SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
QUESTION ( SAQs)
Outline/describe/explain
One research method (approach to
research) used when investigating
the individual and the group
STUDY
THE INDIVIDUAL & THE GROUP
HOW USED
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Survey study since the women who
participated were already in a sorority and
only had to answer questionnaires to
identify correlations between in group bias
and the out-group homogeneity effect. Also
the characteristics of each group as well.
One ethical consideration of
research into the individual and the
group
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
There was anonymity and informed consent
of the participants and the sororities.
Therefore, the participants would be kept
confidential of their evaluations of their
own and other sororities. This would be bad
since there is in group bias and the outgroup homogeneity effect.
One study investigating the
individual and the group
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Studied how naturally occurring social
groups (the sororities) demonstrate ingroup
bias and the outgroup homogeneity effect.
Did this through surveys based on the
characteristics of each sorority.
How social groups influence the
individual and the group
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
This study studied the naturally occurring
social groups of sororities using surveys to
gather data based on how each sorority
viewed the other. They found that there
was ingroup bias and the outgroup
homogeneity effect regarding the three
similar sororities at the University of
Oregon.
Social identity theory
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
The groups in this study were naturally
formed through pre-existing groups known
as the sororities. Each one has natural
conflict over the belief that one sorority is
superior to the others. This
One study investigating social
identity theory
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
The groups in this study were naturally
formed through pre-existing groups known
as the sororities. Each one has natural
conflict over the belief that one sorority is
superior to the others.
Social cognitive theory
Bandura, Ross and
Ross (1961) The Bobo
Doll Experiment
The children learned through the adults via
vicarious learning and through the model
via observational learning. Additionally,
identifying with the model can increase the
likelihood of the observed behaviour to be
imitated.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
One study investigating social
cognitive theory
Bandura, Ross and
Ross (1961) The Bobo
Doll Experiment
The children learned through the adults via
vicarious learning and through the model
via observational learning. Additionally,
identifying with the model can increase the
likelihood of the observed behaviour to be
imitated.
Development (formation) of
stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
This study surveyed 3 similar sororities and
saw how belonging to an ingroup can create
the out-group homogeneity effect. It also
showed how there was in group bias when
rating their own sorority as better than the
others. This can then lead to prejudice and
discrimination.
One study investigating the
development (formation) of
stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
This study surveyed 3 similar sororities and
saw how belonging to an ingroup can create
the out-group homogeneity effect. It also
showed how there was in group bias when
rating their own sorority as better than the
others.
One effect of stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Showed how the out-group homogeneity
effect made the sororities view other
opposing sororities as more similar, allowing
for more stereotypes. As a result, prejudice
can occur due to thinking poorly of another
sorority and viewing them all as the same.
This can lead to discrimination and conflict
between groups.
One study investigating one effect of Park and Rothbart
stereotypes
(1982)
Showed how the out-group homogeneity
effect made the sororities view other
opposing sororities as more similar, allowing
for more stereotypes. As a result, prejudice
can occur due to thinking poorly of another
sorority and viewing them all as the same.
This can lead to discrimination and conflict
between groups.
In other words, if the SAQ asks you to outline/describe/explain a cognitive process, theory or model, start
with that and make it the main focus of the SAQ, and if you are asked to outline/describe/explain a study,
start with that and make it the main focus of the SAQ. From now on, this list will not include the
‘outline/describe/explain one study’ prompt.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
QUESTION (SAQS)
STUDY
HOW USED
CULTURAL ORIGINS OF BEHAVIOUR & COGNITION
Outline/describe/explain
One research method (approach to
research) used when investigating
cultural origins of behaviour and
cognition
Cross Cultural Study of This was a correlational study since they
Attraction (Buss,
simply compared the results of a survey
1989)
regarding gender, culture, and their
preferences in a romantic partner.
One ethical consideration of
research into cultural origins of
behaviour and cognition
Cross Cultural Study of There was anonymity of the participants
Attraction (Buss,
kept so no one would know about their love
1989)
interests and that may not be warranted by
the participant. Also, no potential for harm.
One example of culture and its
influence on behaviour and
cognition
Cross Cultural Study of More collectivist cultures have more values
Attraction (Buss,
on traditional roles like domestic skills and
1989)
collectivist women wanting a higher social
status male so their family is more
accepting of them. So the effect of culture
on attraction and human relationships.
One effect of cultural group
membership on behaviour and
cognition
Horne et al. (2004)
Cultural Attitudes
Towards Medication
The influence of one cultural
dimension on behaviour and
cognition
Cross Cultural Study of More collectivist cultures have different
Attraction (Buss,
values on what they find attractive in a
1989)
partner. Collectivist females have a higher
preference for ambition and social status
than more individualistic women. This
would cause the collectivist women to have
a spouse who is better in terms of finances
and would be better able to take care of the
baby. This would also affect the opinion of
the family on the spouse in a positive way.
The Asian undergraduate participants in the
UK were compared to the participants with
a more western background. Asians were
more likely to say medication is addictive
and intrinsically harmful. This would make
them less likely to take medication and
negatively affect their mental or physical
health.
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
One research method (approach to
Barry et al (1959)
This was a correlational study since you
research) used when investigating
can’t randomly allocate the conditions as
cultural influences on individual
their culture is naturally there and you can’t
behaviour
change it. They simply studied connections
between economic systems and child
training practices through practices used on
children and what types of values and
norms were encouraged.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
One ethical consideration of
research into cultural influences on
individual behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
One ethical consideration is that there was
no potential for harm as there were no
conditions, only observations. Additionally,
the participants were kept anonymous.
One cultural influence on individual
behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
High food accumulation societies focus on
responsibility and obedience training during
this time as they need to work together to
harvest things like crops. Low food
accumulation values more self-reliance as it
is more of their responsibility in their
culture for things like food. Overall, culture
determines aspects of one’s behaviours
One effect enculturation has on
individual behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
The parents raise their kids with their
cultural values since these values are what
is the norm and these values are designed
to help them in the economy and culture
that they live in.
The effect of norms on individual
behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
(Use one study on enculturation)
The norms of a high food accumulation
culture are usually connected to the same
norms of a collectivist culture like
prioritizing the group and being obedient to
it. This is why the kids in high food
accumulation systems are raises with more
responsibility to have more connection and
respect to the group and obedience training
to not go against the group.
One effect acculturation has on
individual behaviour
Torres et al. (2012)
The Latinos had to experience the new
culture of the US, and depending on where
they were born, they would have different
effects from the acculturation. If they were
born in the US, they are better able to
integrate into the US culture. But if they
were born outside, it would be much harder
to assimilate into the culture.
The influence assimilation (or the
need to assimilate) has on individual
behaviour
Torres et al. (2012)
(use one study on acculturation)
Assimilation is when you take on the new
culture but lose your own native culture
(can’t assimilation symbolize acculturation
itself or was it a different word). Whenever
the Latinos had integrated into US culture,
they had lower levels of acculturative stress
and psychological distress. This shows how
if one doesn’t assimilate, they may face
stress or distress and be negatively
impacted or forced to assimilate and lose
their own native culture.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
QUESTIONS (ERQs)
Discuss/evaluate/contrast/to what
extent?
Research methods (approaches to
research) used when investigating
the individual and the group
STUDIES (At least 2)
HOW USED
THE INDIVIDUAL & THE GROUP
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
Survey study since the women who
participated were already in a sorority and
only had to answer questionnaires to
identify correlations between in group bias
and the out-group homogeneity effect. Also
the characteristics of each group as well.
Natural experiment since they were put into
groups based on their preference for a
specific artist, either Klee or Kandinsky.
They then had to assign money to
anonymous participants and how much
they gave the out group also affected how
much they gave the in group.
Ethical considerations of research
into the individual and the group
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
There was anonymity and informed consent
of the participants and the sororities.
Therefore, the participants would be kept
confidential of their evaluations of their
own and other sororities. This would be bad
since there is in group bias and the outgroup homogeneity effect.
The boys participating were deceived since
they thought they were going to give and
receive money, but they did not. They were
kept anonymous though which was good.
Research (studies) into the
individual and the group
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
Social identity theory
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
Studied how naturally occurring social
groups (the sororities) demonstrate ingroup
bias and the outgroup homogeneity effect.
Did this through surveys based on the
characteristics of each sorority.
This showed the effect of the minimal group
paradigm where groups can be created
even out of the smallest similarity, like
having a preference for the same painter.
This then caused ethnocentrism.
The groups in this study were naturally
formed through pre-existing groups known
as the sororities. Each one has natural
conflict over the belief that one sorority is
superior to the others.
This showed how conflict can occur
between groups that are created over even
the smallest similarity. Conflict arises over
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
the desire to create a positive social identity
with the group to allow for greater selfesteem.
Research (studies) into social
identity theory
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
The groups in this study were naturally
formed through pre-existing groups known
as the sororities. Each one has natural
conflict over the belief that one sorority is
superior to the others.
This showed how conflict can occur
between groups that are created over even
the smallest similarity. Conflict arises over
the desire to create a positive social identity
with the group to allow for greater selfesteem.
Social cognitive theory
Bandura, Ross and
Ross (1961) The Bobo
Doll Experiment
The children learned through the adults via
vicarious learning and through the model
via observational learning. Additionally,
identifying with the model can increase the
Charlton et al. (2000) - likelihood of the observed behaviour to be
St. Helena Study
imitated.
(would it be wise to
replace the Charlton
study with Bobo Doll
Experiment with
imitating aggression
on TV, or would that
be too similar to the
first study?)
Research (studies) into social
cognitive theory
The children did not develop aggressive
behaviour because of watching others
perform aggressive behaviors on TV
through observational learning. Instead,
more positive behaviors that are shown on
TV may be able to be replicated instead.
One’s values also play a role in whether one
adopts behaviors from their environment
and how motivated they are to replicate
aggressive actions.
Bandura, Ross and
Ross (1961) The Bobo
Doll Experiment
The children learned through the adults via
vicarious learning and through the model
via observational learning. Additionally,
identifying with the model can increase the
Charlton et al. (2000) - likelihood of the observed behaviour to be
St. Helena Study
imitated.
The children did not develop aggressive
behaviour because of watching others
perform aggressive behaviors on TV
through observational learning. Instead,
more positive behaviors that are shown on
TV may be able to be replicated instead.
One’s values also play a role in whether one
adopts behaviors from their environment
and how motivated they are to replicate
aggressive actions.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
One or more theory of the
development of stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
This study surveyed 3 similar sororities and
saw how belonging to an ingroup can create
the out-group homogeneity effect. It also
showed how there was in group bias when
rating their own sorority as better than the
others. This can then lead to prejudice and
discrimination and can also be known as
positive distinctiveness.
Stereotypes are formed when we create a
set of beliefs about a certain group. An outgroup naturally has more of a negative
stereotype compared to the in-group due to
competition and in-group bias. This was
shown when the participants gave the in
group more money compared to the out
group, even if their own group received less
overall. This would be called positive
distinctiveness.
Research (studies) into the
development of stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
This study surveyed 3 similar sororities and
saw how belonging to an ingroup can create
the out-group homogeneity effect. It also
showed how there was in group bias when
rating their own sorority as better than the
others. This can then lead to prejudice and
discrimination and can also be known as
positive distinctiveness.
Stereotypes are formed when we create a
set of beliefs about a certain group. An outgroup naturally has more of a negative
stereotype compared to the in-group due to
competition and in-group bias. This was
shown when the participants gave the in
group more money compared to the out
group, even if their own group received less
overall. This would be called positive
distinctiveness.
One or more theory of the effect of
stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
Showed how the out-group homogeneity
effect made the sororities view other
opposing sororities as more similar, allowing
for more stereotypes. As a result, prejudice
can occur due to thinking poorly of another
sorority and viewing them all as the same.
This can lead to discrimination and conflict
between groups.
This study showed the existence of the
minimal group paradigm, or the theory that
groups can be formed over even the
smallest similarity. As a result of SCT, these
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
groups will have conflict and the out group
will be seen as worse and stereotyped to
allow the in group to have a higher selfesteem. Due to these stereotypes, the boys
in the experiment were shown to receive
less money overall for both groups at the
expense of the in group receiving more. This
also shows the effect of stereotypes in
creating prejudice and discrimination. There
was the belief that the out group was
better, and it showed discrimination when
they were given less money.
Research (studies) into the effect of
stereotypes
Park and Rothbart
(1982)
Tajfel et al. (1971)
Showed how the out-group homogeneity
effect made the sororities view other
opposing sororities as more similar, allowing
for more stereotypes. As a result, prejudice
can occur due to thinking poorly of another
sorority and viewing them all as the same.
This can lead to discrimination and conflict
between groups.
This study showed the existence of the
minimal group paradigm, or the theory that
groups can be formed over even the
smallest similarity. As a result of SCT, these
groups will have conflict and the out group
will be seen as worse and stereotyped to
allow the in group to have a higher selfesteem. Due to these stereotypes, the boys
in the experiment were shown to receive
less money overall for both groups at the
expense of the in group receiving more. This
also shows the effect of stereotypes in
creating prejudice and discrimination. There
was the belief that the out group was
better, and it showed discrimination when
they were given less money.
CULTURAL ORIGINS OF BEHAVIOUR & COGNITION
Research methods (approaches to
Cross Cultural Study of This was a correlational study since they
research) used when investigating
Attraction (Buss,
simply compared the results of a survey
cultural origins of behaviour and
1989)
regarding gender, culture, and their
cognition
preferences in a romantic partner.
Ogihara and Uchida
(2014)
This was also a correlational study since
they measured a variety of factors including
(Are these two too
their individualistic and collectivistic
similar in that they are orientation, their subjective well-being, and
both correlational
the nature of their relationships through
studies using
surveys.
surveys?)
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
Ethical considerations of research
into cultural origins of behaviour
and cognition
Cross Cultural Study of There was anonymity of the participants
Attraction (Buss,
kept so no one would know about their love
1989)
interests and that may not be warranted by
the participant. Also, no potential for harm.
Ogihara and Uchida
(2014)
While there was no explicit potential for
harm, they are still dealing with some
people who have low subjective wellbeing.
So, if they become more conscious of their
problems, they may be at a higher risk for
mental health problems. There was
anonymity though.
Research (studies) into the cultural
origins of behaviour and cognition
Cross Cultural Study of More collectivist cultures have more values
Attraction (Buss,
on traditional roles like domestic skills and
1989)
collectivist women wanting a higher social
status male so their family is more
Ogihara and Uchida
accepting of them. So the effect of culture
(2014)
on attraction and human relationships.
This study showed how the Japanese
culture is very traditional compared to the
global culture. Globalization is promoting
individualism in the workplace, but the local
culture is still maintaining its traditional
collectivist values. This conflict correlated
with lower subjective wellbeing in the
participants, and those who focused more
on the collectivists culture were shown to
focus more on their work, but also have
fewer close friends and a lower subjective
wellbeing.
One or more example of culture and
its influence on behaviour and
cognition
Horne et al. (2004)
Cultural Attitudes
Towards Medication
Ogihara and Uchida
(2014)
The Asian undergraduate participants in the
UK were compared to the participants with
a more western background. Asians were
more likely to say medication is addictive
and intrinsically harmful. This would make
them less likely to take medication and
negatively affect their mental or physical
health.
Japanese culture is much more traditional
and collectivist and values an importance
with their work either in school or in the
workplace, and they put in a lot of effort
into their craft. This was shown in the
workplace however to decrease one’s
subjective wellbeing and was correlated
with them having fewer close friends.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
One or more cultural dimension and
its influence on behaviour and
cognition
Cross Cultural Study of More collectivist cultures have different
Attraction (Buss,
values on what they find attractive in a
1989)
partner. Collectivist females have a higher
preference for ambition and social status
Ogihara and Uchida
than more individualistic women. This
(2014)
would cause the collectivist women to have
a spouse who is better in terms of finances
and would be better able to take care of the
baby. This would also affect the opinion of
the family on the spouse in a positive way.
This study researched Japanese workers,
and this culture is more collectivist. This
means that they value things like in group
relationships more, their identity being
define by relationships with others, and
most importantly, the belief that
confrontations are discouraged if they
disrupt group harmony. In the workplace,
this last one is seen as the Japanese women
who valued their work over their personal
needs did not want to disrupt the harmony
of the workplace, and as a result, had lower
levels of subjective wellbeing, and few
closer friends.
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
Research methods (approaches to
Barry et al (1959)
This was a correlational study since you
research) used when investigating
can’t randomly allocate the conditions as
cultural influences on individual
Berry’s Cross-Cultural their culture is naturally there and you can’t
behaviour
Study (1967)
change it. They simply studied connections
between economic systems and child
training practices through practices used on
children and what types of values and
norms were encouraged.
This was a natural experiment since they did
not randomly allocate the culture of each
participant, but still put them through the
Asch Paradigm test to measure conformity.
Ethical considerations of research
into cultural influences on individual
behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
Berry’s Cross-Cultural
Study (1967)
One ethical consideration is that there was
no potential for harm as there were no
conditions, only observations. Additionally,
the participants were kept anonymous.
There was deception since there were
confederates in the study who were needed
to test for the conformity of the individual
cultures. However, this deception did not
necessarily hurt the participants or cause
harm.
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
QUESTIONS (ERQs)
Discuss/evaluate/contrast/to what
extent?
STUDIES (At least 2)
HOW USED
Research (studies) into cultural
influences on individual behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
High food accumulation societies focus on
responsibility and obedience training during
this time as they need to work together to
harvest things like crops. Low food
accumulation values more self-reliance as it
is more of their responsibility in their
culture for things like food. Overall, culture
determines aspects of one’s behaviours.
Berry’s Cross-Cultural
Study (1967)
This study showed how different cultures
had different ways of life including morals
and different levels of conformity. The
Temne had higher rates of conformity since
they needed more cooperation to survive
due to their food source being derived from
crops. The Innuits on the other hand were
hunter gatherers so they encouraged more
individualism and experimentation.
Research (studies) into one effect
enculturation has on human
cognition and behaviour
Barry et al (1959)
Berry’s Cross-Cultural
Study (1967)
The parents raise their kids with their
cultural values since these values are what
is the norm and these values are designed
to help them in the economy and culture
that they live in.
These two cultures either relied more on
the community to survive or were more
independent in their modes of food
gathering. So, the parents and their
community will raise them to be successful
in the type of the culture/society that they
live in.
Research (studies) into one effect
acculturation has on human
cognition and behaviour
Torres et al. (2012)
Nap et al. (2014)
The Latinos had to experience the new
culture of the US, and depending on where
they were born, they would have different
effects from the acculturation. If they were
born in the US, they are better able to
integrate into the US culture. But if they
were born outside, it would be much harder
to assimilate into the culture.
The participants had to integrate into the
culture of the Netherlands which could be
very different to their own cultural beliefs,
and this may cause stress. For example, the
Moroccan immigrants where Muslim and
had stronger values so it was much harder
SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID
for them to integrate, and this was shown
to correlate with greater mental health
symptoms.
HL EXTENSION
Discuss/evaluate/contrast/to what
extent?
The influence of globalization on
individual behaviour
The effect of the interaction of local
and global influences on the
individual and the group
The effect of the interaction of local
and global influences on behaviour
and cognition
The effect of the interaction of local
and global influences on individual
behaviour
Research methods (approaches to
research) used to study the
influence of globalization on the
individual and the group
Research methods (approaches to
research) used to study the
influence of globalization on
behaviour and cognition
Research methods (approaches to
research) used to study the
influence of globalization on
individual behaviour