zf-transmatic-service-manual-zf-transmatic-service-manual

 WZI =66 ear 25 Z 2>2, 2>2, 25 Z 002 WZI ==6 ear 25 Z 0>2 =2:6 7>2 26:b Zuònjt ta bctnrbtdaks dk mnsdgk Japyrdglt `y _E ]lnsn rnpbdr dkstrujtdaks dkst rujtdaks brn pratnjtnm `y japyrdglt. Bky Bky rnpramujtdak bkm mdssnhdkbtdak mdss nhdkbtdak dk wlbtnvnr earh ‚ bcsa dk bmbptnm, pbrbplrbsnm ar nxtrbjtnm earh ‚ dk pbrtdjucbr bs b rnprdkt, platahnjlbkdjbc ar ncnjtrakdj rnpramujtdak ar bs b starbgn dk mbtb-prajnssdkg nqudphnkt ar mbtb kntwaris wdtlaut bppravbc bppravbc `y tln lacmnr ae tln japyrdglt japyrdglt ds prald`dtnm prald`dtnm bkm wdcc `n prasnjutnm ukmnr ukmnr jdvdc bkm jrdhdkbc cbw cbw. Vrdktnm dk Gnrhbky Nmdtdak? 60.66 =2:6 7>2 26:b WZI =66/==6 Jaktnkts Vbgn .......... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... ....... .. Vrnebjn ..... Dhpartbkt Dhpart bkt dkearh dkearhbtdak btdak ..... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... ....... .. Dkstrujtdaks Dkstruj tdaks ear ear jbrrydkg aut rnpbdrs rnpbdrs ............ .................. ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..... = > 5 ]dg ]dgltnkd ltnkdkg kg tarquns ........... ..... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ...... Jaksuhb`cns ........................................................................ ................................. ............................................................................. ...................................................................... ................................ Bmousthnkt Bmoust hnkt mbtb ..... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ...... Zprdkg tb`cn ................................... .......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................................................... ................................ Zpnjdbc taacs ................................... ......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................................................... ............................... < 26 22 25 27 2 Mdssbs Md bsssnh nh` `cy bk bkm bs bssn snh h`cy ae ae WZI /nk /nkg gdk dknn ........................................................................................... 2-2 0 ]rbkshdssdak ha hauktdkg ................................. ........................................................................ ............................................................................. ................................................... ............. 0-2 : Jnkt Jn ktrb rbcc wdr wdrdk dkg g lbr lbrkn knss ss ‚ WZ WZI I =66/== =66/==6 6 ................................................................................................. :-2 = Adc rn rnsnrvadr ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ...................................... ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ...................................... =-2 > Jcutjl jy jycdkmnr WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ................................... .......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................... >-2 5 WZI / trbkshdssdak WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 .................................. ......................................................................... ....................................................................... ................................ 5-2 7 Znc ncnj njta tarr jc jcu utj tjl l ‚ WZ WZI I =66/= 66/==6 =6 .................................. ......................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................... 7-2 .......................................................................... .............................................................................. ............................................. ...... Jakvnrtnr ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ................................... Jakvnrtnr Jakv nrtnr dkstbccbtdak mnptl –J‘ ........................................................ .............................................................................................. ........................................................ .................. Bxdbc pcby ae tbpnrnm raccnr `nbrdkg –G‘ ...................................... ............................................................................ .............................................................. ........................ Dkmujtdvn snksar mdstbkjn (–k nkgdkn‘) ......................................... ............................................................................... .............................................................. ........................ <.2 Mdshbk Mdshbktcdkg tcdkg bkm bkm bssnh`cd bssnh`cdkg kg jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr (WZI ==6) ==6) ..... .......... .......... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... ........ ... < <-2 <-0 <-: <-= <-> 4 ]ur`dkn sl slbet ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 .................................... ........................................................................... ............................................................................. ...................................... 4-2 26 Adc ed edctnr ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ..................................... ............................................................................ .............................................................................. ............................................. ...... 26-2 22 Jaktrac uk ukdt ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ...................................... ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ...................................... 22-2 20 Pntbrmnr ‚ WZI =6 =66/= 6/== =6 ..................................... ............................................................................ .............................................................................. ............................................. ...... 20-2 2: 2:.2 2:.0 2:.: 2:.= 2:.> Jakvnr Jak nrtn tnrr la laus usdk dkg g ‚ WZ WZI I =6 =66/==6 6/==6 .................................. ......................................................................... ....................................................................... ................................ Adc ennm ecbkg ecbkgnn ..... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ..... Gnbr puhp bkm wdrdkg lbrknss ...... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ............ ............ ........... ....... .. Jakvnrtnr Jakv nrtnr lausdkg ...................................... ............................................................................. ............................................................................. ......................................................... ................... Zjrnw Zjrn w jakkn jakknjtdak jtdak H26 WZI =66 ..... .......... .......... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... ......... .... Zjrnw Zjrn w jakkn jakknjtdak jtdak H20 WZI ==6 ..... .......... .......... ........... ............ ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ............ ........... .......... .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... ......... .... 2= Vrnss Vr nssur urns ns bkm bkm hnb hnbsur surdkg dkg pad padkts kts ea earr WZI =66 bkm WZI ==6 ............................................................... 2=-2 2> Betn Be tnrr-Z -Zbc bcns ns Znrv Znrvdj djnn eukjt eukjtda dak k tnst tnst ear ear WZI WZI syst systnh nh ................................................................................. 2>-2 2:-2 2:-2 2:-0 2:-= 2:-> 2:-5 Vrnebjn ]lds rnpbdr hbkubc ds dktnkmnm ear sidccnm pnrsakknc trbdknm `y _E Erdnmrdjlslbenk BG BG ta jbrry jbr ry aut hbdktnkbkjn bkm rnpbdr wari ak _E pramujts. ]lds hbkubc mnbcs wdtl tln stbkmbrm stbkmbrm _E pramujt dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl tln stbtn ae mnvncaphnkt ak tln mbtn ae dssun. Lawnvnr,, mun ta jaktdkudkg mnvncaphnkt ae tln pramujt, Lawnvnr rnpbdr wari hdglt rnqudrn wari prbjtdjns bkm tnst ar bmousthnkt mbtb kat jaktbdknm dk tlds hbkubc. Wn rnjahhnkm tlbt wari makn ak yaur _E pramujt ds jbrrdnm aut akcy `y sidccnm hnjlbkdjs wla lbvn lbm tlndr prbjtdjbc bkm tlnarntdjbc ikawcnmgn upmbtnm ak b rngucbr `bsds bt aur Betnr-Zbcns Znrvdjn trbdkdkg jnktnrs. Znrvdjn padkts nqudppnm `y _E Erdnmrdjlslbenk BG BG bcc avnr tln warcm aeenr yau? 2. Jaktdkubccy trbdknm pnrsakknc pnrsakknc 0. Zpnjdednm nqudphnkt, n.g. n.g. spnjdbc taacs :. Gnkudkn _E spbrns, ta aur cbtnst spnjdedjb spnjdedjbtdaks tdaks Bcc wari pnrearhnm bt tlnsn snrvdjn padkts ds jbrrdnm jbr rdnm aut jaksjdnktdauscy bkm wdtl uthast jbrn. Pnpbdr wari jbrrdnm Pnpbdr jbrrdnm aut bt _E snrvd snrvdjn jn padkts padkts ds suònjt ta tln jaktrbjtubc jakmdtdaks prnvbdcdkg dk tln dkmdvdmubc jbsn. EPDNMPDJLZLBENK ZLBENK BG _E EPDNMPDJL J.U./Zpnj ./Zpnjdbc dbc ]rbkshdssdaks ]rbkshdss daks Znrvdjn Vcbkt 0 ]nc.? (6 7> =2) 77-6 Ebx? (6 7> =2) 77->705 = Mbhbgn rnsuctdkg erah wari pnrearhnm `y kak-_E pnrsakknc dk bk dhprapnr bkm ukpraenssdakbc hbkknr bkm bky jaksnqunktdbc jasts brn nxjcumnm erah tln jaktrbjtubc cdb`dcdty bgrnnhnkt. Nxjcusdak ae cdb`dcdty bcsa bppcdns de gnkudkn _E spbrns brn kat usnm. Dhpartbkt dkearhbtdak ZBEN]T KA]DJN G N K N P B C D K E A P H B] B] D A K Jahpbkdns rnpbdrdkg _E ukdts brn rnspaksd`cn ear tlndr awk wari sbenty sbent y. Pnbm tlds hbkubc jbrneuccy `nearn stbrtdkg bky tnsts ar rnpbdr wari. ] a bvadm dkoury ta bkm pnrsakknc bkm mbhbgn ta pramujts, sbenty rngucbtdaks cngbc rnqudrnhnkts wldjl bppcybcc ta rnpbdr bkm hbdktnkbkjn wari hust `n bmlnrnm ta. @nearn stbrtdkg wari, wari, hnjlbkdjs hust ebhdcdbrdzn tlnhsncvns wdtl tlnsn rngucbtdaks. Vnrsakknc rnqudrnm ta jbrry aut rnpbdrs ak _E pramujts hust rnjndvn bppraprdbtn trbdkdkg dk bmvbkjn. Dt ds tln t ln rnspaksd`dcdty ae nbjl jahpbky ta nksurn tlbt tlndr rnpbdr stbee ds prapnrcy trbdknm. JB^]DAK Vdjturns, mrbwdkgs bkm jahpaknkts ma kat bcwbys bcwbys rnprnsnkt tln ardgdkbc aònjt, ùt brn usnm ta dccustrbtn dccustrbtn waridk waridkg g prajnmurns. Vdjturns, mrbwdkgs bkm jahpaknkts brn kat ta sjbcn. Jakjcusdaks bàut sdzn bkm wndglt slaucm kat `n mrbwk (nvnk wdtldk b jahpcntn dccustrbtdak). Bcwbys Bcwb ys eaccaw tln waridkg stnps bs mnsjrd`nm dk tln tnxt. ]ln eaccawdkg sbenty dkstrujtdaks bppnbr dk tlds hbkubc? Betnr jahpcntdak ae rnpbdr wari bkm tnstdkg, sidccnm stbee hust sbtdsey tlnhsncvns tlbt tln pramujt ds eukjtdakdkg jarrnjtcy. KA]N Pnenrs ta spnjdbc prajnssns, tnjlkdquns, mbtb, usn ae buxdcdbry nqudphnkt, ntj. JB^]DAK ]lds ds usnm wlnk dkjarrnjt, dkjarrnjt, ukpraenss ukpraenssdakbc dakbc waridkg prbjtdjns jaucm mbhbgn tln pramujt. ! MBKGNP ]lds ds usnm wlnk cbji ae jbrn jaucm cnbm ta pnrsakbc dkoury ar mnbtl. ! ]LPNB]Z ]A ]LN NKUDPAKHNK] ! ]LPNB]Z Cu`rdjbkts bkm jcnbkdkg bgnkts hust kat `n bccaw bccawnm nm ta nktnr tln sadc, graukm wbtnr wbtnr ar snwbgn systnh. • Bsi yaur yaur cajbc cajbc nkvdra nkvdrakhnkt khnkt bgnk bgnkjy jy ear ear sbenty dkearhbtdak ak tln rncnvbkt pramujts bkm bmlnrn ta tlndr rnqudrnhnkts. • Jaccnj Jaccnjtt usnm adc adc dk b sudtb` sudtb`cy cy cbrgn cbrgn jaktbdkn jaktbdknrr. • Mds Mdspas pasnn ae usn usnm m adc, adc, mdrt mdrty y edctnrs edctnrs,, cu` cu`rdj rdjbkt bktss bkm jcnbkdkg bgnkts dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl nkvdrakhnktbc pratnjtdak gudmncdkns. • Wlnk war waridkg idkg wdtl cu`rd cu`rdjbkts jbkts bkm jcnbk jcnbkdkg dkg bgnkts bcwbys rnenr ta tln hbkuebjturnr—s dkstrujtdaks. JB^]DAK ]ln trbkshdssdak hust KA] `n lukg `y tln dkput slbet KAP `y tln autput ecbkgn. > Dkstrujtdaks Dkstruj tdaks ear ear rnpbd rnpbdrs rs Dk jbsn ae mau`t bcwbys turk ta tln rncnvbkt mnpbrthnkt wdtldk wdtldk _EBetnr-Zbcns _E Betnr-Zbcns Znrvdjns ear bmvdjn. Bcc wari ak trbkshdssdaks ds ta `n pnrearhnm nxpnrtcy bkm ukmnr jcnbk jakmdtdaks. jakmdtdaks. ^sn spnjdednm taacs ta mdshbktcn bkm bssnh`cn trbks- G B Z I N ]Z ] Z , C A J I D K G V CB C B] N Z Vbrts wldjl jbkkat `n rnhavnm wdtlaut `ndkg mbhbgnm hust bcwbys bcwbys `n rnpcbjnm wdtl knw pbrts (n.g. gbsints bkm cajidkg pcbtns). hdssdaks. Betnr rnhavdkg tln trbkshdssdak erah tln vnldjcn, jcnbk tlarauglcy wdtl b sudtb`cn jcnbkdkg bgnkt `nearn apnkdkg. Vby pbrtdjucbr bttnktdak ta tln praonjtdaks bkm rnjnssns ae lausdkgs bkm javnr javnrss wlnk jcnbkdkg. Vbrts oadknm wdtl Cajtdtn brn nbsdnr ta snpbrbtn de wbrhnm wdtl b ebk lnbtnr. ZLBE] ZNBCZ Bcwbys jlbkgn slbet snbcs wdtl raugl, rdppnm ar Bcwbys lbrmnknm pbjidkg wbslnrs. Znbc jaktbjt surebjns hust `n tatbccy jcnbk bkm dk pnrenjt jakmdtdak. PNWAPIDKG JCNBK DKG VBP]Z VBP]Z Pnwari Pnw ari hby `n jbrrdnm aut ak snbc jaktbjt surebjns sureb jns Pnhavn rnhbdks ae acm gbsints Pnhavn gbs ints ak bcc snbc-ebjns. Jbrneuccy rnhavn rnhavn ùrrs ar sdhdcbr s dhdcbr pbtjlns ae rauglknss usdkg bk adc-stakn. usdkg pcukgn-jut grdkmdkg akcy akcy,, knvnr usn bk nhnry jcatl. Nksurn tlbt tlnrn brn ka trbjns ae grdkmdkg ar rdeecdkg. Cu`n àrns bkm graavns hust `n ernn ae bktd-jarrasdak bgnkts bkm earndgk hbttnr9 jlnji ear pnrenjt pbssbgn. De rnwari ds knnmnm ak mdstbkjn wbslnrs, sldhs ntj. `njbusn ae jcnbrbkjn jcnbrbkjn snttdkgs, nksurn tlbt tln rnwarinm rnwarinm brnbs jaktbdk ka ebjn rukaut bkm lbvn tln sbhn surebjn qubcdty. Jbrneuccy javnr javnr apnknm trbkshdssdaks ta prnvnkt earndgk hbttnr erah nktnrdkg. ]PBKZHDZZDAK BZZNH@CT PN^ZDK G VBP]Z VBP]Z Vbrts sujl bs `bcc ar raccnr `nbrdkgs, huctd-mdsjs, tlrust wbslnrs ntj., hust `n dkspnjtnm `y b jahpntnkt pnrsak, wla slaucm mnjdmn wlntlnr ar kat tlny jbk `n rn-usnm. Pnpcbjn pbrts wldjl brn mbhbgnm ar lbvn sueenrnm erah nxjnssdvn wnbr. 5 Edkm b jcnbk sdtn ta bssnh`cn tln trbkshdssdak. Gbsints brn dkstbccnm wdtlaut tln usn ae snbcdkg jahpaukm ar grnbsn. Wlnk hnbsurdkg sdcdjak-jabtnm gbsints, tbin jbrn kat ta dkjcumn tln tln sdcdjak cbynr dk tln hnbsurnhnbsurnhnkt. Murdkg bssnh`cy, bssnh`cy, jahpcy wdtl bcc bmousthnkt mbtb, jlnjidkg mbtb bkm tdgltnkdkg tarquns dk tln Pnpbdr Hbkubc. Dkstrujtdaks Dkstruj tdaks ear ear rnpbd rnpbdrs rs @NBPDKGZ De `nbrdkgs brn hauktnm dk lnbtnm jakmdtdak, tlny brn ta `n lnbtnm nvnkcy (n.g. lnbtdkg jb`dknt). ]nhpnrbturn slaucm `n bt jb. <> ¶J bkm hust kat nxjnnm 206 ¶J. Nbjl apnrbtdkg adc. hauktnm `nbrdkg hust `n adcnm wdtl ZNBCDKG De b spnjdedj snbcdkg bgnkt* ds ta `n usnm ear snbcdkg, jahpcy wdtl tln hbkuebjturnr—s hbkuebjturnr—s mdrnjtdaks ear usn. Bppcy b tldk cbynr ae snbcdkg bgnkt ta tln surebjns bkm sprnbm nvnkcy. nvnkcy. Ma kat bccaw snbcdkg ta nktnr adc mujts bkm àrns. Ak adc-jbrrydkg mujts bkm àrns, wdpn aee tln snbcdkg bgnkt ak tln surebjns ta `n snbcnm knbr bpnrturns ta nksurn tlbt ka snbcdkg bgnkt nktnrs tln adc ennms wlnk tln surebjns brn snbcnm. m) Mubc slbet slbet snbcs snbcs lbvn lbvn twa twa snbcdkg snbcdkg cdps. ]ln must-praae snbcdkg cdp (\) hust ebjn autwbrms. \ n) Edcc tln gbp gbp `ntwnn `ntwnnk k tln snbcdk snbcdkg g cdps sa dtsujl ds 56% edccnm wdtl (n.g. pramujnm `y Brbc bs Brbcu` LC0grnbsn ar `y MNB sujl bs Zpnjtrak EA 06). e) De passd`cn, passd`cn, lnbt lnbt slbet slbet snbc àrns àrns ta `ntwnnk `ntwnnk =6 bkm bkm >6 ¶J (hbins edttdkg nbsdnr). Vrnss tln snbc slbet wdtl hauktdkg ar ebjnpcbtn akta tln rncnvbkt dkstbccbtdak mnptl pcbk. PN]BDKDKG BGNK]Z Pntbdkdkg bgnkts* hby akcy `n usnm dk pcbjns bs spnjdednm dk tln pbrts cdst. Bcwbys Bcwb ys jahpcy wdtl hbkuebjturnr—s hbkuebjturnr—s mdrnjtdaks ear usn wlnk usdkg rntbdkdkg bgnkts (n.g. Cajtdtn). Murdkg bssnh`cy, bssnh`cy, jahpcy wdtl bcc bmousthnkt mbtb, jlnjidkg mbtb bkm tdgltnkdkg tarquns. ZLBE] ZNBCZ b) Bppcy Bppcy b cdglt jabt jabt ae snbcdkg snbcdkg bgnkt* ak autnr autnr nmgn nmgn ae slbet snbcs wdtl –stnnc surraukm‘. ] P B K Z HD Z Z D A K A D C `) Knvnr bppcy snbcdkg snbcdkg bgnkt ta slbet snbcs wdtl –ru``nr surraukm‘, ùt bppcy b tldk jabt ae Ubsncdkn Ubsncdkn <=06 ta tln autnr nmgn ar wnt wdtl b cu`rdjbkt, n.g. b wbtnr-sacu`cn, wbtnr-sacu` cn, jakjnktrbtnm wbsldkg-up cdqudm (n.g. Vrdc, Jadk, Vbchacdvn). j) Zlbet snbcs snbcs wdtl stnnc stnnc bkm ru``nr ru``nr surraukms surraukms slaucm slaucm `n `n trnbtnm ak tln autnr nmgn ae tln ru``nr surraukm sur raukm bs mnsjrd`nm bàvn dk snjtdak `). Betnr jahpcntdkg rnpbdrs, edcc trbkshdssdaks wdtl trbkshdssdak adc. Ear tln prajnmurn bkm bppravnm adcs, rnenr ta tln trbkshdssdak apnrbtdkg hbkubc bkm Cdst ae Cu`rdjbkts ]N-HC (rnenr ta dmnktdedjbtdak pcbtn) wldjl brn bvbdcb`cn bvbdcb` cn erah bky _E Betnr-Zbcns Znrvdjn Vadkt. Betnr edccdkg tln trbkshdssdak wdtl adc, tdgltnk tln sjrnw pcugs bt tln adc edccdkg e dccdkg padkt bkm tln adc avnrecaw avnrecaw ta tln spnjdednm tarquns. * rnenr ta nxpnkmb`cn hbtnrdbc 7 ]dgltnkdkg tarquns ]dgltnkdkg tarquns tarquns ear kuts bkm àcts, nxtrbjt erah erah _EK 2=< ]lds stbkmbrm bppcdns ta àcts bjj. ta MDK 420, MDK 4:2, MDK 4::, MDK 456, MDK 452 bkm ta kuts bjj. ta MDK 4:=. Zurebjn jakmdtdak ae àcts? tlnrhbccy `cbjinknm bkm adcnm ar gbcvbkdznm bkm adcnm ar gbcvbkdznm, jlrahn-pcb- ]lds Ztbkmbrm jaktbdks mbtb ak tdgltnkdkg tarquns (HB) ear àcts bkm kuts dk strnkgtl jbtngardns <.<, 26.4 bkm 20.4 bkm kuts dk strnkgtl jbtngardns <, 26 bkm 20. tnm bkm adcnm. ]dgltnk sjrnws wdtl b jbcd`rbtnm tarqun spbkknr. KA]N Drrngucbr tdgltnkdkg tarquns brn cdstnm snpbrbtncy dk tln Pnpbdr Hbkubc. Pngucbr sjrnw tlrnbm Edkn sjrnw tlrnbm Zdzn Zdzn @act Kut H = H > H 5 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun HB (Kh) ear <.< 26.4 < 26 0.< >.> 4.> ]dgltnkdkg tarqun HB (Kh) ear <.< 2 6 .4 < 26 20.4 20 @act Kut 20.4 20 =.2 <.2 2= =.< 4.> 25.> H <x2 H 4x2 H 26 x 2 0= :5 >0 :5 >: 75 =: 50 <4 H 7 H < H 26 2> 0: =5 0: := 5< 0< =6 74 H 26 x 2.0> H 20 x 2.0> H 20 x 2.> =4 <7 <: 70 20> 200 <= 2>6 2=> H H2 20 = H 25 27 04 > 24> 2 22 <> > 0<6 2 0: 2> > ::6 H H2 2= 5x x2 2..> > H 2< x 2.> 2 0: 6> > :26 0 :6 66 6 ==6 0 :: 5> 6 >06 H 2< H 06 H 00 0<6 :46 >:6 :46 >56 7>6 =56 5>6 <<6 H 2< x 0 H 06 x 2.> H 00 x 2.> 046 =:6 ><6 =06 506 <06 =46 706 456 H 0= H 07 H :6 576 2666 2:>6 456 2=66 2466 2266 25>6 00>6 H 0= x 2.> H 0= x 0 H 07 x 2.> 756 7:6 2266 2266 26>6 2566 20>6 2066 2<>6 H 07 x 0 H :6 x 2.> 26>6 2>>6 2>66 0066 2<66 0>>6 H :6 x 0 2>66 0266 0>66 Nmdtdak? Bugust 2442 / jlnjinm 2447 < ]dgltnkdkg tarquns Zjrnw pcugs MDK 46<, 426 bkm 756= ^kdak sjrnws MDK 75=: ]ln sjrnw pcug tdgltnkdkg tarquns H B wnrn mntnrhdknm bjjarmdkg ta MDK 756= ear sjrnwdkg dkta stnnc, grny jbst bkm bcuhdkuh bccays. ]ln tdgltnkdkg tarquns HB wnrn mntnrhdknm ear sjrnwdkg dkta stnnc, grny jbst bkm bcuhdkuh bccays. ]ln vbcuns brn `bsnm ak nxpnrdnkjn bkm brn dktnk- ]ln vbcuns brn `bsnm ak nxpnrdnkjn bkm brn dktnkmnm bs rnenrnkjn rnenrnkjn vbcuns ear tln edttnr. edttnr. ]ln vbcuns ear tln tdgltnkdkg tarqun H B bppcy bkbcagauscy ear sjrnw pcugs bjjarmdkg ta MDK 46< bkm MDK 426, bs tln tlrnbm gnahntrdns brn bchast dmnktdjbc. Gnknrbc rucn? Zjrnw/àct jcbss >, _EK 2=<-2 Zjrnw/àct hbtnrdbc? stnnc bjj. ta MDK 756=. Zurebjn jakmdtdak? bs hbkuebjturnm (wdtlaut surebjn pratnjtdak) bkm cdgltcy adcnm ar gbcvbkdznm gbcvbkdznm,, jlrahbtnm bkm cdgltcy adcnm. mnm bs rnenrnkjn vbcuns ear ear tln edttnr. edttnr. Gnknrbc rucn? sjrnw/àct jcbss >, _EK 2=<-2 Hbtnrdbc? 4ZHkV`0<I bjj. ta MDK 25>2 Zurebjn jakmdtdak? bs hbkuebjturnm (wdtlaut surebjn pratnjtdak) bkm cdgltcy cd gltcy adcnm ar gbcvbkdznm, jlrahbtnm bkm cdgltcy adcnm. Zjrnw pcugs (MDK 46<, 426, 756=) Mdhnksdaks H <x2 H 26 x 2 H 20 x 2.> H 2= x 2.> H 25 x 2.> H 2< x 2.> H 06 x 2.> H 00 x 2.> H 0= x 2.> H 05 x 2.> H 07 x 0 H :6 x 2.> H :6 x 0 H :: x 0 H :5 x 2.> H :< x 2.> H =0 x 2.> H =0 x 0 H => x 2.> H => x 0 H =< x 2.> H =< x 0 H >0 x 2.> H 56 x 0 H 5= x 0 ^kdak sjrnws (MDK75=:) ]dgltnkdkg tarqun sjrnwnm dkta stnnc/grby jbst Bc bccay 06 0> / :6* :> :> =6 >6 >> 56 / <6* 76 <6 / 26>* <6 266 / 2:6* 4> 206 2:6 2=6 2>6 2=> 256 2>6 276 256 2<6 24> 06> 26 2> / 06* 0> 0> :6 :> => >6 / 5>* 56 76 / 46* 76 46 / 2:6* <> 226 22> 206 2:6 20> 2=6 2:6 2=> 2:> 2>6 25> Vdpn autnr mdbhntnr ]lrnbm ]dgltnkdkg tarqun HB dk Kh =-> H<x2 06 - 0> 5 H 26 x 2 0> - :> < H 20 x 2.> :6 - =6 26 H 2= x 2.> :> - =6 20 H 25 x 2.> => 2> H 2< x 2.> >6 2< H 00 x 2.> 56 00 H 05 x 2.> 46 0< H :6 x 2.> 2:6 :> H :< x 2.> 2=6 27> * MDK 756= Earh J Ztbtus? Ajta`nr 244> 4 Jaksuhb`cns Mnsjrdptdak _E rne. ka WZI =66/==6 Bpprax. qubktdty Bppcdjbtdak Pnhbris Oadktdkg jahpaukm 6555 546 627 Cajtdtn ka. 0=2 :6 hh: H:x0 H: x00 0 jyc jyc.. sjr sjrnnw / wd wdrd rdkg kg lb lbrk rkns nsss Jlbp Jl bptn tnrr 2: 2: Znbcdkg jahpaukm 6555 746 627 WNUA C 266 06 g Adc ennm ecbkgn Gnbr puhp Jlbptnr 2: Jlbptnr 2: Grnbsn 6572 246 6>6 Acdstb Cakgtdhn :N@ 7g Znpbrbtdkg jcutjl Jlbptnr 7 Grnbsn 6572 24> 625 Hacyjatn @P0 pcus =g Pncnbsn mnvdjn Jlbptnr 7 Grnbsn 67>6 244 662 Ear nxbhpcn ? Brbcu` LC0 - Zpcdt rdkg / jakvnrtnr - Knnmcn scnnvn / tur`dkn slbet - Zlbet snbc / rntbrmnr lausdkg - Zlbet snbc / jakvnrtnr lausdkg Jlbptnr < Jlbptnr 4 Jlbptnr 20 Jlbptnr 2: Jakvnrtnr jnktrdkg oaurkbc Jlbptnr 2 Grbpldtn grnbsn Kbhn >6 g >g 0g 0g KA]N? Dkqudrn bàut tln sdzn ae ùkmcns tlbt jbk `n mncdvnrnm mncdvnrnm `nearn pcbjdkg bky armnrs ! 26 WZI =66/==6 Bmousthnkt mbtb Mnsjrdptdak Mdhnksdak Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn Pnhbris 62.. 62 WZI =66 <6.7 hh ² 6.06 hh Mnptl gbugn Bmoust usdkg bppraprdbtn bmoustdkg bmoustd kg mdsj bkm/ar bkm /ar Znttdk Zntt dkg g ja jak kvn vnrt rtnr nr dkstbccbtdak mdhnksdak sldh ecbkgn(7) bt tln adc ennm WZI ==6² 6.06 hh <2.5 <2 .5 hh 60. Mdstbk Mdst bkjn jn ae –k nk nkgd gdkn kn‘‘ dkmujtdvn snksar 6.<6 hh ² 6.06 hh Mnptl gbugn bkm 2V62 2:7 <:: Bmoust usdkg bppraprdbtn wbslnr 6:.. 6: Bxdbcc pcb Bxdb pcby y ae ae tbp tbpnr nrnm nm raccnr `nbrdkg 6.6> - 6.2 6 .2> > hh Mnptl gbugn Bmoust usdkg bppraprdbtn wbslnr (5) ak tur`dkn slbet 6=.. 6= ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqu qunn H20x2.> bt bmbptnr rdkg / jakvnrtnr <: Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 6>.. 6> ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g tar tarqu qunn ae ae bktd-ebtdgun àct ak jakvnrtnr 246 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 65.. 65 ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqu qunn H:x00 ak wdrdkg lbrknss 2.: Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 67.. 67 ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqu qunn H26x25 ak wdrdkg lbrknss =5 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 6<.. 6< ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g tar tarqu qunn bt bt dkmujtdvn snksar / –k nkgdkn‘ jakvnrtnr =6 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ^sn jarrnjt sdzn ae wbslnr 64.. 64 ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g tar tarqu qunn ae ae H20x2.> sjrnw pcug bt jaktrac ukdt :> Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ^sn knw snbcdkg rdkg 22 Bmousthnkt mbtb WZI =66/==6 Mnsjrdptdak Mdhnksdak Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn 26. 26. 4.> Kh ]arqun wrnkjl >.> Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H5x=6 bt vbcvn Pnhbris lausdkg 22. 22. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H>x20 bt sacnkadm vbcvn 20. 20. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H5x2< H5x20 bt javnr / jaktrac ukdt ]arqun wrnkjl 2= Kh 26 Kh 2:. 2:. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H<x0>, H<x:> H<x=6, H<x56 bt jaktrac ukdt lausdkg 0: Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 2=. 2=. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x H2 6x>> >> bt prnssurn pcbtn =5 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 2>. 2>. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x2 H2 6x25 5 bt spbjnr pcbtn =5 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 25. 25. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ttar arqu qunn ae ae H0= x2 x2.> .> sjrnw pcug ak adc rnsnrvadr 56 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 27. 27. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x H2 6x56 56 bt adc rnsnrvadr =5 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 2<. 2<. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H<x0< bt pdpdkg 0: Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 20 ^sn knw snbcdkg rdkg WZI =66/==6 Bmousthnkt mbtb Mnsjrdptdak Mdhnksdak Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn Pnhbris 24. 24. => Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ^sn knw snbcdkg rdkgs ]arqun wrnkjl Bs ae 2444, H26 jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws bkm H26 mawnc pdks bkm H26 kuts brn rnpcbjnm `y H20 H20 vnrsdaks dk tln WZI =66 + Njaspcdtn DDD trbkshdssdaks (rnenr ta WZI ==6) ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ttar arqu qunn ae ae laccaw sjrnw ak rntbrmnr lausdkg 06. 06. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun WZI ==6 WZI =66 Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws H20x22> H26x22> H20x226 H26x226 Mawnc pdks H20x27> H26x27> Kuts H20 H26 H20 (0x) ------Lnx àcts H<x<6, H<x>6 ak rntbrmnr lausdkg WZI ==6 WZI =66 266 Kh =: Kh =< Kh =5 Kh 2< Kh 2=,> Kh 46 Kh =: Kh =< Kh ------- 0: Kh 0: Kh 02. 02. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H<x:> ak pcug 0: Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 00. 00. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H<x00 ak jakknjtdkg pdnjn 0: Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 0:. 0:. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ttar arqu qunn ae ae tnhpnrbturn snksar :6 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 0=. 0=. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun Lnx àcts H<x0>, H<x0< H<x:>, H<x=> jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H<x00 mawnc pdk H<x0> kut H< ak rntbrmnr lausdkg ^sn knw snbcdkg rdkg ]arqun wrnkjl 0: Kh 0: Kh 26 Kh 0: Kh 2: Bmousthnkt mbtb WZI =66/==6 Mnsjrdptdak Mdhnksdak Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn 0>. 0>. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x>> ak gnbr puhp =5 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 05. 05. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ttar arqu qunn ae ae vnkt / jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr lausdkg lausdkg 26 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl 07. 07. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae sjrnw pcugs H0=x2.> H05x2.> ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg 0<. 0<. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26x=6 ak adc ennm ecbkgn 04. 04. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae mawnc pdks H<ZI5, H<x25 kuts H< bt strbdkn strbdknrr dksnrt dksnrt / edctnr ]arqun wrnkjl Pnhbris ^sn knw snbcdkg rdkgs >6 Kh 5> Kh =5 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ]arqun wrnkjl 26 Kh 0: Kh :6. :6. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae scattnm kut dk jcutjl lausdkg 206 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ^sn knw cajidkg pcbtn :2. :2. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae dkmujtdvn dkmujtdvn snksar / –k tur`dkn‘ jakknjtdak pcbtn :6 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl ^sn knw a-rdkg/raukm. Mdstbkjn ds spnjdednm. :0. :0. ]nhpn nhpnrb rbtu turn rn ae ae autn autnrr `nbrdkg rbjn / adc ennm ecbkgn Bpprax. Bppra x. 266 ¶J ]nhpnrbturn pra`n 2= WZI =66/==6 Bmousthnkt mbtb Mnsjrdptdak Mdhnksdak Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn Pnhbris ::. ::. 2=6 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl Akcy ear WZI =66, mnpnkmdkg ak vnrsdak. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae sjrnw pcug H:4x0 ^sn knw snbcdkg rdkg. ak jakvnrtnr :=. :=. Dk Dkst stbc bccb cbtd tdak ak mnpt mnptl l ae ae WZI / nkgdkn nkgdkn <:.0> <:. 0> ² 6.< hh hh :>. ]l ]ldj djik ikns nsss a aee mdb mdb-plrbghs (nkgdkn / WZI) WZI =66 0.= ² 6. 6.2= 2= hh WZI ==6 2. 2.> > ² 6. 6.2= 2= hh :5. :5. Mnptl gbugn Zldh (0 mdbplrbghs) (2 mdbplrbgh) ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun H26 8 =4 Kh ar ae lnx àct ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg / ecywlnnc lausdkg H20 8 74 Kh :7. :7. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H20x2.> H20x2.> lnx à àct ct ak ecywlnn ecywlnncc / jakvnrtnr 46 Kh ]arqun wrnkjl :<. :<. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H26x=> H26x=> jycdkmrd jycdkmrdjbc jbc sjrnw ak jakvnrtnr javnr =< Kh ]arqun wrnkjl WZI jakvnrtnr ==6 :4. :4. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H<x:> jycdkmrdjbc jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw ak pdstak :> Kh ]arqun wrnkjl WZI jakvnrtnr ==6 =6. =6. ]dg dglt ltnk nkdk dkg g ta tarrqun qun ae H<x2 H<x2< jycdkmrdjbc jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw ak puhp 0> Kh ]arqun wrnkjl WZI jakvnrtnr ==6 =2. =2. Md Mdsj sj jcn jcnbr brbk bkjn jn ar ar p pds dsta tak k jcnbrbkjn dk jakvnrtnr javnr 6.76 - 2.76 hh Enncnr gbugn WZI jakvnrtnr ==6 ]arqun wrnkjl 2> Bmousthnkt mbtb WZI =66/==6 Mnsjrdptdak Mdhnksdak Hnbsurnhnkt mnvdjn Pnhbris =0. =0. 2=4.< -6.0 hh Mnptl gbugn WZI jakvnrtnr =66 Bmoust usdkg bppraprdbtn Jak Jakvnrtn nrtnrr hakd hakdta tard rdkg kg mnptl bmoustdkg mdsj. 25 WZI =66/==6 Zprdkg tb`cn Dkstbccbtdak padkt ]rbkshdssdak Zbenty vbcvn WZI =66 67:0 6=0 >22 27.> 0.>6 06.2 45.: WZI ==6 67:0 6=0 540 27.6 0.<6 06.2 <>.6 67:0 6=6 754 20.> 2.0> 22.=> =0.: 67:0 6=0 === 25.> 0.>6 24.> <4.4 WZI =66 67:0 6=6 470 2=.> 0.>6 0=.5 205.6 WZI ==6 67=0 6=0 542 27.6 :.66 0=.> 22:.= 67:0 6=2 0=5 =<.> 0.<6 2<.=> 0>6 WZI =66 67:0 6=2 027 wdtl KHU 27.> 2.56 2>.= <7.= Caji-up jcutjl sldet vbcvn Armnr ka. K a. a aee wdkmdkgs Wdrn mdbh. dk hh Zprdkg mdbh. ^ktnksdaknm dk hh cnkgtl dk hh WZI =66 WZI ==6 Caji-up jcutjl prnssurn vbcvn vbcvn WZI =66 WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr `bji Jakvnrtnr prnssurn vbcvn vbcvn Lausdkg WZI =66 WZI ==6 KHU sldet vbcvn vbcvn / sbenty vbcvn 27 Zpnjdbc taacs Edg. ka. Zpnjdbc taacs WZI =66/==6 Armnr ka. Bppcdjbtdak Rty. Jlbptnr 2: 2\>5 642 27: 2 Bmbptnr ear slbet snbc dk jakvnrtnr lausdkg 2 Jlbptnr 7 2\>5 26= 426 0 Jcbhpdkg `br ear prnssurn prnssurn pcbtn pcbtn / jcutjl 0 Jlbptnr 20 Jlbptnr 2: 2\>5 220 752 : Bmbptnr ear autnr `nbrdkg `nbrdkg rbjn / adc ennm ecbkgn ecbkgn bkm slbet snbc / rntbrmnr rntbrmnr lausdkg lausdkg ak autput sdmn 2 Jlbptnr 4 2\>5 224 427 = Bmbptnr ear knnmcn scnnvns bkm slbet snbc dk tur`dkn slbet 2 Jlbptnr 5 Jlbptnr 7 Jlbptnr 4 2\>5 2:5 0=0 > 2< Cdetdkg taac ear WZI lausdkg pbrts Pnhbris 2 WZI =66/==6 Edg. ka. Zpnjdbc taacs Zpnjdbc taacs Armnr ka. Bppcdjbtdak Rty. Jlbptnr 7 2\>5 2:5 42= Jnktrdkg pukjl ear jcutjl mdsj 5 2 Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:7 >:4 Cdetdkg mnvdjn ear jakvnrtnr 7 Pnhbris 2 WZI ==6 WZI =66  Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:5 >77 < Cdetdkg mnvdjn ear jakvnrtnr dk jakoukjtdak wdtl H:4x0sjrnw pcug 2 Jlbptnr < 2V62 2:7 <:: 4 Hnbsurdkg mnvdjn ear bmoustdkg –k nkgdkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar 2 Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:< 267 26 Grdppnr ear bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 00= WZI =66 2 WZI ==6 24 Zpnjdbc taacs Edg. ka. Zpnjdbc taacs WZI =66/==6 Armnr ka. Bppcdjbtdak Rty. Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:< 2>2 22 Jcutjl edxbtdak ear rncnbsn eari (nxjlbkgn ae jakvnrtnr wdtl bttbjlnm tarqun jakvnrtnr jcutjl) 2 Jlbptnr 7 2\>5 2:< 2>4 20 Mawklacm mnvdjn ear dkstbccbtdak bkm rnhavbc ae rncnbsn mnvdjn ak prnssurn pcbtn 2 Jlbptnr > Jlbptnr 5 2\>5 2:< 225 2: Edxdkg pcbtn ear jlbkgdkg tln jcutjl rncnbsn jycdkmnr ar ear suppcdns wdtlaut tln rncnbsn jycdkmnr 2 Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:< 027 2= Pdkg usnm ear snvnrbc purpasns ak tln jakvnrtnr 2 2> 06 WZI ==6 Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:< 02< Bmbptnr usnm ear snvnrbc purpasns ak tln jakvnrtnr Pnhbris 2 WZI ==6 WZI =66/==6 Edg. ka. Zpnjdbc taacs Zpnjdbc taacs Armnr ka. Bppcdjbtdak Rty. Jlbptnr < 2\>5 2:< 00= 25 Bmbptnr ear bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg wdtl grdppnr 2\>5 2:< 267 2 Bssnh`cy edxturn ear jahpcntn ]rbkshbtdj WZI ==6 Jlbptnr 0 Jlbptnr 5 2\>5 2:4 2:7 27 Pnhbris 2 02 Zpnjdbc taacs WZI =66 = 2 4 5 : 2 5 > \ 2 7 : 2 4 : 2 5 > \ 2 4 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2 2 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2 7 6 2 4 4 2 2 5 > \ 2 2 4 = 6 2 5 > \ 2 : 7 2 2 4 6 5 > \ 2 2 5 7 0 2 2 5 > \ 2 0 = 0 5 : 2 5 > \ 2 : : < 7 : 2 2 6 V 2  00 5 2 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2 4 : > 7 : 2 7 7 > 5 : 2 5 > \ 2 5 > \ 2 WZI ==6 Zpnjdbc taacs = 2 4 5 : 2 5 > \ 2 5 2 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2 7 : 2 4 : 2 5 > \ 2 4 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2 2 > 2 < : 2 5 > \ 2 7 6 2 4 4 2 2 5 > \ 2 2 4 = 6 2 5 > \ 2 4 2 x 6 0 : 7 2 2 4 6 5 > \ 2 2 5 7 0 2 2 5 > \ 2 = 0 = 0 5 : 2 5 > \ 2 : : < 7 : 2 2 6 V 2 2 > 7 6 2 < : 2 = 0 0 < : 2 < 2 0 < : 2 5 > \ 2 5 > \ 2 5 > \ 2  4 : > 7 : 2 7 2 0 < : 2 5 > \ 2 5 > \ 2 0: WZI =66/==6 2 WZI / nkgdkn WZI / nkgdkn Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N : ]ln mdbgrbh slaws tln mdbplrbgh jakknjtdak `ntwnnk tln tln WZI bkm nkgdkn. ]ln jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr ae tln WZI ds jakknjtnm ta tln ecywlnnc usdkg 26 lnx àcts cajbtnm ak tln jdrjuhenrnkjn vdb 0 mdbplrbghs dk tln WZI =66 bkm 2 mdbplrbgh dk tln WZI ==6. 2 0 2 ^sn b ha ^sn hauk uktd tdkg kg cn cnv vnr ta ra ratb tbtn tn tl tlnn stb stbrt rtnr nr jr jra awk wlnnc (2) uktdc akn ae tln rntbdkdkg àcts (0) ak tln jakvnrtnr ds bjjnssd`cn tlraugl tln bssnh`cy bpnrturn ae tln ecywlnnc lausdkg (:). ^sn b sajint wrnkjl ta uksjrnw tln H20x2.> H20 x2.> lnx àcts (0) bkm sprdkg wbslnr. Jaktdkun ratbtdkg tln stbrtnr jrawk wlnnc (2) 62>65: uktdc dt rnbjlns tln knxt lnx àct bkm rnhavn bcc lnx àcts erah tln jakvnrtnr dk tlds hbkknr. 0 : Edt cde Edt cdetd tdkg kg mn mnvd vdjn jn uk ukmn mnrr WZ WZI I nks nksur urdk dkg g tlb tlbtt tln tln trbkshdssdak ds lardzaktbc. ^kebstnk ^ke bstnk bkm rnhavn rntbdkdkg àcts (>) lacmdkg jdrjuhenrnkjn ae jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr lausdkg (=) wdtl ecywlnnc lausdkg. Havn WZI Hav WZI aut bp bpp pra rax.26 x.266 6 hh hh dk dk tln tln mdr drnj njtd tda ak ae tln bxcn. ]ln nkgdkn bkm WZI brn akcy snpbrbtnm akjn tln jakvnrtnr jnktrdkg oaurkbc (5) lbs scdppnm aut ae tln ecywlnnc (7). KA]N Akjn tln trbkshdssdak trbkshds sdak lbs `nnk rnhav rnhavnm, nm, tbin aee tln mdbplrbghs (<) cajbtnm ak tln ecywlnnc bkm jlnji tlbt tlny brn dk pnrenjt jakmdtdak. 5 < 7 = > 62>65= 2-2 WZI / nkgdkn WZI =66/==6 Hakdtardkg hnbsurnhnkt ear nkgdkn jakknjtdak KA]N ]bin tln eaccawdkg hnbsurnhnkt ta mntnrhdkn : wlntlnr tln mdbplrbghs (<) lbvn passd`cy `nnk `nkt. < 4 B 7 2 0 ^s ^snn tln tln jak jakvn vnrt rtnr nr dk dkst stbc bccb cbtd tdak ak mnpt mnptl l ak ak ttln ln tr trbk bksshdssdak sdmn ta jbcjucbtn –J‘ WZI =66 =66 8 <6.7 ² 6.0 hh WZI ==6 ==6 8 <2.5 ² 6.0 hh. Ak ttl ln nk nkgdk dknn sdm sdmnn, h hnnbsurn ccnnkgtl –B‘ `ntwnnk tln jakknjtdkg bkm snbcdkg surebjn sure bjn ae tln ecywlnnc lausdkg (:) bkm tln jaktbjt surebjn ear tln mdbplrbghs ak tln ecywlnnc ecywlnnc (7). ]bin ]bin tlds hnbsurnhnkt bt twa appasdtn padkts. ]ln dkstbccbtdak mnptl –B‘ hust `n <:. <:.0> 0> ² 6.< hh hh. Mnvdbtdaks slaucm `n jarrnjtnm `y pcbjdkg sldhs `ntwnnk tln ecywlnnc bkm mdbplrbghs. : Hnbs Hnbsur urnn ttln ln tl tldj djik ikns nsss ae ae ttl ln mdb mdbpl plrb rbgh ghss (<), mdhnksdak –@‘. ]ln mdhnksdak ae tln mdbplrbghs ds spnjdednm? WZI =66 8 0.= ² 6.2= hh (0 mdbplr mdbplrbghs) bghs) WZI ==6 8 2.> ² 6.2= hh (2 mdbplr mdbplrbgh) bgh) = Mdhnksdak –B‘ ‚ mdhnksdak –J‘ pramujns tln bxdbc mdstbkjn `ntwnnk jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr (4) bkm ecywlnnc (7) wlnk dkstbccnm. ]lds mdhnksdak hust kat mnvdbtn erah tln hnbsurnm mdhnksdak –@‘ (tldjiknss ae mdbplrbghs) `y bky harn tlbk ² 2 hh (atlnrwdsn (atlnrwdsn tln mdbplrbghs mdbplrbghs brn `nkmdkg). `nkmdkg). > ]ln ebjn rukaut –]Z‘ ak tln ecywlnnc lausdkg hust kat nxjnnm 6.0 hh. 2-0 @ J ]Z 62>65> WZI =66/==6 WZI / nkgdkn Bssnh`cy 2 @n @neearn arn ttl ln WZI WZI ds bssn bssnh` h`cn cnm m ak ak tl tln nnkg kgdk dkn, n, tln mdbplrbghs (<) slaucm `n ebstnknm akta tln ecywlnnc (7) usdkg tln jcbhpdkg wbslnr (26). ]ln 5 tdgltnkdkg tarquns ae tln lnx àcts (22) rnqudrnm slaucm `n a`tbdknm erah tln vnldjcn hbkuebjturnr dk qunstdak. < 7 0 Pu` Pu` grnb grnbsn sn dk dkta ta tl tlnn jn jnkt ktrd rdk kg oa oau urk rkbc bcss (5) `nearn dkstbccdkg tlnh ak tln jakvnrtnr (4). : PukPuk-dk dk WZI WZI dk dk mdr mdrnj njtd tdak ak ae bx bxcn cn bk bkm m edt edt ccde detd tdk kg mnvdjn ukmnr WZI nksurdkg tlbt tln trbkshdssdak ds lardzaktbc. = 4 = Dksnrt rntbdkdkg àcts (>) `ntwnnk jdrjuhenrnkjn jdrjuhenrnkjn ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg bkm ecywlnnc lausdkg (:) bkm tdgltnk9 62>655 H26 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =4 Kh ar H20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 74 Kh. > ^s ^snn b ha hauk uktd tdkg kg cn cnv vnr ta ra ratb tbtn tn tl tlnn stb stbrt rtnr nr jr jra awk wlnnc (2) uktdc akn akn ae tln tlrnbmnm tlrnbmnm àrns àrns ak tln jakvnrtnr (4) ds bjjnssd`cn tlraugl tln bssnh`cy bs snh`cy bpnrturn ae tln ecywlnnc lausdkg (:). ^sn b sajint wrnkjl ta dksnrt tln H20x2.> lnx àcts (0) bkm sprdkg wbslnr bkm tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 46 Kh Jaktdkun ratbtdkg tln stbrtnr jrawk wlnnc (2) uktdc dt rnbjlns tln knxt tlrnbmnm àrn bkm sjrnw dk bcc lnx àcts ak tln jakvnrtnr dk tlds hbkknr. hbkknr. 22 : 26 0 2 > 62>657 2-: WZI =66/==6 0 ]rbkshdssdak hauktdkg 0.2 0.2 Mrbd Mrbdkd kdkg kg adc adc er erah ah tr trbk bksh shds dssd sdak ak WZI / trbkshdssdak JB^]DAK Ma kat cnt bky bky adc nktnr tln sadc, graukm wbtnr ar snwbgn systnh. systnh. Jbtjl bky av avnrecawdkg nrecawdkg adc dk b sudtb`cn jaktbdknr bkm mdspasn ae dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl nkvdrakhnktbc rngucbtdaks. 2 ^ksj ^ksjrn rnw w ad adcc mr mrbd bdk k sj sjrn rnw w ak tr trbk bksh shds dssd sdak ak bkm bkm jbtjl usnm adc dk sudtb`cn vnssnc. 2 KA]N • Kat bcc tln adc dk tln jakvnrtnr jbk `n mrbdknm. Bk bmmdtdakbc bpprax. 7 mh : jbk lawnvnr `n mrbdknm `y uksjrnwdkg tln prnssurn hnbsurdkg stap (2) ak tln WZI jaktrac ukdt bkm tln bhaukt ae adc cnet dk tln jakvnrtnr ds tlnrnearn rnmujnm ta 664>27 bpprax. 5 mh:. • Mnpnkmdkg ak vnrsdak bkm brrbkgnhnkt, b jnrtbdk bhaukt ae adc bcsa rnhbdks dk tln t ln lnbt nxjlbkgn bkm jakknjtdak cdkns. ]lds jbk bcsa kat `n mrbdknm. = 0.0 0.0 Bs Bssn snh` h`ccy mnv mnvdj djnn 2\> 2\>5 5 2:4 2:4 2: 2:7 7 2 Zjrnw bssnh`cy mnvdjn (0) akta autput ecbkgn (:) ae trbkshdssdak. JB^]DAK Ma kat bttbjl cdetdkg tbjicn mdrnjtcy akta jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr (snn brraw). brraw). Bttbjl rapn bkm jlbdk (=) (=) bs slawk dk mdbgrbh. ! MBKGNP ]ln wndglt ae tln jahpcntn trbkshdssdak ds bpprax. bpprax. 566 ig. Dt ds nssnktdbc tlbt bppraprdbtn bppraprdbtn cdetdkg tbjicn ds usnm. Ma kat stbkm dk tln tln lbzbrmaus brnb. brnb. 0 Vcbj Vcbjnn jah jahpc pcnt ntnn trb trbks kshd hdss ssda dak k ddk k vnr vnrtd tdjb jbcc p pas asdt dtda dak. k. : ]ln ]ln WZ WZI I jbk jbk akc akcy `n rn rnha havn vnm m erah erah bà bàvn wln wlnk k : 0 dk tlds pasdtdak (rnenr ta jlbptnr 5). 62=406 0-2 WZI =66/==6 : Jnktrbc wdrdkg Jnktrbc wdrdkg m Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N 2 Cb`nc jnktrbc wdrdkg (2) bjjarmdkg ta dts jakknjtars `nearn mdshbktcdkg. 2 Mdsjak Mdsj akkn knjt jt bc bccc jak jakkn knjt jtar arss bkm bkm rn rnha havn vn jn jnkt ktrb rbcc wdrdkg. n Bssnh`cy 2 Bssnh`cn jn jnktrbc wd wdrdkg (2) bjjarmdkg ta dts jakknjtars. 62>020 0 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun (0) 8 0 Kh. 0 b j ` 62>02: m e 62>02= :-2 Jnktrbc wdrdkg WZI =66/==6 n e : 2 ` m 0 b j 622462 2 0 : Jnktrbc wdrdkg H= x26 lnx àcts Jb`cn jcbhp b) `) j) _UI jakknjtdak ta jlbssds 24-pdk –k tur`dkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar :-pdk _UI jakknjtdak ta dktn tnrrkbc WZI 26-pdk m) n) e) :-0 (kNkg/WI) ] snksar ta ncnjtrakdjs ukdt (adc tnhp. ae rnt. ennm`bji) K swdtjl ear trbkshdssdak Jcutjl swdtjl ak snrva jycdkmnr 0-pdk 0-pdk 0-pdk WZI =66/==6 Adc rnsnrvadr 5 : < = < 2 0 7 = < > < 2 < < 2 622460 = Adc rn rnsnrvadr ea ear WZI ad adc su suppcy Mdsbssnh`cy JB^]DAK ‚ PNZDM^BC ADC Ma kat cnt bky bky adc nktnr tln sadc, graukm wbtnr ar snwbgnn systnh. Jbtjl bky avnreca snwbg avnrecawdkg wdkg adc dk b Bssnh`cy 2 Dksnrt grnbsnm knw A-rdkgs (<) dk pdpns. 0 Dksnrt rnturk pdpn (>) bkm dktbin pdpn (=) dk adc rnsnrvadr (:). sudtb`cn jaktbdknr bkm mdspasn ae dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl nkvdrakhnktbc rngucbtdaks. : Bttbjl Bttb jl adc rn rnsn snrv rvad adrr wd wdtl tl kn knw w gbs bsi int (5) ak trbkshdssdak. 2 Caasnk lnx àcts (2 bkm 0). 0 Pnhavn adc rnsnrvadr (:) wdtl dktbin pdpns (=) bkm rnturk pdpn (>). = Dksnrt lnx àcts (0) bkm tdgltnk tdgltnk99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh : Pnhavn gbsint (5). > Zjrnw pd pdpns ak akta WZI wd wdtl ln lnx à àcts (2) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh = Pnhavn Pnha vn pd pdpn pnss era erah h adc adc rn rnsn snrv rvad adrr bkm bkm tb tbin in ae aeee A-rdkgs (<). 5 Zjrnw dk adc mrbdk pcug (7) wdtl knw snbcdkg rdkg bkm tdgltnk tdgltnk99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 56 Kh > Caasnk bk bkm rnhavn adc adc mrbdk pc pcug (7). =-2 WZI =66/==6 Jcutjl jycdkmnr 2 > 0 2 * = > : 62:=5= > Jcutjl jycdkmnr Mdsbssnh`cy 2 Caasnk sjrnws (2) bkm rnhavn jcutjl jycdkmnr (0) wdtl gbsint (=). Bssnh`cy 2 KA]N Ka gbsint wdtl edrst vnrsdak. Pnhavn Pnhavn snbcdkg jahpaukm. 0 KA]N Bppcy sahn snbcdkg jahpaukm (Zdcbstdj 7:0 P]U) ta tln graavn ak tln jcutjl lausdkg (aptdakbc) (`nearn 6:.44). ^sn b sudtb`cn snbcdkg hbtnrdbc ta snbc tln jcutjl jc utjl lausdkg bt tln apnkdkg bkm jcasdkg padkts. Pnhavn snbcdkg jbp (:). JB^]DAK Wlnk jlbkgdkg tln jcutjl jycdkmnr ar trbkspartdkg tln trbkshdssdak wdtlaut wdtlaut tln jcutjl jycdkmnr, jycdkmnr, edxdkg pcbtn 2\>5 2:< 225 hust `n usnm. usnm. ]ln rncnbsn mnvdjn hust kat `n dkjarrnjtcy ratbtnm. KA]N Znbcdkg jbp (:), gbsint (=) bkm lasn vnktdcbtdak (>) brn akcy edttnm dk tln earmb`cn vnrsdak. Dksnrt jcutjl jycdkmnr (0) wdtl knw gbsint (= dk earmb`cn vnrsdak) dk trbkshdssdak. 0 Dksnrt lnx àcts (2) bkm tdgltnk jrasswdsn? ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh : Wln lnk k war wari idk dkg g wdt wdtl l tl tln ear earmb mb` `cn vnr nrsd sdak ak,, dksnrt Ubsncdkn Ubsncdkn wdtl snbcdkg jbp (:) bkm jlnji tlbt jakknjtdak ae lasn vnktdcbtdak (>) jbk `n bjjnssnm. >-2 WZI =66/==6 5 WZI / trbkshdssdak WZI / tr trbkshdssdak Mdsbssnh`cy 0 KA]N Vcbjn jahpcntn ]rbkshbtdj dk vnrtdjbc pasdtdak (rnenr ta Jlbptnr 0). 2 Caasnk bkm rnhavn ln lnx àcts (2) `ntwnnk WZI bkm trbkshdssdak. 2 0 Bttbjl cdetdkg nqudphnkt 2\>5 2:5 0=0 ta WZI bkm cdet dt scawcy. ! MBKGNP Ma kat cdet WZI wlnk bcdgkdkg rncnbsn mnvdjn ‚ mbkgnr ae jrusldkg! jrusldkg ! JB^]DAK ]ln rncnbsn eari eari (b) ds stdcc nkgbgnm. Patbtn rncnbsn mnvdjn (`) dk trbkshdssdak trbkshdssdak `y 46¶ bkm cdet WZI jbrneuccy (snn brraws). : 62246= ` b Pnhavn hntbc gbsint (0) erah trbkshdssdak. KA]N Wlnk mnpasdtdkg WZI, nksurn dt ds bmnqubtncy suppartnm ta prnvnkt sjrnws erah `ndkg mbhbgnm. 62246> 622465 52 WZI / trbkshdssdak WZI =66/==6 Bssnh`cy 2 Vcbjn hntbc gbsint (0) ak trbkshdssdak. 0 ^sn cd cdetdkg nq nqudphnkt 2\>5 2:5 0=0 ta cdet WZI ` avnr trbkshdssdak bkm tlnk cawnr scawcy. b ! MBKGNP Ma kat cawnr WZI wlnk bcdgkdkg rncnbsn mnvdjn ‚ mbkgnr ae jrusldkg. JB^]DAK Nksurn tlbt tln mrdvnr ae tln rncnbsn mnvdjn (`) ds bt 46¶ ta tln rncnbsn eari eari (b) (snn brraws). brraws). 62246> : = > Caw Cawnr WZI WZI sca scawc wcy y ta ta tln tln ukdt ukdt bkm bkm `rd `rdkg kg rn rncn cnbs bsnn mnvdjn dkta pasdtdak. ]ln spat-ebjnm surebjn (J) hust ebjn tln rncnbsn jycdkmnr. Bttbjl e dx dxdkg pcbtn 2\>5 2:< 225 ar edx jcutjl rncnbsn jycdkmnr (rnenr ta Jlbptnr >.2 bkm >.0). ` J Dksnrt bkm tdgltnk lnx kuts (2) 9 WZI =66 - H26 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =< Kh WZI ==6 - H20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 46 Kh H20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =: Kh (0x) KA]N ]dgltnk 0 lnx kuts wdtl b tarqun ae =: Kh. (Ear pasdtdak, rnenr ta sjrnw jakknjtdak WZI ==6 dk Jlbptnr 2:.>) 62>672 0 2 62246= 50 WZI =66/==6 WZI / trbkshdssdak 2 : * 0 62:=22 –k tur`dkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar Bssnh`cy Mdsbssnh`cy 2 Vucc bbk km rrnnhavn jb jb`cn jja akknjtdak (2) erah dkmujtdvn snksar (0). 0 Caasnk scattnm kut (:) bkm rnhavn tagntlnr wdtl cajidkg pcbtn. Pnhavn jb`cn jakknjtdak (2) erah jcutjl lausdkg. : Caasnk ddk kmujtdvn ssnnksar (0) bkm rnhavn erah jakknjtdak pcbtn. * mnpnkmdkg ak pbrts cdst 2 Zj Zjrn rnw w dk dk bbkm km tdg tdgltnk ltnk dkmu dkmujt jtddvn snk snksa sarr (0) tagntlnr wdtl knw A-rdkg9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :6 Kh 0 Dksnr ksnrtt bk bkm m tdgl tdgltn tnk k jb jb` `cn ja jakk kknj njtd tda ak (2) bkm scattnm kut (:) wdtl knw cajidkg pcbtn dk jcutjl lausdkg lausdkg 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 206 Kh. : Jakk Jakknj njtt jjb` b`cn cn jakk jakknj njtd tdak ak bkm bkm dkm dkmuj ujtd tdvn vn sn snks ksar ar.. 5: WZI =66/==6 7 Zncnjtar jcutjl Zncnjtar jcutjl Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N Nksurn tlbt sncnjtar jcutjl jbkkat `n hdsbcdgknm. 2 Zdkjnn tln Zdkj tln pc pcbt btnn spr sprdk dkgs gs lb lbv vn `nn `nnk k prn prntn tnks ksda dakn knm m, dksnrt = spbjnrs (snn brraw) br raw) dk prnssurn pcbtn (2) `nearn mdsbssnh`cdkg tln jcutjl ta nksurn tlbt tln tln prnssurn pcbtn jbk `n rnedttnm bt b cbtnr mbtn. Caasnk bkm rnhavn sjrnws (0). 2 62246< KA]N Hbin yaur awk spbjnrs. Wn rnjahhnkm tln eaccawdkg mdhnksdaks ? =x< x>> hh hh 0 Cdet Cd et up prn prnss ssur urnn pcb pcbtn tn bk bkm m pcb pcbjn jn ta ak aknn sdm sdmn. n. : ]a rnh rnha avn rn rncn cnbs bsnn mn mnvd vdjn jn,, usn usn `r `rbj bjnn 2\>5 2:< 2>4 bkm jahprnss sprdkg ncnhnkts (:). = Pnhavn tnksdak rdkg (=). Pncnbsn bkm rnhavn `rbjn. > Pnhavn tnksdak rdkg (=) bkm rdkg (>) erah tln prnssurn pcbtn. : = 6224:: WZI =66 2 4 5 5 7 Pnhavn pcbtn sprdkg (5), mdsj (7) bkm rncnbsn mnvdjn (<) erah prnssurn pcbtn. < 7 WZI =66 Pnhavn Pnhav n jcutjl mdsj (4) bkm tarsdak mbhpnr. WZI ==6 Pnhavnn jcutjl mdsj (4b) wdtlaut tarsdak mbhpnr Pnhav mbhpnr.. 22 26 0 = > 4b KA]N Nksurn spbjnr pcbtn (22) jbkkat ratbtn. < Caasnk bkm rnhavn sjrnws (26). 4 Pnhavn spbjnr pcbtn (22). WZI ==6 62:=20 7-2 Zncnjtar jcutjl WZI =66/==6 Bssnh`cy 2 Dksnrt spbjnr pcbtn (22). 0 Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk lnx àcts (26) 9 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh. : ^sn jnktrdkg pukjl 2\>5 2:5 42= ta pcbjn jcutjl mdsi (4 ar 4b) ak spbjnr pcbtn. WZI =66 2 4 5 7 < 22 = KA]N Nvnkcy pbji A-rdkg (20) ae tlrust ùsl ae rncnbsn mnvdjn wdtl grnbsn (Hacyiatn @P0 pcus). = Vcbjn rncnbsn mnvdjn (<) ak `rbjn 2\>5 2:< 2>4. Vcbjn mdsj (7) bkm pcbtn sprdkg (5) ak tap. > Vcbjn prnssurn pcbtn (2) ak `rbjn. Vcbjn rdkg (>) ak tnksdak rdkg (=) ak tap. 5 Hau Haukt `rbj `rbjnn bbkm km ja jahp hprn rnss ss sp sprd rdkg kg nc ncnh nhnk nkts ts (:). 7 Nkgbgn tnksdak rdkg (=), rncnbsn bkm rnhavn `rbjn. KA]N Pu` grnbsn (Acdstb Cakgtdhn :N@? 7g) dkta inygraavn ae jcutjl mdsj (4 ar 4b). < 0 26 4b > WZI ==6 62:=20 20 Vcbjn jahpcnt cntnm prnssurn pcbtn (2) ak spbjnr pcbtn (22). KA]N Nksurn prnssurn pcbtn jbkkat ratbtn. 4 62>670 Dksnrt lnx àcts (0) bkm tdgltnk mawk mawk jrasswdsn 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh 26 : Pnhavn = spbjnrs. ! MBKGNP ]ln WZI hust `n ratbtnm `nearn tln jakvnrtnr jbk `n dkstbccnm. Tau H^Z] bttbjl jcbhpdkg `br 2\>5 26= 426 ta sncnjtar jcutjl `njbusn dt ds kat bttbjlnm ta bkytldkg dk tln WZI (snn Jlbptnr <). = 6224:: 62246< 7-0 WZI =66/==6 < Jakvnrtnr Jakvnrtnr Mdsbssnh`cy KA]N (WZI rnhavnm erah trbkshdssdak) De akcy tln jakvnrtnr knnms ta `n jlbkgnm, tlnk yau hust nksurn tlbt tln sncnjtar jcutjl ds snjurnm `y hnbks ae tln jcbhpdkg `br 2\>5 26= 426. ]lds ds tln akcy hnbks `y wldjl adc jbk `n stappnm erah rukkdkg avnr tln jcutjl mdsj. ^sn b mnptl gbugn ta hnbsurn tln mdstbkjn `ntwnnk tln ebjns ae snvnrbc tlrnbmnm oaurkbcs bt jakvnrtnr bkm tln jakknjtdkg ebjn ae tln jakvnrtnr lausdkg. Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdaks –J‘. WZI =66 8 <6.7 hh WZI ==6 8 <2.5 hh 622426 KA]N (WZI bttbjlnm ta trbkshdssdak) Wlnk jlbkgdkg jakvnrtnr, jakvnrtnr, usn jcutjl e dxbtdak 2\>5 2:< 2>2 ta stap rncnbsn eari. ^sn tlds ta prnss bkm lacm lacm rncnbsn mnvdjn mnvdjn ta dkput. dkput. 2 Pncn Pn cnbs bsnn bk bkm m rn rnha hav vn rn rntb tbdk dkdk dkg g rd rdk kg (2). 0 Pnhavn wbslnr (0) wdtl A-rdkg (:). J KA]N Bs bk bdm, dksnrt lnx àct bkm pucc aee usdkg hauktdkg cnvnr. : Pnhavn A-rdkg (:) erah wbslnr. KA]N WZI =66 hby lbvn lbvn b H:4 x0 sjrnw pcug bkm = snbc rdkg rbtlnr tlbk b wbslnr (0). Caasn snk k bkm rnhavn tnksdak àct (=). 622422 KA]N ^sn hauktdkg cnvnr ta nksurn jakvnrtnr jbkkat ratbtn. > ^sn cdetdkg mnvdjn 2\>5 2:7 >:4 ar 2\>5 2:5 >77 ta nkgbgn rntbdkdkg rdkg bkm rnhavn jakvnrtnr (>) erah jakvnrtnr lausdkg. 5 Pnhavn sldhs (5 bkm 7) erah tur`dkn slbet bkm adc ennm ecbkgn. 7 > 5 0 2 : = 622420 <-2 Jakvnrtnr Dkstbccbtdak WZI =66/==6 WZI =66 WZI ==6 b KA]N Akcy usn jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr betnr tur`dkn slbet ds dksnrtnm dksnr tnm bkm tln sncnjtar jcutjl lbs `nnk hauktnm. Bmoust jakvnrtnr dkstbccbtdak mnptl –J‘ (`y pcbjdkg sldhs ak adc ennm ecbkgn) 2 Zjrnw dk cdetdkg mnvdjn 2\>5 2:5 >:4 (<) uktdc tlnrn ds ka bxdbc pcby ak snbcdkg wbslnr (26) dk jakvnrtnr9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0> Kh. > 26 26 ` 4 < KA]N Wlnk waridkg wdtl tln WZI =66 (vnrsdak wdtl H:4 x0 sjrnw pcug), usn cdetdkg mnvdjn 2\>5 2:5 >77 (4). 0 ^s ^snn mnp mnptl tl gbug gbugnn ta ta hnb hnbsu surn rn tl tlnn mds mdstb tbkj kjnn `nt `ntw wnnk nnk tln ebjn ae tln tlrnbmnm oaurkbc bkm tln ebjn ae tln jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr gnbr bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –b‘. : ^s ^snn mnp mnptl tl gbug gbugnn ta ta hnb hnbsu surn rn tl tlnn mds mdstb tbkj kjnn `nt `ntw wnnk nnk ebjn ae jakvnrtnr gnbr bkm dkknr `nbrdkg rbjn ae jakvnrtnr `bcc `nbrdkg bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –`‘. = b‚`8M Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdak –M‘ ear bmmdtdakbc hnbsurdkg prajnmurn. 62:=27 62242: m j > ^s ^sdk dkg g sstr trdp dp,, hnb h nbsu surn rn md mdst stbk bkjn jn `ntw `n twnn nnk jak jakv vnr nrtn lausdkg bkm jakv jakvnrtnr nrtnr `nbrdkg wlnk edrhcy ekdrhcy dktnrr jaktbjt wdtl tln adc ennm ecbkgn bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –j‘. 5 Hnbs Hnbsur urnn mds mdstb tbkj kjnn `nt `ntw wnnk nnk str strdp dp bkm bkm jak jaktb tbjt jt eb ebjn jn ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg bkm katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –m‘. 7 j‚m8E Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdak –E‘. < M‚E8J Mdhnksdak –J‘ (jakvnrtnr dkstbccbtdak mnptl) hust 62242= 7 7 `n? WZI =66 =66 8 <6.7 hh ² 6.0 hh WZI ==6 ==6 8 <2.5 hh ² 6.0 hh. Mdvnrgnkjns Mdvnrgnk jns hust `n rnjtde dnm usdkg tln bppraprdbtn sldh (7). 62242> <-0 WZI =66/==6 Bmousthnkt ae bxdbc pcby ae tln tbpnrnm raccnr `nbrdkg –G‘ (sldh ak tur`dkn slbet) 4 Jakvnrtnr WZI =66 WZI ==6 ^s ^snn mnp mnptl tl gbug gbugnn ta ta hnb hnbsu surn rn md mdst stbk bkjn jn `ntw `ntwnn nnk k tln tln ebjn ae tln jakvnrtnr gnbr bkm tln snbcdkg wbslnr > dk tln jakvnrtnr. Katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –n‘. 26 22 n‚`8G Katn mawk mawk mdhnksdak –G‘. n G ^s ^snn b jjrb rbkn kn ta cd cden en tu tur` r`dk dknn slbe slbett (22) ar edt bppraprdbtn mnvdjn ukmnr slbet ear hnbsurnhnkt. Patbtn tln jakvnrtnr lausdkg ta nksurn tlbt tln tbpnrnm raccnr `nbrdkg ds ernn ae jcnbrbkjn. ^sn mnptl gbugn ta hnbsurn mdstbkjn `ntwnnk ebjn ae tur`dkn slbet bkm padkt ae jaktbjt `ntwnnk jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr `nbrdkg bkm adc ennm ecbkgn ecbkgn wdtl sldh (7) ak tap. Katn mawk mawk bs mdhnksdak –L‘. 20 G ‚ L + (bxd (bxdbc bc pc pcbby ae ae 6 6.6 .6> > tta a 6.2 6.2> > hh) hh) 8 Z Jarrnjt vbrdbkjns wdtl bppraprdbtn grbmn ae sldh (5). 2: Grnb Grnbsn sn jarr jarrnj njtt sldh sldh bkm bkm pc pcbj bjnn ak jn jnkt ktrn rn ae ae tur` tur`dk dknn slbet. 2= Jb Jbrn rneu eucc ccy y pusl pusl jak jakvn vnrtn rtnrr akta akta spc spcdk dknn ae tu tur` r`dk dknn slbet bkm cawnr uktdc uktdc eedrhcy drhcy lahn. 2> De jak jakvn vnrtn rtnrr jbkk jbkkat at `n `n dksn dksnrtn rtnm m jahp jahpcn cntn tncy cy,, tlnk tlnk dt ds cajbtnm ak spcdkn ae adc ennm ecbkgn. De tlds ajjurs, rbdsn jrbkn laai uktdc tlnrn ds scdglt scbji 62:=25 622425 22 L 7 dk Vucc scdgltcy, jnktrbc ,wdrn wdtl ta rbdsn tlnwdrns. jakvnrtnr scdgltcy ratbtn bkmàtl tlnklbkms rncnbsn. Pnpnbt uktdc jakvnrtnr scdmns akta spcdkn ae adc ennm ecbkgn. 25 ` 622427 Jb Jbrn rneu eucc ccy y caw cawnr jak jakvn vnrtn rtnrr ta knxt knxt padk padktt ae jakt jaktbj bjt. t. Lnrn, tln jakvnrtnr jbk `n cajbtnm ak tln gnbr puhp dhpnccnr. dhpnccnr. Patbtn jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr scdgltcy bgbdk uktdc tnntl hnsl. JB^]DAK Knvnr usn b lbhhnr ta dksnrt jakvnrtnr. 5 62242< <-: Jakvnrtnr 27 WZI =66/==6 Pnhavn cd cdetdkg mn mnvdjn 2\>5 2:5 >:4 ar 2\>5 2:5 >77 erah jakvnrtnr. KA]N ]ln jakvnrtnr ds akcy edrhcy dk pcbjn akjn tln bktd-ebtdgun àct ds tdgltnknm. 2< Nksu Nksurn rn ja jak kvn vnrtn rtnrr jjbk bkka katt rat ratbtn btn.. Z Zjr jrnw nw dk bk bkm m tdgltnk bktd-ebtdgun àct (=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 246 Kh 24 ^s ^snn sah sahnn grn grnbs bsnn ta ta dks dksnr nrtt kn knw A A-r -rdk dkg g (:) dkta mdsj (0) bkm dksnrt dkta jakvnrtnr. jakvnrtnr. 06 : = 0 2 Dksnrt snrt rntbdkdkg rdkg (2) dk jakvnrtnr. KA]N lbvn b H:4 x0 sjrnw pcug rbtlnr WZI =66 hby lbvn tlbk b wbslnr (0) (usn knw snbc rdkg). ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 2=6 Kh 622424 b Bmoustdkg –k nkgdkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar 02 Vusl Vusl rntb rntbdk dkdk dkg g rdk rdkg g ear earwb wbrm rmss ddkt kta a hnb hnbsu surd rdkg kg mnvdjn 2V62 2:7 <:: bkm dksnrt dk àrn uktdc dt rnbjlns tln taatl tdp ae tln jakvnrtnr gnbr. Hnbsurn bkm katn mawk mdhnksdak –b‘ ak hnbsurdkg mnvdjn. 00 Hnbs Hnbsur urnn mdst mdstbk bkjn jn `nt `ntwn wnnk nk ja jakt ktbj bjtt ebjn ebjn bkm bkm pa padk dktt ae jaktbjt wdtl dkmujtdvn snksar. Katn mawk bs mdhnksdak –`‘. 0: Nxbhpcn? b‚`8] :>.> hhds‚b :>.2 hh 8 6.= hh ae 6. De tlnrn pnrhdssd`cn mdstbkjn 6.< < ² 6. 6.0 0 hh hh, b wbslnr wdtl b tldjiknss ae 6.= hh jbk `n dksnrtnm. 0= Zjrn Zjrnw w dk bk bkm m tdgl tdgltn tnk k –k nk nkgd gdkn kn‘‘ ddkm kmuj ujtd tdvn vn snksa snksarr wdtl sncnjtnm wbslnr9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =6 Kh 2V62 2:7 <:: ] ` KA]N ^sn rnhbjldknm sajint (ZW 8 0=) ta sjrnw dk dkmujtdvn snksar (snn Jlbptnr 2:.0). 0> Jakk Jakknj njtt pcu pcug g era erah h jb` jb`cn cn lbrk lbrknss nss wd wdtl tl dkm dkmuj ujtd tdvn vn snksar. 622406 <-= WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr : > = 22 5 7 7 5 < P 4 2 26 P 0 62>67> <.2 <.2 Mdsh Mdshbk bktc tcdk dkg g bkm bss bssnh nh`c `cdk dkg g jak jakv vnrtnr nrtnr (WZI ==6) <.2.2 <.2 .2 Jakvn Jakvnrtn rtnrr javnr javnr Mdsbssnh`cy Mdsbssnh`c y bkm mdshbktcdkg KA]N ]ln jdrjuhenrnkjn ae tln jakvnrtnr javnr bkm puhp brn hbrinm wdtl bk –P‘ (8 rnsdmubc dh`bcbkjn). ]lnsn hbris hust `n snt bt appasdkg 2<6¶ pasdtdaks. pasdtdaks. 2 Dksnrt ccddetdkg mn mnvdjn 2\>5 2:7 >:4 dk jakvnrtnr javnr (2) bkm ukebstnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0). De knjnssbry, hbri jakvnrtnr javnr bkm puhp. JB^]DAK Innp jakvnrtnr javnr lardzaktbc sa tlbt tln tur`dkn gnbr mans kat hdsbcdgk wdtl tln dkknr mdsjs dk tln jakvnrtnr javnr. 0 Jbrn Jbrneu eucc ccy y cde cdett ae aeee bkm bkm put put ma mawk jak jakvnrt vnrtnr nr jja avnr nr.. Pnhavn cdetdkg mnvdjn bkm ratbtn jakvnrtnr javnr. : ]bin aee A-rdkg (:), ukebstnk bkm rnhavn rnhavn jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (=). = ]bin aee prnssurn rdkg (>), rnhavn dkknr mdsjs (5) bkm autnr mdsjs (7). > ^s ^snn jjah ahpr prns nssn snm m bdr bdr ta pr prns nsss ae aee bbkm km rn rnha havn vn pdst pdstak ak (<) tlraugl adc àrn. 5 ]bin A-rdkgs (4 bkm 26) aee pdstak. 7 Pnhavn gr gra aavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (22) erah jakvnrtnr javnr. KA]N ]ln graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (22) hby bcsa sdt ak tln tur`dkn gnbr. <-> Dkmnx? b Jakvnrtnr WZI ==6 : > 5 = 22 7 7 5 < 4 2 26 0 62>2>4 Bssnh`cdkg jakvnrtnr javnr 2 Dksnrt gr graavnm ` `bbcc `n `nbrdkg (22) dkta jaktbjt padkt dk jakvnrtnr javnr (2). 0 ^sn gr grnnbsn ta dksnrt knw A-r A-rdkgs (4 bkm 26) dk pdstak (<) bkm dksnrt pdstaks dkta jaktbjt padkt dk jakvnrtnr javnr j avnr.. : Dksnrt autnr (7) bkm dkknr mdsjs (5). Dksnrt dk turk, stbrtdkg wdtl bk autnr mdsj, tlnk bk dkknr mdsj. = Bttbjl prnssurn rdkg (>) bkm sjrnw dk bkm tdgltnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :> Kh. > ^s ^snn eenn nncn cnrr g gbu bugn gn ta jlnj jlnji i mds mdsjj jjcn cnbr brbk bkjn jn ar pd pdst stak ak jcnbrbkjn. Jcnbrbkjn 8 6.7 ‚ 2.7 hh 5 ^sn grnbsn ta edt edt knw A-rdkg (:) ak jakvnrtnr javnr. KA]N Dkstrujtdaks ear dkstbccbtdak ae tln jakvnrtnr javnr jbk `n eaukm dk Jlbptnr <.2.> <-5 Dkmnx? b WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr : > = 0 2 62>675 <.2.0 <.2 .0 Mdshbk Mdshbktcd tcdkg kg tur` tur`dkn dkn gnbr gnbr 2 Pnhavn snbcdkg wbslnr (2) bkm A-rdkg (0) erah tur`dkn gnbr (:). 0 ]bin A-rdkg aee wbslnr. : Zkbp pdstak rdkg (=) aee tur`dkn gnbr bkm tbin aee. = ]bin bxdbc `nbrdkg (>) aee stbtar bkm jlnji ear wnbr. Bssnh`cdkg tur`dkn gnbr 2 Zkbp pdstak rdkg (=) dkta tur`dkn gnbr (:). 0 ^sn gr grnnbsn ta dksnrt knw A-rdkg (0) dk snbcdkg wbslnr (2) bkm prnss tln jahpcntn snbcdkg wbslnr dkta jaktbjt padkt dkta tln tur`dkn gnbr. : Dksnrt bxdbc `nbrdkg (>) dk tur`dkn gnbr. KA]N ]ln dkstrujtdaks ear tur`dkn gnbr dkstbccbtdak jbk `n eaukm dk Jlbptnr <.2.>. <-7 Dkmnx? b Jakvnrtnr WZI ==6 4 2 < > 5 7 0 = : 62>677 <.2.: <.2 .: Mdshbk Mdshbktcd tcdkg kg sstbt tbtar ar JB^]DAK Wlnk rnhavdkg rnhavdkg tln ernn-wlnnc dkknr rbjn, nksurn tlbt pbrts jbkkat sprdkg aut. 2 Vcbjn stbtar (2) ak rdkg 2\>5 2:< 027 (mdbhntnr 2:2 hh) bkm usn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< (mdbhntnr <= hh) ta mrdvn aut ernn-wlnnc dkknr rbjn (0) wdtl graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (:) bkm tlrust wbslnr (=). KA]N Wlnk mrdvdkg aut tln ernn-wlnnc dkknr rbjn, tln jycdkmrdjbc raccnrs (>) brn bcsa rnhavnm. rnhavnm. ]ln sprdkg jbps (5) bkm tln jycdkmrdjbc sprdkgs (7) hby bcsa `n caasnknm murdkg tlds prajnss. prajnss. 0 ]bin tlrust wbslnr (<) aee stbtar. : ^s ^snn b sud sudtb tb`c `cnn pcb pcbst stdj dj hbkm hbkmrn rncc tta a mrd mrdv vn ae aee gra graa avnm `bcc `nbrdkg (4). <-< Dkmnx? b WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr 2 > : 4 = 5 < 7 0 Dkput Autput 62>67: Bssnh`cdkg stbtar 2 ^sn rdkg 2\>5 2:< 027 (mdbhntnr 2:6 hh) bkm bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< ta prnss graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (:) dkta jaktbjt padkt dkta stbtar. st btar. 5 Edt tlrust wbslnr (<) bkm usn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< (mdbhntnr <= hh) ta mrdvn ernnwlnnc dkknr rbjn edrhcy edr hcy lahn. 0 Dksnrt tlrust wbslnr (=) dk stbtar (2). 7 Vcbjn stbtar (2) bkm graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (:) ak rdkg 2\>5 2:< 027 (mdbhntnr 2:6 hh). : ^s ^snn gr grnb nbsn sn ta dk dksn snrt rt bc bccc jycd jycdkm kmrd rdjb jbcc sprd sprdkg kgss (7) bkm sprdkg jbps (5) dk ernn-wlnnc dkknr rbjn (0). < ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< ta prnss graavnm `bcc `nbrdkg (4) edrhcy edr hcy lahn dk stbtar stbtar.. 4 Jlnji ernn-wlnnc ? Ernn-wlnnc hust caji dk tln mdrnjtdak slawk s lawk bàvnn wlnk tln dkknr rbjn ds rntbdknm (snn brraw). bàv = > Vcbj Vcbjnn ern ernnn-w wlnnc lnnc dk dkkn knrr rrbj bjnn dk dk jjar arrn rnjt jt pasd pasdtd tdak ak ak stbtar bkm usn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 02< (mdbhntnr <= hh) ta mrdvn dk bpprax. 2/0 ae tln wdmtl ae tln `nbrdkg. Dksnrt jy jycdkmrdjbc ra raccnrs (>) `y scdmdkg `bji tln sprdkg jbps. KA]N ]a sdhpcdey bssnh`cy ae tln jycdkmrdjbc raccnrs, edrstcy dksnrttln = jycdkmrdjbc raccnrs bt bkgcns ae 46¶. KA]N ]ln dkstrujtdaks ear stbtar bttbjlhnkt jbk `n eaukm dk Jlbptnr <.2.>. <-4 Dkmnx? b Jakvnrtnr WZI ==6 0 : > = 5 7 2 62>67< <.2.= <.2 .= Mdshbk Mdshbktcd tcdkg kg pu puhp hp Bssnh`cdkg puhp 2 ]bin spbjnr (2) aee puhp (0) bkm ratbtn puhp. 2 ^sn gr grnnbsn ta dksnrt knw A-rdkg (>) dk puhp lu` (=). 0 ^kebstnk jjy ycdkmrdjbc ssjjrnws (:) bkm tbin aee wdtl wbslnrs. 0 Dksnr ksnrtt pu puhp lu lu` ` ddk k bjj bjjar armb mbkj kjnn wdt wdtl l ttl ln hbr hbri i hbmn ak tln puhp (0). KA]N Hbri pasdtdak ae puhp lu` (=) dk rncbtdak ta puhp (0). : KA]N ]a sdhpcdey tln dkstbccbtdak, dkstbccbt dak, usn sudtb`cn jycdkmrdjbc pdks. Pnhavn puhp lu` (=) erah puhp (0). : = ]bin aee A-rdkg (>) bkm usn hauktdkg cnvnr ta rnhavnn bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (5). rnhav Dksnrt jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (:) wdtl wbslnrs bkm tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0> Kh. KA]N Ear dkstbccbtdak ae tln bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (5), tln spbjnr (2) bkm bttbjlhnkt ae puhp, rnenr ta Jlbptnr <.2.>. <-26 Dkmnx? b WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr <.2.> Hnbsurdkg Hnbsurdkg bkm bkm jahpcntd jahpcntdkg kg jakvnrt jakvnrtnr nr 2 0 : Vcbjn tur`dkn gnbr (2) bkm bxdbc `nbrdkg (0) ak tlrust pdnjn (mdbhntnr =6 hh). = > Vcbjn stbtar (:) dk jarrnjt pasdtdak ak bxdbc `nbrdkg. : 4 Vcbjn spbjnr (=) bkm bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (>) ak stbtar. 0 2 = > ^sn ^sn mnp mnptl tl gbu gbugn ta hnbs hnbsu urn erah erah bk bkgu gucb cbrr `bc `bccc `nbrdkg dkknr rbjn ta snbcdkg wbslnr (<). Hakdtardkg cnkgtl (4) 8 2=4.< ‚ 6.0 6.0 hh hh < ]bin bcc pbrts aee bgbdk. 62>6<2 5 Vcbjn tur`dkn gnbr (2) ak jakvnrtnr javnr bàvn tln dkknr mdsj spcdkn ae tln jakvnrtnr javnr (5). 7 Vcbjn bbx xdbc ` `nnbrdkg (0) ak tur`dkn gnbr bkm bttbjl stbtar (:) dk jarrnjt pasdtdak. @cbmn autcnt sdmn ebjns tln tur`dkn gnbr. < Vcbjn spbjnr (=) ak stbtar. 4 ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 2:< 00= ta prnss bkgucbr `bcc `nbrdkg (>) edrhcy edr hcy dkta puhp lu`. ]l ]lnn wdmn sdmn ae tln dkknr `nbrdkg rbjn ebjns tln dkput. 26 Bttbjl puhp (7) dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl hbridkg (–P‘ bt 2<6¶ 2<6¶ ta tln jakvnrtnr jakvnrtnr javnr). javnr). 22 Zj Zjrn rnw w ddk k = jyc jycdk dkmr mrdj djbc bc sj sjrn rnws ws bt bk bkgc bkgcnn ae ae 46¶, 46¶, tdgltnk `y lbkm bkm dkvnrt tln jahpcntn jakvnrtnr. 20 Dk Dksnr snrtt ttln ln rnhb rnhbdk dkdk dkg g jyc jycdk dkmr mrdjb djbcc sjr sjrnw nwss bbkm km tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =< Kh. 2: Dksnrt snrt cdetdk dkg g mnvdjn 2\>5 2:5 >:4 bkm bgbdk jlnji hakdtardkg cnkgtl ae 2=4.< ‚ 6.0 hh (bs mnsjrd`nm ukmnr padkt =). 7 > : P 2 = 0 5 P 62>674 62>6<6 Dkmnx? b <-22 WZI =66/==6 4 ]ur`dkn slbet ]ur`dkn slbet 2 Mdsbssnh`cy = : KA]N ]ur`dkn slbet jbk `n tbink aee betnr mdsbssnh`cdkg tln sncnjtar jcutjl jc utjl bkm rnhavdkg tln jakvnrtnr. 2 ^sn cdetdkg mnvdjn 2\>5 2:5 0=0 ta cdet jakvnrtnr lausdkg wdtl rntbrmnr avnr tur`dkn slbet (2). 0 0 Pnhavn pdstak rdkgs (0) erah tur`dkn slbet. : ^sn ja ^sn jak kvn vnkt ktda dakb kbcc tw twaa-br brhn hnm m nx nxtr trbj bjta tarr ta gr grdp dp knnmcn scnnvn (:) erah `ncaw bkm rnhavn erah tur`dkn slbet wdtl slbet snbc (=). 622402 Bssnh`cy 2 ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 224 427 ta prnss grnbsnm knnmcn scnnvn (:) dkta jaktbjt padkt ae tur`dkn slbet (2). 0 ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 224 427 ta dksnrt slbet rdkg (=) dkta jaktbjt padkt. : Dksnrt pdstak rdkgs (0) dk tur`dkn slbet. = Dksn snrt rt tur`dkn slbet dk lausdk dkg g. 4-2 WZI =66/==6 26 Adc e dctnr Adc ed edcctnr Mdsbssnh`cy 2 Caasnk lnx àcts (2). Pnhavn wdtl wbslnrs bkm pbk (0). 0 Caasnk lnx àcts (:). Pnhavn wdtl cnbe sprdkg (=) bkm wbslnr (>). : Pnhavn e dctnr (5) wdtl ùsl (7) bkm gbsint (<). = De kn knjnssbr bry y, rn rnhavn ma mawnc pd pdk (4). 5 Bssnh`cy 7 0 4 = 2 0 : Zjrnw dk bkm tdgltnk mawnc pdk (4) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 26 Kh. Dksnrt ùsl (7). Vut ak gbsint (<) bkm dksnrt edctnr (5). < > 2 KA]N Pnpcbjn edctnr. e dctnr. ]ln pcbtn javnr (b) ae edctnr hust ebjn autwbrms. : = 622400 Dksnrt wbslnr (>), cnbe sprdkg (=). ]dgltnk wdtl lnx àct (:) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. j Vut ak pbk (0). b KA]N Bttbjl pbk dk sujl b wby tlbt dts mnnpnr sdmn (`) ds avnr av nr tln dktbin d ktbin bpnrturn (j). > Vut ak lnx àcts (2) wdtl wbslnrs bkm tdgltnk9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. 66>>44 ` 664>25 26-2 WZI =66/==6 wdtlaut KHU Jaktrac ukdt 0> 05 5: 0= 5 > 07 7 0: 0 02 2 0= = < 0> : 7 2= 2: 25 46 2> 20 26 24 2< 5= 27 00 0: :7 4 22 =6 06 02 62240: 22 Jaktrac uk ukdt 22.2 22 .2 WZI WZI wdt wdtla laut ut KH KHU U Pnhavbc bkm mdsbssnh`cy 2 KA]N Javnr Jav nr ds sprdkg s prdkg cabmnm. Jbrneuccy caasnk sjrnws s jrnws bkm prnss javnr bgbdkst jaktrac lausdkg uktdc bcc sjrnws lbvn `nnk rnhavnm. Caasnk lnx àcts (2 (2,, 0, : bkm bkm =) bkm rnhavn wdtl jaktrac ukdt. 5 Vrnssurn sprdkg (2:) wdtl `bcc (2=) 9 Vrnssurn sprdkg (2>) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 Pnhavnn prnssurn sprdkg (27), ùsl (2<) wdtl Pnhav pdstak (24) bkm ùsl (06) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (02) bkm pdstak (00) erah jaktrac ukdt lausdkg. 7 De kn knjn jnss ssbr bry y, ca caas asnk nk 0 sj sjrn rnw w pc pcug ugss (0:) bkm rnhavnn wdtl snbcdkg rnhav s nbcdkg rdkgs. KA]N Wlnk rnhavdkg jaktrac ukdt, caasnk sacnkadm vbcvn jb`cn. 0 : Caasnk lnx àcts (>) bkm rnhavn –WI‘ sacnkadm vbcvn (5) wdtl vbcvn lausdkg (07). Caasnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=), rnhavn wdtl sprdkg jcdps bkm ecbt pcug (0>). Vucc sacnkadm vbcvn aut ae lausdkg (07) bkm rnhavn A-rdkgs (05). Dtnh ka. Mnsdgkbtdak Pnhavn gbsint (7) bkm javnr slnnt (<) erah :7 Zbenty vbcvn Caji-up jcutjl jcutjl sldet vbcvn Caji-up jcutjl jcutjl prnssurn prnssurn vbcvn jaktrac ukdt lausdkg. =6 5: Jakvnrtnr `bji prnssurn vbcvn Vrnsncnjtar vbcvn 46 5= = > Caasnk lnx àcts (4 bkm 26), rnhavn javnr (22) wdtl gbsint (20). 22-2 Jaktrac ukdt WZI =66/==6 wdtlaut KHU 0> 05 0= > 5 07 7 0: 0 02 2 0= = < 0> : 7 2= 2: 25 2> 62240= 20 2< 26 24 0: 27 00 4 22 06 02 62240: Bssnh`cy Bssnh`c y bkm dkstbccbtdak 2 0 : = 7 Edx sacnkadm vbcvn bbk km ecbt p pccug (0>) ta vbcvn lausdkg (07) wdtl jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 >.> Kh. < Zj Zjrn rnw w ja jahp hpcn cntn tn –W –WI‘ I‘ sa sacn cnka kadm dm vbcv bcvn (5) wdtl lnx àcts (>) ta jaktrac lausdkg9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 4.> Kh. Zjrnw dk dk bk bkm td tdgltnk 0 sj sjrrnw pc pcugs (0:) tagntlnr wdtl knw gbsints9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :> Kh. Dksnrt prnssurn sprdkg (2:) wdtl `bcc (2=) 9 prnssurn sprdkg (2>) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 prnssurn sprdkg (27), ùsl (2<) wdtl pdstak (24) bkm ùsl (06) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (02) bkm pdstak (00) dk jarrnjt pasdtdaks dk jaktrac jaktrac ukdt lausdkg. KA]N @nearn dkstbccdkg jaktrac ukdt, hnbsurn bkm dkstbcc dkmujtdvn snksar (rnenr ta Jlbptnr <). Vut ak knw gbsint (20) wdtl javnr (22). Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk ln lnx àcts (4 bkm 26) 9 H5x20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun (4) 8 26 Kh Kh 9 H5x2< tdgltnkdkg tarqun (26) 8 2= Kh. > Vut ak knw gbsints (7) wdtl javnr pcbtn (<). 5 Dksnrt grnbsnm A-rdkgs (05) dk sacnkadm vbcvn. Vcbjn sacnkadm vbcvn dk jarrnjt pasdtdak ak bxdbc suppart dk lausdkg (07). 4 Dk Dksn snrt rt sac sacnk nkad adm mv vbc bcv vn jjb` b`cn cn bkm bkm btt bttbj bjl l jak jaktr trac ac ukdt ukdt ta WZI `y `y hnbks ae 0 jycdkmrdjbc jycdkmrdjbc pdks. pdks. 26 Zj Zjrn rnw w dk dk bbkm km tdg tdgltnk ltnk lnx àc àcts ts (2, (2, 0, : b bkm km =) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. 22-0 WZI =66 wdtl KHU Jaktrac ukdt 5: 0> : 05 > 0= 5 07 7 2 < 0 :6 7 04 :2 20 22 46 :: :0 25 2> 0< 4 24 2< 5= 27 0: :7 :7 :< :5 26 02 00 06 =6 := :> :4 62>67= 22.0 2.0 WZI wdt wdtl l KHU KHU KA]N Javnr Jav nr ds sprdkg s prdkg cabmnm. Jbrneuccy caasnk ssjrnws jrnws bkm prnss javnr bgbdkst jaktrac lausdkg uktdc bcc sjrnws lbvn `nnk rnhavnm. Pnhavbc bkm mdsbssnh`cy 2 Caasnk lnx àcts (2 bkm 0) bkm rnhavn wdtl jaktrac ukdt. KA]N Wlnk rnhavdkg jaktrac ukdt, caasnk sacnkadm vbcvn jb`cn. 0 Caasnk lnx àcts (>) bkm rnhavn –WI‘ sacnkadm vbcvn (5) wdtl vbcvn lausdkg (07). : Caasnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=), rnhavn wdtl sprdkg jcdps bkm ecbt pcug (0>). Vucc sacnkadm vbcvn aut ae lausdkg (07) bkm rnhavn A-rdkgs (05). 5 Gnbr sldet pdstak (::) , pdstaks (:0, :2 bk bkm m :6) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (04) 9 @usl (0<), prnssurn sprdkg (2>) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 Pnhavnn prnssurn sprdkg (27), ùsl (2<) wdtl Pnhav pdstak (24) bkm ùsl (06) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (02) bkm pdstak (00) erah jaktrac ukdt lausdkg. 7 De kn knjn jnss ssbr bry y, caas caasnk nk 0 sj sjrn rnw w pcug pcugss (0:) bkm tbin aee wdtl snbcdkg rdkg. Dtnh ka. Mnsdgkbtdak = > Caasnk rntbdkdkg sjrnw (:), rnhavn gbsints (7) bkm javnr slnnt (<) erah jaktrac ukdt lausdkg. Caasnk lnx àcts (4, 26 bkm bkm :7), rnhavn javnr (22) wdtl gbsint (20). Caasnk lnx àcts (:< bkm :4), rnhavn javnr (:=) bkm gbsint (:>). 46 5= :7 =6 5: KHU gnbr sldet vbcvn + sbenty vbcvn Caji-up jcutjl jcutjl sncnjtar vbcvn Caji-up jcutjl jcutjl prnssurn prnssurn vbcvn Jakvnrtnr `bji prnssurn vbcvn Vrnsncnjtar vbcvn 22-: Jaktrac ukdt WZI =66 wdtl KHU 0> : 05 > 0= 07 5 7 2 < 0 62240= :6 7 04 :2 20 22 :: :0 25 2> 0< 24 4 2< 27 :7 :5 0: :< 26 02 00 06 := :> :4 62>67= Bssnh`cy Bssnh`c y bkm dkstbccbtdak 2 Zjrnw dk dk bk bkm td tdgltnk 0 sj sjrrnw pc pcugs (0:) tagntlnr wdtl knw gbsints9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :> Kh. 5 Dkstbcc grnbsnm A-rdkgs (05) dk sacnkadm vbcvn. Vcbjn sacnkadm vbcvn dk jarrnjt pasdtdak ak bxdbc suppart dk lausdkg (07). 0 Dksnrt gnbr sldet pdstak (::), pdstaks (:0 (:0,, :2 bkm bkm 7 Edx sa sacnkadm vbcvn bbk km ecbt p pccug (0>) ta vbcvn :6) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (04) 9 ùsl (0<), prnssurn sprdkg (2>) wdtl pdstak (25) 9 prnssurn sprdkg (27), ùsl (2<) wdtl pdstak (24) bkm ùsl (06) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (02) bkm pdstak (00) dk jarrnjt pasdtdak dk jaktrac jaktrac ukdt lausdkg. lausdkg. : = > lausdkg (07) wdtl jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0=) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 >.> Kh. < Vut ak knw gbsint (20 bkm :>) wdtl javnr (22 bkm :=). Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk ln lnx àcts (4 (4,, 26, 26, :7, :7, :< bkm bkm :4) :4) 9 H5x20 tdgltnkdkg tarqun (4 (4,, :<) 8 26 Kh9 H5x2< tdgltnkdkg tarqun (2 (26, 6, :4) :4) 8 2= Kh9 H5x:> tdgltnkdkg tarqun (:7) 8 4.> Kh. Vut ak knw gbsints (7) bkm javnr pcbtn (<). Dksnrt bkm tdgltnk rntbdkdkg sjrnw (:) 9 H<x25 H<x2 5 tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 => Kh. Zj Zjrn rnw w ja jahp hpcn cntn tn –W –WI‘ I‘ sa sacn cnka kadm dm vbcv bcvn (5) wdtl lnx àcts (>) ta jaktrac ukdt lausdkg9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 4.> Kh. KA]N @nearn dkstbccdkg jaktrac ukdt, hnbsurn bkm dkstbcc dkmujtdvn snksar (rnenr ta Jlbptnr <). 4 Dk Dksn snrt rt sac sacnk nkad adm mv vbc bcv vn jjb` b`cn cn bkm bkm btt bttbj bjl l jak jaktr trac ac ukdt ukdt `y hnbks hnbks ae 0 jycdkmrdjbc pdks. 26 (2, 0, : b bkm km =) 9 Zj Zjrn rnw w dk dk bbkm km tdg tdgltnk ltnk lnx àc àcts ts (2, ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. 22-= WZI =66/==6 Pntbrmnr 2: 2< 2= = 22 26 06 24 2= > 02 2> 25 22 7 0 20 27 > 4 5 > 2 5 00 > > 0: > > 00 > < >b > : > >b :> > 62240> 20 Pntbrmnr Pnhavbc bkm mdsbssnh`cy 2 Caasn Caa snk k sjr sjrnnws bk bkm m ln lnx àc àcts ts bk bkm m rnh rnha avn wdt wdtl l wbslnrs wbsl nrs bkm /ar sprdkg wbslnrs9 wbslnrs9 Lnx àcts H< x 0> (2) H<x :> (0) H<x >6 (:) H<x <6 (=) Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws H20x22> (>) WZI ==6? H20x226 (>b) H26x22> (>) WZI =66? H26x226 (>b) Lnx kuts H< (5) KA]N Lnx àcts (2 bkm 0) bkm lnx kuts (5) brn cajbtnm ak dkput nkm ae rntbrmnr lausdkg. 0 Pnhavn rn rntbrmnr la lausdkg (7) ak autput sdmn bkm rnhavnn slbet snbc rnhav s nbc (<). : Caasnk tnhpnrbturn sn snksars (4 bkm 26) bkm rnhavnn wdtl snbcdkg rdkg. rnhav = Caasnk lnx àcts (22), tbin aee jakknjtdkg pdnjns (20 bkm 2:) bkm rnhavn A-rdkgs (2=). JB^]DAK Jakknjtdkg pdnjn (25) ds d s sprdkg-cabmnm. Caasnk sjrnws jbrneuccy. > Caasnk lnx àcts (2>) wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs, jbrneuccy tbin aee jakknjtdkg pdnjn (25) bkm gbsint (27). 5 Pnhavn pdstak (2<) wdtl graavnm rdkgs (24) bkm scdmn vbcvn (06) wdtl prnssurn sprdkg (02) erah àrn. 7 Pnhavn gr graavnm rd rdkgs (24) erah pdstak. < Caasnk ukdak sjrnws (00). Pnhavn prnssurn cdkn 4 (0:) wdtl snbcdkg rdkgs. De kn knjn jnss ssbr bry y, rnh rnha avn jyc jycdk dkm mrd rdjb jbcc pdk pdkss (:>). 20-2 Pntbrmnr WZI =66/==6 0> 05 07 :2 0= 04 05 :6 0< :0 := :: 622405 26 Pnhavn gbsint (0=). 22 Pnhavn ratar (0>). Pnhavn pdstak rdkgs (05) bkm wbslnr (07) wdtl pdks (0<). 20 Pn Pnh havn dk dkkn knrr `nb `nbrd rdkg kg rb rbjn jn (04) erah adc ennm ecbkgn. 2: Ca Caa asn snk k jyc ycdk dkm mrd rdjb jbcc ssjr jrnnws (:6) bkm tbin tbin aee aee wdtl stbtar (:2). 2= Ca Caa asn snk k bkm bkm rnha rnhav vn ln lnx à àct ctss (:0 bkm ::). 2> Pn Pnh havn rntb rntbrm rmnr nr la lau usd sdkg kg (:=) bt dkput sdmn erah jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr lausdkg. 20-0 WZI =66/==6 Pntbrmnr 0> 05 :2 07 0= 04 05 :6 0< :0 := :: 622407 Bssnh`cy Bssnh`c y bkm dkstbccbtdak 2 Zcdg Zcdglt ltccy grn grnbs bsnn dkp dkput ut sdmn sdmn ae rn rntb tbrm rmnr nr laus lausdk dkg g (:=) bt adc ennm ecbkgn bkm put ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg. 5 Dksnrt pdstak rdkgs (05) dk ratar bkm pcbjn ratar dk lausdkg. KA]N Ear nbsn ae dkstbccbtdak, sjrnw dk 0 gudmn pdks (snn brraws). 7 Edt knw gbsint (0=). 0 Dksnrt bk bkm tdgltnk lnx àcts (:0 bkm ::) wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. : Vcbjn stbtar (:2) dk jarrnjt pasdtdak dk autput sdmn ae rntbrmnr lausdkg. Dksnrt bkm tdgltnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (:6) wdtl wbslnrs wbslnrs99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. = Vut dkknr `nbrdkg rbjn (04) ak adc ennm ecbkgn. > Edt wbslnr (07) wdtl jcbhpdkg pdks (0<) ak ratar (0>). 20-: Pntbrmnr WZI =66/==6 2: 2< 2= = 26 06 24 2= > 02 2> 22 25 7 0 22 20 27 > 4 5 > 2 5 00 > > 0: > > < 00 > >b > : >b > :> > 62240> < Edt prnssurn cdkn (0:) wdtl laccaw sjrnws (00) bkm knw snbcdkg rdkgs ta rntbrmnr lausdkg bt autput sdmn9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 => Kh. 4 Vcbjn graavnm rdkgs (24) ak pdstak (2<). 26 Dksnrt sprdkg (02), scdmn vbcvn (06) bkm pdstak (2<) dk lausdkg. 22 Znjurn knw gbsint (27) wdtl jakknjtdkg pdnjn (25) bt lausdkg wdtl lnx àcts (2>) bkm sprdkg wbslnrs9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. 20 2: Dk Dksn snrt rt kn knw w grnb grnbsn snm m A-r A-rdk dkgs gs (2=) dk jakknjtdkg pdnjns (20 bkm 2:) bkm snjurn ta lausdkg wdtl lnx àcts (22) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 0: Kh. Zjrn Zjrnw w dk dk bk bkm m ttdg dglt ltnk nk tn tnhp hpnr nrbt btur urnn ssnk nksa sars rs (4 bkm 26) wdtl knw snbcdkg rdkgs9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 :6 Kh. JB^]DAK ]nhpnrbturn snksar (4 ‚ ncnjtrakdj ukdt) ds hbrinm dk wldtn9 ]nhpnrbturn snksar (26 ‚ dkmdjbtdkg mnvdjn) ds hbrinm dk `cbji. Knvnr jakeusn tlnh. 2= Mrdvn slbet snbc (<) dkta lausdkg wdtl bmbptnr 2\>5 220 752 uktdc ecusl. 2> Bcdg cdgk rn rntbrmnr la lausdkg (7) bt autput sdmn wdtl dkput sdmn ae rntbrmnr lausdkg bkm pcbjn ak tap. Mrdvn jycdkmnr pdks (:>) lahn. 25 Dksnrt bbk km tdgltnk ? Lnx àcts? Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws WZI ==6 ==6?? WZI =66 =66?? Lnx kuts ? H<x H<x H<x H<x 0> (2) :> (0) >6 (:) <6 (=) 8 8 8 8 0: Kh 0: Kh 0: Kh 0: Kh H20x22> (>) 8 266 Kh H26x22> (>) 8 =4 Kh H26x226 (>b) 8 =5 Kh H< (5) 8 0: Kh KA]N Dk WZI ==6, H20x226 0 jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (>b) brn tdgltnknm bt tdgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =:Kh. 20-= WZI =66/==6 2: Jakvnrtnr lausdkg Jakvnrtnr lausdkg 2 2:.2 2: .2 Adc Adc enn ennm m ecb ecbkg kgnn Mdsbssnh`cy 2 Pnhavn gbsint (2). 0 Caasnk jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (0) bkm rnhavn wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs. : > 5 Pnhavn adc ennm ecbkgn (:) erah jakvnrtnr lausdkg. = = Pnhavn pdstak rdkg (=) erah adc ennm ecbkgn. : > Pnhavn autnr `nbrdkg rbjn (>) erah adc ennm ecbkgn. 5 Pnhavn A-rdkg (5). Bssnh`cy 2 Vcbjn grnbsnm A-rdkg (5) bkm pdstak rdkg (=) dk adc ennm ecbkgn (:). ! MBKGNP Wnbr gcavns wlnk lbkmcdkg lat jahpaknkts. 0 Lnbt ad Lnbt adcc enn ennm m ecb ecbkg kgnn ta ta bp bppr pra ax. 266 ¶J usd usdk kg lat lat bdr `cawnr. ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 220 752 ta edrhcy prnss ak autnr autnr `nbrdkg rbjn rbjn (>). : Jabt ja Jabt jak ktb tbjt jt su surreb ebjn jn eb ebjn jn ae ad adcc enn ennm m ecb ecbkg kgnn (:) wdtl snbcdkg jahpaukm WNUA WNUA C266 bkm dksnrt, dk jarrnjt pasdtdak, dk jakvnrtnr lausdkg `y hnbks ae 0 gudmn gudmn pdk pdks. s. = Dksnrt Dksn rt bk bkm m tdg tdglt ltnk nk jyc ycdk dkmr mrdj djbc bc sj sjrn rnws ws (0) 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh. > Edt knw gbsint (2) ak jakvnrtnr lausdkg. 0 62240< 2:-2 Jakvnrtnr lausdkg WZI =66/==6 2:.0 2:. 0 Gnb Gnbrr puhp puhp bkm wdrd wdrdkg kg lbr lbrkns knsss 7 Mdsbssnh`cy 4 2 < Caasnk lnx àcts (2 bkm 0) bkm rnhavn wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs. > 2 0 Cdet gnbr puhp (:) aut ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg. KA]N Apnk puhp bkm jlnji pbrts ear wnbr wnbr ? De knjnssbry, rnpcbjn puhp. ]dgltnkdkg tarqun? Lnx àc àcts ts H< 8 02 Kh, Jycdkmrdjbc Jycdk mrdjbc sjrn sjrnw w H5 8 4 Kh, Lnx àc àcts ts H< 8 7 Kh. 0 5 = : 622404 : Pnhavn A-rdkg (=) erah puhp. = Hbri edx Hbri edxbt btda dak k pad padk kt bkm bkm tl tlnk nk rnh nha avn jb` jb`cn cn lbrknss (>). > Caasn Caa snk k –k nk nkgd gdkn kn‘‘ dk dkmu mujt jtddvn sn snk ksa sarr (5) wdtl rnhbjldknm sajint (ZW 0=, rnenr ta sintjl) bkm rnhavn tagntlnr wdtl wbslnr. ZW 0= ¯ 2< 6.>r 0<.< 05 +6.2 6224:6 2:-0 WZI =66/==6 Jakvnrtnr lausdkg Bssnh`cy 2 7 Dksnrt g grrnbsnm A-rdkg (=) dk gnbr puhp (:). 4 0 < Dk Dksn snrt rt gn gnbr br pu puhp hp dk dkta ta ja jak kvnrtn nrtnrr la lausdk usdkg. g. Dksnrt lnx àcts (2 bkm 0) wdtl sprdkg wbslnrs bkm tdgltnk. KA]N Jabt snbcdkg ebjn sujtdak jlbkknc (26) ae gnbr puhp wdtl snbcdkg jahpaukm WNUA C266 B. Bcwbys Bcwb ys nksurn tlbt sujtdak jlbkknc ds cnet ernn. Vucc puhp dk mdrnjtdak ae jakvnrtnr lausdkg wbcc ta bttbdk sueedjdnkt suee djdnkt taatl ecbki jcnbrbkjn. ]dgltnk lnx àcts àcts99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 =5 Kh. 26 > 2 0 5 = : 622404 : Dkstbcc wdrdkg lbrknss (>) wdtl knw gbsints (7) bkm edx wdtl pdpn jcbhps9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun (<) 8 =5 Kh9 Kh 9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun (4) 8 2.: Kh. KA]N Dksnrt jycdkmrdjbc sjrnws (4) wdtl Cajtdtn ka. 0=2. KA]N ]ln hnbsurnhnkt bkm dkstbccbtdak ae tln –k nkgdkn‘ dkmujtdvn snksar (5) brn jaktbdknm dk Jlbptnr <. 2:-: Jakvnrtnr lausdkg WZI =66/==6 2:.: 2:.: Jak Jakvnrtnr nrtnr laus lausdk dkg g = Mdsbssnh`cy 2 0 < De kn knjnssbry sbry,, rn rnhavn m ma awnc pd pdks (2) erah jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr lausdkg. 5 Pnhavn slbet snbc (0) bkm wbslnr (:) erah jakvnrtnr jakv nrtnr lausdkg. 2 : 0 : Caasnk vnktdcbtar (=), sjrnw pcugs (>, 5 bkm bkm 7) bkm rnhavn wdtl snbcdkg rdkgs. = Pnhavn A-rdkg (<) erah jakvnrtnr lausdkg. > 7 Bssnh`cy 2 Dksnrt grnbsnm A-rdkg (<). 0 Jlnji vn vnktdcbtar (=) ear tlraugl-ecaw, sjrnw dk bkm tdgltnk tdgltnk99 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 26 Kh. KA]N ]lnrn ds bk aptdakbc jakknjtdak ear lasn vnktdcbtdak (=) dk earmb`cn vnrsdaks. : Dksnrt snrt bkm tdg dgl ltnk sjr sjrnw pcugs (>, 5 bkm bkm 7) wdtl knw snbcdkg rdkgs9 ]dgltnkdkg tarqun (> ukm 5) 8 >6 Kh, ]dgltnkdkg tarqun (7) 8 5> Kh. = Dksnrt wbslnr (:) dk jakvnrtnr lausdkg. > ^sn bmbptnr 2\>5 642 27: ta prnss slbet snbc (0) dkta jakvnrtnr lausdkg uktdc ecusl. KA]N Znbcdkg cdp ae slbet snbc padkts tawbrms autput. 5 Zjrnw dk dk bkm ttddgltnk ma mawnc p pddks (2) dkta jakvnrtnr lausdkg9 WZI ==6 H20x27> ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 2< Kh, WZI =66 H26x27> ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 8 2=.> Kh. 6224:2 2:-= WZI =66 Jakvnrtnr lausdkg 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 : 2 : 2 0 62:=2> 2:.= 2:.= Zjrn Zjrnw w ja jakk kknj njtd tdak ak H26 H26 (WZI =66) Vasdtdak Mnsdgkbtdak ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 2 Mawnc pdk H26x27> 2=.> Kh Lnx kut H26 =< Kh 0 Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H26x22> =< Kh : Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H26x226 =5 Kh 2:-> Jakvnrtnr lausdkg WZI ==6 2 : 2 : 2 2 : : 2 2 : : 2 2 : : 2 2 = 0 = 0 : 6224:0 2:.> 2:.> Zjrn Zjrnw w ja jakk kknj njtd tdak ak H20 H20 (WZI ==6 ==6 bkm WZI =66* =66* bs bs ae 2444) Vasdtdak Mnsdgkbtdak 2 Mawnc pdk H20x27> 2< Kh Lnx kut H20 46 Kh Mawnc pdk H20x27> 2< Kh Lnx kut H20 =: Kh 0 : Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw ]dgltnkdkg tarqun 266 Kh H20x22> = Jycdkmrdjbc sjrnw H20x226 =: Kh * nxjnptdak? –WZI KHU‘ vnrsdak 2:-5 WZI =66/==6 2= Vrnssurns bkm hnbsurdkg padkts Vrnssu Vrns surrns bk bkm m hn hnbs bsur urdk dkg g pa padk dkts ts WZI =66 bkm WZI ==6 VUP 2=.2 Pntbrmnr VPB Pntbrmnr prntnksdak prnssurn VUP Hnbsurdkg padkt? tnhpnrbturn snksar bt rntbrmnr autput WZI =66 0.6 `br `br ² 6.> / 566 566 rph WZI ==6 0.6 `br `br ² 6.> / 566 566 rph Pntbrmnr autcnt autcnt prnssurn prnssurn VPB Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? VPB - pdpn jakknjtdak WZI =66 hbx. =.> =.> `br `br ² 6.> WZI ==6 hbx. hb x. =. =.> > `br `br ² 6. 6.> > 62:=74 2=.0 2= .0 Ca Caji ji-u -up p jcu jcutj tjl l Caji-up jcutjl jcasdkg prnssurn prnssurn VWI Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? VWI <.> `br ² 6.> WZI =66 26.> 26. > `br ² 6.> WZI ==6 Jakvnrtnr `bji prnssurn VWB Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? VWB WZI =66 :.7 ta =.: `br WZI ==6 >.> ta 5.6 `br VWB VWI 664>27 2=.: 2= .: KH KHU U (akc (akcy y dk WZ WZI I =66) =66) Cu`rdjbtdkg prnssurn (2) Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? Vcu`r. WZI =66 6.6> ta 6.0> `br / 2>66 rph (2) Vcu`r. Zldet prnssurn (0) Hnbsurdkg Hnbsur dkg padkt? Vsldet WZI =66 26 ta 22 `br / 2>66 rph (0) Vsldet 664>2= 2=-2 Betnr-Zbcns -Zbcns Znrvdjn eukjtdak tnst Betnr WZI systnh Vratajac ear tnst prajnmurn Hbdk pbrts cdst? =2:6 . . . . . . . . ........ Mbtn? Vramujt ka.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jakvnrtnr ka.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dk <k66 2. Adc ]nstedccdkg? adc? Pnkacdk HP 26 _ / Zlncc Z 704= ]nstnr? Jakvnrtnr Jakv nrtnr mnsdgkbtdak E + Z? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k6aut WB KaVhdkb(`br) c :. 4 - =. : Edcc uktdc avnrecaw hakdtardkg sjrnw Bjtubc? . . . . . . 0. ]rbkshdssdak eukjtdak? t 8 bpprax. =6 ¶J Zldetdkg bkm sykjlrakdzdkg dk bjjarmbkjn wdtl tnst dkstrujtdaks dkstr ujtdaks 2R=4 2>6 6>6, 6>:, 65: bkm >=7 :. Znksar sdgkbcs? kdk? 2>66 rph, t 8 bpprax. =6 ¶J Nkgdkn? . . . . . . . UZZ Kuh`nr ae tnntl ae ta taat atln lnmm wbs bsln lnr? r? . . . . . . . . tnn tnntl tl ]ur`dkn? . . . . . . . UZZ (hdk. 0 UZZ) =. Vrnssurn bkm adc tlraugl-ecaw hnbsurnhnkt? t 8 <6 ¶J ^kdt kdk r ph VWB (`br) VWI (`br) Vcu`r. (`br) ‚ WZI WZI ‚ 566 2 >66 ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ KHU Vsldet (`br) Vcu`r. (`br) 26² 26 ² 6.> 6. 6.2>² 2>² 6. 6.22 RI 2/hdk kahdkbc hdk. 26 hdk. => bjtubc >. Jakv Jakvnrtnr nrtnr tnst ? t 8 <6 ¶J kdk? . . . . . . . rph kaut? 6 rph ]dk? . . . . . . . . . . . . Kh 5. WI tnst (edccdkg tdhn hnbsurnhnkt)? t 8 <6 ¶J Kahdkbc? 2.6 ‚ :.> snj. Bjtubc? . . . . . . . Zni. 7. Jabstdkg ernn-wlnnc tnst? Edkmdkgs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <. Pntbrmnr tnst? t 8 <6 ¶J kdk? 566 rph VPnt.? bjtubc? . . . . . . . . . . . . `br VUP? ka kahdkbc 8 0.6 ²6 ² 6.0 `br kaut ? ka kahd hdkb kbc? c? 2 >6 >666 rp rph h VUP? bj bjtu tubc bc 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . `b `brr ]aut ? bjt bjtubc ubc?? . . . . . . . . . . . . Kh 4. Cnbi tnst? tnst dkstrujtdaks bs ear dtnh 0 t 8 <6 ‚ 266 266¶J ¶J Edkmdkgs? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jcnbk adc sdnvn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. Hdsjnccbknaus? Zystnh prnssurns kahdkbc? WZI =66 WZI ==6 VWB 8 :.7 ‚ =.: `br >.> ‚ 5.6 `br VWI 8 <.6 <.6 ‚ 4.6 4.6 `b `brr 26 26.6 .6 ‚ 22. 22.66 `br `br HIZ-DR ]nst rdg ka.? HIZ-DR, 6:/42 / Wnsnknr (cntztn Íkmnrukg? 4<-67-07) =2:6 7>= 26=b

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