Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
(Unit 1-5)
Q.1 “Empirical research in India in particular creates so problems for
researchers”. State the problems that are usually faced by such
researchers.
The Problems faced by Researchersin India, particularly those engaged in
empirical research, are facing several problems.Some of the important
problems are as follows:
1. The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research is a
great impediment for researchers in our country. There is paucity of
competent researchers. Many researcher stake a leap in the dark
without knowing research methods. Most of the work, which goes in
the name of research is not methodologically sound. Research to
many researchers and even to their guides, is mostly a scissor and
paste job without any insight shed on the collated materials. The
consequence is obvious, vi., the research results, quite often, do not
reflect the reality or realities. Thus, a systematic study of research
methodology is an urgent necessity. Before undertaking research
projects, researchers should be well equipped with all the
methodological aspects. As such, efforts should be made to provide
shortcutting courses for meeting this requirement.
2. There is insufficient interaction between the university research
departments on one sideband business establishments, government
departments and research institutions on the other side. A great deal
of primary data of non-confidential nature remain
untouched/untreated by the researchers for want of proper contacts.
Efforts should be made to develop satisfactory liaison among all
concerned for better and realistic researches. There is need for
developing some mechanisms of a university—industry interaction
programmer so that academics can get ideas from practitioners on
what needs to be researched and practitioners can apply the research
done by the academics.
3. Most of the business units in our country do not have the confidence
that the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused
and as such they are often reluctant in supplying the needed
information to researchers. The concept of secrecy seems to be
sacrosanct to business organizations in the country so much so that it
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
proves an impermeable barrier to researchers. Thus, there is the need
for generating the confidence that the information/data obtained
from a business unit will not be misused.
4. Research studies overlapping one another are undertaken quite often
for want of adequate information. This results in duplication and
fritters away resources. This problem can be solved by proper
compilation and revision, at regular intervals, of a list of subjects on
which and the places where the research is going on. Due attention
should be given toward identification of research problems in various
disciplines of applied science which are of immediate concern to the
industries.
5. There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers and interuniversity and interdepartmental rivalries are also quite common.
Hence, there is need for developing a code of conduct for researchers
which, if adhered sincerely, can win over this problem.
6. Many researchers in our country also face the difficulty of adequate
and timely secretarial assistance, including computer assistance. This
causes unnecessary delays in the completion of research studies. All
possible efforts be made in this direction so that efficient secretarial
assistance is made available to researchers and that too well in time.
University Grants Commission must play a dynamic role in solving this
difficulty.
7. Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at many
places and much of the time and energy of researchers are spent in
tracing out the books, journals, reports, etc.,rather than in tracing out
relevant material from them.
8. There is also the problem that many of our libraries are not able to
get copies of old and new Acts/Rules, reports and other government
publications in time. This problem is felt more in libraries which are
away in places from Delhi and/or the state capitals. Thus,efforts
should be made for the regular and speedy supply of all governmental
publications to reach our libraries.
9. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published data from
various government and other agencies doing this job in our country.
Researcher also faces the problem on account of the fact that the
published data vary quite significantly because of differences in
coverage by the concerning agencies.
10.There may, at times, take place the problem of conceptualization and
also problems relating to the process of data collection and related
things.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Q.2 Identify the differences between and provide examples of strong and
weak explanatory research questions.
Quantitative descriptive questions will often ask for figures such as
percentages, sums, or averages. Descriptive questions may only include one
variable, such as ours included the variable of student debt, or they may
include multiple variables. When asking a descriptive question, we cannot
investigate causal relationships between variables. To do that, we need to use
a quantitative explanatory question.
Quantitative explanatory questions
Most studies you read in the academic literature will be quantitative and
explanatory. Why is that? If you recall from Chapter 7, explanatory research
tries to build nomothetic causal relationships. They are generalizable across
space and time, so they are applicable to a wide audience. The editorial board
of a journal wants to make sure their content will be useful to as many people
as possible, so it’s not surprising that quantitative research dominates the
academic literature.
Structurally, quantitative explanatory questions must contain an independent
variable and dependent variable and they should ask about the relationship
between these variables. My standard format for an explanatory quantitative
research question is: “What is the relationship between [independent variable]
and [dependent variable] for [target population]?” You should play with the
wording for your research question, revising it as you see fit. The goal is to
make the research question reflect what you really want to know in your
study.
Let’s look at a few more examples of possible research questions and consider
the relative strengths and weaknesses of each. While reading the Table 8.1,
keep in mind that I have only noted what I view to be the most relevant
strengths and weaknesses of each question. Certainly each question may have
additional strengths and weaknesses not noted in the table.
Table 8.1 Sample research questions: Strengths and weaknesses
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Sample question
What are the internal
and external
effects/problems
associated with
children witnessing
domestic violence?
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Question’s
strengths
Question’s Proposed
weaknesses alternative
Written as a
question
Not clearly
focused
Considers
relationships
among
multiple
concepts
Not specific
and clear
about the
concepts it
addresses
How does
witnessing domestic
violence impact a
child’s romantic
relationships in
adulthood?
Contains a
population
What causes foster
children who are
transitioning to
adulthood to become
homeless, jobless,
pregnant, unhealthy,
etc.?
Considers
relationships
among
multiple
concepts
Contains a
population
Concepts
are not
specific and
clear
What is the
relationship
between sexual
orientation or
gender identity and
homelessness for
late adolescents in
foster care?
Unclear
wording
How does income
inequality affect
Not written as
a yes/no
question
How does income
inequality predict
Written as a
question
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
ambivalence in the
Stereo Content Model
using major U.S. cities
as target populations?
Why are mental health
rates higher in white
foster children then
African Americans and
other races?
Considers
relationships
among
multiple
concepts
Semester: Autumn, 2022
ambivalence in highdensity urban areas?
Population
is unclear
Written as a
question
Concepts
are not clear How does race
impact rates of
mental health
Does not
diagnosis for
Not written as
contain a
children in foster
a yes/no
target
care?
question
population
Making it more specific
A good research question should also be specific and clear about the concepts
it addresses. A student investigating gender and household tasks knows what
they mean by “household tasks.” You likely also have an impression of what
“household tasks” means. But are your definition and the student’s definition
the same? A participant in their study may think that managing finances and
performing home maintenance are household tasks, but the researcher may
be interested in other tasks like childcare or cleaning. The only way to ensure
your study stays focused and clear is to be specific about what you mean by a
concept. The student in our example could choose a specific household task,
like childcare, or they could choose a broader view of household tasks that
encompasses childcare, food preparation, financial management, home repair,
and care for relatives. Any option is suitable as long as the researcher is clearly
defining “household tasks” as they relate to the study.
In social work research, it can be challenging to be this specific, particularly
when you are just beginning to investigate your topic. If you’ve only read one
or two articles on the topic, it can be hard to know what you are interested in
studying. Broad questions like “What are the causes of chronic homelessness,
and what can be done to prevent it?” are common at the beginning stages of a
research project. However, social work research demands that you examine
the literature on the topic and refine your question over time to be more
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
specific and clear before you begin your study. Perhaps you want to study the
effect of a specific anti-homelessness program that you found in the literature.
Maybe there is a particular model to fighting homelessness that you want to
investigate further, like Housing First or transitional housing. You may want to
focus on a potential cause of homelessness that you find interesting or
relevant to your practice, like LGBTQ discrimination. As you can see, the
possibilities for making your question more specific are almost infinite.
Quantitative exploratory questions
In exploratory research, the researcher doesn’t quite know the lay of the land
yet. If someone is proposing to conduct an exploratory quantitative project,
the watch words highlighted in Table 8.2 are not problematic at all. In fact,
questions such as “What factors influence the removal of children in child
welfare cases?” are good because they will explore a variety of factors or
causes. In this question, the independent variable is less clearly written, but
the dependent variable, family preservation outcomes, is quite clearly written.
The inverse can also be true. If we were to ask, “What outcomes are associated
with family preservation services in child welfare?”, we would have a clear
independent variable, family preservation services, but an unclear dependent
variable, outcomes. Because we are only conducting exploratory research on a
topic, we may not have an idea of what concepts may comprise our
“outcomes” or “factors.” Only after interacting with our participants will we be
able to understand which concepts are important.
Q.3 Explain in detail techniques involved in defining a research problem.
The techniques Involved in defining a Research Problem is a crucial part of a
research study and must in no case be accomplished hurriedly. However, in
practice this a frequently overlooked which causes a lot of problems later on.
Hence, the research problem should be defined in a systematic manner, giving
due weightage to all relating points. The technique for the purpose involves
the undertaking of the following steps generally one after the other:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
statement of the problem in a general way;
understanding the nature of the problem;
surveying the available literature
developing the ideas through discussions; and
rephrasing the research problem into a working proposition.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
A brief description of all these points will be helpful.
1. Statement of the problem in a general way: First of all the problem
should be stated in a broad general way, keeping in view either some
practical concern or some scientific or intellectual interest. For this
purpose, the researcher must immerse himself thoroughly in the
subject matter concerning which he wishes to pose a problem. In case
of social research, it is considered advisable to do some field
observation and as such the researcher may undertake some sort of
preliminary survey or what is often called pilot survey. Then the
researcher can himself state the problem or he can seek the guidance
of the guide or the subject expert in accomplishing this task. Often,
the guide puts forth the problem in general terms, and it is then up to
the researcher to narrow it down and phrase the problem in
operational terms. In case there is some directive from an
organizational authority, the problem then can be stated accordingly.
The problem stated in a broad general way may contain various
ambiguities which must be resolved by cool thinking and rethinking
over the problem. At the same time the feasibility of a particular
solution has to be considered and the same should be kept in view
while stating the problem.
2. Understanding the nature of the problem: The next step in defining
the problem is to understand its origin and nature clearly. The best
way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with those who first
raised it in order to find out how the problem originally came about
and with what objectives in view. If the researcher has stated the
problem himself, he should consider once again all those points that
induced him to make a general statement concerning the problem.
For a better understanding of the nature of the problem involved, he
can enter into discussion with those who have a good knowledge of
the problem concerned or similar other problems. The researcher
should also keep in view the environment within which the problem is
to be studied and understood.
3. Surveying the available literature: All available literature concerning
the problem at hand must necessarily be surveyed and examined
before a definition of the research problem is given. This means that
the researcher must be well-conversant with relevant theories in the
field, reports and records as also all other relevant literature. He must
devote sufficient time in reviewing of research already undertaken on
related problems. This is done to find out what data and other
materials, if any, are available for operational purposes. “Knowing
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
what data are available often serves to narrow the problem itself as
well as the technique that might be used.”. This would also help a
researcher to know if there are certain gaps in the theories, or
whether the existing theories applicable to the problem under study
are inconsistent with each other, or whether the findings of the
different studies do not follow a pattern consistent with the
theoretical expectations and so on. All this will enable a researcher to
take new strides in the field for furtherance of knowledge i.e., he can
move up starting from the existing premise. Studies on related
problems are useful for indicating the type of difficulties that may be
encountered in the present study as also the possible analytical
shortcomings. At times such studies may also suggest useful and even
new lines of approach to the present problem.
4. Developing the ideas through discussions: Discussion concerning a
problem often produces useful information. Various new ideas can be
developed through such an exercise. Hence, a researcher must discuss
his problem with his colleagues and others who have enough
experience in the same area or in working on similar problems. This is
quite often known as an experience survey. People with rich
experience are in a position to enlighten the researcher on different
aspects of his proposed study and their advice and comments are
usually invaluable to the researcher. They help him sharpen his focus
of attention on specific aspects within the field. Discussions with such
persons should not only be confined to the formulation of the specific
problem at hand, but should also be concerned with the general
approach to the given problem, techniques that might be used,
possible solutions, etc.
5. Rephrasing the research problem: Finally, the researcher must sit to
rephrase the research problem into a working proposition. Once the
nature of the problem has been clearly understood, the environment
(within which the problem has got to be studied) has been defined,
discussions over the problem have taken place and the available
literature has been surveyed and examined, rephrasing the problem
into analytical or operational terms is not a difficult task. Through
rephrasing, the researcher puts the research problem in as specific
terms as possible so that it may become operationally viable and may
help in the development of working hypotheses.
In addition to what has been stated above, the following points must also be
observed while defining a research problem:
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
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


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Semester: Autumn, 2022
Technical terms and words or phrases, with special meanings used in
the statement of the problem, should be clearly defined.
Basic assumptions or postulates (if any) relating to the research
problem should be clearly stated.
A straight forward statement of the value of the investigation (i.e., the
criteria for the selection of the problem) should be provided.
The suitability of the time-period and the sources of data available
must also be considered by the researcher in defining the problem.
The scope of the investigation or the limits within which the problem is
to be studied must be mentioned explicitly in defining a research
problem.
Q.4 What are the various methods of data collection? Discuss in detail along
with their advantages and disadvantages.
The process of gathering and analyzing accurate data from various sources to
find answers to research problems, trends and probabilities, etc., to evaluate
possible outcomes is Known as Data Collection. Keep scrolling to know more.
Knowledge is power, information is knowledge, and data is information in
digitized form, at least as defined in IT. Hence, data is power. But before you
can leverage that data into a successful strategy for your organization or
business, you need to gather it. That’s your first step.
So, to help you get the process started, we shine a spotlight on data collection.
What exactly is it? Believe it or not, it’s more than just doing a Google search!
Furthermore, what are the different types of data collection? And what kinds
of data collection tools and data collection techniques exist?
If you want to get up to speed about what is data collection process, you’ve
come to the right place.
What is Data Collection: A Definition
Before we define what is data collection, it’s essential to ask the question,
“What is data?” The abridged answer is, data is various kinds of information
formatted in a particular way. Therefore, data collection is the process of
gathering, measuring, and analyzing accurate data from a variety of relevant
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
sources to find answers to research problems, answer questions, evaluate
outcomes, and forecast trends and probabilities.
Our society is highly dependent on data, which underscores the importance of
collecting it. Accurate data collection is necessary to make informed business
decisions, ensure quality assurance, and keep research integrity.
During data collection, the researchers must identify the data types, the
sources of data, and what methods are being used. We will soon see that there
are many different data collection methods. There is heavy reliance on data
collection in research, commercial, and government fields.
Before an analyst begins collecting data, they must answer three questions
first:

What’s the goal or purpose of this research?

What kinds of data are they planning on gathering?

What methods and procedures will be used to collect, store, and
process the information?
Additionally, we can break up data into qualitative and quantitative types.
Qualitative data covers descriptions such as color, size, quality, and
appearance. Quantitative data, unsurprisingly, deals with numbers, such as
statistics, poll numbers, percentages, etc.
Why Do We Need Data Collection?
Before a judge makes a ruling in a court case or a general creates a plan of
attack, they must have as many relevant facts as possible. The best courses of
action come from informed decisions, and information and data are
synonymous.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
The concept of data collection isn’t a new one, as we’ll see later, but the world
has changed. There is far more data available today, and it exists in forms that
were unheard of a century ago. The data collection process has had to change
and grow with the times, keeping pace with technology.
Whether you’re in the world of academia, trying to conduct research, or part
of the commercial sector, thinking of how to promote a new product, you need
data collection to help you make better choices.
Now that you know what is data collection and why we need it, let's take a
look at the different methods of data collection. While the phrase “data
collection” may sound all high-tech and digital, it doesn’t necessarily entail
things like computers, big data, and the internet. Data collection could mean a
telephone survey, a mail-in comment card, or even some guy with a clipboard
asking passersby some questions. But let’s see if we can sort the different data
collection methods into a semblance of organized categories.
What Are the Different Methods of Data Collection?
The following are seven primary methods of collecting data in business
analytics.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Surveys

Transactional Tracking

Interviews and Focus Groups

Observation

Online Tracking

Forms

Social Media Monitoring
Data collection breaks down into two methods. As a side note, many terms,
such as techniques, methods, and types, are interchangeable and depending
on who uses them. One source may call data collection techniques “methods,”
for instance. But whatever labels we use, the general concepts and
breakdowns apply across the board whether we’re talking about marketing
analysis or a scientific research project.
The two methods are:

Primary
As the name implies, this is original, first-hand data collected by the data
researchers. This process is the initial information gathering step, performed
before anyone carries out any further or related research. Primary data results
are highly accurate provided the researcher collects the information. However,
there’s a downside, as first-hand research is potentially time-consuming and
expensive.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
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Semester: Autumn, 2022
Secondary
Secondary data is second-hand data collected by other parties and already
having undergone statistical analysis. This data is either information that the
researcher has tasked other people to collect or information the researcher
has looked up. Simply put, it’s second-hand information. Although it’s easier
and cheaper to obtain than primary information, secondary information raises
concerns regarding accuracy and authenticity. Quantitative data makes up a
majority of secondary data.
Specific Data Collection Techniques
Let’s get into specifics. Using the primary/secondary methods mentioned
above, here is a breakdown of specific techniques.
Primary Data Collection

Interviews
The researcher asks questions of a large sampling of people, either by direct
interviews or means of mass communication such as by phone or mail. This
method is by far the most common means of data gathering.

Projective Data Gathering
Projective data gathering is an indirect interview, used when potential
respondents know why they're being asked questions and hesitate to answer.
For instance, someone may be reluctant to answer questions about their
phone service if a cell phone carrier representative poses the questions. With
projective data gathering, the interviewees get an incomplete question, and
they must fill in the rest, using their opinions, feelings, and attitudes.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
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Semester: Autumn, 2022
Delphi Technique
The Oracle at Delphi, according to Greek mythology, was the high priestess of
Apollo’s temple, who gave advice, prophecies, and counsel. In the realm of
data collection, researchers use the Delphi technique by gathering information
from a panel of experts. Each expert answers questions in their field of
specialty, and the replies are consolidated into a single opinion.

Focus Groups
Focus groups, like interviews, are a commonly used technique. The group
consists of anywhere from a half-dozen to a dozen people, led by a moderator,
brought together to discuss the issue.

Questionnaires
Questionnaires are a simple, straightforward data collection method.
Respondents get a series of questions, either open or close-ended, related to
the matter at hand.
Secondary Data Collection
Unlike primary data collection, there are no specific collection methods.
Instead, since the information has already been collected, the researcher
consults various data sources, such as:

Financial Statements

Sales Reports

Retailer/Distributor/Deal Feedback

Customer Personal Information (e.g., name, address, age, contact
info)

Business Journals

Government Records (e.g., census, tax records, Social Security info)
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)

Trade/Business Magazines

The internet
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Data Collection Tools
Now that we’ve explained the various techniques, let’s narrow our focus even
further by looking at some specific tools. For example, we mentioned
interviews as a technique, but we can further break that down into different
interview types (or “tools”).

Word Association
The researcher gives the respondent a set of words and asks them what comes
to mind when they hear each word.

Sentence Completion
Researchers use sentence completion to understand what kind of ideas the
respondent has. This tool involves giving an incomplete sentence and seeing
how the interviewee finishes it.

Role-Playing
Respondents are presented with an imaginary situation and asked how they
would act or react if it was real.

In-Person Surveys
The researcher asks questions in person.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
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Semester: Autumn, 2022
Online/Web Surveys
These surveys are easy to accomplish, but some users may be unwilling to
answer truthfully, if at all.

Mobile Surveys
These surveys take advantage of the increasing proliferation of mobile
technology. Mobile collection surveys rely on mobile devices like tablets or
smartphones to conduct surveys via SMS or mobile apps.

Phone Surveys
No researcher can call thousands of people at once, so they need a third party
to handle the chore. However, many people have call screening and won’t
answer.

Observation
Sometimes, the simplest method is the best. Researchers who make direct
observations collect data quickly and easily, with little intrusion or third-party
bias. Naturally, it’s only effective in small-scale situations.
The Importance of Ensuring Accurate and Appropriate Data Collection
Accurate data collecting is crucial to preserving the integrity of research,
regardless of the subject of study or preferred method for defining data
(quantitative, qualitative). Errors are less likely to occur when the right data
gathering tools are used (whether they are brand-new ones, updated versions
of them, or already available).
Among the effects of data collection done incorrectly, include the following -
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
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Erroneous conclusions that squander resources

Decisions that compromise public policy

Incapacity to correctly respond to research inquiries

Bringing harm to participants who are humans or animals

Deceiving other researchers into pursuing futile research avenues

The study's inability to be replicated and validated
When these study findings are used to support recommendations for public
policy, there is the potential to result in disproportionate harm, even if the
degree of influence from flawed data collecting may vary by discipline and the
type of investigation.
Let us now look at the various issues that we might face while maintaining the
integrity of data collection.
Issues Related to Maintaining the Integrity of Data Collection
In order to assist the errors detection process in the data gathering process,
whether they were done purposefully (deliberate falsifications) or not,
maintaining data integrity is the main justification (systematic or random
errors).
Quality assurance and quality control are two strategies that help protect data
integrity and guarantee the scientific validity of study results.
Each strategy is used at various stages of the research timeline:

Quality control - tasks that are performed both after and during data
collecting

Quality assurance - events that happen before data gathering starts
Let us explore each of them in more detail now.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Quality Assurance
As data collecting comes before quality assurance, its primary goal is
"prevention" (i.e., forestalling problems with data collection). The best way to
protect the accuracy of data collection is through prevention. The uniformity of
protocol created in the thorough and exhaustive procedures manual for data
collecting serves as the best example of this proactive step.
The likelihood of failing to spot issues and mistakes early in the research
attempt increases when guides are written poorly. There are several ways to
show these shortcomings:

Failure to determine the precise subjects and methods for retraining
or training staff employees in data collecting

List of goods to be collected, in part

There isn't a system in place to track modifications to processes that
may occur as the investigation continues.

Instead of detailed, step-by-step instructions on how to deliver tests,
there is a vague description of the data gathering tools that will be
employed.

Uncertainty regarding the date, procedure, and identity of the person
or people in charge of examining the data

Incomprehensible guidelines for using, adjusting, and calibrating the
data collection equipment.
Now, let us look at how to ensure Quality Control.
Quality Control
Despite the fact that quality control actions (detection/monitoring and
intervention) take place both after and during data collection, the specifics
should be meticulously detailed in the procedures manual. Establishing
monitoring systems requires a specific communication structure, which is a
prerequisite. Following the discovery of data collection problems, there should
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
be no ambiguity regarding the information flow between the primary
investigators and staff personnel. A poorly designed communication system
promotes slack oversight and reduces opportunities for error detection.
Direct staff observation conference calls, during site visits, or frequent or
routine assessments of data reports to spot discrepancies, excessive numbers,
or invalid codes can all be used as forms of detection or monitoring. Site visits
might not be appropriate for all disciplines. Still, without routine auditing of
records, whether qualitative or quantitative, it will be challenging for
investigators to confirm that data gathering is taking place in accordance with
the manual's defined methods.
Additionally, quality control determines the appropriate solutions, or "actions,"
to fix flawed data gathering procedures and reduce recurrences.
Problems with data collection, for instance, that call for immediate action
include:

Fraud or misbehavior

Systematic mistakes, procedure violations

Individual data items with errors

Issues with certain staff members or a site's performance
Researchers are trained to include one or more secondary measures that can
be used to verify the quality of information being obtained from the human
subject in the social and behavioral sciences where primary data collection
entails using human subjects.
For instance, a researcher conducting a survey would be interested in learning
more about the prevalence of risky behaviors among young adults as well as
the social factors that influence these risky behaviors' propensity for and
frequency.
Course: Research Methods-II (4666)
Semester: Autumn, 2022
Q.5 Explain the various steps of writing of research report in detail
1. Choose a topic. It should be a subject he can understand and one that
interests him.
2. Make a plan. Create a calendar together to map out the process.
3. Check with the teacher. She should double-check the topic with her
teacher.
4. Conduct research and take notes. He can use a range of resources —
from books, periodicals, and the Internet — to do this. Help him practice
taking notes without copying word-for-word to reduce the risk of
plagiarism.
5. Outline the project. This will help her organize her notes and thoughts.
6. Write the report. Use the outline as a road map.
7. Edit and reread the report. Checking and correcting mistakes are the
hallmarks of a good student.