INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH 2 3 Learning Objectives 1. To identify and describe the importance of research in daily life 2. To describe the characteristics, process, and ethics of research 3. To describe and list down the similarities and differences of quantitative research and qualitative research 4 ACTIVITY What’s the difference? INQUIRY VS RESEARCH 6 What’s the difference? INVENTION VS INNOVATION 7 ACTIVITY TRUE OR FALSE 1. Research involves finding possible answer to questions. 9 TRUE OR FALSE 2. Only new knowledge can be considered research. 10 TRUE OR FALSE 3. Conducting a research may be done individually or collaboratively. 11 TRUE OR FALSE 4. Any unusual phenomenon may happen and can turn into a potential problem. 12 TRUE OR FALSE 5. Research should be subjective. 13 THE IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE 14 Meaning of Research Research is a process of executing various mental acts for discovering and examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness of your claims or conclusions about the topic of your research. 15 Meaning of Research Research requires you to inquire or investigate about your chosen research topic by asking questions that will make you engage yourself in top-level thinking strategies of interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating to enable you to discover truths about the many things you tend to wonder about the topic of your research work. (Litchman 2013) 16 1. Research aims for truth (Rolfe 2002). Research is very significant on our lives; it has gradually changed human life through history. 2. Research improves quality of human life (Bornmann 2013). 3. Research saves life(Cancer Research UK 2019). 4. Research gathers necessary information (Igwenagu 2016). 5. Research explores humanity (Lee, Tran, and Lee 2007). 17 CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESS AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH 18 Characteri stics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) 1. Research should be systematic The researcher needs to carry out a series of interrelated steps in conducting the study. 2. Research should be objective The researcher needs to present information that are purely based on truths. 19 Characteri stics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) 3. Research should be feasible The researcher needs to consider the possibility and practicality of conducting the proposed study. 4. Research should be empirical The researcher needs to employ appropriate methods, either quantitatively or qualitatively, to produce evidence-based information. 20 Characteri stics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017) 5. Research should be clear The researcher needs to use comprehensible language to present information and convey explanation throughout the research process. 21 The Research Process 22 The table shows the five phases of the research process along with their definition (Whittemore &Melkus, 2008). Research Phase Definition Conceptual Phase Identifying the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating the hypothesis, developing the research framework, and determining the research purpose and objective Design and Planning Phase Selecting a research design, developing study procedures, and determining the sampling and data collection plan Empirical Phase Collecting data, and preparing data for analysis 23 The table shows the five phases of the research process along with their definition (Whittemore &Melkus, 2008). Research Phase Definition Analytic Phase Analyzing data, interpreting the results, and making conclusions Dissemination Phase Communicating results to appropriate audience, and utilizing the findings 24 The Simplified Flow of the Significant Steps in Conducting a Study (Rao, 2017) 25 26 BREAK Ethics in Research Ethical Codes and Policies 1. Honesty 2. Objectivity 3. Integrity 4. Care 5. Openness 6. Respect for intellectual property 7. Confidentiality 8. Responsible publication 29 Ethical Codes and Policies 9. Responsible mentoring 10. Respect for colleagues 11. Social responsibility 12. Non-discrimination 13. Competence 14. Legality 15. Human Subject Protection 30 Rights of Research Participants 31 In every aspect of life, rights and responsibilities are inseparably linked to one another. 1. Voluntary participation 2. Informed consent 3. Risk of harm 4. Confidentiality 5. Anonymity 32 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative Research Aims to characterize trends and patterns Qualitative Research Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and the how’s) and produces in-depth and holistic data Usually starts with either a theory Usually concerned with or hypothesis about the generating hypothesis from data relationship between two or rather than testing a hypothesis more variables 34 Quantitative Research Uses structured research instruments like questionnaires or schedules Qualitative Research Uses either unstructured or semi structured-instruments Uses large sample sizes that are Uses small sample sizes chosen representatives of the population purposely 35 Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Used to gain greater understanding of group similarities Used to gain greater understanding of individual differences in terms of feelings, motives, and experiences Methods include census, survey, experiment, and secondary analysis Methods include field research, case study, and secondary analysis 36 ACTIVITY 2 FACT OR BLUFF 1. Research is a discipline or process for experts only. 38 FACT OR BLUFF 2. Surveying is data gathering. 39 FACT OR BLUFF 3. A researcher must always adhere to the ethical codes and policies of research. 40 FACT OR BLUFF 4. The first step in writing a research is identifying any problem. 41 FACT OR BLUFF 5. Qualitative aims to characterize trends and patterns 42 Learning Check 1. To identify and describe the importance of research in daily life 2. To describe the characteristics, process, and ethics of research 3. To describe and list down the similarities and differences of quantitative research and qualitative research 43 Written Task 1 30 items 44 Is research important? 45