MULTI CREW COOPERATION
COURSE
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CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)
• CRM can be defined as a management system which makes
optimum use of all available resources –equipment,
procedures and people –to promote safety and enhance the
efficiency of flight operations.
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CRM concentrates on non-technical skills such as:
- DECISION MAKING
- SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
- COORDINATION and COMMUNICATION
- LEADERSHIP
- ERROR Management
- WORKLOAD Management
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DECISION MAKING
-
Gathering information (From where?)
DIAGNOSE the situation
Assess the RISKS
Judge and balance the different OPTIONS
Make a DECISION
Iniciate ACTIONS to be taken by you and your crew
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SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
The process of analysing the information around you and beeing able to
understand the “Big Picture”
What affects SA?
- Aircraft systems: FMA, Instruments…
- Spatial orientation: heading, altitude, speed…
- Geographycal: terrain, airports, waypoints...
- Environmental: Wx, Icing, Visibility, Turbulence…
- Personal situation and experience
i.g. American Airlines Flight 965 Cali 1995
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COMMUNICATION and COORDINATION
• Good COMMUNICATION in a CREW is vital in order to ensure effective
teamwork and aircraft management.
• There is VERBAL and NON-VERBAL communication:
- VERBAL communication are spoken or written messages.
i.e Pilot- ATC communication. CRM principles apply by using standard
phraseology.
- NON VERBAL communication are body language messages.
i.e. Thumbs up in a noisy environment.
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COMMUNICATION and COORDINATION
• CREW COORDINATION has two main benefits:
- Increase in SAFETY by the redundancy to detect and remedy crew
errors.
- Increase in EFFICIENCY by an organised use of resources, thus
improving in-flight management.
• The support of fellow crew members and monitoring each others
performance must be maintained throughout every phase of flight.
• A BREAKDOWN of crew co-ordination will increase workload, errors
and miscommuncation.
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LEADERSHIP
Effective leadership and managerial skills helps to achieve joint task completion within a
motivated, fully-funtioning team.
The proper use of authority and assertiveness creates a correct challenge and reponse
atmosphere.
•
-
The COMMANDER is responsable for:
Ensuring the safe operation of the flight
Achieving Good CRM (good cockpit environment)
Following company SOPs (to create example)
Achieving CREW COORDIATION and TEAMWORK
Ensuring good COMMUNICATION
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LEADERSHIP
• The FIRST OFFICER is responsible for :
- Cooperating in a good CRM environment
- Following the SOPs
- Challenging the Captain if there is some part of the operation that is
not safe or there are doubts
- Ensuring good COMMUNICATION and TEAMWORK
- Work on his/her assertiveness
- E.g KLM Flight 4805 Los Rodeos 1977
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ERROR MANAGEMENT
Error
The ocasión in which a planned sequence of mental
or physical activities fails to achieve its intended
outcome.
“Human error is inevitable…”
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ERROR MANAGEMENT
How to prevent errors or chain of errors?
-
Threat error management (TEM)
Standard Operating Procedures(SOPs)
Checklists
Identify Complacency
Report any breach on procedures, system or personnel
Challenge your crew at any time!
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ERROR MANAGEMENT
Threat Error Management (TEM)
A Proactive way of avoiding errors is the identification and detection of
Threats.
What is going to be a challenge in our operation today?
- Weather
- ATC SLOTS (Time pressure)
- Aircraft systems (failures)
- Passengers…
- Crew?
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WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
• Each person can cope with different amounts of tasks depending on :
-
Nature of the tasks
Circumstances on which the task is performed
Pilot experience level and Skills
Personal situation and emotional state
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WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
- Avoid overload in order to minimize errors
- Avoid underload in order to minimize complacency
-
Crew coordination
Task sharing “You have control!”
Crew communication
Teamwork
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AUTOMATION
PROS
• + accuracy
• - workload
• - errors
• + efficcient
• + safe
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CONS
• +Degradation of basic skill
• - Awareness
• - Looking outside
• +Complacency
• +Confusion
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AUTOMATION RULES
1. Aviate, Navigate and Communicate
2. One head up at all times
3. Cross check accuracy to mantain SA
4. Know what mode your Autopilot is in at all times
5. When things don´t go as expected TAKE OVER!
6. Use the appropiate level of Automation
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DODAR
• Diagnosis :
Find the problem, using all resources available to you.
• Options:
Create options, and assess the risk to each option.
• Decide:
Final decision is made by the CREW. (What do you think?)
• Assign Tasks:
Workload should be distributed between crew, Ccrew, ATC…
• Review:
Has anything been missed? If needed, change your decision
accordingly.
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