Feb 3, 2023
Animal Cell
Cell- Microscopic unit made up of bubbly fat
material filled with a water-based mixture of
molecules and tiny particles.
Organelles
1. Plasma membrane/cell membrane- outer
boundary/layer of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm- material encoded by the cell
membrane that includes the organelles
and liquid inside the cell.
3. Nucleus- the genetic code (DNA)
4. Nucleolus- “tiny nucleus” small area in the
nucleus where it is in the involved
synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
5. Endoplasmic reticulum- ribosomes and
other molecules that synthesize within its
membrane, also manufacture that make
up cellular membrane.
a. Smooth ER- synthesizes lipids and
steroid hormones, detoxifies
harmful by-products, not
surrounded by ribosomes.
b. Rough ER- involved with the
production, folding, quality control
and dispatch of some proteins and
is specked with ribosomes
6. Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis
7. Golgi Apparatus- stack of flattened sacs,
receives materials from the ER, processes
and then packages it in tiny vesicles for
possible export from the cell.
8. Mitochondria- site for ATP synthesis and
energy conversion.
9. Lysosome- “suicide bags” contain
digestive enzyme
10. Microtubules- tiny hollow beams that form
part of the supporting cells skeleton.
11. Cytoskeleton- gives shape to the cell,
provides mechanisms for movement,, and
provides attachment points for organelles.
12. Microvilli- increase the membranes
surface area for more efficient absorption.
(hairlike sa kilid)
13. Cilia- numerous short, hairlike organelles
that propel material along the cell's
surface.
14. Flagelle- single long, hairlike organelles
found in sperm cells to propel them
through the female reproductive tract
toward the egg.
15. Vesicles- membranous bubbles formed by
the golgi apparatus or by pinching inward
of the cell membrane to engulf external
substances.
16. Centrosomes- microtubule organizing
center, is a dense area of cell fluid near
the nucleus.
a. Centrioles- formed by the parallel
microtubule
17. Spindle fibers- a network of microtubules,
extending from centrosomes during cell
division, distributes DNA equally to the
resulting daughter cells.
Epithelial Cell
4 Basic Types Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissues
2. Connective Tissues
3. Muscular Tissues
4. Nervous Tissues
These function together and cannot function
without each other.
Epithelial Tissue/ Epithelium- consist of sheets of
cells that cover the external surface of the body
and line the internal cavities, form various organs
and glands and line their ducts. It is either single
layer or multilayer. External and internal are
different from each other.
Epithelial Cells are polarized:
1. Apical surface- faces the lumen or the
external environment. (ara sa
pinakababaw)
a. Microvilli,cilia, stereocilia
2. Lateral surface- faces the adjacent cells
(center)
a. Tight junction (zonula occludens),
adherens junction (zonula
adherens), desmosomes (macula
adherens), gap junctions
3. Basal surface- attaches to the basement
membrane
a. Basement membranes,
hemidesmosomes
4 types of Epithelium Based on Idealized Shapes
of Epithelial Cells
1. Squamous Cells are flat or scalelike.
2. Cuboidal (cubelike) are cube-shapedabout as wide as they are tall.
3. Columnar (tall and thin, similar to a
column) cells tend to be taller than they
are wide. They can be ciliated or
nonciliated.
4. Transitional cells change shape as the
need arises, being stretched or composed
into ant of the three shapes above.
Stratified- made up of one or more layer (ga
tangkas2)
Inner lining of the urinary systems (ureters,urinary
bladders, urethra, inner lining of the allantoic
duct)
Lining from the uterine tubes, lining of bronchioles
of the larger respiratory tracks
Follicle of the thyroid glands, kidney tubules,
ducts in many glands, surface of the ovary.
Absorption and secretion.
Types of Epithelium Based on the number of the
cell layers:
1. Simple epithelium- of a single layer of
cells, each cell extending from the
basement membrane to the free surface.
2. Stratified epithelium- (keratinized/non
keratinized) consists of more than one
layer of cells, but not only the basal layer
attaches the deepest layer to the
basement membrane.
Lining of lung, alveoli, endothelium, lumen of
blood, lymphatic vessels, heart chambers. Also
found in mesothelium, the serous membrane of
our body.
Epiglotties, Oral cavities, pharynx, esophagus,
vagina, uterine cervix, female urethra, anus
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
(ciliated/nonciliated)- Special type of simple
epithelium
- Consists of one layer of cell, with all the
cells attached to the basement membrane.
There appear to be two or more layers of
cells of because some of the cells are tall
and extend to the free surface, whereas
others are shorter and do not extend to
the free surface.
Larynx, Respiratory tract, lining of epididymis,
lining of urinary tract, lining of female
urethra,membranous spongy urethra in male,
lining of large respiratory ducts of glands,