, or roof vent holes to pull the smoke, heat, and gases
from inside the building and eject them to the exterior.
22.
Churning — Movement of smoke being blown out of a ventilation opening only to
be drawn back inside by the negative pressure created by the ejector because
the open area around the ejector has not been sealed. Also called recirculation.
23.
Positive-Pressure Ventilation (PPV) — Method of ventilating a confined space by
mechanically blowing fresh air into the space in sufficient volume to create a
slight positive pressure within and thereby forcing the contaminated atmosphere
out the exit opening.
24.
Hydraulic Ventilation — Method of ventilating a fire building by directing a fog
stream of water out a window to increase air and smoke movement.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Effective ventilation reduces the rate of smoke layer redevelopment.
2.
True
3.
True
4.
False. Flat roofs are common on single-family residences.
5.
False. Trench ventilation is performed by cutting a large opening that is at least 4
feet (1.2 m) wide and extends from one exterior wall to the opposite exterior
wall.
6.
True
7.
False. In negative-pressure ventilation, fans are placed in windows, doors, or
roof vent openings, and they exhaust the smoke, heat, and gases from inside the
building to the exterior.
8.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
59
Firefighter I
9.
10.
Student Workbook Answers
False. In positive-pressure ventilation, the placement of fans does not interfere
with ingress and egress.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
C
2.
D
3.
A
4.
B
Section D: Short Answer
1.
The transition between the growth and the fully developed fire stages
2.
Answers should include at least five of the following:

Check the wind direction with relation to exposures.

Work with the wind at your back or side to provide protection while cutting
the roof opening.

Note the existence of obstructions or excessive weight on the roof.

Provide a secondary means of escape for crews on the roof

Ensure that main structural supports are not cut while creating a ventilation
opening.

Guard the opening to prevent personnel from falling into it.

Evacuate the roof promptly when ventilation work is complete.

Use lifelines, roof ladders, or other means to prevent personnel from sliding
and falling off the roof.

Make sure that a roof ladder (if used) is firmly secured over the peak of the
roof before operating from it.

Exercise caution when working around electric wires and guy wires.

Ensure that all personnel on the roof are wearing full PPE including SCBA, and
that they are breathing SCBA air.

Keep other firefighters out of the range of those who are swinging axes and
operating power saws.

Caution axe users to beware of overhead obstructions within the range of
their swing.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
60
Firefighter I
3.
4.
Student Workbook Answers

Start power tools on the ground to ensure operation, but make sure they are
shut off before hoisting or carrying them to the roof. Make sure that the
angle of the cut is not toward the body.

Extend ladders at least three to five rungs above the roof line and secure the
ladder.

When operating from aerial ladder platforms, the floor of the platform should
be even with or slightly above roof level.

Check the roof for structural integrity (by sounding) before stepping on it and
continue sounding it throughout the operation; do not jump onto a roof.

Always walk on bearing walls and strongest points of roof structure whenever
possible – both before and after ventilating.

Ensure that ceilings are punched through to enhance ventilation.
Answers should include at least three of the following:

Improper use of forced ventilation

Indiscriminant window breaking

Fire streams directed into ventilation openings

Breaking skylights

Explosions

Burn-through of the roof, a floor, or a wall

Additional openings between the attack team and the upper opening
Answer should include:

An intact structure is required.

Interior carbon monoxide levels may be increased if the exhaust from fans
driven by internal combustion engines is allowed to enter.

Hidden fires may be accelerated and spread throughout the building.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
61
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
C
2.
C
3.
D
4.
A
5.
A
6.
C
7.
D
8.
D
9.
C
10.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
62
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 12 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Direct Pumping System — Water supply system supplied directly by a system of
pumps rather than elevated storage tanks.
2.
Gravity System — Water supply system that relies entirely on the force of gravity
to create pressure and cause water to flow through the system. The water
supply, which is often an elevated tank, is at a higher level than the system.
3.
Combination System — Water supply system that is a combination of both
gravity and direct pumping systems. It is the most common type of municipal
water supply system.
4.
Circulating Feed — Fire hydrant that receives water from two or more directions.
5.
Loop System — Water main arranged in a complete circuit so that water will be
supplied to a given point from more than one direction. Also called circle system,
circulating system, or belt system.
6.
OS&Y Valve — Outside stem and yoke valve; a type of control valve for a
sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the
valve is open or closed.
7.
Post Indicator Valve — A type of valve used to control underground water mains
that provides a visual means for indicating “open” or “shut” position; found on
the supply main of installed fire protection systems.
8.
Gate Valve — Control valve with a solid plate operated by a handle and screw
mechanism. Rotating the handle moves the plate into or out of the waterway.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
63
Firefighter I
9.
Student Workbook Answers
Butterfly Valve — Type of control valve that uses a flat circular plate in the pipe
which rotates ninety degrees across the cross section of the pipe to control flow.
10.
Static Pressure — (1) Potential energy that is available to force water through
pipes and fittings, fire hose, and adapters. (2) Pressure at a given point in a
water system when no water is flowing.
11.
Flow Pressure — Pressure created by the rate of flow or velocity of water coming
from a discharge opening.
12.
Residual Pressure — Pressure at the test hydrant while water is flowing. It
represents the pressure remaining in the water supply system while the test
water is flowing and is that part of the total pressure that is not used to
overcome friction or gravity while forcing water through fire hose, pipe, fittings,
and adapters.
13.
Dry-Barrel Hydrant — Fire hydrant that has its operating valve at the water main
rather than in the barrel of the hydrant. When operating properly, there is no
water in the barrel of the hydrant when it is not in use. These hydrants are used
in areas where freezing could occur.
14.
Wet-Barrel Hydrant — Fire hydrant that has water all the way up to the
discharge outlets. The hydrant may have separate valves for each discharge or
one valve for all the discharges. This type of hydrant is only used in areas where
there is no danger of freezing weather conditions.
15.
Pitot Tube — Instrument that is inserted into a flowing fluid (such as a stream of
water) to measure the velocity pressure of the stream; commonly used to
measure flow. A pitot tube functions by converting the velocity energy to
pressure energy that can then be measured by a pressure gauge.
16.
Drafting — Process of acquiring water from a static source and transferring it
into a pump that is above the source’s level; atmospheric pressure on the water
surface forces the water into the pump where a partial vacuum was created.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
64
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
17.
Water Shuttle Operation — Method of water supply by which tenders/tankers
continuously transport water between a fill site and the dump site located near
the emergency scene.
18.
Portable Tank — Storage tank used during a relay or shuttle operation to hold
water from water tanks or hydrants. This water can then be used to supply
attack apparatus. Also called Catch Basin, Fold-a-Tank, Portable Basin, or PortaTank.
19.
Relay Operation — Using two or more pumpers to move water over a long
distance by operating them in series. Water discharged from one pumper flows
through hoses to the inlet of the next pumper, and so on. Also called Relay
Pumping.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Hydrants should be opened and closed slowly to prevent damage to hose,
hydrants, and other equipment.
2.
True
3.
True
4.
False. Water department personnel usually make decisions regarding location,
spacing, and distribution of fire hydrants.
5.
True
6.
False. Many departments are no longer responsible for the testing of hydrants.
7.
True
8.
True
9.
True
10.
False. Water supply officers should determine the correct distance between
pumpers in a relay pumping operation.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
65
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section C: Short Answer
1.
Counterclockwise
2.
The hydrant can leak, causing erosion of the soil around the base of the hydrant.
3.
Answer should include:
4.
5.

Close the main valve by turning the stem nut clockwise until resistance is felt;
then turn it a quarter-turn counterclockwise.

Cap all discharges except one.

Place the palm of one hand over the open discharge.
Answer should include:

Size of water main to which a hydrant is connected

Sedimentation and deposits within water mains
Answer should include:
 Types of construction
 Types of occupancies
 Building densities
 Sizes of water mains
 Required fire flows for occupancies within a given area
6.
7.
8.
Answer should include any three of the following:

Fast-fill and fast-dump capabilities

Water supply officers at both fill and dump sites

Traffic control

Hydrant operations

Hookups

Tank venting
Answer should include:

Attack apparatus at the fire

Fill apparatus at the fill site

Water tenders to haul water from the fill site to the dump site
Answer should include:

Volume of water needed

Distance between the water source and the fire scene

Size of hose available

Amount of hose available
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
66
Firefighter I

Student Workbook Answers
Pumper capacities
Section D: Multiple Choice
1.
A
2.
C
3.
C
4.
D
5.
A
6.
A
7.
D
8.
B
9.
C
10.
D
11.
A
12.
D
13.
A
14.
A
15.
D
16.
B
17.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
67
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 13 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Fire Department Connection (FDC) — Point at which the fire department can
connect into a sprinkler or standpipe system to boost the water flow in the
system. This connection consists of a clappered siamese with two or more 2½inch (65 mm) intakes or one large-diameter (4-inch [100 mm] or larger) intake.
2.
Soft Intake Hose — Large diameter, collapsible piece of hose used to connect a
fire pump to a pressurized water supply source; sometimes incorrectly referred
to as soft sleeve hose.
3.
Hard Intake Hose — A flexible rubber hose reinforced with a steel core to
prevent collapse from atmospheric pressure when drafting; connected between
the intake of a fire pump and a water supply and must be used when drafting.
Also called hard suction hose.
4.
Threaded Coupling — Male or female coupling with a spiral thread.
5.
Nonthreaded Coupling — Coupling with no distinct male or female components.
Also called Storz Coupling or sexless coupling.
6.
Shank — Portion of a coupling that serves as a point of attachment to the hose.
7.
Higbee Cut — Special cut at the beginning of the thread on a hose coupling that
provides positive identification of the first thread to eliminate cross-threading.
8.
Higbee Indicators — Notches or grooves cut into coupling lugs to identify by
touch or sight the exact location of the Higbee Cut.
9.
Storz Coupling — Nonthreaded (sexless) coupling commonly found on largediameter hose.
10.
Wye — Hose appliance with one female inlet and two or more male outlets,
usually smaller than the inlet. Outlets are also usually gated.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
68
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
11.
Siamese — Hose appliance used to combine two or more hoselines into one. The
siamese generally has female inlets and a male outlet and is commonly used to
supply the hose leading to a ladder pipe.
12.
Water Thief — Any of a variety of hose appliances with one female inlet for 2½inch (65 mm) or larger hose and with three gated outlets, usually two 1½-inch
(38 mm) outlets and one 2½-inch (65 mm) outlet.
13.
Adapter — Fitting for connecting hose couplings with dissimilar threads but with
the same inside diameter.
14.
Fitting — Device that facilitates the connection of hoselines of different sizes to
provide an uninterrupted flow of extinguishing agent.
15.
Reducer — Adapter used to attach a smaller hose to a larger hose. The female
end has the larger threads, while the male end has the smaller threads.
16.
Spanner Wrench — Small tool primarily used to tighten or loosen hose couplings.
17.
Hydrant Wrench — Specially designed tool used to open or close a hydrant and
to remove hydrant caps.
18.
Hose Bed — Main hose-carrying area of a pumper or other piece of apparatus
designed for carrying hose.
19.
Finish — Arrangement of hose usually placed on top of a hose load and
connected to the end of the load. Also called Hose Load Finish.
20.
Dutchman — Extra fold placed along the length of a section of hose as it is
loaded so that its coupling rests in proper position.
21.
Accordion Load — Arrangement of fire hose in a hose bed or compartment in
which the hose lies on edge with the folds adjacent to each other.
22.
Horseshoe Load — Arrangement of fire hose in a hose bed or compartment in
which the hose lies on edge in the form of a horseshoe.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
69
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
23.
Flat Load — Arrangement of fire hose in a hose bed or compartment in which the
hose lies flat with successive layers one upon the other.
24.
Preconnect — (1) Attack hose connected to a discharge when the hose is loaded;
this shortens the time it takes to deploy the hose for fire fighting. (2) Soft intake
hose that is carried connected to the pump intake. (3) Hard hose or discharge
hose carried connected to a pump, eliminating delay when hose and nozzles
must be connected and attached at a fire.
25.
Booster Hose or Booster Line — Noncollapsible rubber-covered, rubber-lined
hose usually wound on a reel and mounted somewhere on an engine or water
tender and used for the initial attack and extinguishment of incipient and
smoldering fires. This hose is most commonly found in 1-inch (25 mm) diameters
and is used for extinguishing low-intensity fires and mop-up.
26.
Split Lay — Hose lay deployed by two pumpers, one making a forward lay and
one making a reverse lay from the same point.
27.
Acceptance Testing (Proof Test) — Preservice tests on fire apparatus or
equipment performed at the factory or after delivery to assure the purchaser that
the apparatus or equipment meets bid specifications.
28.
Service Test — Series of tests performed on apparatus and equipment in order to
ensure operational readiness of the unit. These tests should be performed at
least yearly or whenever a piece of apparatus or equipment has undergone
extensive repair.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Soft intake hose is primarily used to transfer water from a pressurized
water source, such as a fire hydrant, to the pump intake.
2.
True
3.
False. A swivel gasket is used to make the connection watertight when male and
female ends are connected.
4.
False. Gate valves are used to control the flow from a hydrant.
5.
True
6.
True
7.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
70
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
False. A rubber mallet is used to strike the lugs to tighten or loosen intake hose
couplings.
9.
False. The flat load is the best way to load large-diameter hose.
10.
True
11.
False. When laying hose, it should be laid to one side of the roadway so that
other apparatus are not forced to drive over it.
12.
True
13.
True
14.
False. When advancing hose from a standpipe, fire crews normally stop one floor
below the fire floor and connect to the standpipe.
15.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
C
2.
A
3.
D
4.
B
5.
A
6.
C
7.
B
Section D: Short Answer
1.
One male and one female coupling are necessary to make the connection unless
a double-male or double-female adapter is used.
2.
Answers should include three of the following:

To prevent charging the hose bed during a forward lay from a hydrant

To allow replacement of a burst section of hose without shutting down the
water supply

To allow extension of a hoseline without shutting down the water supply

To allow advancement of a charged hoseline up stairs
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
71
Firefighter I
3.
4.
5.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:

Do not ride in a standing position when the apparatus is moving.

Drive the apparatus at a speed no greater than one that allows the couplings
to clear the tailboard as the hose leaves the bed.

Lay the hose to one side of the roadway (but not in the gutter) so that other
apparatus are not forced to drive over it.
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Bleed air from charged hoselines before entering the building or fire area.

Position the nozzle operator and all members of the hose team on the same
side of the hoseline.

Check doors for heat before opening.

Stay low and avoid blocking ventilation openings such as doorways or
windows.

Chock self-closing doors open to keep the line from being pinched by the
door.

Always check for and remove kinks from the line.
Answer should include:

Take a position on the same side of the hose about 3 feet (1 m) behind the
nozzle operator.

Hold the hose with both hands and rest it against the waist and across the
hip or brace it with the leg.

Keep the hose straight behind the nozzle operator.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
B
2.
D
3.
D
4.
A
5.
C
6.
D
7.
A
8.
A
9.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
72
Firefighter I
10.
C
11.
C
12.
B
13.
D
14.
A
15.
B
16.
B
17.
A
18.
B
19.
B
20.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
Student Workbook Answers
73
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 14 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Fire Stream — Stream of water or other water-based extinguishing agent after it
leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired point.
2.
Vaporization — Process of evolution that changes a liquid into a gaseous state.
The rate of vaporization depends on the substance involved, heat, and pressure.
3.
Latent Heat of Vaporization — Quantity of heat absorbed by a substance at the
point at which it changes from a liquid to a vapor.
4.
Solid Stream — Hose stream that stays together as a solid mass as opposed to a
fog or spray stream. A solid stream is produced by a solid-bore nozzle and
should not be confused with a straight stream.
5.
Fog Stream — Water stream of finely divided particles used for fire control.
6.
Broken Stream — Stream of water that has been broken into coarsely divided
drops.
7.
Water Hammer — Force created by the rapid deceleration of water causing a
violent increase in pressure that can be powerful enough to rupture piping or
damage fixtures. It generally results from closing a valve or nozzle too quickly.
8.
Nozzle Pressure — Velocity pressure at which water is discharged from the
nozzle.
9.
Ball Valve — Valve having a ball-shaped internal component with a hole through
its center that permits water to flow through when aligned with the waterway.
10.
Separating — Act of creating a barrier between the fuel and the fire.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
74
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
11.
Cooling — Reduction of heat by the quenching action or heat absorption of the
extinguishing agent.
12.
Smothering — Act of excluding oxygen from a fuel.
13.
Polar Solvents — Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water, much like
a positive magnetic pole attracts a negative pole; examples include alcohols,
ketones, and lacquers.
14.
Foam — Extinguishing agent formed by mixing a foam concentrate with water
and aerating the solution for expansion; for use on Class A and Class B fires.
Foam may be protein, synthetic, aqueous film forming, high expansion, or
alcohol type. Also known as Finished Foam.
15.
Class A Foam — Foam specially designed for use on Class A combustibles. These
foams are becoming increasingly popular for use in wildland and structural fire
fighting. Class A foams, hydrocarbon-based surfactants, are essentially wetting
agents that reduce the surface tension of water and allow it to soak into
combustible materials easier than plain water.
16.
Class B Foam — Foam fire-suppression agent designed for use on un-ignited or
ignited Class B flammable or combustible liquids.
17.
Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP) — Foam concentrate that combines the
qualities of fluoroprotein foam with those of aqueous film forming foam.
18.
Proportioning — Mixing of water with an appropriate amount of foam
concentrate to form a foam solution.
19.
Eduction — Process used to mix foam concentrate with water in a nozzle or
proportioner; concentrate is drawn into the water stream by the Venturi method;
also called induction.
20.
Injection — Method of proportioning foam that uses an external pump or head
pressure to force foam concentrate into the fire stream at the correct ratio for
the flow desired.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
75
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
21.
Premixing — Mixing premeasured portions of water and foam concentrate in a
container. Typically, the premix method is used with portable extinguishers,
wheeled extinguishers, skid-mounted twin-agent units, and vehicle-mounted tank
systems.
22.
Venturi Principle — Physical law stating that when a fluid, such as water or air, is
forced under pressure through a restricted orifice, there is an increase in the
velocity of the fluid passing through the orifice and a corresponding decrease in
the pressure exerted against the sides of the constriction. Because the
surrounding fluid is under greater pressure (atmospheric), it is forced into the
area of lower pressure. Also called Venturi Effect.
23.
Handline Nozzle — Any nozzle that can be safely handled by one to three
firefighters and flows less than 350 gpm (1 400 L/min).
24.
Fog Nozzle — Nozzle that can provide either a fixed or variable spray pattern.
The nozzle breaks the foam solution into small droplets that mix with air to form
finished foam.
25.
In-Line Eductor — Eductor that is placed along the length of a hoseline.
26.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) — Form provided by the manufacturer and
blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition,
physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency
response procedures, and waste disposal procedures of the specified material.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. One method of using fire streams to reduce heat and provide protection is
to create a water curtain.
2.
True
3.
True
4.
False. Friction loss slows water flow and reduces its pressure.
5.
False. To prevent water hammer when water is flowing, nozzles should generally
be closed slowly.
6.
False. The low-volume stream discharges less than 40 gpm (160 L/min) including
those fed by booster lines.
7.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
76
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
True
9.
False. The rotary control valve is found only on rotary fog nozzles.
10.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
D
2.
C
3.
A
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
3.
Answer should include three of the following:

Rough linings in fire hose

Damaged hose couplings

Kinks or sharp bends in hose

More adapters than necessary

Hoselines longer than necessary

Hose diameter too small for the volume needed
Answer should include:

A pressurizing device (pump)

Hose

An agent (water)

Nozzle
Answer should include:

Ball valve

Slide valve

Rotary control valve
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
77
Firefighter I
4.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:

Swivel gasket for damage or wear

External damage to the nozzle

Internal damage and debris

Ease of operation of the nozzle parts

Pistol grip (if applicable) secured to the nozzle
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
A
2.
D
3.
A
4.
C
5.
B
6.
D
7.
A
8.
B
9.
D
10.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
78
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 15 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Booster Hose or Booster Line — Non-collapsible rubber-covered, rubber-lined
hose usually wound on a reel and mounted on an engine or water tender and
used for the initial attack and extinguishment of incipient and smoldering fires.
This hose is most commonly found in ½ - ¾- and 1-inch (13 mm, 19 mm, and
25 mm) diameters and is used for extinguishing low-intensity fires and mop-up.
Also called Hard Line and Red Line.
2.
Smoke — Visible products of combustion resulting from the incomplete
combustion of carbonaceous materials and composed of small particles of
carbon, tarry particles, and condensed water vapor suspended in the
atmosphere, which vary in color and density depending on the types of material
burning and the amount of oxygen.
3.
Direct Attack (Structural) — Attack method that involves the discharge of water
or a foam stream directly onto the burning fuel.
4.
Indirect Attack (Structural) — Directing fire streams toward the ceiling of a room
or building in order to generate a large amount of steam. Converting the water
to steam absorbs the heat of the fire and cools the area sufficiently for
firefighters to safely enter and make a direct attack on the fire.
5.
Combination Attack — Battling a fire by using both a direct and an indirect
attack. This method combines the steam-generating technique of a ceiling level
attack with an attack on the burning materials near floor level.
6.
Master Stream — Large-caliber water stream usually supplied by siamesing two
or more hoselines into a manifold device or by fixed piping that delivers 350 gpm
(1 400 L/min) or more.
7.
Aerial Ladder — A rotating, power-operated (usually hydraulically) ladder
mounted on a self-propelled automotive fire apparatus.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
79
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
Aerial Ladder Platform — A power-operated (usually hydraulically) aerial device
that combines an aerial ladder with a personnel-carrying platform supported at
the end of the ladder.
9.
Articulating Aerial Platform — Aerial device that consists of in which the
structural member support (two or more booms) is hinged and operates in a
folding manner. A passenger-carrying platform is attached to the working end of
the device.
10.
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) — Rapid vaporization of a
liquid stored under pressure upon release to the atmosphere following major
failure of its containing vessel. The failure of the containing vessel is the result of
over-pressurization caused by an external heat source causing the vessel to
explode into two or more pieces.
11.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) — Any of several petroleum products, such as
propane or butane, stored under pressure as a liquid.
12.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) — Toxic compound found in some older oil-filled
electric transformers.
13.
Blitz Attack — To aggressively attack a fire from the exterior with a large
diameter (2½-inch [65 mm] or larger) fire stream.
14.
Rapid Intervention Crew (RIC) — Two or more fully equipped and immediately
available firefighters designated to stand by outside the hazard zone to enter and
rescue firefighters inside, if necessary.
15.
Topography — Physical configuration of the land or terrain.
16.
Direct Attack (Wildland) — Operation where action is taken directly on burning
fuels by applying an extinguishing agent to the edge of the fire or close to it.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
80
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Teams advancing hoselines into structure fires should carry equipment
that may be needed to force interior doors, check concealed spaces for fire
extension, or for emergency exit.
2.
True
3.
False. The intent of cooling the hot gas layer is to cool the gases.
4.
False. Once a master stream device is in operation it must be shut down if the
device is to be moved.
5.
True
6.
False. Using water on energized equipment is inappropriate because of the
inherent shock hazard.
7.
True
8.
True
9.
True
10.
False. The typical residential response is usually inadequate for fires in upper
levels of structures.
11.
False. Booster lines do not provide the protection or rapid cooling needed to
effectively and safely fight a vehicle fire.
12.
True
13.
False. Weather is the most significant influence on wildland fire behavior.
14.
True
15.
False. An indirect attack is used at varying distances from the advancing fire.
Section C: Matching
1.
B
2.
C
3.
A
4.
C
5.
D
6.
B
7.
E
8.
H
9.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
81
Firefighter I
10.
F
11.
I
12.
D
13.
G
14.
E
15.
B
16.
A
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
The person at the nozzle should bleed the air from the line by opening the nozzle
slightly.
2.
Answer should include:
3.

Direct fire attack

Backup handlines that are already attacking the fire from the exterior

Exposure protection
Answers should include three of the following:

Cardiac arrest

Ventircular fibrillation

Respiratory arrest

Involuntary muscle contractions

Paralysis

Surface or internal burns

Damage to joints

Ultraviolet arc burns to the eyes
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
82
Firefighter I
4.
5.
6.
7.
Student Workbook Answers
Answers should include two of the following:

Path of electricity through the body

Degree of skin resistance

Length of exposure

Available current

Available voltage

Frequency
Answers should include two of the following:

Sprinkler systems

Carbon dioxide systems

Standpipe systems

Clean-agent systems

Dry-chemical hood systems

Wet-chemical systems

Foam systems
Answers should include two of the following:

Oxygen deficiencies

Flammable gases and vapors

Toxic gases

Extreme temperatures
Answers should include two of the following:

Fuel size

Compactness

Continuity

Volume

Fuel moisture content
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
83
Firefighter I
8.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:

Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts.

Know what the fire is doing at all times.

Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire.

Identify escape routes and safety zones, and make them known.

Post lookouts when there is possible danger.

Be alert, keep calm, think clearly and act decisively.

Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and
adjoining forces.

Give clear instructions and ensure that they are understood.

Maintain control of your forces at all times.

Fight fire aggressively, providing for safety first.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
D
2.
B
3.
B
4.
A
5.
C
6.
B
7.
C
8.
C
9.
D
10.
D
11.
A
12.
D
13.
A
14.
C
15.
A
16.
B
17.
C
18.
B
19.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
84
Firefighter I
20.
D
21.
B
22.
D
23.
C
24.
C
25.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
Student Workbook Answers
85
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 16 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Automatic Sprinkler System — System of water pipes, discharge nozzles, and
control valves designed to activate during fires by automatically discharging
enough water to control or extinguish a fire. Also called sprinkler system.
2.
Automatic Suppression Systems — Sprinkler, standpipe, carbon dioxide, and
halogenated systems, as well as fire pumps, dry chemical agents and their
systems, foam extinguishers, and combustible metal agents that sense heat,
smoke, or gas and activate automatically.
3.
Protected Premises Alarm System — (1) Alarm system that alert and notifies only
occupants on the premises of the existence of a fire so that they can safely exit
the building and call the fire department. If a response by a public safety agency
(police or fire department) is required, an occupant hearing the alarm must
notify the agency. (2) Combination of alarm components designed to detect a
fire and transmit an alarm on the immediate premises.
4.
Ambient Temperature — Temperature of the surrounding environment.
5.
Fixed-Temperature Heat Detector — Temperature-sensitive device that senses
temperature changes and sounds an alarm at a specific point, usually 135°F
(57°C) or higher.
6.
Frangible Bulb — Small glass vial fitted into the discharge orifice of a fire
sprinkler. The glass vial is partly filled with a liquid that expands as heat builds
up. At a predetermined temperature, vapor pressure causes the glass bulb to
break, causing water to flow.
7.
Fusible Device — (1) Connecting link device that fuses or melts when exposed to
heat. Used in sprinklers, fire doors, dampers, and ventilators. (2) Two-piece link
held together with a metal that melts or fuses at a specific temperature. Also
known as Fusible Link.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
86
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
Bimetallic — Strip or disk composed of two different metals that are bonded
together; used in heat detection equipment.
9.
Rate-of-Rise Heat Detector — Temperature-sensitive device that sounds an
alarm when the temperature changes at a preset value, such as 12°-15°F (-11°C
to -9°C) per minute.
10.
Rate-Compensated Heat Detector — Temperature-sensitive device that sounds
an alarm at a preset temperature, regardless of how fast temperatures change.
11.
Smoke Detector — Alarm-initiating device designed to actuate when visible or
invisible products of combustion (other than fire gases) are present in the room
or space where the unit is installed.
12.
Smoke Alarm — a device designed to sound an alarm when the products of
combustion are present in the room where the device is installed. The alarm is
built into the device rather than being a separate system.
13.
Photoelectric Smoke Detector — Type of smoke detector that uses a small light
source, either an incandescent bulb or a light-emitting diode (LED), to detect
smoke by shining light through the detector’s chamber. Smoke particles reflect
the light into a light-sensitive device called a photocell.
14.
Ionization Detector — Type of smoke detector that uses a small amount of
radioactive material to make the air within a sensing chamber conduct electricity.
15.
Flame Detectors — Detection and alarm devices used in some fire detection
systems (generally in high-hazard areas) that detect light/flames in the
ultraviolet wave spectrum (UV detectors) or detect light in the infrared wave
spectrum (IR detectors). Also called Light Detectors.
16.
Fire-Gas Detector — Device used to detect gases produced by a fire within a
confined space.
17.
Combination Detector — Alarm-initiating device capable of detecting an
abnormal condition by more than one means. The most common combination
detector is the fixed-temperature/rate-of-rise heat detector.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
87
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
18.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 - Public Law 101-336 — A federal
statute (US) intended to remove barriers — physical and otherwise — that limit
access by individuals with disabilities.
19.
Automatic Alarm — (1) Alarm actuated by heat, gas, smoke, flame-sensing
devices, or waterflow in a sprinkler system conveyed to local alarm bells or the
fire station. (2) Alarm boxes that automatically transmit a coded signal to the fire
station to give the location of the alarm box.
20.
Auxiliary Alarm System — System that connects the protected property with the
fire department alarm communications center by a municipal master fire alarm
box or over a dedicated telephone line.
21.
Remote Station Alarm System — System in which alarm signals from the
protected premises are transmitted over a leased telephone line to a remote
receiving station with a 24-hour staff; usually the municipal fire department’s
alarm communications center.
22.
Proprietary Alarm System — Fire protection system owned and operated by the
property owner.
23.
Central Station Alarm System — System that functions through a constantly
attended location (central station) operated by an alarm company. Alarm signals
from the protected property are received in the central station and are then
retransmitted by trained personnel to the fire department alarm communications
center.
24.
Predischarge Alarm — Alarm that sounds before a total flooding fire
extinguishing system is about to discharge. This gives occupants the opportunity
to leave the area.
25.
Riser — Vertical water pipe used to carry water for fire protection systems above
ground such as a standpipe riser or sprinkler riser.
26.
Sprinkler — Waterflow device in a sprinkler system. The sprinkler consists of a
threaded nipple that connects to the water pipe, a discharge orifice, a heatactuated plug that drops out when a certain temperature is reached, and a
deflector that creates a stream pattern suitable for fire control.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
88
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
27.
Pendant Sprinkler — Automatic sprinkler designed for placement and operation
with the head pointing downward from the piping.
28.
Upright Sprinkler — Sprinkler that sits on top of the piping and sprays water
against a solid deflector that breaks up the spray into a hemispherical pattern
that is redirected toward the floor.
29.
Sidewall Sprinkler — A sprinkler designed to be positioned at the wall of a room
rather than in the center of a room. It has a special deflector that creates a fanshaped pattern of water that is projected into the room away from the wall. Also
called Wall Sprinkler.
30.
OS&Y Valve — Outside stem and yoke valve; a type of control valve for a
sprinkler system in which the position of the center screw indicates whether the
valve is open or closed. Also known as outside screw and yoke valve.
31.
Post Indicator Valve (PIV) — A type of valve used to control underground water
mains that provides a visual means for indicating “open” or “shut” position;
found on the supply main of installed fire protection systems.
32.
Wet-Pipe Sprinkler System — Fire-suppression system is built into a structure or
site; piping contains either water or foam solution continuously; activation of a
sprinkler causes the extinguishing agent to flow from the open sprinkler.
33.
Dry-Pipe Sprinkler System — Fire-suppression system that consists of closed
sprinklers attached to a piping system that contains air under pressure. When a
sprinkler activates, air is released that activates the water or foam control valve
and fills the piping with extinguishing agent. Dry-pipe systems are often installed
in areas subject to freezing.
34.
Preaction Sprinkler System — Fire-suppression system that consists of closed
sprinklers attached to a piping system that contains air under pressure and a
secondary detection system; both must operate before the extinguishing agent is
released into the system; similar to the dry-pipe sprinkler system.
35.
Deluge Sprinkler System — Fire-suppression system consisting of piping and
open sprinklers. A fire detection system is used to activate the water or foam
control valve. When the system activates, the extinguishing agent expels from all
sprinkler heads in the designated area.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
89
Firefighter I
36.
Student Workbook Answers
Fire Department Connection (FDC) — Point at which the fire department can
connect into a sprinkler or standpipe system to boost the water flow in the
system. This connection consists of a clappered siamese with two or more 2½inch (65 mm) intakes or one large-diameter (4-inch [100 mm] or larger) intake.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
False. Automatic sprinkler systems fail to operate only in rare instances.
3.
True
4.
False. Control valves are either secured in the open position with a chain and
padlock or electronically supervised to make sure they are not inadvertently
closed.
5.
False. The main drain valve allows sprinkler service personnel to drain water
from the system for maintenance purposes.
6.
False. Wet-pipe systems are the simplest type of automatic fire sprinkler system.
7.
True
8.
False. Deluge systems are designed to quickly supply a large volume of water to
the protected area.
9.
True
10.
False. Pumpers should not be disconnected from the FDC before extinguishment
has been confirmed.
Section C: Matching
1.
D
2.
C
3.
A
4.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
90
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
3.
Answer should include two of the following:

To notify occupants of a facility to take necessary evasive action to escape
the dangers of a hostile fire

To summon organized assistance to initiate or to assist in fire control activities

To initiate automatic fire control and suppression systems and to sound an
alarm

To supervise fire control and suppression systems to ensure that operational
status is maintained

To initiate a wide variety of auxiliary functions involving environmental, utility,
and process controls (including control of elevators)
Answer should include two of the following:

Partially or completely closed main water control valve

Interruption to the municipal water supply

Damaged or painted-over sprinklers

Frozen or broken pipes

Excess debris or sediment in the pipes

Failure of a secondary water supply

Tampering and vandalism

Sprinklers obstructed by objects stacked too close
Answer should include three of the following:

An early-arriving pumper should connect to the FDC in accordance with the
preincident plan.

Firefighters should make every effort to supply adequate water to an
operating sprinkler system.

Water supply may have to be conserved in order to supply sprinkler system.

Sprinkler system control valves must be open for proper operation.

Sprinkler control valves should not be closed until fire officers are convinced
that further operations will simply waste water, produce heavy water
damage, or hamper the progress of final extinguishment by fire fighting
personnel.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
91
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers

When a sprinkler control valve is closed, a firefighter with a portable radio
should be stationed at the valve in case it needs to be reopened should the
fire flare up.

In some departments, it is SOP to plug open sprinklers rather than shut the
entire system down by closing the main control valve; in others, the system is
shut down.

Pumpers should not be disconnected from the FDC until after extinguishment
has been confirmed by a thorough overhaul.

Sprinkler equipment should be restored to service before leaving the
premises. All sprinkler system maintenance should be performed by
representatives of the occupant who are qualified to perform work on
sprinkler systems.

Firefighters may be required to stop the flow of water from a single sprinkler
that has been activated.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
B
2.
D
3.
D
4.
A
5.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
92
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 17 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Customer Service — Quality of an organization’s relationship with individuals –
both internal and external -- who have contact with the organization.
2.
Loss Control — The practice of minimizing damage and providing customer
service through effective mitigation and recovery efforts before, during, and after
an incident.
3.
Loss Control Risk Analysis — The process in which specific potential risks
(potential because the incident has not occurred yet) are identified and
evaluated. The goal of this process is to develop strategies to minimize the
impact of these risks.
4.
Salvage — Methods and operating procedures associated with fire fighting by
which firefighters attempt to save property and reduce further damage from
water, smoke, heat, and exposure during or immediately after a fire by removing
property from a fire area, by covering it, or other means.
5.
Overhaul — Those operations conducted once the main body of fire has been
extinguished that consist of searching for and extinguishing hidden or remaining
fire, placing the building and its contents in a safe condition, determining the
cause of the fire, and recognizing and preserving evidence of arson.
6.
Chute — Salvage cover arrangement that channels excess water from a building.
A modified version can be made with larger sizes of fire hose.
7.
Salvage Cover — Waterproof cover made of cotton duck, plastic, or other
material used by fire departments to protect unaffected furniture and building
areas from heat, smoke, and water damage; a tarpaulin. Also called Tarp.
8.
Catchall — Retaining basin, usually made from salvage covers, to impound water
dripping from above.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
93
Firefighter I
9.
Student Workbook Answers
Carryall — Waterproof carrier or bag used to carry and catch debris or used as a
water sump basin for immersing small burning objects.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. Salvage may be done simultaneously with fire attack.
2.
False. Overhaul cannot be started until the fire is under control, the fire cause
has been determined, and any evidence has been identified and protected.
3.
True
4.
False. Canvas salvage covers should be completely dry before folded and placed
in service.
5.
True
6.
False. Properly constructed catchalls can hold several hundred gallons (liters) of
water.
7.
True
8.
True
9.
True
10.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
A
2.
B
3.
D
4.
C
5.
H
6.
E
7.
F
8.
C
9.
A
10.
E
11.
D
12.
B
13.
F
14.
G
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
94
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
Answer should include:

Ordinarily the only cleaning required for canvas salvage covers is wetting or
rinsing with a hose stream and scrubbing with a broom.

Extremely dirty or stained covers may be scrubbed with a detergent solution
and then thoroughly rinsed

Permitting canvas salvage covers to dry when dirty is not a good practice;
after carbon and ash stains dry, a chemical reaction takes place that rots the
canvas

Foreign materials are difficult to remove when dry

Should be completely dry before folded and placed in service
Answers should include ten of the following:

Electrician’s pliers

Sidecutters

Various chisels

Tin snips

Tin roof cutter

Adjustable wrenches

Pipe wrenches

Hammer(s)

Sledgehammer

Hacksaw

Crosscut handsaw

Heavy-duty stapler and staples

Linoleum knife

Wrecking bar

Padlock and hasp

Hinges

Screwdriver(s)

Battery-operated power tools

Hydraulic jack

Assortment of nails

Assortment of screws
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
95
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers

Plastic sheeting

Wooden laths

Wooden wedges

Soft wood plugs

Sawdust

Mops

Squeegees

Scoop shovels

Brooms

Mop buckets with wringers

Automatic sprinkler kit

Water vacuum

Submersible pump and discharge hose

Sponges

Chamois

Paper towels

Assortment of rags

100-foot (30 m) length of electrical cable with locking-type connectors, 14-3
gauge or heavier

Pigtail ground adapters

Approved ground fault interruption device

Salvage covers

J-hooks

S-hooks

Floor runners

Duct tape

Plastic bags

Cardboard boxes with tape dispenser

Styrofoam blocks

Rope

Assortment of bungee cords
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
96
Firefighter I
3.
4.
5.
Student Workbook Answers
Answers should include two of the following:

Searching for and extinguishing hidden or remaining fire

Placing the building and its contents in a safe condition

Determining the cause of the fire

Recognizing and preserving evidence of arson
Answers should include three of the following:

Maintain situational awareness and focus on safety.

Continue to work in teams of two or more.

Maintain awareness of available exit routes.

Maintain a RIC throughout the operation.

Monitor personnel for the need for rehab.

Beware of hidden gas or electrical utilities.

Continue using the accountability system until the incident is terminated.
Answers should include four of the following:

Weakened floors due to floor joists being burned away

Concrete that has spalled due to heat

Weakened steel roof members

Walls offset because of elongation of steel roof supports

Weakened roof trusses due to burn-through of key members

Mortar in wall joints opened due to excessive heat

Wall ties holding veneer/curtain walls melted from heat

Heavy storage on mezzanines or upper floors

Water pooled on upper floors

Large quantities of wet insulation
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
D
2.
A
3.
B
4.
C
5.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
97
Firefighter I
6.
A
7.
D
8.
B
9.
B
10.
D
11.
D
12.
C
13.
D
14.
A
15.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
Student Workbook Answers
98
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 18 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Incendiary — (1) A fire deliberately set under circumstances in which the
responsible party knows it should not be ignited. (2) Relating to or involving a
deliberate burning of property.
2.
Chain of Custody — Continuous changes of possession of physical “evidence”
that must be established in court to admit such material into evidence.
3.
Point of Origin — Exact physical location where the heat source and fuel come in
contact with each other and a fire begins.
4.
Trailer — Combustible material, such as rolled rags, blankets, newspapers, or
flammable liquid, often used in intentionally set fires in order to spread fire from
one point or area to other points or areas.
5.
Incendiary Device — Material or chemicals designed and used to start a fire.
6.
Hearsay — Evidence presented by a witness who did not see or hear the
incident in question but heard about it from someone else.
Section B: True/False
1.
False. The fire chief delegates his authority to determine the cause and origin of
a fire to the fire officers and firefighters at the scene.
2.
True
3.
False. Any public statement regarding the fire cause should be made only after
the investigator and ranking fire officer have given permission for it to be
released.
4.
False. Hearsay should be reported to the investigator for validation.
5.
False. The fire department has the authority to deny access to the owner during
fire fighting operations.
6.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
99
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
7.
True
8.
False. Protect evidence by keeping it untouched and undisturbed until an
investigator arrives.
9.
False. Evidence must remain undisturbed except when absolutely necessary for
the extinguishment of the fire.
10.
True
Section C: Short Answer
1.
2.
3.
Answer should include:

Time of day

Weather and natural hazards

Barriers

People leaving the scene
Answer should include:

Time of arrival and extent of fire

Wind direction and velocity

Doors or windows locked or unlocked

Location of the fire

Containers or cans

Burglary tools

Familiar faces
Answer should include five of the following:

Unusual odors

Abnormal behavior of fire when water is applied

Obstacles hindering fire fighting

Incendiary devices

Trailers

Structural alterations

Fire patterns

Heat intensity

Availability of documents
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
100
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers

Fire detection and protection systems

Intrusion alarms

Location of fire

Personal possessions

Household items

Equipment or inventory

Business records
Section D: Multiple Choice
1.
A
2.
C
3.
D
4.
C
5.
A
6.
B
7.
B
8.
D
9.
C
10.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
101
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 19 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) — Any location or facility at which 9-1-1
calls are answered either by direct calling, rerouting, or diversion.
2.
Automatic Location Identification (ALI) — Enhanced 9-1-1 feature that displays
the address of the party calling 9-1-1 on a screen for use by the public safety
telecommunicator. This feature is also used to route calls to the appropriate
public safety answering point (PSAP) and can even store information in its
database regarding the appropriate emergency services (police, fire, and
medical) that respond to that address.
3.
Citizens Band (CB) Radio — Low-power radio transceiver that operates on
frequencies authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for
public use with no license requirement.
4.
Pager — Compact radio receiver used for providing one-way communications.
5.
Clear Text — Use of plain English, including certain standard words and phrases,
in radio communications transmissions.
6.
Alarm Assignment — Predetermined number of fire units assigned to respond to
an emergency.
7.
National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) — One of the main sources of
information (data, statistics) about fires in the United States; under NFIRS, local
fire departments collect incident data and send these to a state coordinator; the
state coordinator develops statewide fire incident data and also forwards
information to the USFA.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
102
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section B: True/False
1.
False. In most jurisdictions, telecommunicators are full-time professional
communications specialists.
2.
True
3.
True
4.
False. If a nonemergency call comes in over the 9-1-1 system or another locally
used emergency line, the customer must be transferred or referred to another
number to have the service request processed.
5.
True
6.
False. A basic business telephone courtesy is to always allow the caller to hang
up first.
7.
False. When receiving emergency calls from the public the telecommunicator
should control the conversation.
8.
True
9.
True
10.
False. Emergency messages should not be transmitted until the frequency is
clear.
11.
True
12.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
I
2.
E
3.
B
4.
F
5.
D
6.
A
7.
H
8.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
103
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
3.
Answers should include any four of the following:

Adjust to various levels of activity.

Handle multitasking.

Make decisions and judgments based on common sense and values.

Maintain composure.

Form conclusions from disassociated facts.

Handle criticism.

Remember and recall information.

Deal with verbal abuse.

Function under stress.

Maintain confidentiality.
Answers should include any four of the following:

Answer calls promptly.

Be pleasant and identify the department or company and yourself.

Be prepared to record messages accurately by including date, time, name of
caller, caller’s number, message, and your name.

Never leave the line open or a caller on hold for an extended period of time.

Post the message or deliver the message promptly to the person to whom it
is directed.

Terminate calls courteously. Always allow the caller to hang up first.
Answer should include:
1) Dial the appropriate number.
2) State the address where the emergency is located OR give the nearest cross
streets or describe nearby landmarks.
3) Give the telephone number from which you are calling.
4) State the nature of the emergency.
5) State your name and location.
6) Stay on the line if requested to do so by the telecommunicator.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
104
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
4.
Progress reports are used to give details on the nature and scope of the
emergency.
5.
Answers should include at least three of the following:

Transfer of command

Change in command post location

Progress (or lack of) toward incident stabilization

Direction of fire spread

Exposures by direction, height, occupancy, and distance

Any problems or needs

Anticipated problems
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
C
2.
D
3.
A
4.
D
5.
C
6.
A
7.
C
8.
A
9.
C
10.
C
11.
D
12.
B
13.
D
14.
D
15.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
105
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 21 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Pathogens — The organisms that cause infection such as viruses and bacteria.
2.
BSI — A form of infection control based on the presumption that all body fluids
are infectious.
3.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) — Equipment that protects the firefighter
from infection and/or exposures to the dangers of emergency operations.
4.
Contamination — The introduction of dangerous chemicals, diseases, or
infectious materials.
5.
CDC (Center for Disease Control) — U. S. government agency for the collection
and analysis of data regarding disease and health trends.
6.
Stress — A state of physical and/or psychological arousal to a stimulus.
7.
Post-Incident Stress — Psychological stress that affects emergency responders
after returning from a stressful emergency incident.
8.
Multiple-Casualty Incident (MCI) — An emergency involving multiple patients.
9.
Emergency Response Guidebook (E.R.G.) — Manual provided by the U.S.
Department of Transportation that aids emergency response personnel in
identifying hazardous materials placards. It also gives guidelines for initial actions
to be taken at hazardous materials incidents.
10.
Pulse — The rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand
the arteries.
11.
Cardiac Arrest — The sudden, abrupt loss of heart function.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
106
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
12.
Respiratory Arrest — When breathing stops completely.
13.
Chain of Survival — The four critical elements that impact the survival of cardiac
arrest patients: early access, early CPR, early defibrillation, and early advanced
care.
14.
Perfusion — The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
15.
Hemorrhage — Bleeding, especially severe bleeding.
16.
Arterial Bleeding — Bleeding from an artery that is characterized by bright red
blood and as rapid, profuse, and difficult to control.
17.
Venous Bleeding — Bleeding from a vein that is characterized by dark red or
maroon blood and has a steady flow; easy to control.
18.
Capillary Bleeding — Bleeding from capillaries that is characterized by a slow,
oozing flow of blood.
19.
Pressure Dressing — A bulky dressing held in position with a tightly wrapped
bandage to apply pressure to help control bleeding.
20.
Pressure Point — Site where a main artery lies near the surface of the body and
directly over a bone. Pressure on such a point can stop distal bleeding.
21.
Brachial Artery — The major artery of the upper arm.
22.
Femoral Artery — The major artery supplying the thigh.
23.
Mechanism of Injury — A force or forces that have caused an injury.
24.
Shock — The inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s
cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
107
Firefighter I
25.
Student Workbook Answers
Golden Hour — Refers to the optimum limit of one hour between the time of
injury and surgery at a hospital.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
True
3.
False. Latex, vinyl, or other synthetic gloves should be used whenever there is
the potential for contact with blood or other body fluids.
4.
False. There is no immunization against tuberculosis.
5.
True
6.
False. It is the responsibility of the police to secure a scene and make it safe for
firefighters to perform their fire service duties.
7.
True
8.
False. The jaw-thrust maneuver is most commonly used to open the airway of an
unconscious patient with suspected head, neck, or spinal injuries.
9.
False. Never remove a dressing once it has been placed on the wound. Removal
of a dressing may destroy clots or cause further injury to the site.
10.
True
11.
False. Pressure points should be used only after direct pressure and elevation
have failed.
12.
True
13.
True
14.
True
15.
False. Internal bleeding may be caused by penetrating trauma such as stab
wounds.
Section C: Matching
1.
C
2.
B
3.
G
4.
D
5.
A
6.
H
7.
F
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
108
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
Answer should include three of the following:

Multiple-casualty incidents — Single incidents in which there are multiple
patients

Calls involving infants and children

Severe injuries

Abuse and neglect

Death of a coworker

Stress may also stem from a combination of factors, including problems in
your personal life.
Answer should include three of the following:

Irritability with family, friends, and coworkers

Inability to concentrate

Changes in daily activities

Anxiety

Indecisiveness

Guilt

Isolation

Loss of interest in work
Answer should include the following:

Develop more healthful and positive dietary habits.

Exercise.

Devote time to relaxing.
Answer should include the following:

Early access

Early CPR

Early defibrillation

Early advanced care
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
109
Firefighter I
5.
6.
7.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:

Adult: 1 ½ to 2 inches (38 mm to 50 mm)

Infant: 1/3 to ½ depth of chest

Child: 1/3 to ½ depth of chest
Answer should include four of the following:

Have someone else feel for a carotid pulse

Listen for exhalation of air

Pupils constrict.

Skin color improves.

Heartbeat returns spontaneously.

Spontaneous, gasping respirations are made.

Arms and legs move.

Swallowing is attempted.

Consciousness returns.
Answer should include three of the following:

Injuries to the surface of the body, which could indicate underlying injuries

Bruising, swelling, or pain over vital organs

Painful, swollen, or deformed extremities

Bleeding from the mouth, rectum, vagina, or other body orifice

A tender, rigid, or distended abdomen

Vomiting a coffee-ground-like substance or bright red vomitus, indicating the
presence of blood

Dark, tarry stools or bright red blood in the stool

Signs and symptoms of shock
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
C
2.
D
3.
D
4.
A
5.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
110
Firefighter I
6.
D
7.
C
8.
C
9.
A
10.
B
11.
C
12.
C
13.
C
14.
A
15.
C
16.
C
17.
A
18.
A
19.
C
20.
D
21.
B
22.
C
23.
C
24.
B
25.
A
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
Student Workbook Answers
111
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 22 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Hazardous Material — Any material that possesses an unreasonable risk to the
health and safety of persons and/or the environment if it is not properly
controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use,
disposal, or transportation.
2.
Dangerous Goods — Any product, substance, or organism included by its nature
or by the regulation in any of the nine United Nations classifications of hazardous
materials. Used to describe hazardous materials in Canada and used in the U.S.
and Canada for hazardous materials aboard aircraft.
3.
Awareness Level — Lowest level of training established by the National Fire
Protection Association for first responders at hazardous materials incidents.
4.
Operations Level — Level of training established by the National Fire Protection
Association allowing first responders to take defensive actions at hazardous
materials incidents.
5.
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) — A manual that aids emergency
6.
Sorbent — Granular, porous filtering material used in vapor- or gas-removing
respirators.
7.
Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) — Clothing designed to shield or isolate
individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be
encountered during operations involving hazardous materials.
response and inspection personnel in identifying hazardous materials placards. It
also gives guidelines for initial actions to be taken at hazardous materials
incidents. Formerly the North American Emergency Response Guidebook
(NAERG).
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
112
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
8.
Level A Protection — Highest level of skin, respiratory, and eye protection that
can be afforded by personal protective equipment. Consists of positive-pressure
self-contained breathing apparatus, totally encapsulating chemical-protective
suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots.
9.
Level B Protection — Personal protective equipment that affords the highest level
of respiratory protection, but a lesser level of skin protection. Consists of
positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus, hooded chemical-resistant
suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical-resistant boots.
10.
Level C Protection — Personal protective equipment that affords a lesser level of
respiratory and skin protection than levels A or B. Consists of full-face or halfmask APR, hooded chemical-resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemicalresistant boots.
11.
Level D Protection — Personal protective equipment that affords the lowest level
of respiratory and skin protection. Consists of coveralls, gloves, and chemicalresistant boots or shoes.
12.
Heat Stroke — Heat illness caused by heat exposure, resulting in failure of the
body’s heat regulating mechanism; symptoms include high fever of 105° to 106°
F (40.5° C to 41.1° C); dry, red, hot skin; rapid, strong pulse; and deep breaths,
convulsions. May result in coma or possibly death. Also called Sunstroke.
13.
Heat Exhaustion — Heat illness caused by exposure to excessive heat; symptoms
include weakness, cold and clammy skin, heavy perspiration, rapid and shallow
breathing, weak pulse, dizziness, and sometimes unconsciousness.
14.
Heat Cramps — Heat illness resulting from prolonged exposure to high
temperatures; characterized by excessive sweating, muscle cramps in the
abdomen and legs, faintness, dizziness, and exhaustion.
15.
Heat Rash — Condition that develops from continuous exposure to heat and
humid air; aggravated by clothing that rubs the skin; reduces the individual’s
tolerance to heat.
16.
Frostbite — Local freezing and tissue damage due to prolonged exposure to
extreme cold.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
113
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
17.
Hypothermia — Abnormally low or decreased body temperature.
18.
Cryogenics — Gases that are converted into liquids by being cooled below -150°F
(-101°C).
19.
Ionizing Radiation  Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons
from atoms resulting in a chemical change in the atom.
20.
Electron — Minute component of an atom that possesses a negative charge.
21.
Photon  Packet of electromagnetic energy.
22.
Systemic Effect  Something that affects an entire system rather than a single
location or entity.
23.
Dose — Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin
contact for purposes of measuring toxicity.
24.
Concentration — (1) Quantity of a chemical material inhaled for purposes of
measuring toxicity.
25.
Lethal Dose — Concentration of an ingested or injected substance that results in
the death of a certain percentage of the test population; the lower the dose the
more toxic the substance; an oral or dermal exposure expressed in milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg).
26.
Lethal Concentration — Concentration of an inhaled substance that results in the
death of a certain percentage of the test population; the lower the value the
more toxic the substance; an inhalation exposure expressed in parts per million
(ppm), milligrams per liter (mg/liter), or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
27.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV®) — Concentration of a given material in parts per
million (ppm) that may be tolerated for an 8-hour exposure during a regular
workweek without ill effects.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
114
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
28.
Threshold Limit Value/Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV®/STEL) — Fifteen-minute
time-weighted average exposure that should not be exceeded at any time nor
repeated more than four times daily with a 60-minute rest period required
between each STEL exposure. These short-term exposures can be tolerated
without suffering from irritation, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or
narcosis of a sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury,
impair self-rescue, or materially reduce worker efficiency. TLV/STELs are
expressed in parts per million (ppm) and milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
29.
Threshold Limit Value/Ceiling (TLV®/C) — Maximum concentration of a given
material in parts per million (ppm) that should not be exceeded, even
instantaneously.
30.
Corrosive Material — Gaseous, liquid or solid material that can burn, irritate, or
destroy human skin tissue and severely corrode steel.
31.
Irritant/Irritating Material — Liquid or solid that upon contact with fire or
exposure to air emits dangerous or intensely irritating fumes.
32.
Convulsant — Poison that causes an exposed individual to have convulsions.
33.
Carcinogen — Cancer-producing substance.
34.
Allergen — Material that can cause an allergic reaction of the skin or respiratory
system.
35.
Improvised Explosive Device (IED) — Device that is categorized by its container
and the way it is initiated; usually homemade, constructed for a specific target,
and contained in almost anything.
36.
Vapor Pressure — Measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate;
pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase for a given
temperature.
37.
Boiling Point — Temperature of a substance when the vapor pressure exceeds
atmospheric pressure. At this temperature, the rate of evaporation exceeds the
rate of condensation. At this point, more liquid is turning into gas than gas is
turning back into a liquid.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
115
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
38.
Vapor Density — Weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the
weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.
Vapor density less than 1 indicates a vapor lighter than air; vapor density greater
than 1 indicates a vapor heavier than air.
39.
Water Solubility — Ability of a liquid or solid to mix with or dissolve in water.
40.
Polar Solvent Fuel — Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water, much
like a positive magnetic pole attracts a negative pole.
41.
Specific Gravity — Weight of a substance compared to the weight of an equal
volume of water at a given temperature. Specific gravity less than 1 indicates a
substances lighter than water; specific gravity greater than 1 indicates a
substance heavier than water.
42.
Persistence Length of time a chemical agent remains effective without
dispersing.
43.
Reactivity — Ability of two or more chemicals to react and release energy and
the ease with which this reaction takes place.
44.
Activation Energy  Amount of energy that must be added to an atomic or
molecular system to begin a reaction.
45.
Strong Oxidizer  Material that encourages a strong reaction (by readily
accepting electrons) from a reducing agent (fuel).
46.
Capacity Stencil  Number stenciled on the exterior of tank cars to indicated the
volume of the tank.
47.
Specification Marking  Stencil on the exterior of tank cars indicating the
standards to which the tank car was built.
48.
Bill of Lading — Shipping paper used by the trucking industry (and others)
indicating origin, destination, route, and product; placed in the cab of every truck
tractor. This document establishes the terms of a contract between shippers and
transportation companies; serves as a document of title, contract of carriage,
and receipt for goods.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
116
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
49.
Waybill — Shipping paper used by a railroad to indicate origin, destination, route,
and product. Each car has a waybill that the conductor carries.
50.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) — Form provided by the manufacturer and
blender of chemicals that contains information about chemical composition,
physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency
response procedures, and waste disposal procedures of a specified material.
51.
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) — Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will
ignite; below this limit the gas or vapor is too lean or thin to burn (too much
oxygen and not enough gas).
52.
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) — Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will
ignite. Above this limit, the gas or vapor is too rich to burn (lacks the proper
quantity of oxygen).
53.
Initial Isolation Distance — Distance within which all persons are considered for
evacuation in all directions from a hazardous materials incident.
54.
Protective Action Distance — Downwind distance from a hazardous materials
incident within which protective actions should be implemented.
55.
Initial Isolation Zone — Circular zone (with a radius equivalent to the initial
isolation distance) within which persons may be exposed to dangerous
concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life-threatening
concentrations downwind of the source.
56.
Shelter in Place — Having occupants remain in a structure or vehicle in order to
provide protection from a rapidly approaching hazard.
57.
Exothermic — Chemical reaction between two or more materials that changes
the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke.
58.
Olfactory Fatigue — Gradual inability of a person to detect odors after initial
exposure; may be extremely rapid in the case of some toxins such as hydrogen
sulfide.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
117
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
59.
Chemical Warfare Agent — Chemical substance that is intended for use in
warfare or terrorist activities to kill, seriously injure, or seriously incapacitate
people through its physiological effects.
60.
Toxic Industrial Material (TIM)/Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC) — Industrial
chemical that is toxic at certain concentration and is produced in quantities
exceeding 30 tons per year at any one production facility; readily available and
could be used by terrorists to deliberately kill, injury, or incapacitate people.
61.
Biological Toxin  Poison produced by living organisms.
62.
Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) — Device that spreads radioactive
contamination over the widest possible area by detonating conventional high
explosives wrapped with radioactive material.
63.
Choking Agent  Chemical warfare agent that attacks the lungs causing tissue
damage.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
False: APRs cannot be worn in IDLH or oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
3.
False: Open- and closed-circuit SCBA have maximum air-supply durations that
limit the amount of time a first responder has to perform the tasks at hand.
4.
True
5.
True
6.
False: A limitation of vapor protective suits is that they do not protect the user
against all chemical hazards.
7.
True
8.
False: Wearing PPE usually increases firefighters’ risks of developing heat-related
disorders.
9.
True
10.
False: Acute health effects are short-term effects that appear within hours or
days, such as vomiting or diarrhea.
11.
False: Materials with specific gravities greater than 1 will sink in water.
12.
True
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
118
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
13.
False: Private property is not exempt from danger because hazardous chemicals
are common household products.
14.
False: Type C packages are not authorized for domestic use but are authorized
for international shipments of radioactive material.
15.
True
16.
False: In the NFPA® 704 system special hazards are located in the six o’clock
position and have no specified background color.
17.
False: The EPA regulates the manufacture and labeling of pesticides.
18.
False: Shipments of hazardous materials must be accompanied by shipping
papers that describe them.
19.
True
20.
False: Vision is the safest of the five senses to use in the detection of a
hazardous material.
21.
True
22.
True
23.
False: It is estimated that a significant majority (80 to 90 percent) of all illegal
clandestine drug labs are set up to produce meth.
24.
False: Flammability is perhaps the most serious hazard associated with meth
labs.
25.
True
Section C: Matching
1.
I
2.
C
3.
F
4.
E
5.
G
6.
B
7.
H
8.
A
9.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
119
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section D: Short Answer
1.
Answer should include points from the following:
Awareness Level

Recognize a hazardous materials incident or terrorist attack.

Protect themselves from the hazards at the incident.

Call for additional help.

Secure the incident scene.
Operations Level
2.
3.

Persons are expected to do all of the requirements for Awareness Level, plus
initiate defensive actions to protect the public, the environment, and property
from the effects of the hazardous material(s) involved in the incident.

Some may be trained to perform additional functions at a haz mat incident
depending on their assigned missions or functions at such incidents.

All responders must be trained to meet the legal requirements of the health
and safety regulations of the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).
Answer should include at least four of the following:

Fluid consumption

Body ventilation

Body cooling

Rest areas

Work rotation

Proper liquids

Physical fitness
Answer should include:

Clothing or equipment item identification number

Date of inspection

Person making the inspection

Results of the inspection

Any unusual conditions noted
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
120
Firefighter I
4.
5.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include:

Gas — Fluid that has neither independent shape nor volume; gases tend to
expand indefinitely.

Liquid — Fluid that has no independent shape but does have a specific
volume; liquids flow in accordance with the laws of gravity.

Solid — Substance that has both a specific shape (without a container) and
volume.
Answer should include at least five of the following:

Fuel storage facilities

Gas/service stations (and convenience stores)

Paint supply stores

Plant nurseries, garden centers, and agricultural facilities

Pest control and lawn care companies

Medical facilities

Photo processing laboratories

Dry cleaners

Plastics and high-technology factories

Metal-plating businesses

Mercantile concerns (hardware stores, groceries stores, certain department
stores)

Chemistry (and other) laboratories in educational facilities (including high
schools)

Lumberyards

Feed/farm stores

Veterinary clinics

Print shops

Warehouses

Industrial and utility plants

Port shipping facilities (with changing cargo hazards)

Treatment storage disposal (TSD) facilities
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
121
Firefighter I
6.
7.
8.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Spreading vapor cloud or smoke

Unusual colored smoke

Flames

Gloves melting

Changes in vegetation

Container deterioration

Containers bulging

Sick humans

Dead or dying birds, animals, insects, or fish

Discoloration of valves or piping
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Changes in respiration

Changes in level of consciousness

Abdominal distress

Change in activity level

Visual disturbances

Skin changes

Changes in excretion or thirst

Pain
Answer should include at least three of the following:

Condenser tubes

Filters

Funnels/turkey basters

Gas containers

Glassware

Heat sources

Grinders

pH papers

Tubing
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
122
Firefighter I
9.
10.
Student Workbook Answers
Answer should include at least two of the following:

Windows covered with plastic or tinfoil

Knowledge of renters who pay landlords in cash

Unusual security systems or other devices

Excessive trash

Increased activity, especially at night

Unusual structures

Discoloration of structures, pavement, and soil

Strong odor of solvents

Smell of ammonia, starting fluid, or ether

Iodine- or chemical-stained bathroom or kitchen fixtures
Answer should include at least two of the following:

Anticipate the presence of a secondary device at any suspicious incident.

Visually search for a secondary device (or anything suspicious) before moving
into the incident area.

Avoid touching or moving anything that may conceal an explosive device
(including items such as backpacks and purses).

Effectively manage the scene with cordons, boundaries, and scene control
zones.

Evacuate victims and non-essential personnel as quickly as possible.

Preserve the scene as much as possible for evidence collection and crime
investigation.
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
B
2.
C
3.
D
4.
B
5.
D
6.
B
7.
C
8.
A
9.
C
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
123
Firefighter I
10.
D
11.
A
12.
D
13.
D
14.
C
15.
A
16.
D
17.
A
18.
C
19.
D
20.
B
21.
D
22.
B
23.
C
24.
C
25.
B
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
Student Workbook Answers
124
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Chapter 23 Answers
Section A: Terms
1.
Dike — Temporary or permanent barriers that contain or direct the flow of
liquids.
2.
Mitigate — To cause to become less harsh or hostile; to make less severe,
intense, or painful; to alleviate.
3.
Hazard Assessment — Formal review of the hazards that may be encountered
while performing the functions of a firefighter or emergency responder; used to
determine the appropriate level and type of personal and respiratory protection
that must be worn.
4.
Evacuation — Process of leaving or being removed from a potentially hazardous
location.
5.
Topography — Physical configuration of the land or terrain.
6.
Plug — Patch to seal a small leak in a container.
7.
Decontaminate — To remove a foreign substance that could cause harm;
frequently used to describe removal of a hazardous material from the person,
clothing, or area.
8.
Unified Command — In the Incident Management System, a shared command
role that allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident, either
geographical or functional, to manage the incident by establishing a common set
of incident objectives and strategies. In unified command there is a single
incident command post and a single operations chief at any given time.
9.
Confinement —The process of controlling the flow of a spill and capturing it at
some specified location.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
125
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
10.
Containment — Act of stopping the further release of a material from its
container.
11.
Radiation — Energy from a radioactive source emitted in the form of waves or
particles.
12.
Staging Area — Prearranged, temporary strategic location, away from the
emergency scene, where units assemble and wait until they are assigned a
position on the emergency scene and from which these resources (personnel,
apparatus, tools, and equipment) must be able to respond within three minutes
of being assigned. Staging area managers report to the IC or operations section
chief if established.
13.
Transportation Area — Location where accident casualties are held after
receiving medical care or triage before being transported to medical facilities.
14.
Emergency Operations Center (EOC) — Disaster management center for
government agencies. Can be located within a communications center or in
separate facilities.
15.
Mutual Aid — Reciprocal assistance from one fire and emergency services agency
to another during an emergency based upon a prearrangement between
agencies involved and generally made upon the request of the receiving agency.
16.
Automatic Aid — Written agreement between two or more agencies to
automatically dispatch predetermined resources to any fire or other emergency
reported in the geographic area covered by the agreement. These areas are
generally where the boundaries between jurisdictions meet or where
jurisdictional “islands” exist.
17.
Stabilization — Stage of an incident when the immediate problem or emergency
has been controlled, contained, or extinguished.
18.
Preplan — Document, developed during preincident planning, that contains the
operational plan or set procedures for the safe and efficient handling of
emergency situations at a given location (such as a specific building or
occupancy).
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
126
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
19.
Diatomaceous Earth — A light siliceous material consisting chiefly of the
skeletons (minute unicellular algae) and used especially as an absorbent or filter.
20.
Vermiculite — Expanded mica used for loose fill insulation and as aggregate in
concrete.
21.
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filter — Respiratory protection filter
designed and certified to protect the user from particulates in the air. The HEPA
filter must be at least 99.97 percent efficient in removing monodisperse particles
of 0.3 micrometers in diameter.
22.
Turbulence — Irregular motion of the atmosphere usually produced when air
flows over comparatively uneven surface such as the surface of the earth; when
two currents of air flow past or over each other in different directions or at
different speeds.
23.
Drainage Time — The amount of time it takes foam to break down or dissolve;
also called drainage rate, or drainage.
24.
Expansion Ratio — Ratio of the finished foam volume to the volume of the
original foam solution.
Section B: True/False
1.
True
2.
True
3.
False. The isolation perimeter may be established before the type of incident is
positively identified.
4.
True
5.
True
6.
False. Evacuation is generally the best protective action.
7.
False. When conducting decon of victims, the more clothing removed the better.
8.
True
9.
True
10.
False. Firefighters who contact contaminated victims may become contaminated.
11.
False. Operations-Level firefighters may assist with decontamination.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
127
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
12.
True
13.
False. The framework for a response to a terrorist or criminal incident is
essentially the same as that used for a response to any other hazardous
materials incident.
14.
True
15.
False. The post-incident analysis should take place within two weeks of the
incident.
Section C: Matching
1.
B
2.
A
3.
D
4.
C
5.
E
Section D: Short Answer
1.
An emergency response plan that includes predetermined guidelines or
procedures for managing incidents involving terrorist attacks and hazardous
materials releases
2.
Answers should include at least four of the following:

Strategies/incident objectives

Current situation summary

Resource assignment and needs

Accomplishments

Hazard statement

Risk assessment

Safety plan and message

Protective measures

Current and projected weather conditions

Status of injuries

Communications plan

Medical plan
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
128
Firefighter I
3.
Student Workbook Answers
Answers should include:
1) Get it off.
2) Keep it off.
3) Contain it.
4.
5.
6.
Answers should include at least three of the following:

Accessibility

Terrain and surface material

Lighting (and electrical supply)

Drains and waterways

Water supply

Weather
Answers should include at least four of the following:

Nature of the incident, hazardous materials present, and incident severity

Availability of appropriate PPE and training of response personnel

Number of victims and their conditions

Time needed to complete a rescue

Tools, equipment, and other devices needed to affect the rescue

Availability of monitoring equipment
Answers should include at least four of the following:

Ensure that personnel rehabilitation is completed.

Assess need for Critical Incident Stress Defusing for responders, if available.

Ensure scene stabilization.

Compile appropriate documentation.

Transition the incident to the investigating agency.

Determine the final disposition of incident scene.

Establish a time for incident analysis.
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
129
Firefighter I
Student Workbook Answers
Section E: Multiple Choice
1.
B
2.
C
3.
D
4.
A
5.
B
6.
B
7.
C
8.
B
9.
B
10.
A
11.
C
12.
B
13.
C
14.
C
15.
D
Fire Protection Publications
Oklahoma State University
130