Computer Fundamentals What is a Computer? • Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as an input from the user and processes it under the control of a set of instructions (called program), produces a result (output), and saves it for future use. • A computer is a programmable electronic machine designed to take input, perform prescribed arithmetic and logical operations at fast speeds, and provide the output of these operations. Came from the Latin “Computare”, which is defined as “to calculate”, “to count”, or to “sum up”. • A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions through integrated hardware and software components. • It works with the help of programs and represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. Trivia: • Analytical Engine was the first Mechanical Machine invented by Charles Babbage in 1837. It was the First General-Purpose computer. Charles Babbage- “Father of the Computer” Functionalities of a Computer ● INPUT ● STORE ● PROCESS ● OUTPUT Basic Parts of a Computer ● Processor ➔ It executes instructions from software and hardware. ● Memory ➔ It is the primary memory for data transfer between the CPU and storage. ● Motherboard ➔ It is the part that connects all other parts or components of a computer. ● Storage Device ➔ It permanently stores the data. It used to store information before and after processing. ● Primary Storage ➔ It stores the inputted data and immediate calculation results. The data stored in this storage is temporary and will be lost if they are disconnected from the power source. ● (RAM) Secondary Storage ➔ It stores the data permanently for future use. It is secured even the interruption of the power supply. (HDD and SSD) ● ➔ ● ➔ Storage Device It permanently stores the data. It used to store information before and after processing. Input Device It is a piece of instrument/hardware that allows users to provide data, information, or control instructions to a computer used for interaction and control. ● Output Device ➔ It enables you to see the output usually in form of visual or audio. Advantages of Using a Computer ● ● ● ● ● ● ● High Speed Accuracy Storage Capability Versatility Automation Reliability Disadvantages of Using a Computer ● No IQ ● Dependency ● Environmental Requirement ● Side Effects HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ➢ ABACUS >4000 years ago believed to be the first computer ➢ NAPIER’S BONE 1500’s - manually-operated calculating device which was invented by John Napier (1550-1617) of Merchiston. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide. It was also the first machine to use the decimal point. ➢ Pascaline 1642-1644- aka Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. by a French mathematician-philosopher Biaise Pascal Pascal invented this machine to help his father, a tax accountant. It could only perform addition and subtraction. It was a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. When a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighboring wheel. A series of windows is given on the top of the wheels to read the totals. ➢ STEPPED RECKONER / LEIBNIZ WHEEL 1673 -developed by a German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. He improved Pascal's invention to develop this machine. It was a digital mechanical calculator which was called the stepped reckoner as instead of gears it was made of fluted drums. ➢ DIFFERENCE ENGINE 1820 designed by Charles Babbage. It was a mechanical computer which could perform simple calculations. It was a steam ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables. Analytical Engine 1830 developed by Charles Babbage. It was a mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory TABULATING MACHINE 1890 by Herman Hollerith. It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census. DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZER 1930 It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States. It was an analog device invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes. MARK 1 1944 It was the first programmable digital computer. Developed by Howard Aiken. Computer Generations In 1946, electronic pathways called circuits were developed to perform the counting. It replaced the gears and other mechanical parts used for counting in previous computing machines. In each new generation, the circuits became smaller and more advanced than the previous generation circuits. The miniaturization helped increase the speed, memory and power of computers. ● FIRST GENERATION 1940’s -1950’s slow, huge and expensive. vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. These computers were mainly depended on batch operating system and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices in this generation; ➔ ENIAC - ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) built between 1943 and 1945—the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. For a decade, until a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC may have run more calculations than all mankind had done up to that point physicist John Mauchly. ➔ EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) It was the first mainframe computer that represented binary systems rather than decimal systems. EDVAC processed mathematical operations with a serial memory capacity of roughly 5.5 kB. EDVAC used magnetic tape as a data media and could run over 20 hours a day. ● FIRST GENERATION 1940’s -1950’s ENIAC - ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) built between 1943 and 1945—the first large-scale computer to run at electronic speed without being slowed by any mechanical parts. For a decade, until a 1955 lightning strike, ENIAC may have run more calculations than all mankind had done up to that point physicist John Mauchly. ➔ IBM-701 the 701 was designed for scientific work and research, which led to the development of the FORTRAN programming language. Nineteen machines were built, a record volume for such a computer in that era. Its internal memory contained 2,048 36bit words of electrostatic memory and 8,192 words of magnetic drum memory . The 701 used magnetic tapes for storage and was one of the first machines to use plastic-based magnetic tapes rather than metal. ➔ ➔ IBM-650 Introduced in 1954, the 650 read data from punch cards and magnetic tapes. By the end of the 1950s, there were more than 1,500 units installed, making it the most widely used computer in the world. The 650 added high-speed computational ability to the punch card data processing that was the norm in every large enterprise in those days. The 650's internal memory was a fixed-head magnetic drum containing 2,000 10digit words that rotated at 12,500 RPM 1954 ➔ ➔ 1959-1965 These computers used transistors which were cheap, compact and consuming less power; it made transistor computers faster than the first generation computers. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the primary memory and magnetic disc and tapes were used as the secondary storage. Assembly language and programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers. ➔ ➔ 1959-1965 systems were used in these computers. IBM 1620 a general-purpose, storedprogram data processing system for small businesses, research and engineering departments of large companies, and schools requiring solutions to complex problems in the areas of engineering, research, and management science. Simultaneous read, compute and punch when using card input-output. Large-capacity core storage - up to 60,000 digits. High internal processing speeds. Access time - 20 microseconds ➔ ➔ 1959-1965 IBM 7094 The achieved expanded power through high-speed processing by providing its user with A basic machine operating cycle of 2 microseconds A new processing unit which had major speed effects on: Floating point operations fixed point multiply and divide operations Index transfer instructions Conditional transfer instructions Compare operations Two instructions per core storage cycle, substantially reducing instruction cycle time ➔ ➔ 1959 CDC 1604 (control Data Corp) The 1604 was the most powerful computer in its day, designed by Seymour Cray, who would go on to a career in building supercomputers. Applications of the CDC 1604 included processing data in real time, controlling weapons systems, solving large-scale scientific problems, and commercial applications. ➔ 1963 CDC 3600 had 32,700 48-bit words of magnetic core memory and supported a FORTRAN compiler. ● THIRD GENERATION 1966 The third generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors. A single IC can pack huge number of transistors which increased the power of a computer and reduced the cost. The computers also became more reliable, efficient and smaller in size. These generation computers used remote processing, time-sharing, multi programming as operating system. Also, the high-level programming languages like FORTRON-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, ALGOL-68 were used in this generation. ➔ 1966 HONEYWELL 600 By Honeywell International Inc. Systems were constructed of 3 main kinds of units: CPUs, I/O controllers, and memories (technically, System Control Units, or 1970 SCUs, with the memories being an integral part of the SCU -1989 IBM 360 Series The architecture of the IBM 360 supported both scientific computing and data processing. It firmly established the eightbit byte as the unit of storage for a character and four bytes were organized as a word. Earlier computers had used a variety of word sizes and characters had often been stored as six bits. ➔ 1970-1989 HONEYWELL 6000 By Honeywell International Inc. Systems were constructed of 3 main kinds of units: CPUs, I/O controllers, and memories (technically, System Control Units, or SCUs, with the memories being an integral part of the SCU ➔ 1970 IBM 370 uses highly reliable monolithic integrated circuits for arithmetic and logic functions. Monolithics also are used as storage devices in the highspeed buffer memory. ➔ 1971-1980 TDC 316 The Torpedo Data Computer (TDC) was an early electromechanical analog computer used for torpedo firecontrol on American submarines during World War II. Britain, Germany, and Japan also developed automated torpedo fire control equipment, but none were as advanced as the US Navy's TDC, as it was able to automatically track the target rather than simply offering an instantaneous firing solution. This unique capability of the TDC set the standard for submarine torpedo fire control during World War II. IBM 370 uses highly reliable monolithic integrated circuits for arithmetic and logic functions. Monolithics also are used as storage devices in the high-speed buffer memory. 1970 FOURTH GENERATION used very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits; a chip containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements. These chips made this generation of computers more compact, powerful, fast and affordable. These generation computers used real time, time sharing and distributed operating systems. The programming languages like C, C++, DBASE were also used in this generation. ➔ 1971-1980 DEC 10 This computing system was manufactured by a company named as the Digital Equipment Corporation and these computing systems were given the name of PDP which is abbreviated as Programmed data processor. its upgraded and improved hardware that was a brilliant piece of architecture in the computer industry. The instruction and command set of the DEC PDP 10 was quite similar with its previous models but it used the byte instructions for the input. ➔ 1971-1980 DEC 10 This computing system was manufactured by a company named as the Digital Equipment Corporation and these computing systems were given the name of PDP which is abbreviated as Programmed data processor. its upgraded and improved hardware that was a brilliant piece of architecture in the computer industry. The instruction and command set of the DEC PDP 10 was quite similar with its previous models but it used the byte instructions for the input. ➔ 1971-1980 STAR 1000 Control Data Corporation created, produced, and sold the CDC STAR 1000, a vector supercomputer (CDC). It was among the earliest computing devices to employ a vector processor in order to enhance performance for relevant science 1971-1980 ific applications. Additionally, it was the first supercomputer to employ integrated circuits and have a computer memory of one million words. The number 100 refers to the processing speed’s theoretical maximum, which is 100 million floating-point operations per second. ➔ 1971-1980 STAR 1000 Control Data Corporation created, produced, and sold the CDC STAR 1000, a vector supercomputer (CDC). It was among the earliest computing devices to employ a vector processor in order to enhance performance for relevant scientific applications. Additionally, it was the first supercomputer to employ integrated circuits and have a computer memory of one million words. The number 100 refers to the processing speed’s theoretical maximum, which is 100 million floating-point operations per second. CRAY 1SUPERCOMPUTER Featuring a central column surrounded by a padded, circular seat, the Cray-1 looked like no other computer. And performed like no other computer. It reigned as the world’s fastest from 1976 to 1982 ● FIFTH GENERATION 1980 - PRESENT It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc. ● It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc. FIFTH GENERATION 1980 - PRESENT It made possible the production of microprocessor chips with ten million electronic components. This generation computers ● used parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. The programming languages used in this generation were C, C++, Java, .Net, etc.
