Overall goals for this course
Understand and appreciate
organizational level theories理
解和欣赏组织层面的理论
King’s University College 4470 (Eberhard)
Apply these theories to
organizations, events & situations
将这些理论应用于组织，事件和
情况
Seminar leadership and individual work
 Develop knowledge and skills to be
thoughtful participants in workplace
and wider community
研讨会领导和个人工作  发展知识
和技能，成为工作场所和更广泛社区
的深思熟虑的参与者
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Organizations and
Organization Theory
CHAPTER 1
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What is an organization?
Common characteristics共同特征
• Social entities社会实体
• Goal directed目标导向
• Designed as deliberately structured and
coordinated activities设计为精心组织和协调的活
动
• Linked to the external environment与外部环境相
连
Describe what each of these characteristics
mean and why it’s important to understand
each, in your own words.用你自己的话描
述这些特征中的每一个的含义，以及为
什么理解每个特征很重要。
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Organizations are diverse组织是多样化的
•
•
•
•
Size大小
Profit / not-for-profit营利/非营利
Products / services产品/服务
Life cycle生命周期
Name some organizations that come to mind to
underscore the variation we might find. Why are these
differences important to understand?列举一些想到的组
织，以强调我们可能发现的变化。为什么了解这些差
异很重要？
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但是，非营利组织不需要为了公共利益而运营。非营利
组织可以简单地为其成员的目标服务。一个很好的例子
是体育俱乐部；俱乐部的目的是为了会员的享受而存在。
However, not-for-profits are not required to operate for
the benefit of the public good. A not-for-profit can simply
serve the goals of its members. A good example is a
sports club; the purpose of the club is to exist for its
members’ enjoyment.
A for-profit organization is one that operates with the goal of
making money. Most businesses are for-profits that serve
their customers by selling a product or service. The business
owner earns an income from the for-profit and may also pay
shareholders and investors from the profits.营利性组织是以
赚钱为目标的组织。大多数企业都是营利性的，通过销售产
品或服务来为客户服务。企业主从营利性机构中赚取收入，
也可以从利润中支付给股东和投资者。
•Nonprofits are formed explicitly to benefit the
public good; not-for-profits exist to fulfill an owner’s
organizational objectives.
•非营利组织的成立是为了明确地有利于公共利益；
非营利组织的存在是为了实现所有者的组织目标。
•Nonprofits can have a separate legal entity; notfor-profits cannot have a separate legal entity.
•非营利组织可以有一个独立的法律实体；非营利组
织不能有一个独立的法律实体。
•Nonprofits run like a business and try to earn a
profit, which does not support any single member;
not-for-profits are considered “recreational
organizations” that do not operate with the
business goal of earning revenue.非营利组织像企
业一样运行，并试图赚取利润，这不支持任何一个
成员；非营利组织被认为是 "娱乐组织"，不以赚取
收入为商业目标而运作。
•Nonprofits may have employees who are paid, but
their paychecks do not come through fundraising;
not-for-profits are run by volunteers.非营利组织可
能有雇员，他们有工资，但他们的工资不来自于筹
款；非营利组织是由志愿者经营的。
For consideration….
Organizations exist to accomplish all these tasks. Do they always
succeed? Why or why not? What hints can you find in this figure?组织
的存在是为了完成所有这些任务。他们总是成功吗？为什么或为什
么不呢？你能在这个图中找到什么提示？
Why should you care about
organizations & org theory?
Organizational theories help you study an
organization, its corporate designs, structures and
behavior of individuals or groups. They aim to
provide an overview of how organizations function
and the things they need to improve efficiency and
profitability.
组织理论帮助你研究一个组织、其企业设计、结
构和个人或团体的行为。它们的目的是提供一个
关于组织如何运作以及他们需要提高效率和盈利
能力的东西的概述。
..
Ex 1.3 Importance of Organizations
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Whose
perspective
counts?
Why do we need to understand all of
the relevant stakeholders’ opinions
and needs?为什么我们需要了解所有
相关利益相关者的意见和需求？
Who are the relevant stakeholders for
a university such as King’s?谁是像国王
学院这样的大学的相关利益相关者？
Next week we’ll use the London Police
Service to discuss the impact of the
environment, strategy, and measuring
performance.下周我们将使用伦敦警
察局来讨论环境、战略和衡量绩效
的影响。
Who are the various stakeholders of
concern to a police service?警察部门
关注的各种利益相关者是谁？
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Why do we need to understand all of the relevant stakeholders’ opinions and needs? Specifically,
stakeholder engagement can help: Empower people – Get stakeholders involved in the decision-making
process. Create sustainable change – Engaged stakeholders help inform decisions and provide the
support you need for long-term sustainability.具体来说，利益相关者参与可以帮助。赋予人们权
力 - 让利益相关者参与到决策过程中。创造可持续的变化--参与其中的利益相关者有助于为
决策提供信息，并为你的长期可持续性提供所需的支持。
Who are the relevant stakeholders for a university such as King’s?
Students, alumni, staff, community groups, industry and professions as well as governments are all
stakeholders in higher education.学生、校友、员工、社区团体、工业和专业以及政府都是高等
教育的利益相关者
Next week we’ll use the London Police Service to discuss the impact of the environment, strategy, and
measuring performance.下周我们将使用伦敦警察局来讨论环境、战略和衡量绩效的影响。
Who are the various stakeholders of concern to a police service?警察部门关注的各种利益相关者是
谁？
police officers
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Various theoretical views
of organizations组织的各
种理论观点
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A structural perspective of organizations组织的结构视角
Which ‘structural part(s)’ could
the organization live without the
longest? Why?没有哪个“结构部
分”可以没有最长的时间？为什么
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What is the technical core of King’s? Of University Hospital? Of Ford? Of
the London Police Service? Of the organizations where you have worked?
Why is it important to understand this?
国王的技术核心是什么？大学医院？福特的？伦敦警察局？在你工作
过的组织中？
为什么理解这一点很重要？
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Open vs closed
system view开放
与封闭系统视图
• What is the difference between a
‘closed’ and ‘open’ view of
organizations?对组织的“封闭”
和“开放”视图有什么区别？
• What is meant by “contingency
theory”? “权变理论”是什么
意思？
• Which type of system do each of
these characters see as relevant?
这些角色中的每一个都认为哪
种类型的系统是相关的？
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A process view of organizations
Which ‘part(s)’ of this process schematic would NOT be present in schematic for a closed system?
封闭系统的原理图中不会出现此工艺原理图的哪些“部分”？
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Mechanistic vs organic view of organizations组织的机械与有
机观点
MECHANISTIC机械
Organization as ‘well oiled, efficient machine’组织为“润
滑良好，高效的机器”
• Efficient use of resources有效利用资源
• Vertical structures垂直结构
• Routine tasks日常任务
• Formal control systems正式控制系统
• Competitive strategy竞争战略
• Rigid culture僵化文化
ORGANIC有机
The ‘learning’ organization学习型组织
• Adaptation适应
• Horizontal structures水平结构
• Empowered roles授权角色
• Shared information共享信息
• Collaborative strategies协作战略
• Adaptive culture适应性文化
The text lists following as driving the need for the organic (learning) organization:
Globalization / Intense competition / Sustainability & ethics / Speed of response / Digital workplace / Big Data
YOUR PAPERS MIGHT CONSIDER Which challenges apply to your organization and
which type of organization it is / should be
文本列出了以下内容，以推动对有机（学习）组织的需求：
全球化 / 激烈竞争 / 可持续发展与道德 / 响应速度 / 数字化工作场所 / 大数据
您的论文可能会考虑哪些挑战适用于您的组织以及
它是/应该是哪种类型的组织
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Mechanistic vs Organic
Design
(another view)机械设
计与有机设计
（另一种观点）
5 structural comparisons
5 结构比较
Contingency factors …. Asks us to
consider, “If this is true, then what
design might is best?”
应急因素....要求我们考虑，“如果这
是真的，那么哪种设计可能是最好的？
Which type of organization would
you like to work in? Why?
您想在哪种类型的组织工作？为什么？
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4 questions that will guide our application of theory to real world examples in this
class4个问题将指导我们在本课程中将理论应用于现实世界的例子
1. What is the environment telling the organization?
(Chap 2)环境告诉组织什么？（第二章）
Environment
2. What types of goals should the organization have?
(Chap 3)组织应该有什么样的目标？（第三章）
Goals
3. What type of strategy will best allow the organization
to achieve its goals? (Chap 3)哪种类型的战略最能使组
织实现其目标？（第三章）
4. What type of organizational design (structure &
processes) will best allow the organization to
implement its strategy? (Chap 4 ….etc.)哪种类型的组织
Structures
&
Processes
Strategy
设计（结构和流程）最能使组织实施其战略？（第4章 等）
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(Eberhard)
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Definition of an organization组织的定义
Chap 1
Orgs & Org
Theory
Key learning
points
Why we care about organizational theory我们为什么关心组
织理论
Ways of seeing and thinking about orgs看待和思考组织的方式
• Closed versus open systems view; contingency theory封
闭式与开放式系统视图;权变理论
• Change from a mechanistic view of organizations to a
learning view of organizations从机械的组织观转变为学
习型组织观
• Stakeholder perspectives利益相关者的观点
Focus of our seminar
• About “fit and ongoing adaptation” among organization
goals, strategy, structures, processes, and the external
environment关于组织目标、战略、结构、流程和外部
环境之间的“适应和持续适应”
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Chambliss – The Mundanity of Excellence*尚布
利斯 – 卓越的世界*
1. What was the Chambliss paper about?钱布利斯的论文是关于什么的？
2. Why did I assign this paper in our first session?为什么我在第一节课上
布置了这篇论文？
3. How can you apply this paper to the course and your participation in it?
您如何将这篇论文应用于课程并参与其中？
*Chambliss, D. F. (1989). The Mundanity of Excellence: An Ethnographic Report on
Stratification and Olympic Swimmers. Sociological Theory, 7(1), 70-86.
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https://polygyan.medium.com/the-mundanity-of-excellence-summary-2bcc16382053
How does Chambliss define excellence?
Excellence, which Chambliss defines as consistent. superiority of performance,' is produced
through a "complex set of discrete actions" (p. 78).
Chambliss是如何定义卓越的？
卓越，Chambliss将其定义为一贯的。 优异的表现"，是通过 "一系列复杂的离散行动 "产生
的（第78页）
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Questions?
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