INTRODUCTION
TO
RESEARCH
2
3
Learning
Objectives
1.
To identify and describe the
importance of research in daily life
2.
To describe the characteristics,
process, and ethics of research
3.
To describe and list down the
similarities and differences of
quantitative research and
qualitative research
4
ACTIVITY
What’s the
difference?
INQUIRY VS
RESEARCH
6
What’s the
difference?
INVENTION VS
INNOVATION
7
ACTIVITY
TRUE
OR
FALSE
1. Research involves
finding possible answer to
questions.
9
TRUE
OR
FALSE
2. Only new knowledge
can be considered
research.
10
TRUE
OR
FALSE
3. Conducting a research
may be done individually
or collaboratively.
11
TRUE
OR
FALSE
4. Any unusual
phenomenon may
happen and can turn into
a potential problem.
12
TRUE
OR
FALSE
5. Research should be
subjective.
13
THE IMPORTANCE
OF RESEARCH IN
DAILY LIFE
14
Meaning
of
Research
Research is a process of
executing various mental acts
for discovering and examining
facts and information to prove
the accuracy or truthfulness of
your claims or conclusions
about the topic of your
research.
15
Meaning
of
Research
Research requires you to inquire or
investigate about your chosen
research topic by asking questions
that will make you engage yourself in
top-level thinking strategies of
interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing,
criticizing, appreciating, or creating to
enable you to discover truths about
the many things you tend to wonder
about the topic of your research work.
(Litchman 2013)
16
1. Research aims for truth (Rolfe 2002).
Research is very
significant on
our lives; it has
gradually
changed human
life through
history.
2. Research improves quality of human
life (Bornmann 2013).
3. Research saves life(Cancer Research
UK 2019).
4. Research gathers necessary
information (Igwenagu 2016).
5. Research explores humanity (Lee,
Tran, and Lee 2007).
17
CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESS AND
ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
18
Characteri
stics of
Research
(Cristobal
&
Cristobal,
2017)
1. Research should be systematic
The researcher needs to carry out
a series of interrelated steps in
conducting the study.
2. Research should be objective
The researcher needs to present
information that are purely based
on truths.
19
Characteri
stics of
Research
(Cristobal
&
Cristobal,
2017)
3. Research should be feasible
The researcher needs to consider
the possibility and practicality of
conducting the proposed study.
4. Research should be empirical
The researcher needs to employ
appropriate methods, either
quantitatively or qualitatively, to
produce evidence-based
information.
20
Characteri
stics of
Research
(Cristobal
&
Cristobal,
2017)
5. Research should be clear
The researcher needs to use
comprehensible language to
present information and convey
explanation throughout the
research process.
21
The Research
Process
22
The table shows the five phases of the
research process along with their definition
(Whittemore &Melkus, 2008).
Research Phase
Definition
Conceptual
Phase
Identifying the problem, reviewing the literature,
formulating the hypothesis, developing the research
framework, and determining the research purpose and
objective
Design and
Planning Phase
Selecting a research design, developing study procedures,
and determining the sampling and data collection plan
Empirical Phase
Collecting data, and preparing data for analysis
23
The table shows the five phases of the
research process along with their definition
(Whittemore &Melkus, 2008).
Research Phase
Definition
Analytic Phase
Analyzing data, interpreting the results, and making
conclusions
Dissemination
Phase
Communicating results to appropriate audience, and
utilizing the findings
24
The Simplified Flow of the
Significant Steps in
Conducting a Study (Rao, 2017)
25
26
BREAK
Ethics in Research
Ethical
Codes and
Policies
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Care
5. Openness
6. Respect for intellectual
property
7. Confidentiality
8. Responsible publication
29
Ethical
Codes and
Policies
9. Responsible mentoring
10. Respect for colleagues
11. Social responsibility
12. Non-discrimination
13. Competence
14. Legality
15. Human Subject Protection
30
Rights of Research
Participants
31
In every aspect
of life, rights
and
responsibilities
are inseparably
linked to one
another.
1. Voluntary participation
2. Informed consent
3. Risk of harm
4. Confidentiality
5. Anonymity
32
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative Research
Aims to characterize trends and
patterns
Qualitative Research
Involves processes, feelings, and
motives (the why’s and the
how’s) and produces in-depth
and holistic data
Usually starts with either a theory Usually concerned with
or hypothesis about the
generating hypothesis from data
relationship between two or
rather than testing a hypothesis
more variables
34
Quantitative Research
Uses structured research
instruments like questionnaires
or schedules
Qualitative Research
Uses either unstructured or semi
structured-instruments
Uses large sample sizes that are
Uses small sample sizes chosen
representatives of the population purposely
35
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Used to gain greater
understanding of group
similarities
Used to gain greater
understanding of individual
differences in terms of feelings,
motives, and experiences
Methods include census, survey,
experiment, and secondary
analysis
Methods include field research,
case study, and secondary
analysis
36
ACTIVITY 2
FACT
OR
BLUFF
1. Research is a discipline
or process for experts only.
38
FACT
OR
BLUFF
2. Surveying is data
gathering.
39
FACT
OR
BLUFF
3. A researcher must
always adhere to the
ethical codes and
policies of research.
40
FACT
OR
BLUFF
4. The first step in writing a
research is identifying any
problem.
41
FACT
OR
BLUFF
5. Qualitative aims to
characterize trends and
patterns
42
Learning
Check
1.
To identify and describe the
importance of research in daily life
2.
To describe the characteristics,
process, and ethics of research
3.
To describe and list down the
similarities and differences of
quantitative research and
qualitative research
43
Written Task 1
30 items
44
Is research important?
45