COMPANY LAW general - run no freedom thiid : forms of companies no - - Niles of Moist → Company be able to reily Contract low erga external inter effect omnes ( Company relations) ↳ natura pnonsllegalertiti → tuo or partes protection of third parties effect "" Pt : more except / cooperative ↳ ?!!!!!partner!! only natura " ' " → low partnership of individual, Association - - company ( internal relations) tuto partie lo 530 the on b b. : limitatiai Content - form involved parties allowed - limited → min 7 . Llc / Ltd → con be orgone . µ» contract nad - ↳ bound - ↳ ↳ joint relationship Political by Mutual pur pose business nust be contract entered bind the ↳ cannot be ↳ termination , dipper, pony ↳ private communities of interest (community of heirs to affectio Societatis founders joint propose agree ↳ contributi towards goal y within scope of ↳ purpose of profit/losses sharing the do not → : a a beyond company Illegal/ has consent religious communities common purpose inMoral to be considered if purpose is Rachel /connette reached anymore , . . ) . Types partnership ↳ - Corporate entities : Simple partnership - of companies partnership general ↳ co -502 ↳ co - commercio focus pur - partnership limited by the on liability " b. nudi limited : Company lassard for CO 594 ↳ cc 60 b. limited partnership - Capital companies association cooperative ↳ 828 0530 founders contralto the partners - , Shores Company limited by Shores b. focus heavy Communities of low Members in ↳ ↳ joint ' governing no or co - Corporate Owner of Ship is the entities the sole corrier assets liability Ciotole , no personal ( generalG bodies fixed ↳ Company of the assets tie with Members ↳ decisions → Carriers personalG strong ↳ no are apitod - ↳ on requie - → iegnlded entry mariage capital and ↳ indipendent of its Consent of all Members all Members stoted /exit reprlsent ↳ ↳ t the competition of Members decisions seguire Simple majority rquiasgovanigbod.es Capital companies stated capital requie fixed Legal personality ↳ for Necessary ↳ legal non - pur pose → → → ↳ ↳ business annual ↳ higher operate ideal commerciare a a - stand alone purpose suStained Supposed are cc 60 purpose if Commercial business commerciare a followed if → to posa gir . Fifa dividendi activity manibus operate it doesn't no , register an 1 doesn't it business commercial the per focused commercial business milted on earring s indipendent activity lelasts gally for sama ↳ : 's have have Commercial Company Operations economie ad vantage can can is the → Commercial pur pose ↳ associations ↳ cntities legal personality → Commercial ↳ corporate . acquired upon entry in as } → legal capacity personality ↳ capacity to act (( 54 lo 52 ↳ cc 52 et seq time turn over at least 100 000 ' - . Commercial business must be entered Simple partnership requirements : - - - cannot legally operate entry in have have a a the commercial in a commercial business commercial Company special register name boonee ping register → - co 934 ? ( (0931) it becomes general potrei a Commercial register function 41 register procedure slide tion to 6931 para 1 oblige regi s ter ↳ commercial business - - s : - - • canne di • . ↳ Hare stile is → → → public faith - if co - : negative effect . - Freedom to public ↳ co 936 ? para 931 para is . 2 asswmad - co to 936 b co 936 b , para the aaaa , . pare 1 entry . 2 Sanctions to choose the company name clarity exclusivity proibiti on ↳ sole legal co 956 → of more and en tities mandatory accounting possible damages description accounting proprieta strips - and partnership financial reporting with È!!!! II. → income more . 1 enforcement of low certoin requirements Mast de eniered the truth apresent → : 940 cc 3 Fraud preuension want you open ↳ co 930 ↳ Miti" effect erogare co 950 Commercial ↳ enter → Name > to function / publicity → right a → function y o → publicity function thou 500000 statement annua ananas 6957 et 8cg in revenue . Annual report prepared → CO 958 ↳ Companies ↳ they that Commercial ↳ Mast ↳ the the chan details per form to long as be entered as in all they fall commercial of the power ↳ limits for agency 0958J yeas need ordinare an audit 6961 typeswith of theloyal factsof business of → procurati but anti joint on it do remain it 's the of name business - the co 459 , para . register the is a authority can the in purpose in innovable Selling ☐ ↳ ho co 727 of sama membri of the board of directors except financial gear of 3 requirements more end after agenais ↳ authorization principal pare , . mustbe rekaiaed for discese Mast within 6 Months branch co 460 renewed - of thisd co a → - co . general LLC a co 459 para anytime effective for published → of are number or propri dg specific - the as , para . 460 posa 1 465 para partner . 2 . 2 co parties 461 - . 1 bona Fide para . 1 , 1 ↳ an employee be con Commercial a agency SIMPLE PARTNERSHIP ↳ fall back company type ↳ 6530 paia 2 Llcs Ldts , Commercial → Community of low : - - ↳ MEMBERS : • • • ASSETS : • reed to go • Companies legal cooperative anti they partner . in the are partners - cannot sue or be sued sue bg actigtogcther without legal personality entities belang joint by to hip canta / ↳ cannot run becomes • legal personality of general and limited gainst single partners must the partners corporate provisions a a Communi ty of has co 544 shared share Commercial business Owners Owners : applied are each partner indipendente → general partnership enti ties that are → Community of joint a : 1 natural persons Owners BUSINESS . CO 530 register to act capacity no , para legal personality without ↳ withat internal relations ↳ ↳ . → associations - 462 co - partners if it des it ipso have iure G) (automatico Simple partnership INTERNAL RELATIONS CO 531 et seq ↳ partners ↳ rights sama of lo 543 . di sore management with EXTERNAL RELATIONS ↳ , goal to pong ↳ et seq representation . to third parties protect thisd parties outing in goad faith representation INTERNAL - partners per tinent ↳ - egual ↳ - - - co 531 → pur pose profits Shor co 535 all partners each para / losses have can CO 533 → any profit outcome 3 . - consensus individual have 1 co non - management → co co 535 → the of care of loyalty possible is right - on para → . 533 para ordinaria transactions authority within but information 535 - para . 1 co 541 co 538 and to not compete → scope of business also 2 co ? 534 act withut inurbamentoFathers / exclusion stile have duty by consensus for compulsorg partner con to Object on duty . 535 para right delegati ↳ - the to of labor contribution ↳ co - contribuite resolutions taken ↳ - must co 536 has the EXTERNAL RELATIONS - outing the in name ↳ transitions - assumption ↳ O 543 ↳ co 535 liability business scope → co 535 partners para . 3 co 543 - : - - - : para co - . 1 on come of external relations ( poi 544 primary - a joint - are shared of a Honey 458 Commercial agency -0462 - co 537 para . 1 -3) personal unconditionel - power ↳ co . as : birds add the business of authorization for third parties 3 para moglment power representation power li abilities - - beyond of → and several assets no excuses → third choses partner Then party made inteinally Minbar sementi are , s - tort bind doesn't partners FORMATION ↳ no obligation for commercial register agreement can , also be iwplicit DISSOLUTION - reasons : co 545 LIQUIDATI 0N ↳ carried ↳ after out ( possible withut jointby liquidation , : first debts partnership is nell ) as , pensa e✗ , terminata capital Contributions , profit SILENT PARTNERSHIP ↳ Simple partnership ↳ onlyone ↳ Silent main that doesn't nient to be partner GENERAL PARTNERSHIP ↳ 2 natural nuit be ↳ → in partnership the Commercial operate low of exeptions : → - - - - rules : ① ④ Mandatory register can limiti y their a - co quire duty not to assets , no lidbilities damages - persons → anti it co legal entity , sue be sued or 567 , para . - co 562 3 exist rules compete . naturel Simple partnership a previsioni ⑦ partnership agreement ③ Simple partnership et sea 553 rights and diable for tort Company 552 ! liability only It' s , INTERNAL RELATIONS - relations register legal personality no co → commercial business a commercial the Community - in it it doesn't is without persons join ↳ Commercial external in Giobbe not partner visible is Known co 561 non - mandatory provi sions - general partnership nust interSt pay Capital partners on → co 558 para -2 EXTERNAL RELATIONS any party - ↳ - company apre unless stoted , partner G and several TERMINATI ON sama and ↳ as as Solvang in are general general is liable rally in and partners ↳ Mast be , in af assets → co 568 paio 0568 . 1 para 3 . liquidotion bankiupcy but at least must enfin casa Simple partnership limited a 555 their with LIMITED PARTNERSHIP ↳ sama register liabilities diable / without with reasons except diable for be perso con co commercial in purpose primary partners jointby ↳ sent to ↳ assets Company - autority CO 563 Witkin - has partner bible be rdural commercial per 545 571 co - co - on e co → 594 partner G on "s register up is a to a } general partner specific co 594 amount para . 2 Headed is ↳ it ↳ Kable as has or capacity to partners exterternal to extent Save 602 co act for tort committed limited • legal entity a by partner 6003 a have Internal no power of representation power of management - co 535 , co 600 INTERNAL RELATIONS o Capital • limited partners the ↳ • commercial they can without ↳ co doesn't contribution lidble are register → onlg s , the 601 egual for the → 594 co amamt enlered into 608 co be liabbe without agreement de to have limit → sharing of profits is co 605 determina 606 , by a Court EXTERNAL RELATIONS ↳ represented ↳ limited to by general portner bona fide is partners fiddle for as third - a co 603 generalco partner parties → 605 in correspondance CORPORATE COMPANY LIMITED lo 620 • Ltd - is . Company a ENTIMES (Ltd ) BY SHARES with : - - own nome determinied ↳ no • focus on protection - • capital provi Sims ↳ ↳ of the of on 100k . Contributions rights - equity are determina calculator of 50k 20% in kird divided in ' . andy personal liability by signor of share aohders contributions : correct or capital specific ( Shores ) ( min 100 000 Chf ) liabilities poyable from company 's assets pre - amants - 6620 d- seq . must be equity paid 634 / co 628 in → → lo 632 must be audited by a third party . ↳ - ↳ scrip tion rights sub Capital → auditor, ↳ → Secure shorhdders com't ↳ CO 678 no more Capital ↳ and 728 / 729 equity → co our Shores Capital share 680, para 2 → . and reserves → purchase co 732 -735 725 far - Coco 75 parer : → • • co public para 1 . notice creditori within board 659 nay be cimbursed 2 nxouths » pro liability of co /e from disposable profits thou 10% ng by general meetiindebitare liability ↳ → 727 b return of dispropatinate benefits the ↳ risvi • loss co → Maloin contributions org paid Mattutine of • existence of shorehdders) ( protection of creditori) e \ independence ↳ dividendi → qualificati ons to provi Sims • co 652 report increase ( protection co 652 b visione of board of directors for breach of dnties fa shareholders creditori → co 754 / 755 FORMATION CO 625 co 626 Ltd . at least → only comes perso a articles of association requirements - natural are to life when : - - - - - Shore Capital La reductio n L Increase fixed is in articles of governing bodie entry the commercial in valid are deed 629 appoinled are share sub radha by public articles of association register scriptum → - co co 643 630 associations ordinar increase / 0k0g ↳ ° with ORGANIZATION : principal directors : agent it , increase Nether increase to (co 650) : ( co 651) or : share hdders mastra decida - the the amount board decide not Increase ( (0653) Conti n gent nominal value of capital con all → general meeting authorized peopla board of declare d CO 732 co ggo shaiehdders formation is sub Scribe to : - general meeting decide cartain oncy Shores increase new , , tier model Ohe [ III. + " Shore hdders twotier meeting prends Board of directors ( management and monitoring } "di" function ) ↳ CEO is "" shoilholdeis Keats II meeting board supervisore (Monitoring function ) g { management optional 8" too Chairman { ÌFÌ?Ò presaibed model lwonagement , board ] , ma report to function) he body Principle parity of has irrevocabile : and each non - governing transitabile function GENERAL ↳ • MEETING shareholders that co 698 dseq togaetler decide . in meetings Supreme governing body CONVOCATI ON ↳ ↳ 699,700,701 CO eoay yaoi possibility ↳ convocati on ↳ assemblea for no by ↳ shoveholders ↳ agenda place extraordinary meetings lato thou 20 the board reparenting nust be set an item in or befane external auditor least to % of whale at adware dags , stakeholders with share 1- Mart in capital share an conviene capital car DECISION ↳ no MAKINO attendano requirements ↳ resolutions pass ↳ ↳ ↳ resolutions Important Voting rights sane shows in • • OF Levay gear ↳ Chairman ↳ - • • • • of shaehddeis → 0703 co 704 total nomino value of owned to Vote on accounts capital Shores it has up co 698 paia . 2 auditor diuideuds co 707 et meetings by majority management of → of cast inalienabile co , dissolution seq . 715 vales Anti es - - Company 's determination of company Organization → co co 79 713 716 accounting , a financial control of Managers + Supervision of Managers notification in casa of over indebtness at annual report and dis Missed 0692 1:10) → co 693 Max to be related must set , , → association increase / reduction DIRECTORS appointment compilation majority → privileged voting rights ( approva transferable Overall on of → elect and discharge Members of the board of directors and ↳ resolutions made non a determina articles of • • BOARD proporti powers ↳ majority of presented voting rights requie 213 have can inali able • the absolute by • delegati↳ • possible on if accordano with articles of association in accorded with share ↳ to holden - co third ↳ to individual MANAGEMENT PART representation ↳ every duties ↳ of loyalty Carl : thisat to company parties the best intent of do the best to Identity → a serve duTies reviewed rula : TI ES founders ' 753 liability liability the et sera 0753 755 a good faith ' co intere st interest - standard of car objedivdy directors of in co 's themselves role auditors 71s persone that • co company company conflict of avoid reasonable diligence judjment and of execution of • - authoring act in ↳ : LI ABILI board CO 717 → Business parties Members number has ↳ ↳ 716 b in . corporation and decision CH ? is in the in act informati honest belief favor of company , Directors and • for Breach Officers of dnties needed elements for • • • claim a breach of fault : 717 duty duty negligently / intentionally : donnager of co : . difference : Leading • 754 co → shaehdders and the Company to diable are Consol link value of in to it : → injurd party : b Naturae free unlow consul link out cause of direct \ is a the , danno indirect nuit with assets .ge , and car loyalty assets of occwedindird.ly injucd party to the sharehddo demons trote I. adeguate : consol link the considered necessary to doing to encovrge the conse itself ( ex • share holds in the name • creditori Claims Company ↳ co ↳ joint → 757 and several . board Members new of Company - for indie d- damages liability - co 759 co : was appropriate the outcome natural Causse SUNG RIGHTS • the action s without or of according & ° events againstaldaues) 756 / direct damages ouly in case ofbemrvupg SHANE HOLDEN • Antici : contributi to shaehohders agreement mog eg • the shore price - 680 co include duties rat of association • rights • financial rights : right • to ↳ proposti • porticipotion right : 0660 rights of co 652 b entitluuent to rights right692to 693vole information right rights • ↳ ↳ ↳ ↳ Principle of objectivity principle chosen co 706 egual treatment of Principle of gente Mast be : . exeraiing of to CO 660 on in on • • ponds posticipati right general meeting • ↳ : comes liquidati of Shoe a to : rights co 697 a file claims resolutions a ( limitations 706 : votes distribution 6697 rights a claim dissolution lo to istigate special audit to poi a. 2 6694 exception , protection 1 . on ↳ • pera issued Shores Hat on partecipati his • dividendo subscritti on • the articles presenti a para 2 the . option challenge (a) 6736 nust be justified) } that • • treats with more consideration SHAMES • beater Shores made : ↳ issued unnamed dover to out Orly after full ↳ transfer requin nominal payment co 683 - voilid base transaction and a disposition of right Execution ed Shores regista • : Owners ↳ • are transfer abilitg Non lisled listed • entered Shore register registereo Shores ↳ • 727 exinine Nether ordina iy etseq Annual audit : • • • limited audit for all 6844 co rifuse transferdbility for → Shores limited restii d- ion → a volidreason 685 b ↳ co ↳ too maug ↳ Shores AUDITORS → be restricted con rgisleoed the in : Shores bought co 685 d bought without starting identity . accounts company encoding by with statua tory comp listad star . 20 MLN ↳ 40 MLN ↳ 250 full balance sale - and articles of exchange two threshold in ↳ previsione tw o successive yeais sheet revenue employee altar companies , wirless neque steal by sharetedders association ↳ duty of examination ↳ inde ↳ + parce of lo 728 auditor para possibility → decidere by decided by liquidati on GROUP ↳ • • • → reasonable co 728 assessment of + obiettive financial reporting basis requirements for Independence 2 optiy out - co 727 ? LIQUIDAnon shaehdders a judge protasi ↳ net assets ↳ after . of DISSOLUTION / → lo 958 : based - ↳ dissolution ↳ bankrupcy protection of as 10% on provided by creditos distributed to shoulders completi on , deletioa from shaehdders co low quest re - ieegdity 742 co 745 commercial register OF COMPANIES not pursuit transfer specifica of interest of profits Holding May Swiss in in to a low group of Companies parent company be considered as → → no conflict co 717 in Swiss tax es factual governing body co 754 LIMITED LIABILITY ↳ • • cio» between self - of exclusion general partnership and of Members governance COMPANY ( CIC) seg . co 809 - possible Members is Ltd 6 772 et → co 823 FORMATION ↳ at ↳ ↳ least are members ( 0772 Articles of association entry in commercial → co 776 register 779 → CAPITAL PROTECTION ↳ at least 20k CO 773 ↳ full ↳ dividendi tamen must be issue ↳ co 957 provi sims MEETING Of → no paid ouly on MEMBERS two tier - and in - type revoir formation from commercial can MANAGEMENT - co 782 co 777 Street and Balance accounting De less and - financial AUDITORE reserves - co 798 reporting . MEETING ↳ OF MEMBERS body suprema ↳ inalienabile powers → 804 co : determination e remunerativi of governing bodie • voting rights by capital contribution assignment capital contribution pulsioni of mernber approved • ↳ + e✗ - a co 800 MANAGEMENT ↳ non - trans farebbe CO 809 → self dati es as governance - a : • • ↳ due ↳ • • • care and loyalty be removcd moy duty of Members loyalty and May Members not - non have to - personality - competition pay more liebbe . co 801 everg manager has power Hearted joint by rights 812 co meeting by Ltd , - co 815 → co 803,812 co 795 Oney para . 2 Company 's assets lights : • • ° liability : AUDITORS financial posticipati * "" " co 818 TMB Ltd as Ltd : . CO 828 d- ↳ foundad for peopla ↳ Collective to - rights on sama COOPERATIVE rights - - co co . co co 805 qq.gg 827 } 798,826 - co seme 754 previsione apply seg . hdp themselves - initioe purpose isn'tprofit self-help → Unlimited number of persons / lo 839 : Open dear principle commercial enterprises •s Ltd . FORMATION ↳ at least 7 Members ↳ CO 830 → - co requirements : 831 articles of association - con - CO 832 → requirements commercial register - by 838 co of association articles approved assembly sti tuent : nome - ObjectIves - - - obligatiousbodies governing of administration and auditing ORGANIZATION • a • general assembly directors auditor s ↳ defend - → on 3 → all Members , cone mai ona vota persons proviSims of Ltd . Commercial business MEMBERSHIP 6840 liability to the → accessi on or requin liability directors decide nast on written declaration de daland acceptance of in - the new potential personal declaration Members RIGHTS ↳ egual • • • • voting rights disclosure of obligatias and - co 854 balance sheet release of Information profit distribution → co 859 DUTIES lo 866 in good lo 868 718 a) 585 ) Safeguard the inter est of the cooperative fait cooperative is hehd l'ebbe exclusiuerly loyalty and + 671 ( +672)