Sanchez Mira National High School
Magacan Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 3518 Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
COCONUT- KATMON
ANTIBACTERIAL
LIQUID HANDWASH
SOAP
Marjosh Laron
Mark Kenn Lucero
Manuel Andrei Sadorra
Sanchez Mira National High School
Magacan Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 3518 Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Today’s environment is no longer warrants a safety life. The environment is infected,
posing a high risk life leading to serious malady or even death. Life can no longer abundantly
enjoyed because of the threat to health particularly by the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19
pandemic.
The hands are utility characterized as dynamic and flexible. As utility, they ferry anything
and touch surfaces exposed to all airborne elements around us. The multiple functions of the
hands make them prone to infectious microbes and carry food poisoning bacteria to high risk food
therefore; hands like equipment must be kept clean and washed frequently. According to CDC
(Center for Disease Control), keeping hands clean is one of the most important ways to prevent
the spread of infection and illness. Health authorities recognize it as potentially effective in
reducing the prevalence of hazardous diseases.
Germs easily hold fast to the hands. Dirty hands may contain microbial contamination or
food poisoning bacteria which is the greatest risk to food safety. Proper hand washing before
eating, after using the bathroom, touching surfaces exposed to the airborne organisms and the
situation we might come in contact with harmful bacteria is highly recommended.
Hand washing soaps are widespread. It is then advised that people should be vigilant to
scrutinize hand washing soaps to be used on hands for the maximum prevention of deadly or
hazardous bacteria that will jeopardize health. In spite of the widespread of hand washing soaps of
different variety and scents, there is a continuous effort in the discovery, development, or
improvement of a new, safe and effective one. It is a very challenging endeavor to embark on
hand washing soap making knowing that there are potential fruit bearing plants capable of
yielding safe and effective hand wash soap.
In the locality, there is a fruit bearing tree that is now being overlooked as to its potentials
– the Palali or the Catmon also known with the scientific name “Dillenia Philipinesis” or “Dillenia
Indica”. This tree can be found anywhere at low and medium altitude according to Quisumbing
Compilation. The catmon fruit has an acid flavor; the ripe ones yield moisture, alcoholic extract,
water extracts and insoluble. Different prepared extracts of these plants and their parts have been
reported to contain wide range of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolics, saponins, fixed oil
which may exert varied pharmacological activities like anticancer, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial,
antioxidant and many more.
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Another tree which is readily available anytime in the locality is the coconut tree known
for its scientific name as “Cocos Nucifera”. The coconut tree is a wonderful tree having a plethora
of valuable medicinal uses from roots to fruits. It is said to be a tree that offers the essentials of
living thus, regarded as the “Tree of Life”. Research studies show that the coconut tree is known
to have an anti – bacterial component.
The coconut water in particular contains high levels of lauric acid which is what is used by
the body to make monolaurin – a disease fighting acid derivative.Lauric acid has anti – fungal,
anti –
bacterial and antiviral properties which protect the body against various infections .
While it is true that there are countless, colorful display of antibacterial liquid hand
washing soaps loaded with fragrances to safeguard ourselves with germs and bacteria particularly
viruses like COVID-19, it is always possible to add new product in the shelves from resourcebased materials. The study utilized resource-based product like catmon, and coconut water which
are abundantly available in the locality. It has been observed that due to lack of knowledge and
technical know-how, these materials are oftentimes neglected and wasted, although in the locality
small scale entrepreneurs already utilize the coconut water to produce vinegar. However, many
are still unaware of the value of the coconut water. In like manner, the catmon belonging to family
Dilleniaceae is not much known.
The fruit is simply used in cooking to alter fish taste; eaten raw by those who knew it. It
seems that no one in the locality bothers to find out what properties possessed by this tree. It is
theorized that the combination of the two into such hand-wash soap product can be considered as
value-added product of Sanchez Mira, Cagayan. It may also serve as an eye-opener to the
community to consider these materials as potential in the production of antibacterial liquid hand
washing soap hence, this study.
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Objective/s of the Study
Generally, this study will prove the potential of a resource-based material the catmon
extract and coconut water as liquid antibacterial hand wash soap.
Specifically, it intends to:
1. test the liquid hand wash soap in terms of:
a. Acceptability in:
1. texture of the skin
2. smell
3. foaming Ability
4. skin reaction
2. Test the liquid handwash soap in terms of:
Antibacterial property
Significance of the Study
The world in today’s generation is a place where improper hygiene such as improper hand
washing is a global concern. Through this, a number of infections arise and will later lead to more
serious cases. Especially nowadays, with the outbreak of the deadly disease COVID-19, that
affected the whole world and it affects every people’s day-to-day living. The World Health
Organization (WHO) also recognizes this disease as a serious global problem. Infections and
diseases as estimated by WHO claim 2.2 million lives each year due to these various infections
that result from improper hand washing coupled with the outbreak of the different variants of
COVID-19.
Every day, our hands come in contact with things that are touched by other people,
causing the spread of germs. Because of this, good hand washing is the first line of defense
against the spread of many illnesses. Therefore, the use of an antibacterial soap is of great help to
combat such diseases, and to fight the aforementioned global concern, it is everyone’s concern to
practice proper hand washing as always advised by health authorities in order to fight the current
health problem. The hand wash soap that is produced by this study provides people a cleaner way
of living and it can somehow bring a change to the society.
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It is believed that home-made hand washes compared with those in the markets are more
economical and far safer because home-made hand wash soaps may just include a very simple
reaction that involves natural oils; therefore, it is free from harsh chemicals, toxic fillers and
hormone – disrupting fragrances. In addition, it can also assure the user that it is safe to use
because it doesn’t use detergents and phosphates which are usually used in commercialized ones.
Compared to antibacterial hand washes in the market which are usually high cost, this
resource-based antibacterial liquid hand wash soap is cheaper considering the materials used can
be easily gathered just around the locality therefore, this may lessen an individual’s weekly
budget.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study will be delimited only to four treatments, as 20% crude catmon fruit extract +
80% coconut water, 40% crude catmon fruit extract + 60% coconut water, 60% crude catmon fruit
extract + 40% coconut water, 80% crude catmon fruit extract + 20% coconut water. The variables
used are limited only on matured catmon fruits and the coconut water of matured coconuts. Series
of trials will be conducted following strictly the procedures of the study to reach the desired
result.
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II
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature and studies which have bearing to this study.
Handwashing and Food Safety
With COVID-19 transmission mainly spreading between people through direct, indirect
(through contaminated objects or surfaces), or close contact with infected people via mouth and
nose secretions, washing hands with soap and running water is of critical importance. To stop the
spread of COVID-19, along with other COVID appropriate behaviours, the practice of
handwashing at regular intervals is a must, after coughing or sneezing, when caring for the sick,
after using the toilet, before eating, while preparing food and after handling animals or animal
waste. Handwashing after touching common surfaces such as doorknobs or handles, or after one
comes back home from visiting a public place will keep ourselves and others around us safe.
Hands are versatile. They are the physical body parts that are often exploited because
hands are primarily used to access practically whatever it is we want in the world. For this, they
can spread “germs” casually by touching another person, and catch microbes when touching
objects or surfaces and then touch the face (mouth, eyes, and nose). Indeed, they are the highways
to the transmission and spread of bacteria, pathogens, and viruses that cause diseases, food-borne
illness, and infections. h Nonetheless, nothing can substitute the pleasure of eating using the five
fingers of the hand. Thus, hands must be safe and free from bacterial organisms to avoid food
contamination resulting to hazardous and deadly diseases.
Global Hand Washing Day 2008 Planner’s Guidestated thatevery year, more than 3.5
million children do not live to celebrate their fifth birthday because of diarrhea and pneumonia.
Yet, despite its lifesaving potential, hand washing with soap seldom practiced and not always easy
to promote.
The above statement is also supported by the WHO in African Region in their survey
report which indicated that 45 countries have proposed food control legislation, but only 13
countries have enacted the laws. Further, it is estimated that more than 70% of the approximate
1.5 billion episodes of diarrhea that occur in the world annually are caused by biological or
chemical contamination of foods.
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According to Handwashing for Life as cited by Johnnie Deon Green in his 5 W’s of
Handwashing, poor handwashing adds up to the number one risk factor in food borne illness. It
further stated that a large number of illnesses could be prevented if more people follow stricter
handwashing hygiene protocols. Frequent and effective handwashing removes bacteria and
microorganisms from the surface of our hands. Once these potentially harmful substances are on
the hands, it becomes easy for a person to transfer them to the mouth, eyes and nose if touched—
places through which they can enter the body and cause illness to occur particularly diarrhea.
Mildred O. Guirindola (December 2004) RUMD in her topic “Our Health is in our Hands”
explained that the potential sources of contamination are around us and that we should take care
to keep our hands clean throughout the day. It is also taking the time to stop, what we are doing to
wash our hands when we recognize contamination. It is breaking old habits and developing new
ones that help reduce the potential for the spread of harmful microorganisms.
She believes that the best way to avoid cross contamination is to start by washing the
hands thoroughly before working with food. She further explained that hands can contain bacteria
from numerous different sources and most people aren't aware of how many surfaces they touch
on a daily basis. While it may seem obvious that hands should be washed thoroughly before
working with food,
not everyone washes their hands in the right manner..
Child and Youth Health Column supported Guirindola’s statement that handwashing is
the best thing we can do to protect ourselves from many contagious diseases. Wash hands before
eating or preparing food, and after going to the toilet, smoking, touching animals, gardening or
handling objects soiled with blood or other body substances. Some illnesses can also be picked
when other people’s dirty hands touch the food we eat. It’s important to keep hands as clean as
possible, particularly if you’re around food.
Antibacterial Liquid Handwash Soap
Cleaning products like soaps play an essential role in our daily lives by safely and
effectively removing soils, germs and other contaminants; they help us to stay healthy, care for
our homes and possessions. In a wilderness of survival situation, unseen foes attack the body
causing infections and diseases which can easily kill a person in a dangerous survival situation;
the soap is of course key to the battle. It is a vital thing in as far as hygiene and sanitation is
concerned because soap contains ingredients that will help to loosen dirt on hands; soften water,
making it easier to lather the soap over the hands; rinse hands, leaving no residue to irritate and
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dry skin; they can have different pH – (neutral, slightly alkaline or slightly acidic), that is why
some soaps irritate people and not others.
The use of soap (or other mediums like sand or ash) has the added benefit that it increases
the contact time, facilitates friction and breaks down grease and dirt (which contain the largest
concentrations of microbes). The use of soap in addition results in fresh and clean smelling hands,
which makes promotion much easier. Trials in Bangladesh and Zimbabwe showed that
handwashing with soap was more effective than handwashing with only water to reduce faecal
bacteria on hands.
In an article Handwashing – A Universal Concern reveals that regular soap is just fine. It
is not necessary to use solely anti-bacterial soaps. It has been found that constant usage of antibacterial soaps can cause the skins natural disease fighting bacteria (flora: bacteria which
inhabits parts of the body, it is not harmful) to breakdown, making us more susceptible to
transmittable germs. The importance is to lather well, including the wrists, fingers, thumbs and in
between each as well as the upside/underside of the fingernails.
On the other hand, another article titled, Handwashing – Why It’s Important? stressed that
Liquid Soap is best. It is less likely to be contaminated; liquid soap dispensers give the right
amount, do not dispense more than what is required (more is not better); Less waste because it’s
easier to use, with less wastage. Drop-in cassette dispensers use all the soap; it can save time,
liquid soap dispensers are easy and efficient to use; disposable liquid soap cassettes are
convenient, as you do not have to wash and thoroughly dry the refillable container before
refilling.
Bar soap is not recommended particularly in public places because it possesses problems
especially if it’s used by a lot of people. Bar soap can sit in pools of water and become
contaminated with many harmful germs; People are less likely to use bar soap if it is messy from
sitting in water; Contaminated soap may spread germs and may be more harmful than not washing
your hands; Bar soap can dry out – people are less likely to use it to wash their hands because it is
difficult to lather; Dried-out bar soap will develop cracks, which can harbour dirt and germs,
again, more harmful germs may be added to the hands than were trying to remove; It’s fine to use
bar soap at home, but it might help to keep it on a soap rack (so it’s not sitting in a pool of water)
and change it if it becomes old and cracked.
Meanwhile, the article Preventing Diseases mentioned that Liquid Soap is preferable.
Most health care institutions use medicated soap or antimicrobial as it's called. While that is good
practice, especially for specific areas of the facility where the patients are in a higher risk group,
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generally it is not necessary. At home general all purpose liquid handwash soap is highly
recommended. It's even a good idea to use liquid for bathing too.
The aforementioned statement is being supported by the article Handwashing – Why It’s
Important when it stated that washing hands properly after using the toilet, changing nappies,
handling animals and before and after handling food helps prevent the spread of various forms of
gastroenteritis, some of which can cause serious health problems. Use soap and warm running
water and wash hands for at least 10 seconds. Liquid soap is best. Handwashing – Why it’s
Important?
In an article “Antibacterial liquid Handsoap” which was retrieved from states people are
finding that liquid soaps often have more moisturizing properties than the average soap bar, and
are greatly preferred in the winter time for soothing dry skin. Liquid hand soaps are also widely
used in public restrooms as they are easier to manage and handle in bulk quantities.
Properties and Functions of the Coconut Water(S
Clay McNight last updated the article “Foods That Are Antiviral, Antibacterial and
Antifungal” on Jan. 12, 2014. In the update, the author claimed that the Coconut is a strong fruit.
Coconut, a plant with a variety of nutritional and medicinal uses, instigates anti-microbial
activities against fungi, viruses and bacteria, as well as parasites. A 2011 paper published in the
"Asian-Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine" notes that the coconut kernel and coconut water possess these antipathogenic effects. The Coconut Research Center notes that coconuts have been used in
traditional medicine to combat a variety of illnesses caused by bacteria and viruses. Some of these
include bronchitis, the common flu, ulcers (commonly caused by the H. pylori bacteria),
gonorrhea and skin infections.
The United Nations Organization for Food and Agriculture (FAO) presents coconut water
as “pure, fresh, natural drink, rich in nutrients: it has all the qualities of an energetic drink”. In fact
coconut water is very low in fat and calories and it has no cholesterol percentage but it is a source
of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium.
It abounds with anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-microbial and from a biochemical point of
view one of its constituent is lauric acid which is used as a remedy to the gastro-intestinal
disorders or in the leaky gut syndrome. Lauric acid is a carboxylic acid with the
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formulaCH3 (CH2) 10COOH. It is converted into monolaurin, a monoglyceride from the
properties antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiprotozoarie.
Monolaurin has been studied at medical research centers, including the Center for Disease
Control, because of its high antimicrobial activity. These studies revealed information about the
antiviral mechanism of monolaurin.
It was found to be active against enveloped DNA and RNA viruses such as the Influenza
virus, Paramyxoviruses, Rubeola virus, Bronchitis virus and the Herpes family. A recent study has
described how monolaurin can prevent the transmission
of SIV, a Retrovirus (Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmission).The mechanism
of action involves direct antiviral activity. The lauric acid binds to the lipid-protein envelope of
the virus and inactivates the virus.
Moreover, as a mild diuretic, coconut water can help prevent urinary tract infections. It is
high in lauric acid, which has antiviral, antibacterial properties and helps fight herpes and flu.
Coconut water has been recommended to help pregnant women stay hydrated (interestingly
enough, lauric acid is also found in breast milk). In the tropics, coconut water is used to replace
lost fluids as a result of diarrhea..
Coconut water contains high levels of lauric acid which is what is used by the body to
make monolaurin -- a disease fighting fatty acid derivative. Lauric acid has anti-fungal, antibacterial and anti-viral properties which protect young children against various infections. .
On the other hand, in the article titled 40 Amazing Benefits Of Coconut Water For Skin,
Hair And Health by Arshi Ahmed in 2013, it presented the different benefits of coconut water for
skin such as skin moisturizer during both summers and winters. It has a light consistency and can
be an excellent moisturizer that can be applied all over the body. It is an ideal moisturizer for
people with oily skin as it helps to reduce the oiliness of the skin. Coconut water consumption
enhances the skin from within.
Further, it has anti-ageing properties. Skin ageing is the most common problem for
everyone, and more than the age, it is the pollution and chemical laden cosmetics which steal the
natural beauty away. The presence of cytokinins in coconut water has anti-ageing properties. It
has an unquestionable property against skin infection. Coconut water has many healing, antiviral, anti-microbial, and anti-fungal properties which keep skin safe from infections. You can
apply it directly on the skin or can even mix it in your bathing water. Both ways you can treat the
infection to a great extent.
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Finally, coconut water is rich in antioxidants that help to remove free radicals that damage
the skin. Free radical comes from stressors within our own body. Emotional stress reduces the
flow of blood to our skin and contributes to the ageing process. Consuming coconut water in high
quantities improves the skin health and vitality, and removes damaging free radicals from the
body.
Chemical Properties of Catmon
According to Quisumbing’s Compilation, Indian Catmon is a more or less deciduous tree
growing up to 10 meters or more in height, with a few wide-spreading branches. Leaves are
alternate, mostly terminal, oblong or broadly lanceolate, 20 to 30 centimeters long, 6 to 12
centimeters wide, stiff, curving outward, with toothed margins, and beautifully ribbed, with 30 to
40 pairs of side veins. Flowers are very large, 15 to 20 centimeters across, solitary at the ends of
the twig, and are facing downward. Sepals are rounded and yellowish green, while the petals are
white, free, obovate, and 5 to 7.5 centimeters wide. Fruit, which is made of ripened carpels and
enclosed by greatly enlarged and thickened imbricating sepals, is large, somewhat rounded or
broadly ovoid, 12.5 to 15 centimeters in diameter, yellowish green hard, and tough. Seeds are
numerous and compressed, with a hairy margin.
Constituents
Fruit is very watery, 86.4% water, with 10% insoluble matter, and very little of that is
nutritious. Calyces of the fresh ripe fruit yields: moisture 86.40%, alcoholic extract 3.0 %, water
extract 0.37%, and insolubles 10.23%. Composition of an alcoholic extract was: Moisture 8.20,
tannin 1.40, glucose 12.15, mallic acid 2.21, petroleum ether solubles (fats, etc.) 0.72,
albuminoids 0.85, ash 12.63, and pectous matter, etc., 61.84. Kernel of D. indica yielded
antioxidant compounds 1-Dotriacontano and BHT. Phytochemical screening have yielded lupeol
group of triterpene-like betulinic acid and betulin, and flavonol such as myricetin. Yields
flavonoids: kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, naringenin and phenolic materials. Stem extract
yielded four compounds: lupeol, betulinaldehyde, betulinic acid and stigmasterol. A
phytochemical screening yielded steroids, terpenoids, saponins, fatty acids, flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, glycosides and carbohydrates.
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Uses
Folkloric
Bark and leaves are laxative and astringent. Fruit is slightly laxative; in excess, may
induce diarrhea. Fruit used for relieving abdominal pains. Mixed juices of leaf and bark taken
orally for treatment of cancer and diarrhea. Juice of the fruit, mixed with sugar and water, used as
a cooling beverage in fevers and as a cough mixture also used as cardiotonic. In Sabah, young
leaves or stem
bark pounded and applied as paste on swellings and wounds. In Thailand, fruit pulp used in
washing or cleansing the hair. Fruit decoction used for cough.
Studies
CNS Depresssant: Alcoholic extract has shown central nervous system depressant
activity.
Chemical Constituents / Triterpenoids / Flavonoids: (1) Study isolated four compounds from
the n-hexane and chloroform fractionates: 3,5,7-trihydroxy-3'4'-dimethoxy flavone, betulinic acid
(dillenetin), ß-sitosterol and stigmaterol. Results indicate Dillenia indica may provide a rich
source of triterpenoids and flavonoids. (2) Contains the lupeol group of triterpene (betulinic acid,
betulinaldehyde, betulin) and flavonol (myricetin). Stem bark contains myricetin, isorrhamnetic,
dillenetin and glucosides.
Betulinic Acid / Anti-Leukemic: The methanolic extract of D indica fruit showed significant
anti-leukemic activity in human leukemic cell lines. Betulinic acid, the major compound isolated,
could explain the anti-leukemic activity.
Anti-Inflammatory: The anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol extract of Dillenia
indica leaves were observed in various models related to inflammation. The findings support the
folkloric use of Dillenia indica in diseases related to inflammatory processes.
Antioxidant: Study of extracts of Dillenia indica fruits antioxidant activity to be highest in
the methanol extract, followed by ethyl acetate and water extracts. Results indicate the extent of
antioxidant activity correlated with the amount of phenolics present and that D. indica is rich in
phenolics and may provide a good source of antioxidants.
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Anti-Diabetic / Antihyperlipidemic: Study of methanolic leaves extracts in STZ-induced
diabetic Wistar rats showed significant anti-diabetic activity. It also showed significant reduction
in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and serum transaminases levels, with improvement in HDL
levels. Extract treatment also enhanced serum insulin levels in diabetic rats.
Antimicrobial: Study of methanolic extracts and fractions of the bark of DI showed
remarkable activities against all test bacteria. An n-Hexane fraction showed highest activity
against Shigelldysenteriae. A methanol extract showed highest activity against fungus Candida
albicans
enhanced serum insulin levels in diabetic rats.
Antimicrobial / Antioxidant / Cytotoxicity: Crude methanolic extracts showed weak
antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Extractives exhibited significant cytotoxic
activity on brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Extractives also exhibited significant free radical
scavenging activity.
Anxiolytic: Study of a hydroethanolic leaves extract showed prominent anxiolytic activity
in
mice.
Diazepam
was
used
as
the
standard
drug.
http://www.stuartxchange.org/IndianCatmon.html.
In a study titled “Identification of Antibacterial Property of Catmon Fruit” conducted by
Joan Ivy T. Garcia (2008) of Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, it was found out as per laboratory test
of DOST RO2 that catmon is positive with staphylucocusaureus. The study also used E.Coli and
salmonella.
M. BadrulAlam et.al. (2011) in their study “Antimicrobial and Toxicity Study of Different
Fractions of Dillenia Indica Linn. Bark Extract” found out that the methanolic extract along with
some organic soluble fractions of the bark of Dillenia indica Linn were tested against four Grampositive and seven Gram-negative bacteria and against three pathogenic fungi. n-Hexane and
dichloromethane fractions showed remarkable activities against all the tested bacteria but nHexane fraction showed highest activity against Shigella dysenteriae and its zone of inhibition
was 15.51±0.75 mm. Other showed moderate or little activity. Methanol crude extract showed
highest activity against fungus Candida albicans with a zone of inhibition 13.13±1.75mm. Lowest
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were observed in n-hexane fraction against
Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus and were 0.312 in both cases. Lowest LC50 value
19.02±1.16 of n-hexane fraction indicated the highest toxicity in comparison with the other
fractions.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Input
Process
Output
Coco Fatty Acid
Sulfate
Production of Coconut Catmon- Coconut
Coco Diethanol Amide
Catmon Antibacterial
Antibacterial Liquid
Catmon Extract
Liquid Hand Wash Soap
Coconut Water
Hand Wash Soap
Salt
Pearlizer
Hypothesis
Figure 1. The hypothesized conceptual framework showing the input, process and output of
the study.
Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference among the four treatments: 20% crude catmon fruit
extract + 80% coconut water, 40% crude catmon fruit extract + 60% coconut water, 60% crude
catmon fruit extract + 40% coconut water, 80% crude catmon fruit extract + 20% coconut water.
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Definition of Terms
Catmon fruit is made of ripened carpel and enclosed by greatly enlarged and thickened
imbricating sepals, with soft fleshy green edible pulp, it is large and somewhat rounded or
broadly ovoid, 12.5 to 15 centimeters in diameter, yellowish green hard, and tough. Seeds are
numerous and compressed, with a hairy margin.
Coconut water is also referred to as “coconut juice”. It is the liquid found inside the coco shell
(endocarp) and is sweet and slightly acid. It is the most popular beverage consumed in the tropics,
not only considered a refreshing beverage but a health tonic.
Handwashing refers to the cleaning of hands with water, with or without the use of soap.
Antibacterial Liquid hand wash soap is a cleaning agent in the form of liquid that consists
antibacterial property usually packed in a bottle for safety and convenience purposes.
Texture of the skin refers to how the skin feels after the application of the liquid antibacterial
soap. This can be rough, smooth, hard, soft, liquid, solid lumpy etc.
Skin reaction refers to the effect or result to the skin after the liquid soap has been applied and
rinsed.
Foaming ability refers to the ability of the liquid antibacterial soap to produce lather that is
usually found in soaps.
Zone of inhibition is the area where the growth of a control organism is prevented by an
antibiotic usually placed on a surface.
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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Materials of the Study
The materials and equipment that will be used in conducting the study include: catmon
fruit extract, Coconut Water, coco fatty acid sulfate, coco diethanol amide (CDEA), knife,
chopping board, blender, stirring rod, beaker, graduated cylinder, glass bottle, cheese cloth,
weighing apparatus, plastic containers, and recording materials.
Treatments of the Study
The following test will be conducted to determine which treatment or action has the best
potential for antibacterial liquid hand washing soap.
Treatment 1: 20% crude catmon fruit extract + 80% coconut water
Treatment 2: 40% crude catmon fruit extract + 60% coconut water
Treatment 3: 60% crude catmon fruit extract + 40% coconut water
Treatment 4: 80% crude catmon fruit extract + 20% coconut water
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General Procedure
Preparing the Materials
In the preparation of the materials needed in the conduct of the study, the following
procedures were done:
Securing the catmon fruit extract, coconut water and other materials
The catmon and coconut were sourced out in Sanchez Mira, Cagayan.
Preparing the catmon fruit extract
After gathering the catmon fruits, they were washed with potable water, air dried and cut
into small parts. The diced catmon fruits were put in the blender and blended to produce the
catmon juice. The blended catmon fruits were put on the cheesecloth to get the extract. The
extract was separately stored in plastic containers.
Preparing the coconut water
From the coconut fruit, the coconut water was produced by cutting it into halfway done;
the dripping coconut water were collected and then poured into a container and set aside.
Production of Liquid Handwash Soap
The production of liquid handwash soap was done through a series of steps. First, the
different treatments were prepared first. The treatments were placed in separate bottles in which
each treatment has a volume of 400 ml. 28 grams of Coco Fatty Acid Sulfate added to each of the
treatments with continuous stirring until the CFAS was totally dissolved. After which, 16 ml of
Coco diethanol amide was added to the mixture with continuous stirring. After adding the coco
diethanol amide, a small amount of salt together with the pearlizer were added to the mixture. The
salt served as coagulant and the pearlizer is an agent for better pearly appearance of the liquid
hand wash. The mixture was continuously stirred and stored in a room temperature.
Sanchez Mira National High School
Magacan Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 3518 Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Handwash Soap Formulation
Coco Fatty Acid Sulfate
: 1 ml : 0.07 g
Coco Diethanol Amide
: 1 ml : 0.04 ml
Data Gathering Procedure
Product Testing
At least ten (10) respondents were subjected for product testing. The respondents were
asked to use the hand soap product produced in this study and comments were noted as to the
acceptability of smell, texture of the skin, foaming ability and the skin reaction after using the
liquid antibacterial hand soap.
Acceptability
The product was tested according to acceptability test to 10 respondents. The 5-scale
hedonic was used. The hedonic scale is a scale that indicates the extent of respondents’ overall
liking or disliking of the liquid antibacterial hand wash soap. Sensory evaluation as to smell,
texture of the skin, foaming ability and skin reaction were the basis of testing acceptability.
Texture of the skin
The researcher likewise utilized 10 raters comprising of teachers, staff, students and community
folks to assess the texture of the skin using the following scale:
5
4.20 – 5.0 – Very smooth
4
3.4 – 4.19 - Smooth
3
2.6 – 3.39 – Moderately Smooth
2
1.8 – 2.59 – Slightly Smooth
1
1 – 1.79 – Not Smooth
Sanchez Mira National High School
Magacan Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 3518 Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Smell
The same set of raters were also used to assess the smell of the product using the scale
below:
5
4.20 – 5.0 – Very pleasant
4
3.4 – 4.19 - Pleasant
3
2.6 – 3.39 – Moderately Pleasant
2
1.8 – 2.59 – Slightly Pleasant
1
1 – 1.79 – Not Pleasant
Foaming Ability
The foaming ability was likewise tested by the same set of raters using the following scale:
5
4.20 – 5.0 – Very Foamy
4
3.4 – 4.19 - Foamy
3
2.6 – 3.39 – Moderately Foamy
2
1.8 – 2.59 – Slightly Foamy
1
1 – 1.79 – Not Foamy
Skin Reaction
The skin reaction was tested by the same set of raters using the descriptive method in
which the raters wrote down their comments as to the effect of the liquid antibacterial handwash
soap on their skin.
Data Analysis
The data that will be gathered will be analyzed and interpreted using the Mean, One-way
ANOVA, and descriptive analysis.
Sanchez Mira National High School
Magacan Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 3518 Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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