Vietnamese is an isolating language.
Isolating
vietnamese is deixis
the past tense
all continuity
past tense
that’s text reflects relation between writing system
The past participle loses the thematic suffix and is in -ul-, unless the root
contains either -e- or -o-, in which case it is in -il- (note that (da-)naq-v-a
grind, pound has a choice of past participles in either da-naq-il-i or danaq-ul-i). The active participle fluctuates between (i) keeping the thematic
suffix in full without other suffixal material and (ii), using the suffix -el-,
which is obligatory if the root lacks a vowel. In this case the thematic suffix
loses its vowel, and those verbs that place the remnant -v- inside the root in
the masdar do so here too. The thematic suffix is usually retained in full inLesson 17
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the future and privative participles (without any other suffix), though some
verbs may omit it in the future; verbs without a vowel in the root allow el- as a variant in the privative participle, and its presence motivates the
same changes to the thematic suffix as in the active participle. Examples:
block (gada-)Gob-v-a:
1 (gada-)m-Gob-av-i 2 (gada-)sa-Gob-av-i 3 gada-u-Gob-av-i 4 gada-Gob-il-i
sew (Se-)ker-v-a:
1 (Se-)m-ker-av-i 2 (Se-)sa-ker-av-i 3 Se-u-ker-av-i 4 Se-ker-il-i
print (da-)bexd-v-a:
1 (da-)m-bexd-av-i/(da-)m-bexd-v-el-i 2 (da-)sa-bexd-(av-)i 3 da-u-bexd-av-i
4 da-bexd-il-i
hide (da-)mal-v-a:
1 (da-)m-mal-av-i 2 (da-)sa-mal-(av-)i 3 da-u-mal-av-i 4 da-mal-ul-i
bury (da-)marH-v-a:
1 (da-)m-marH-av-i/(da-)m-marH-v-el-i 2 (da-)sa-marH-av-i 3 da-u-marH-av-i
4 da-marH-ul-i
burn (da-cv-[v-]a:
1 (da-)m-cv-[v-]el-i (Note: m-cv-av-e bitter) 2 (da-)sa-cv-av-i/(da-)sa-cv-el-i
(Note: sa-cv-av-i fuel ) 3 da-u-cv-av-i/da-u-cv-[v-]el-i 4 da-m-cv-ar-i [sic]
defend (da-)Cv-[v-]a:
1 (da-)m-Cv-[v-]el-i/da-m-C-av-i [sic] 2 (da-)sa-C-av-i [sic]/(da-)sa-Cv-el-i
3 da-u-C-av-i [sic]/da-u-Cv-[v-]el-i 4 da-C-ul-i
paint (da-)Hat-v-a:
1 (da-)m-Hat-v-el-i (Note: m-Hat-v-ar-i painter) 2 (da-)sa-Hat-av-i
3 da-u-Hat-av-i 4 da-Hat-ul-i
plough (mo-)Hvn-a:
1 (mo-)m-Hvn-el-i 2 (mo-)sa-Hn-av-i 3 mo-u-Hn-av-i/mo-u-Hvn-el-i 4 mo-Hn-ul-i
kill (mo-)kvl-a:
1 (mo-)m-kvl-el-i (m-kvl-el-i murderer, m(-)kl(-)av-i arm) 2 (mo-)sa-kl-av-i
3 mo-u-kl-av-i/mo-u-kvl-el-i 4 mo-kl-ul-i