 What was that weird light in the sky over California?
 Did you see that ethereal bright white cloud stream across
the skies just after sunset on Friday night?
 It was a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched at Vandenberg
Air Force Base about 150 miles north of Los Angeles in
Lompoc at 5:27 p.m.
 The Hawthorne-based rocket maker launched ten Iridium
NEXT communications satellites for low-Earth orbit.
Conditions were so clear that the light traveled far and
wide, perplexing commuters and others who glimpsed the
ghost-like sight. Cars pulled over on freeways so drivers
could take pictures.
 This is a list of the brightest naked eye stars to
+2.50 magnitude, as determined by their maximum,
total or combined apparent visual magnitudes as seen
from Earth. Although several of the brightest stars are
also known close binary or multiple star systems, they
do appear to the naked eye as single stars. The given
list below combines/adds the magnitudes of bright
individual components. The sun is the brightest stars
in the world.
 Satellite details
 The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet
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Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite.
Distance to Earth: 384,400 km
Radius: 1,737 km
Gravity: 1.622 m/s²
Orbital period: 27 days
Polar radius: 1736.0 km (0.273 of Earth's)
Axial tilt: 1.5424° to ecliptic; 6.687° to orbit plane
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The First Person on the Moon
16.01.08
Astronaut Neil Armstrong, flew on the Apollo 11 mission. Image Credit: NASA
Apollo 11 blasted off on July 16, 1969. Neil Armstrong, Buzz and Michael Collins were the astronauts on Apollo 11.
Four days later, Armstrong and buzz landed on the moon. They landed on the moon in the Lunar Module. It was called
the Eagle. Collins stayed in orbit around the moon. He did experiments and took pictures.

The sign the astronauts left on the moon says, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon July 1969,
A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." Image Credit: NASA
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to step on the moon. He and buzz walked around for three
hours. They did experiments. They picked up bits of moon dirt and rocks.
They put a U.S. flag on the moon. They also left a sign on the moon.
The two astronauts returned to orbit, joining Collins. On July 24, 1969, all three astronauts came back to Earth safely.
President Kennedy's wish came true. It took less than 10 years. Humans had walked on the moon.
 A solar eclipse is a type of eclipse that occurs when the
Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and when
the Moon fully or partially blocks ("occults") the Sun.
This can happen only at new moon when the Sun and
the Moon are in conjunction as seen from Earth in an
alignment referred to as syzygy. A solar eclipse is a type
of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between
the Sun and Earth, and when the Moon fully or
partially blocks the Sun.
EARLY
STUDIES
OF SOLAR
SYSTEM
 Greek astronomy is astronomy written in the Greek
language in classical antiquity. Greek astronomy is
understood to include the ancient Greek, Hellenistic,
Greco-Roman, and Late Antiquity eras. It is not limited
geographically to Greece or to ethnic Greeks, as the Greek
language had become the language of scholarship
throughout the Hellenistic world following the conquests
of Alexander. This phase of Greek astronomy is also known
as Hellenistic astronomy, while the pre-Hellenistic phase
is known as Classical Greek astronomy. During the
Hellenistic and Roman periods, much of the Greek and
non-Greek astronomers working in the Greek tradition
studied at the Musaeum and the Library of Alexandria in
Ptolemaic Egypt.
 tycho Brahe born 14 December 1546 – 24 October
1601) was a Danish nobleman, astronomer, and writer
known for his accurate and
comprehensive astronomical and
planetary observations. He was born in the then Well
known in his lifetime as
an astronomer, astrologerand alchemist, he has been
 described as "the first competent mind in modern
astronomy to feel ardently the passion for
exact empirical facts."[1]His observations were some
five times more accurate than the best available
observations at the time.
 William Gilbert
 Born:24 May 1544England
 Died:30 November 1603(1603-11-30) (aged 59) London,
EnglandNationalityEnglish London
STUDIN:St John's College, Cambridge
 Known forStudies of magnetism also known as Gilberd,
was an English physician, physicist and natural
philosopher. He passionately rejected both the prevailing
Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of
university teaching. He is remembered today largely for his
book De Magnete (1600), and is credited as one of the
originators of the term "electricity". He is regarded by some
as the father of electrical engineering or electricity and
magnetism.[1]
 Sir Isaac Newton] 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27
was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian and
physicist (described in his own day as a "natural
philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most
influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the
scientific revolution. Newton's Principia formulated the
laws of motion and universal gravitation that dominated
scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three
centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion
from his mathematical description of gravity, and using the
same principles to account for the trajectories of comets,
the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other
phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the
validity of the heliocentric model of the Solar System
 The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It
is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma,[14][15] with
internal convective motion that generates a magnetic
field via a dynamo process.[16] It is by far the most
important source of energy for life on Earth. Its
diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers, i.e. 109 times
that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that
of Earth, accounting for about 99.86% of the total
mass of the Solar System. About three quarters of the
Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is
mostly helium (~25%).OTHER (2%)
 Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it
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every 224.7 Earth days. It has the longest rotation
period of any planet in the Solar System and rotates in
the opposite direction to most other planets. It has no
natural satellites.
Distance from Sun: 108.2 million km
Radius: 6,052 km
Orbital period: 225 days
Length of day: 116d 18h 0m
 Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only object
in the Universe known to harbor life. According to
radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth
formed over 4 billion years ago.[24][25][26] Earth's gravity
interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and
the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves
around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth
year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about
366.26 times.[n 5]
 Earth's axis of rotation is tilted, producing seasonal
variations on the planet's surface.[27] The gravitational
interaction between the Earth and Moon causes ocean
tides, stabilizes the Earth's orientation on its axis, and
gradually slows its rotation
 Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the
second-smallest planet in the Solar
System after Mercury. In English, Mars carries a name
of the Roman god of war, and is often referred to as the
"Red Planet"[14][15] because the reddish iron
oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish
appearance that is distinctive among the astronomical
bodies visible to the naked eye.[16]Mars is a terrestrial
planet with a thin atmosphere.
 Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sunand
the largest in the Solar System. It is a giant planet with
a mass one-thousandth that of the Sun, but two-anda-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar
System combined. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants;
the other two giant
planets, Uranus and Neptune are ice giants. Jupiter has
been known to astronomers since
antiquity.[13] The Romans named it after their god
Jupiter.
 Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sunand the
second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter. It is
a gas giantwith an average radius about nine times that
of Earth.[10][11] It has only one-eighth the average
density of Earth, but with its larger volume Saturn is
over 95 times more massive.[12][13][14] Saturn is named
after the Roman god of agriculture; its astronomical
symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle.
 Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It has the
third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary
mass in the Solar System. Uranus is similar in composition
to Neptune, and both have different bulk chemical
composition from that of the larger gas
giants Jupiter and Saturn. For this reason, scientists often
classify Uranus and Neptune as "ice giants" to distinguish
them from the gas giants. Uranus's atmosphere is similar to
Jupiter's and Saturn's in its primary composition
of hydrogen and helium, but it contains more "ices" such as
water, ammonia, and methane, along with traces of
other hydrocarbons.[12] It is the coldest planetary
atmosphere in the Solar System, with a minimum
temperature of 49 K (−224 °C; −371 °F),
 Wilhelm Herschel; 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822)
was a British astronomer and composer of German
and Czech-Jewish origin, and brother of fellow
astronomer Caroline Herschel, with whom he worked.
Born in the Electorate of Hanover, Herschel followed
his father into the Military Band of Hanover, before
migrating to Great Britain in 1757 at the age of
nineteen.
 Herschel constructed his first large telescope in 1774,
after which he spent nine years carrying out sky
surveys to investigate double stars

 Caroline Herschel (16 March 1750 – 9 January 1848) was a
German astronomer, whose most significant contributions
to astronomy were the discoveries of several comets,
including the periodic comet HerschelRigollet, which bears
her name.[1] She was the younger sister of
astronomer William Herschel, with whom she worked
throughout her career.
 She was the first woman to be awarded a Gold Medal of the
Royal Astronomical Society (1828), and to be named an
Honorary Member of the Royal Astronomical Society (1835,
with Mary Somerville). She was also named an honorary
member of the Royal Irish Academy (1838).
 Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from
the Sun in the Solar System. In the Solar System, it is
the fourth-largest planet by diameter, the third-mostmassive planet, and the densest giant planet. Neptune
is 17 times the mass of Earth and is slightly more
massive than its near-twin Uranus, which is 15 times
the mass of Earth and slightly larger than
Neptune.[d] Neptune orbits the Sun once every
164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical
units (4.50×109 km). It is named after the Roman god
of the sea and has the astronomical symbol ♆, a
stylized version of the god Neptune's trident.
FOUNDERS
OF NEPTUN
Urbain Le
Verrier
Johann
Gottfried Galle
 Urbain Jean Verrier (French: 11 March 1811 – 23
September 1877) was a French mathematician who
specialized in celestial mechanics and is best known
for predicting the existence and position of Neptune
using only mathematics. The calculations were made
to explain discrepancies with Uranus's orbit and the
laws of Newton. Le Verrier's most famous achievement
is his prediction of the existence of the then unknown
planet Neptune, using only mathematics and
astronomical observations of the known planet
Uranus.
 Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 – 10 July 1910)
was a German astronomer from Radis, Germany, at the
Berlin Observatory who, on 23 September 1846, with
the assistance of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was
the first person to view the planet Neptune and know
what he was looking at. Urbain Le Verrier had
predicted the existence and position of Neptune, and
sent the coordinates to Galle, asking him to verify.
Galle found Neptune in the same night he received Le
Verrier's letter, within 1° of the predicted position
THE
END